20.

1
1) bank account
2) corporate customers
3) grant loans
4) conditions – personal customers

20.2
1–f
2–e
3–b
4–a
5–c
6–d

20.3
Pay interest – charge interest
Transfer money – withdraw money
Assess risk – calculate risk
1. Charged
2. Withdraw
3. Assess

1) They have to win markets and market share

2) 1. provides financial and banking services for its country's government and
commercial banking system
2. implements the government's monetary policy
3. issues currency
3) Through reserve requirements, the discount rate, open market operations
4) The way in which a bank is organized and operates is determined by its
objectives and by the type of economy in which it conducts its business
5) It is necessary to ensure that people believe that banks can never get into
trouble in the first place. There must be a guarantee that banks can get cash if
they really need it
6) Retail banking refers to that banking which targets individuals and the main
focus of such banks is retail customer whereas wholesale banking refers to
that banking which targets corporate or big customers and their main focus is
providing services to corporate clients
7) Banks provide bank services to attract customers, from giving loans, credit and
debit cards, digital financial services, and even personal services
8) Girobank, trustee saving banks, clearing banks, universal banks, merchant
banks, investment banks
9) Another important single group is the London clearing banks. The clearing
banks are the main banks in Britain that are part of a network of banks that can
clear checks for their clients regardless of whether or not the check originates
from the same commercial bank.
10) Combine deposit and loan banking with share and bond dealing, investment
advice, etc
11) Investment banks are similar to merchant, but they can only act as
intermediaries offering advisory services, and do not offer loans themselves.
The distinction between commercial and merchant or investment banks has
become less clear in recent years. Deregulation in the US and Britain is leading
to the creation of "financial supermarkets", conglomerates combining the
services previously offered by stockbrokers, banks, insurance companies, etc.
12) In Britain there are also building societies. As their name suggests, building
societies grew up to finance house purchases, they were owned by their
members who deposited money in them. But this restricted their ability to raise
capital from elsewhere, and many found that ordinary banks were eroding
their traditional mortgage business. The members of nearly all the biggest
building societies have voted to become banks which can have shareholders
like other companies.