UNIVERSITY 

OF NIŠ 
FACULTY OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 

 
 
 

Journal for Scientists and Engineers 
SAFETY ENGINEERING  
Naučno stručni časopis 
INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE 
 
Vol. 3. No3 (2013) 
 

 
 

Niš, October 2013 
Scientific Journal  
SAFETY ENGINEERING  
Naučni časopis 
INŽINJERSTVO ZAŠTITE 
(OPEN ACCESS JOURNAL  ‐ www.safety.ni.ac.rs) 

Izdavač / Publisher 
Fakultet zaštite na radu u Nišu / Faculty of Occupational Safety in Niš 
Glavni urednik / Editor‐in‐Chief 
Dejan Krstić 
Urednici / Editors 
Ivan Krstić 
Srđan Glišović 
Vesna Nikolić 
Redakcijski odbor / Editorial Board (in alphabetical order) 
Andres Carrnion Garcia, Technical University of Valencia, Spain 
Boris Đinđić, University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Serbia 
Branislav Anđelković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Dejan Petković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Đordje Ćosić, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technical Studies, Serbia  
Dragan Mitić, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Dragan Mlađan, The Academy of Criminalistic and Police Studies, Serbia 
Dusan Sakulski, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, DiMTEC, Bloemfontein, South Africa 
Dušan Sokolović, University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Serbia 
Goran Ristić, University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Serbia 
Ivana Banković Ilić, University of Niš, Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, Serbia 
Joseph Aronov, VNIIS Mosow, Russia 
Jovica Jovanović, University of Niš, Faculty of Medicine, Serbia 
Katarína Senderská, Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Slovakia  
Kemal Nuri Özerkan, University of Istanbul, School of Physical Education Sports 
Ljiljana Živković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Ljubiša Papić, University of Kragujevac, Technical Faculty Čačak, Serbia 
Miloš Jelić, Institute Kirilo Savić, Serbia 
Miomir Stanković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Mirjana Vidanović, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Mirko Marič, University of Primorska, Faculty of Management, Slovenia  
Nevenka Kopjar, University of Zagreb, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Croatia 
Nenad Živković, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Nenad Cvetković, University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Serbia 
Noam Lior, University of Pennsylvania, USA 
Predrag Petrović, Institute Kirilo Savić, Beograd, Serbia 
Rodoljub Simović, Vinca Institute of Nuclear Sciences, Serbia 
Susana San Matias, Technical University of Valencia, Spain 
Suzana Savić, University of Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety, Serbia 
Slavoljub Aleksić, University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Serbia 
Vera Marković, University of Niš, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Serbia  
Vlada Veljković, University of Niš, Faculty of Technology in Leskovac, Serbia 
Wolfgang Mathis, Institut für Theoretische Elektrotechnik, Hannover, Germany 
Zoran Keković, University of Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies, Serbia  
Žarko Janković, University of  Niš, Faculty of Occupational Safety , Serbia 
 

Tehnički urednik / Technical Editor 
Rodoljub Avramović 
 

Lektor / Proofreading 
Nataša Šelmić‐Milosavljević  
Aleksandra Petković 
 

Časopis izlazi tromesečno / The journal is published quarterly  
 

Štampa / Press 
M KOPS Centar 
From Editor’s desk

Beautiful youth has always believed, and still believe, that it is easy to run the world.
Panzini

Extending the scope and increasing the reaserch quality through the involvement of staff and students
of doctoral studies into research projects is one of the strategic goals of scientific research of the
modern university. Recognizing the need and the importance of the development and promotion of
young scientists, the editorial staff of the magazine has decided to support young authors with the aim
of publishing and promoting the results of their research. Scientific interests and achievements of
young researchers are here to hold readers’ attention.

Divna mladost uvek je verovala, a i danas veruje, da je lako pokrenuti svet.

Panzini

Proširivanje obima i povećanje kvaliteta istraživanja kroz uključivanje saradnika i studenata na

doktorskim studijama u istraživačke projekte, jedan je od strateških ciljeva naučnoistraživačke
delatnosti savremenog univerziteta. Polazeći od potrebe i značaja razvoja i napredovanja naučnog
podmlatka, uređivački kolegijum časopisa je odlučio da pruži podršku mladim autorima s ciljem
objavljivanja i promovisanja rezultata njihovih istraživanja. Vašoj čitalačkoj pažnji prepuštamo njihove
naučne interese i dostignuća.

On behalf of the editors

Dr Vesna Nikolić, Prof.
Contents Sadržaj

Scientific Articles Naučni radovi

Aleksandra Petković
English Language in Safety Engineering Discourse...........107
Milica Stojanović
Multicriteria Decision - Making for Selection of Renewable
Energy Systems .……….................................................….113
Dejan Ristić
A Tool for Risk Assessment.................................................119
Milena Stanković, Vladana Stanković
Comparative Analysis of Methods for Risk Assessment
“Kinney” and “AUVA”......................................................127
Ana Stojković
Occupational Safety in Hazardous Confined Space……....135
Danica Ćirić
Managing Oils as Hazardous Industrial Waste..................143
Aleksandra Petković
Engleski jezik u oblasti bezbednosti i zdravlja na radu......107
Milica Stojanović
Višekriterijumsko odlučivanje pri izboru energetski održivih
sistema…….………........................................................…113
Dejan Ristić
Alat za procenu rizika..........................................................119
Milena Stanković, Vladana Stanković
Uporedna analiza metoda za procenu rizika „KINNY“ i
„AUVA“.….………............................................................127
Ana Stojković
Zaštita na radu u opasnim zatvorenim prostorima……….135
Danica Ćirić
Upravljanje uljima kao opasnim industrijskim otpadom....143

Professional Articles Stručni radovi

Dragan Antić, Ivan Krstić, Amelija Đorđević Dragan Antić, Ivan Krstić, Amelija Đorđević
Indicators of Energy Performance of Technological Indikatori energetskih performansi tehnoloških sistema.....149
Systems....……………………..............................………..149
Prikazi publikacija
Reviews of publications
Sonja Pavlović Veselinović
Sonja Pavlović Veselinović Ergonomski rizik ..............................................................159
Ergonomic Risk................................................................ 159
Oglašavanje
Propagation Corner
Akcionarsko društvo za ispitivanje kvaliteta „KVALITET“
Joint Stock Company for Quality Testing „KVALITET“ Niš
ZAŠTITA U PRAKSI
SAFETY IN PRACTICE Časopis za zaštitu na radu, zdravstvenu, ekološku i zaštitu od
Journal of Occupational safety, Health, Environmental požara
Protection and Fire Safety
SEIBL – TRADE doo, Beograd
SEIBL – TRADE doo, Beograd Sredstva i oprema za zaštitu na radu
Occupational safety equipment
ALEKSANDAR INŽENJERING D.O.O. Novi Sad, Srbija
ALEKSANDAR INŽENJERING D.O.O. Novi Sad, Srbija Prodaja i servis mernih instrumenata
Sales and Service of measuring instruments
 UDC 802.0:331.45/.46
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.01
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

ALEKSANDRA PETKOVIĆ 1 ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SAFETY

1
Faculty of Occupational Safety,
University of Niš, Serbia
1
aleksandra.petkovic@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
ENGINEERING DISCOURSE
Abstract: In a fast-changing world of safety, health and environment,
professionals, students or anyone else in the field of occupational
safety are often required to use English language in their professional
and/or academic careers. Apart from technical excellence, engineers
need good English language skills and knowledge of ESP (English for
Specific Purposes) vocabulary terms in order to make professional
improvement. Occupational health and safety (OHS) is an
interdisciplinary field, which uses specialist terms and expressions
from subject areas as diverse as engineering, medicine, law,
psychology, etc. The aim of this paper is twofold. Firstly, to discuss
briefly the relevant theory of English for Specific Purposes, and the
significance of technical words and subject-specific terminology to
OHS engineers. Secondly, to identify and provide a reference to some
health and safety glossaries and terminology resources in English
language that may assist health and safety experts who need to read
and write professional literature in English.
Key words: technical words, occupational health and safety,
vocabulary terms, English for Specific Purposes.

INTRODUCTION which concentrate on the employment related needs -

technical English, medical English, business English,
Development of science and technology demanded a engineering English, English for tourism, English for
language that would connect the international scientific aviation, etc.
community and enable the people of same vocations
The job of a Safety Engineer, or Occupational Health
but different language background communicate and
and Safety Engineer (OHS engineer), involves the
share their ideas. Engineering is often perceived as a
variety of activities: assessing, mitigating and
hands-on, technical profession but there is an
managing a wide range of hazards with the aim to
increasing demand for softer skills, especially the
minimize the risks of hazardous malfunctions;
knowledge of English language.
evaluating working conditions and inspecting working
In the introductory chapter to Technical Writing and environment and equipment; identifying safety hazards
Professional Communication for Nonnative Speakers and checking compliance to established occupational
of English, Huckin and Leslie state: ”Scientists and health and safety rules and requirements; responding to
engineers may be technically brilliant and creative, but employee concerns of health and safety issues;
unless they can convince co-workers, clients, and developing educational, technical, and promotional
supervisors of their worth, their technical skills will be materials and conducting risk management and safety
unnoticed, unappreciated, and unused. In a word, if training for employees [13]. Such interdisciplinary
technical people cannot communicate to others what tasks require the knowledge of the state-of-the-art in
they are doing and why it is important, it is they and the safety, which is conditioned by a good command of
their excellent technical skills that will be superfluous”, English. This implies both General English which is
[6]. traditionally taught at schools, and Engineering English
Today all of the world's major scientific journals are which falls within the category of ESP.
published in English, which is the evidence that
English is the “lingua franca” of science and
technology. This fact sets the standards for a new
approach in English language teaching and learning, a
technique that would concentrate on English for the
purposes specific to certain groups of people. If English
language in different situations can be variously
distributed, then tailoring English for Specific Purposes
(ESP) also seems possible and justifiable. ESP is
designed to meet specific needs of the learners and
target groups may include doctors, judges, managers,
engineers, etc. From this perspective, there is an
emergence of various forms of specific English courses

109 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
ENGLISH FOR SAFETY ENGINEERS -
ENGLISH FOR SPECIFIC PURPOSES
Every branch of science and every profession have
their own language for communication, and safety
engineering is certainly not an exception. Safety
engineering has extensive, unique and specific
terminology. The primary goal of the ESP course is to
teach professional communicative competence that is
the ability to communicate in English according to the
situation, purpose and specific roles of the the
participans in dialogue. English for Specific Purposes
has its place in linguistics, applied linguistics and
various occupations, which makes it an
interdisciplinary subject. Strevens [11] defines the
absolute characteristics of ESP. According to him, ESP
consists of English language teaching which is (i)
designed to meet specified needs of the learner, (ii)
related in content (i.e. in its themes and topics) to
particular disciplines, occupations and activities, (ii)
centred on the language appropriate to those activities
in syntax, lexis, discourse, semantics, etc., and analysis
of this discourse, and (iv) in contrast with General
English.
ESP concentrates more on the context than on grammar
and structures. ESP users are usually very motivated to
learn what is closely related to their subject-matter
fields. Vocabulary plays a key role in ESP, and it
implies the vocabulary and technical words and phrases
of a specialized discourse.
Non-native English speakers who are engaged in safety
engineering do not have to attend ESP courses in order
to perform their career activities globally. In order to
improve their knowledge of subject specific vocabulary
generally used by specialists in the field, they can take
advantage of the available resources of EPS vocabulary
word lists. The narrow focus of this paper is the
terminology of occupational health and safety, and for
this reason we should bear in mind that “environmental
and occupational health is not a single topic, but rather
a colourful, complex, and diversified range of
interrelated subjects including all of the basic sciences,
engineering, computer science, government, disease,
injury identification, prevention, and control” [5].
LANGUAGE FORMS IN THE SAFETY
ENGINEERING DISCOURSE
Safety engineers or occupational health and safety
engineers and specialists who work in international
companies worldwide are often required to read the
specialized texts with up-to-date information which
generally cover the wide range of technical topics,
which means they need to rely on their knowledge of
both general and specific English. Their assistance in
translating the official documents (e.g. ISO standards)
to their native languages is mandatory, since they best
know the specialized vocabulary and terminology in a
particular area.
110 | Safety Engineering
In order to fully understand the demands of his or her
job, OHS Engineer or specialist in an international
environment needs to recognize and understand various
language forms in the engineering discourse. One
solution to overcome the difficulty of using English is
to focus on language forms commonly found in
scientific texts - compound nouns, passives,
conditionals, anomalous finites (i.e. modal verbs),
nominalization of verbs and adjectives, technical terms,
and functional structures such as causal and reasoning
verbs and impersonal language.
In many instances, it can be demanding and frustrating
to those who seek the information in English, but lack
decent language proficiency. There are certain
language forms and structures that are considered to be
imperative in safety engineering discourse and they
involve:
• Language to describe warnings and health and
safety requirements (e.g. modal verbs, imperative
statements)
• The ability to read and comprehend manuals, guides
and reports
• Verbs that would explain what safety engineers do
(e.g. check, measure, monitor, assess, evaluate, etc.)
• Verbs that refer to what machines and devices do
(e.g. break down, design, run, etc.)
• Abbreviations and acronyms (e.g. EPA -
Environmental Protection Agency, OSHA -
Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
SOP - Standard Operating Procedure, LEL - Lower
Explosive Limit, etc.)
• Expressing consequences/ cause and effect
• Giving presentations (e.g. presentation of a design
or to explain an accident or failure)
• Words which have different general and technical
meanings such as sub-technical vocabulary (e.g.
run, power, work), etc.
Apart from the above mentioned, it is necessary to
highlight the knowledge of specialist vocabulary and
terminology which will be discussed in the remaining
part of this paper.
VOCABULARY - TECHNICAL AND
SUB-TEHNICAL VOCABULARY
Vocabulary knowledge is the single most important
area of second language competence regarding
academic achievement [8] and also professional
achievement. A safety engineer needs to have a
fundamental knowledge of other sciences and the
vocabulary in the following areas - physics, chemistry,
biology, physiology, statistic, statistics, mathematics,
computer science, engineering mechanics, industrial
processes, business, communication and psychology
[14].

As it has already been stated by the main ESP theorists
[3,7,10] the vocabulary in the ESP can be divided into
three compartments:
• technical,
• sub-technical (semi-technical), and
• general vocabulary.
Each field of study has a corpus of terms needed to
discuss the issues it deals with. General vocabulary of
frequent use in a specific area comprises the most
numerous group; it is formed by words from the
general lexicon which do not lose their own meaning,
but appear in technical context [12]. General English
vocabulary is in most cases traditionally acquired at
schools and universities and it consists of the most
frequent words of everyday English.
Semi-technical or sub-technical vocabulary comprises
the words that have one or more “general” English
meanings, or have an extended meaning in specific
fields [12]. This vocabulary is polysemic, which means
it has two or more meanings, its original meaning and
another one belonging to the specific context. Sub-
technical vocabulary appears in many disciplines and it
may include the words like design, function, isolation,
relation, basis, report, presuppose, simulate, assess, etc.
As we can see, these are common words with a
specialized sense. Sometimes, semi-technical words
give notable problems to second language learners, and
it is usually difficult to recognize them [9]. By
improving the knowledge of general English, one could
fill the gap in sub-technical English because scientific
English uses the same structures as any other kind of
English but with a different distribution.
Technical words or technical vocabulary are closely
associated to a specific subject knowledge, field or area
of study which occur in specialist domains only with
specialized terms [2,9]. The authors that discuss the
issue of vocabulary in ESP agree that technical
vocabulary is not problematic to non-native speakers or
engineers in certain area, since they are already familiar
with the terminology of the specific field. On the other
hand, using technical vocabulary may be a daunting
task since not even a native speaker can know all the
words in his or her own language, and technical words
are used only by the specialists in this field [9].
Technical vocabulary possesses a unanimous definition
and words are monosemic, or used only in one specific
domain for which they have been created. In the field
of environmental and occupational safety engineering,
we can ascribe specialized words related to equipment,
environmental controls, new laws, loss prevention,
safety management, insurance, environmental control,
environmental engineering, occupational health,
medicine, nursing, law, planning, etc. Safety terms are
“tools” (concepts and ideas) used by safety engineers
worldwide in applying their skills to make our
technological world safer.
The list of technical terms can be developed by
compiling dictionaries or glossaries. Glossary, also
known as vocabulary, is a dictionary of the special
111 | Safety Engineering
A. Petković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 109-114
terms in a particular field or job, with the definitions
for these terms. The rapidly expanding field of
environmental science has generated many new terms
and multi-term words in this field. The question is: how
much English vocabulary does an OHS engineer need
to use English as a second language?
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY
TERMINOLOGY
The constant evolution of the legislation on health and
safety at work at both the national and European level
has generated a variety of subject-specific vocabulary.
The majority of terms originate from Health and Safety
Regulations, Acts, Guides, Statutes, European
legislation such as EU Directives, important legal
references at the national and European level, and most
notably ISO standards. Normally, they are written in
native languages, linguistically or conceptually
correlated in two or more languages, but they need to
be recognized in English since it is a main language of
EU Directives.
Keeping in mind specific group of English language
users, many illustrated glossaries and glossaries of
terms have been designed. One of these is OSHA
Glossary coined by Occupational Safety & Health
Administration, The United States Department of
Labor [15]. It contains definitions, photos, and graphic
illustrations of equipment and tools. Similarly, Koren
Herman’s Illustrated Dictionary of Environmental
Health & Occupational Safety [5] first published in
1996 cover 16,000 terms and it is a very comprehensive
language tool with drawn illustrations that can be used
to make the term more meaningful and understandable.
Another example may be The Dictionary of Terms used
in the Safety Profession [1] published by the American
Society of Safety Engineers which is a concise,
informative and valuable safety asset.
Glossary of Occupational Health & Safety Terms [4]
developed by the Industrial Accident Prevention
Association is designed for joint health and safety
committee members, health and safety representatives,
and others with workplace health and safety
responsibilities, and it provides easy understandable
definitions of common workplace health and safety
terms. Internet may be a valuable resource and tool for
lexical investigation. One of the thought-provoking
presentations of safety terminology may be The
Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety
terminology website (EOHS) [16]. EOHS terminology
website is an experimental service of the terminological
project conducted by Advanced School of Modern
Languages for Interpreters and Translators (SSLMIT),
University of Bologna in Forlì. The corpus of terms is a
systematic collection of law texts which serve as
knowledge base. Besides showing all the termbase
records, the multilingual glossary enhances
identification of equivalences between the four legal
systems (English, Italian, German and French).
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
The terms presented in the Table 1 are randomly
chosen from the terminology website and show the
variety of grammatical structures (nouns, adjectives,
noun compounds, noun phrases). Sometimes, a term
can be expressed by a single word, but more often it is
a group of nouns or phrases since nominal compounds
tend to behave as key elements in specialized or
technical discourse.
Table 1. Environmental and Occupational Health &
Safety terminology grouped by domains
Active noise reduction hearing protector,
Assigned protection factor, Biological
monitoring, Breathing apparatus, Breathing
hood, Ear muffs, Ear plugs, Emergency
escape or first-aid sign, Environmental
monitoring, Exposure action value, Eye
protector, Fire precautions, Fire safety sign,
Full body harness, Goggles, Health
Preventive measures
surveillance, Helmet, Illuminated sign,
Industrial safety helmet, Lower exposure
value, Mandatory sign, Medical
examinations, Medical surveillance,
Occupational exposure limit, Occupational
footwear, Personal fall protection system,
Personal hearing protector, Personal
protective equipment, Prohibition sign,
Protective footwear, Radiation protection,
Respiratory protective equipment, Risk
assessment, Risk phrase, Safety colour,
Safety footwear, Safety sign, Self-contained
breathing apparatus, Self-retracting lifeline,
Signboard, Suspension belt, Warning sign,
Workplace protection factor
Asbestos-related disease, Carpal tunnel
syndrome, Employer's liability insurance,
Hand-arm vibration syndrome, Health
accidents
Diseases/
detriment, Incapacity for work, Industrial
Injuries Disablement Benefit Scheme,
Noise-induced hearing loss, Occupational
disease, Personal injury, Work-related
accident
Documents/certfification
Accident book, Asbestos Management Plan,
CE marking, EC declaration of conformity,
certification
Health and safety file, Health and safety
plan, Health and safety policy statement,
Health record, Monitoring record, Pre-
tender health and safety plan, Safety data
sheet
112 | Safety Engineering
Emergency exit, Emergency lighting,
Protective measures
Emergency route, Encapsulation,
Enclosure, Evacuation of employees, Fire-
fighting, Fire-fighting equipment, First aid
equipment, First aid room, Glove-bag
technique, Incapacity benefit, Industrial
injuries disablement benefit, Statutory sick
pay
Accelerator, Confined space, Construction
Work places and
site, Controlled area, Designated area,
equipment
Display screen,
General lighting, Hearing protection zone,
Machinery, Power tool, Rest facilities,
Safety component, Supervised area, Work
environment, Work equipment, Workplace,
Workstation
Agent, Asbestos-containing material,
Biological limit value, Carcinogenic, Cell
culture, Chemical agent, Chemicals,
Corrosive, Daily personal noise exposure,
Danger zone, Dangerous for the
environment, Dangerous preparations,
Dangerous substances, Dust, Electric field,
Electromagnetic field, Electromagnetic
power density, Explosive atmosphere,
Extremely flammable, Hand-arm vibration,
Harmful, Hazard, Hazardous situation,
Risk factors
Impulsive Noise, Inhalable dust,
Intermediate frequency field, Ionizing
radiation, Irritant, Major accident, Manual
handling of loads, Mechanical vibration,
Mist, Mutagen, Noise, Occupational
exposure, Oxidizing, Passive smoking,
Peak sound pressure, Physical agent,
Pollutant, Public exposure, Radioactive
contamination, Radiofrequency field,
Radionuclide, Respirable dust, Risk, Sealed
source, Sensitizing, Threshold limit value,
Transmission line, Weekly personal noise
exposure, Whole-body vibration, Work at
height, Workplace bullying
According to EOHS database, English language terms
are very readable, grouped into fields, or domains
which represents the main are of interest within health
and safety at work. The domains include:
• Diseases/accidents
• Documents/certification
• Preventive measures
• Professional figures and company committees
• Protective measures
• Risk factors
• Work organization

The vocabulary list comprises of up-to-date English
terms which are accepted and recognized
internationally and taken from standards and
regulations.
As it can be noted from the list, some of occupational
health and safety terms are general English words and
sub-technical terms, and they occur in everyday speech,
but in health and safety discourse they have different
meaning.
In EOHS term website, terms are not only identified
and compiled into term records; they are defined by
providing the legal source of definition and cross-
referenced so that the user can simply read the text to
fully understand the meaning. The advantage of
glossaries of this kind is that the users learn a new word
in context as they learn complete phrases. From
language learning theory, this is a good step towards
developing fluency in English. Acquiring single new
words and huge vocabulary without being able to put
words together in a coherent sentence is commonly
discouraged or disregarded [9].
The corpus of terms may be further expanded and
revised, and newly defined terms could be added. It is
just one of the examples of how to make profession-
related terminology appealing to HS specialists who are
not attending courses of English for Specific Purpose.
CONCLUSION
English language is used in the vast majority of
international organizations and scientific publications
in engineering field; therefore, most engineers whose
native language is not English would experience
difficulties in applying professional terminology if they
lack a sound knowledge of specific terminology.
If they want to pursue their long-term competitive
careers, they need to familiarize themselves with
engineering contents in English language as well.
Learning a specific genre of English with specific
goals, such as English for Specific Purposes (ESP)
where English is meant for vocational and occupational
purposes, can be just one of the formal language
acquisition techniques. The alternative, not so formal,
but very practical tool for autonomous learning is
reading technical literature in a foreign language. To
safety experts who are non-native users of English,
glossaries should be indispensable resource for
acquiring vocabulary terms related to their professions.
Luckily, there is plenty of literature available on the
internet to suit their needs.
113 | Safety Engineering
A. Petković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 109-114
REFERENCES
[1] Abercrombie, Stanley A., ed.: “Dictionary of Terms Used
in the Safety Profession“, American Society of Safety
Engineers, 1998, Illinois, USA
[2] Chung, T.M. and Nation, P: “Technical vocabulary in
specialized texts“, Reading in a Foreign Language, Vol.
15, No.2, October 2003, ISSN 1539-0578
[3] Dudley-Evans, T., and John, M: ”Developments in ESP:
a multi-disciplinary approach”, Cambridge University
Press, 1998, Cambridge, UK
[4] Glossary of Occupational Health & Safety Terms,
Industrial Accident Prevention Association (IAPA),
2007, http://www.iapa.ca/pdf/iapa_glossary.pdf
[5] Herman, K: “Illustrated Dictionary of Environmental
Health & Occupational Safety“, Boca Raton: Lewis
Publishers, 1996, New York
[6] Huckin, T. and Olsen, L: “Technical writing and
professional communication for non-native speakers of
English”, McGraw-Hill International, 1991, Boston
[7] Hutchinson, T. and Waters, A:”English for Specific
Purposes: a learning-cantered approach”, Cambridge
University Press, 1987, Cambridge, UK
[8] Jordan, R.R: “English for academic purposes: A guide
and resource book for teachers“, Cambridge University
Press, 1997, Cambridge, UK
[9] Nation I.S.P. “Learning vocabulary in another language“,
Cambridge University Press, 2001, Cambridge, UK
[10] Robinson, P: “ESP Today: A Practitioner's Guide“,
Prentice Hall International (UK) Ltd, 1991, Hemel
Hempstead, printed in English for Specific Purposes,
Vol. 12, Issue 3, 1993, Pages 263–266
[11] Strevens, P: “ESP after twenty years: A re-appraisal“, In
M. Tickoo (Ed.), ESP: State of the Art (pp. 1-13), 1998,
Singapore: SEAMEO Regional Centre
[12] Tošić, J: “Environmental Science Dictionary, English-
Serbian, Serbian-Eglish“, Fakultet zaštite na radu u Nišu,
2009, Niš
[13]Trimble, L: “EST: A Discourse Approach“, 1985,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
[14] http://www.wcb.ns.ca/app/DocRepository/1/Prevention/
Education/ohspolicy.pdf
[15] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_engineer
[16]https://www.osha.gov/dcsp/compliance_assistance/spanis
h/osha_general_terms_ensp.html
[17] http://www.eohsterm.org/index.ph
BIOGRAPHY
Aleksandra Petković was born in Niš,
Serbia, in 1981. She graduated from the
Faculty of Philosophy, English
Language Department in 2005, and
received MA in English Language from
the Faculty of Philology, University of
Belgrade. Her research interests include
English for Specific Purpose, applied
linguistics, English in environmental sciences, etc. She is
currently working as a research and development associate
at the Faculty of Occupational Safety in Nis, University of
Nis.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

ENGLESKI JEZIK U OBLASTI

BEZBEDNOSTI I ZDRAVLJA NA RADU
Aleksandra Petković

Apstrakt: Svet bezbednosti, zdravlja i životne sredine se veoma brzo menja, te su stručnjaci, studenti i svi ostali iz
oblasti zaštite na radu veoma često u obavezi da koriste engleski jezik u toku rada i/ili učenja. Osim tehničke
izvrsnosti, inženjerima je potrebno dobro poznavanje engleskog jezika ali posebno poznavanje stručne
terminologije i engleskog za posebne namene (engleski kao jezik struke) za stručno usavršavanje. Bezbednost i
zdravlje na radu (BZNR) je interdisciplinarna oblast u kojoj se upotrebljavaju specijalistički termini i izrazi iz
različitih oblasti, kao što su inženjerstvo, medicina, pravo, fizika, psihologija, itd.
Cilj ovog rada je dvostruk. Prvi cilj je da u kratkim crtama predstavi relevantnu teoriju engleskog kao jezika
struke i značaj stručnog vokabulara i terminologije specifične za inženjere iz oblasti BZNR. Drugi cilj rada je da
pruži preporuku i posluži kao izvor referenci pojedinih rečnika i terminoloških glosara iz oblasti bezbednosti i
zdravlja na engleskom jeziku koji mogu biti korisni stručnjacima od kojih se zahteva da čitaju i pišu na engleskom
jeziku.
Ključne reči: stručna terminologija, bezbednost i zdravlje na radu, vokabular, engleski za posebne namene.

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 UDC 543.05:633.71
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.02.02
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

MILICA STOJANOVIĆ1 MULTI-CRITERIA DECISION-MAKING FOR

1
Faculty of Occupational Safety,
SELECTION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY
University of Niš, Serbia SYSTEMS
1
milica.s90@hotmail.com Abstract: Multi-criteria analysis involves defining each criterion
using attributes, based on a suitable alternative for achieving
objectives. The method used in multi-criteria analysis is Analytical
Hierarchy Process. Analytical hierarchical process (AHP) is a tool in
the analysis of decision making, created in order to assist decision-
makers in solving complex decision problems involving large number
of decision makers, large number of criteria and in multiple time
periods. AHP method is used for selecting the best renewable energy
systems. The aim is to, by using the method of AHP, demonstrate which
of the analyzed renewable sources of energy is the most convenient to
be used in a sustainable system.
Key words: energy, multi-criteria decision making, analytical
hierarchy process.

INTRODUCTION
Most countries around the world will face serious
energy shortages in the near future. The high
consumption and population growth in the world will
force the inhabitants of many countries to deal with the
critical problem of dwindling domestic fossil energy
resources. For these reasons, today a very popular
question is which of the existing renewable energy is
best used to achieve a sustainable energy system. The
answer to this question can be given by analyzing
sustainable energy system using AHP method.
The method AHP is one of the methods for decision
making. Decision making is a process that consists of a
series of activities to be taken in order to select the best
solutions (alternatives). Decision making is only the
first step in achieving results, and most often the
implementation of decisions is much more complex
job.
The selection can be done in several ways, through:
• Techniques of decision making (using a set of
procedures for key expert problem solving in the
decision-making process, such as diagnostic
techniques, linear programming, simulation
techniques, etc.);
• Decision rules (defined as a predetermined
guidelines or tests for judging);
• Decision making skills (defined as the ability of
effective use of knowledge in problem solving).
Any decision that is the result of the analysis from the
past and which is aimed at achieving a goal, assumes
that the consequences will be known only in the future.
Every decision is therefore the link between the past
and the future (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Analysis of decision situation
Phases of decision making
According to (Čupić Suknović, 2010), there are 11
phases of the decision process (Figure 2). These are:
Keeping records of the problem - at this stage are
recorded problems for which the decision must be
made.
Ranking problem - exists in situations when it is
obvious that all the problems can not be solved at the
same time.
Defining the problem - is one of the most important
phases of decision making process. Through this phase
it is necessary to provide all elements needed for the
subsequent phase formation models.
Collection of facts - or create a database of relevant
data for a defined problem.
Predicting the future - due to the fact that today’s
decision was made to be realized (with all the
consequences) in a future environment.
The formation of the model - for the specific problem
the interactions between variables, as well as the
corresponding criteria of effectiveness solutions, are
defined.
Problem solving (model) - determining the numerical
or analytical ways of solving problems (models).
Solving the problem (using appropriate methods and
techniques) should be approached in this way to ensure
getting the appropriate number of alternative solutions
in order to make one of the basic assumptions of e
decision-making.

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SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Evaluation of results relates to the verification of returned to any of the previous stages, on certain
agreement of the obtained results with the expected corrections and additions. The mistakes can practically
results of real systems. be made in all stages; however, the most common and
Making decisions - no decision. The decision is made most typical errors are in modeling phase.
when we can accept the results from one of the
alternatives, while in the opposite case a problem can
not be resolved with this methodology, or should be

Figure 2. Phases of decision making

Control of execution - when the decision is made,
special attention must be paid to control its execution.
Consequence analysis of the execution of the decision -
is about concrete consequences on the real problem,
when those consequences can be not only wrong but
also unrecoverable. And then, of course, the analysis
should be done bearing in mind that the same mistakes
are not repeated in a similar situation.
Levels of decision making
Basic levels of decision making are:
• Individual decision making;
• Group decision making;
• Organizational decision making;
• Meta-organizational decision making.
differently, depending on their level of experience,
education and achieved skills in decision making.
Group decision making - teamwork. In complex social
environments individuals are, as a rule, members of
various groups organized to satisfy different purposes.
Organizational decision making. It has been studied by
a large number of highly renowned authors in the field
of management.
Meta-organizational decision making. It represents a
step forward in the possible applying of decision
theory. At this level, we observe the totality of all
organizations (of a country) as the enterprise system; of
course, it varies from country to country.

Individual decision making. At this level, decisions are

made by individuals. Different decision-makers in the
same situations (decision problems) will behave

116 | Safety Engineering


Model of decision making
Characterizing decision making problem with an
appropriate model is one of the first steps in the
decision making process. Decision making is
formalized with the set:
O={A,S,φ,Y,W,П}
Where:
A - a set of alternatives,
S-set of possible environment states and their
description,
φ - copying of decisions in the outcome,
Y - the outcome of the decision,
W - an indicator of the outcome of the decision,
П - policy decisions choice.
Considering that the management aim can be realized
in many ways, it is necessary to define a set of
alternatives which achieve this. Method of forming a
set of alternatives depends on the specific problem and,
except general guidelines, there is no universal method
with which this could be always well done. The quality
of available alternatives affects the quality of decisions,
although the choice of the alternative is specific and
serious problem. When it comes to managing, a set of
alternatives represents a set of management operations
or a set of management strategies.
Criteria or decision rules allow comparison alternatives
through indicators of decision outcome and selection of
the best, or one of a satisfactory alternatives.
Multi-criteria decision making
Multi-criteria decision making means defining each
criterion using attributes, based on which chooses a
suitable alternative for achieving objectives. Each
attribute should provide a means of assessment
(evaluation) levels of one criteria (objective). As a rule,
the greater the number of attributes should be
characterized in any action (alternative) and they are
selected based on a set of criteria defined by the
decision maker.
During solving the problem of multi-criteria decision
making, where appropriate, should undertake the
following activities:
 Quantification of qualitative attributes;
 Normalization of attribute values;
 Linearization of attributes;
 Define the weight coefficients of criteria.
The quantification of the qualitative attributes
For translating qualitative attribute values in
quantitative, the following scale is often used: regular,
interval scale and scale relationships. The interval scale
form is usually applied in decision theory:
Table 1. Interval scale
Qualitative Very
Bad Good Average Excellent
assessment good
Quantitative 1 3 5 7 9 max
assessment 9 7 5 3 1 min
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М. Stojanović, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 115-120
In this way, the decision matrix is transformed into
quantified decision matrix.
Normalization of attributes
"Equalization" of attribute values is done together with
normalisation. The process of normalization includes:
Calculation of norms for each j column of the matrix of
decision making:
m
Norma j  x
i 1
2
ij ; j  1,2,..., n
Where:
xij - value of the j attribute by the i alternative.
Calculating the normalized matrix elements of decision
making. For attributes of type max:
xij
nij 
Norma j
For attributes of type min:
xij
nij  1 
Norma j
In this way, quantified decision matrix transforms into
normalized decision matrix.
Linearization of attributes
The linearization is doing with the aim of reducing the
value of the attribute at the interval (0,1) and translation
of various units of measure in the unnamed number.
Defining the weight coefficients for the criteria
Realistic problems often have criteria of different level
of significance, and it is necessary that the decision
maker defines the factors of significance of criteria
using appropriate weighting coefficients - weight (if
their sum is equal to one it is the normalized weights).
The decision maker subjectively defined weight
coefficients.
Analytical Hierarchy Process
Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) is one of the most
commonly used methods of multi-criteria analysis. The
author of the idea and mathematical settings of AHP is
Thomas Saaty.
The decision making process considers as a
hierarchical process with multiple levels. At the top of
the hierarchy is the goal, and the next level is
composed of selected criteria. The lowest level
consists of the possible alternatives, and at
intermediate are under criteria.
The process of solving the problem of decision making
Type of is often extremely complex due to the presence of
criteria competing and conflicting objectives among the
available criteria or alternatives.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Phases of the analytic hierarchy process

The process of applying the method has four phases:  a11 a12 ... a1n 
1. Structuring the problem
a a22 ... a2 n 
A =  21
Phase of structuring consists of decomposing the
 ... ... ... ... 
problem of decision making in a series of hierarchical
 
levels, where each level represents a smaller number of an1 an 2 ... ann 
manageable attributes. AHP is based on mutual
comparison of elements in a given hierarchical level in The characteristics of the matrix A:
relation to the elements at a higher level. If we observe a ii = 1
the general case of hierarchy with three levels (goal - a ji = 1/a ij for i,j = 1,..., n.
criteria - alternatives) (Figure 3), the criteria are
compared in relation to the goal, in order to determine detA≠0
their mutual importance, and alternatives to each of the
set criteria. 3. Evaluation of the relative weight
The third phase of the AHP method is to estimate the
relative weight. Based on the matrix A with elements
a ij the priorities of criteria, sub-criteria and alternatives
are determined.
For this purpose, we use:
• The method of arithmetic mean,
• A method of geometric mean and
• Method of difference.

The consistency of assessment

Figure 3. Structuring the problem
After determining the weight, their credibility should
be established. This is done by determining the
2. Data Collection consistency of the matrix A. The matrix A, in case of
consistent (consequent) assessment for which
The second phase of the AHP method comprising: aij = aik a kj , satisfies the equation:
Aw = nw , or:
• Data collection and (their) measurement;
• Assign a relative assessment in pairs with attributes  w1 w1 w1 
w ...
of a hierarchical level, for given attributes of first w2 wn   w1   w1 
 1 
and the higher hierarchical level;  w2 w2 w2   w  w 
A= w
...  2  2
• Repeat the process for all levels of the hierarchy. w2 wn  ⋅   = n ⋅  
 ... ... ...   
... ...
1

w
...  
To assign a weight scale is used Saati "nine-point" as
wn wn   wn   wn 
shown in Table 2.  n ... 
 w1 w2 wn 
Table 2. The scale of relative priorities
The problem of determining the weights can be solved
Significance Definition as a problem of solving a matrix equation with matrix
1 Same significance columns w solution for eigenvalues λ different from 0,
3 Weak significance ie.
5 Strong significance Aw = λw , or
7 Demonstrated dominance  a11 a12 ... a1n   w1   λ1 w1 
9 Absolute dominance a a 22 ... a 2 n   w2  λ 2 w2 
2,4,6,8 Intermediate value  21 ⋅ =
 ... ... ... ...   ...   ... 
     
Following this method of ranking, the decision maker a n1 an2 ... a nn   wn   λ1 w1 
will assign a weight for each pair separately, as a If the matrix A contains inconsistent assessments, the
measure of how important is one attribute from weight vector w can be obtained by solving the
another. Upon completion of this process will result in following equation:
the appropriate matrix of pairwise comparisons
corresponding to each level of the hierarchy: ( A − λmax 1 ) w = 0 if ∑ wi = 1

118 | Safety Engineering

 М. Stojanović, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 115-120

where λ max is the largest eigenvalue of the matrix A, the environmental aspect and the Social Benefit (SB)
or: and Social Acceptability (SA) for the social aspect.
1 n ( Aw)i
The alternatives are different types of renewable
λmax = ∑
n i =1 wi
energy: Solar Energy (SE), Wind Energy (EW),
Hydropower (HE), Biomass (BM) and Geothermal
Energy (GTE).
Due to the properties of the matrix A is valid The hierarchical structure for selection of the system
λmax ≥ n, and the difference λmax − n , is used in with a sustainable renewable energy sources is shown
measuring consistency of assessment, or to calculate in Figure 4.
the index of consistency:
λmax − n
CI =
n −1
Based on this index we determine the index of
inconsistency:

CI
CR =
RI
where:
RI(Random Index)parameter which is given in Table 3.

Table 3. Values of the index RI [4]

Figure 4. Hierarchical structure of a sustainable

system with sustainable renewable energy sources [1]

The value of CR ≤ 0.10 indicates that the estimates for Analyses are made after completion of Pairwise
a and j are consistent. Otherwise, the evaluation should comparisons and determination of relative weight. The
be repeated. first phase of the analysis is to check the consistency of
decisions. Consistency index (CI) for all matrix of
4. Determination of the problem solutions comparison is appropriate (≤0.10). Index of consistency
The last phase of the AHP method is finding the so- in this study varied between 0 and 0.1.
called composite normalized vector. Since the The second phase of the analysis is to calculate the
successive levels of the hierarchy are interconnected, relative weights of the main criteria and sub-criteria.
single composite vector of unique normalized weight The relative weights of the main criteria and sub-
vectors for the entire hierarchy is determined by criteria are shown in Figure 5.
multiplying the weight vectors of all successive levels.
Composite vector is used to find the relative priority of
the entities at the lowest (hierarchical) level, which
allows the achievement of the set goals of the overall
problem.
Case Study: Selection of the best energy-efficient
technology
During selection of the best sustainable energy system
it was used AHP method for finding the most suitable
types of renewable energy for sustainable planning of
energy development. Sustainable systems are
considered from four perspectives: technological,
economic, ecological and sociological. These aspects
represent the decision making criteria.
For each aspect are defined criteria, namely: Energy
Production Capacity (EPC), Technological Maturity
(TM), Reliability (R) and Safety (S) for the
technological aspect, the Investment Costs (IC),
Expense Management (EM), Lifetime (L), and
Repayment Period (RP), for the economic aspect, the Figure 5. The relative weight in relation to the main
Impact on the Ecosystem (IE), CO2 emissions (E) for criteria and sub-criteria in a hierarchical structure.

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SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Based on the relative weights of the criteria we see that REFERENCES

the most significant is environmental criteria, whereas
economic criteria is the least significant. After this, the [1] Demirtas O. (2013). Evaluating the Best Renewable
Energy Technology for Sustainable Energy Planning.
significance is determined by used alternatives. The
International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, Vol.
importance of used alternative technology has been 3, Special Issue, 23-33.
shown in Table 4. [2] Nemeš, S (2007). Obnovljivi izvori energije. Diplomski
rad. Novi Sad: Prirodno matematički fakultet
Table 4. Significance of used alternative technologies [3] Barin, A., et al. (2011). Multicriteria Analysis of the
Operation of Renewable Energy Sources taking as basis the
Technology Relative Weight Results AHP Method and Fuzzy Logic concerning Distributed, The
Geothermal Energy 0.184 3 Online Journal on Electronics and Electrical Engineering
Solar Energy 0.175 4 (OJEEE).
Wind Energy 0.298 1 [4] Begičević, N. (2008). Višekriterijumski modeli
odlučivanja u strateškom planiranju uvođenja e – učenja.
Hydropower 0.145 5 Doktorska disertacija. Varaždin: Sveučilište u Zagrebu,
Biomass 0.198 2 Fakultet organizacije i informatike.
[5] Srđević, B., Suvočarev, K., Srđević, Z., (2009). Analitički
From the table it can be concluded that wind energy is hijerarhijski proces: Individualna i grupna konzistentnost
a renewable energy source for sustainable system donosilaca odluka. Novi Sad: Poljoprivredni fakultet,
(RT=0.298), while hydropower has the lowest priority departman za uredjenje voda.
[6] Savić, S., Stanković, M. (2012). Teorija sistema i rizika.
(RT=0.145).
Beograd: Akademska misao.
[7] Čupić, M., Suknović, M. (2010). Odlučivanje. Beograd:
CONCLUSION Fakultet organizacionih nauka.
Renewable energy sources and new technologies which
use these sources are becoming increasingly important BIOGRAPHY
segment in all areas, especially in the energy sector. Milica Stojanovic was born in Leskovac,
Using renewable energy has reduced consumption of Serbia 1990. She graduated from
nonrenewable energy resources. The use of these Chemical- technological school in
sources is very important from the aspect of Leskovac, and in 2009 she enrolled
environmental protection. The results show that the undergraduate studies at the Faculty of
choice of type of renewable energy sources depends on Occupational Safety in Niš, where she
obtained B.Sc. in Environmental
the selected criteria and sub-criteria of decision
Engineering. She finished master
making. However, regardless of the different approach academic studies at the Faculty of
to the problem, our case study showed that wind energy Occupational Safety and obtained master’s degree in
is the most cost effective renewable energy source. Environmental Safety in 2014.

VIŠEKRITERIJUMSKO ODLUČIVANJE PRI IZBORU

ENERGETSKI ODRŽIVIH SISTEMA
Milica Stojanović

Rezime:. Višekriterijumska analiza podrazumeva definisanje svakog kriterijuma pomoću atributa, na osnovu
kojih se bira odgovarajuća alternativa za realizaciju postavljenog cilja. Korišćena metoda višekriterijumske
analize je Analitički hijerarhijski proces. Metoda analitičkog hijerahijskog procesa (AHP), predstavlja alat u
analizi odlučivanja, kreiran sa ciljem pružanja pomoći donosiocima odluke u rešavanju kompleksnih problema
odlučivanja u kojima učestvuje veći broj donosilaca odluka, veći broj kriterijuma i u višestrukim vremenskim
periodima. AHP metoda je korišćena pri odlučivanju o izboru najbolje energetski održivog sistema. Cilj rada je
da se pomoću metode AHP pokaže koji od analiziranih obnoljivih izvora energija je najpogodniji za upotrebu i
postizanje održivog sistema.
Ključne reči: energija, višekriterijumsko odlučivanje, analitički hijerarhijski proces.

120 | Safety Engineering

 UDC 512.64:614.026.1
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.03
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

DEJAN RISTIĆ1 A TOOL FOR RISK ASSESSMENT

1
Faculty of Occupational Safety
University of Niš, Serbia
1
dejan.ristic@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
Abstract: A lot of companies need to carry out a risk assessment, but
most of them do not have the experience to determine the risk in a
qualitative way. Therefore, these organizations use the tools for
qualitative or qualitative - quantitative risk assessment. A useful tool
for risk assessment is risk matrices (risk assessment scoring matrices/
risk ranking matrices).
The aim of this paper is to present various risk matrices. Typical risk
assessment matrices with different levels recommended by the
American standards and other standards have also been presented in
this paper.
Key words: reliability, severity, risk, matrix, probavility.

INTRODUCTION risk assessment requires calculations of two

Risk can be the subject of discussion if there are at least
two outcomes of an event (occurrence) or in case if
there is at least one outcome that is not desirable. The
fact that there are more outcomes of an event causes
indeterminedness while the fact that the outcome of an
observed event may be different from the desired,
creates the possibility of loss [12].
The term anticipated value at risk is used to link the
probability and the loss. Value at risk is a widely used
risk measure of the risk of loss (consequences of the
risk occurrence). In practice, the term risk is often used
to denote the value at risk [12].
Risk is a concept that denotes a potential negative
impact on some of the characteristics of values that can
arise from a future event, or in other words, risks are
events or conditions that may occur, and their
occurrence can have dangerous or negative effects.
Risk is incurred by the exposure to the consequences of
uncertainty.
Qualitatively, risk is proportional to the expected losses
that can be induced by a certain accident and to the
likelihood of an occurrence. Greater loss and greater
likelihood result in an increased overall risk.
In engineering, the definition of risk is:
RISK = (Probability of Accident) x (Losses per
Accident).
Risk management can be defined as a general
management function with the aim to identify risks,
assess risks and prepare the organization (company)
how to best handle the effects (consequences) of the
risks. [1]
The purpose of risk management is to enable
organizations to realize their goals in the most direct,
effective and efficient way. Risk management applies
to all risks. The aim of risk management is to reduce
the existing risks to the levels acceptable by the society.
Risk assessment is the first general step in risk
management. Risk assessment is determination of
quantitative or qualitative value of risk related to a
concrete situation and a recognized threat. Quantitative
components of risk R, magnitude of the potential loss
L, and the probability p that the loss will occur.
RISK MATRICES
Risk ranking is based on a matrix whose axes are the
ranks of consequences and probability. The
combination of ranks of consequence and likelihood
creates risk rank. Although many risk matrices have
already been developed and implemented, the
development of new risk assessment matrices is a
special challenge.
Characteristics of Risk Matrices
Although risk matrices are easy to use, they can create
liability issues and give a false sense of security.
An effective risk ranking matrix should have the
following features [11]:
• Be simple to use and understand
• Not require extensive knowledge of the use of
quantitative risk analysis
• Have clear orientation to applicability
• Have consistent likelihood ranges that cover the full
spectrum of potential scenarios
• Have detailed descriptions of the consequences that
relate to each consequences range
• Have clearly defined tolerable and intolerable risk
level
• Show how a scenarios that are at an intolerable risk
level can be mitigated to a tolerance level on the
matrix
• Provide a clear guidance on what action is
necessary in order to mitigate the scenarios with
intolerable risk levels.

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Typical risk assessment matrices
There are two ways to evaluate the matrices of
consequences and likelihood: qualitative and
quantitative. Therefore, there are two types of matrices:
qualitative and quantitative- qualitative. The first type
is used for qualitative assessment of likelihood and
consequences, while the second type is used for
quantitative assessment of likelihood and qualitative
assessment of consequences.
Both matrices classify the consequences by using the
following terms: death, major permanent disability,
minor permanent disability, temporary disability.
In qualitative matrix, likelihood is represented through
the following categories: frequent, likely (probable),
accidental, unlikely, improbable.
Likelihood in quantitative-qualitative matrix is
expressed quantitatively, as follows: 100-999/10000,
10-99/10000, 1.0-9.9/10000, 0.10-0.99/10000, 0.010-
0.099/10000.
Table 1. Qualitative matrix for risk assessment [3]
Typical risk assessment matrices are the following: the
matrix derived from the U.S. Military Standard MIL-
STD-882c which has 6 categories of likelihood and 4
categories of consequences; a 5x4 matrix derived from
the U.S. Military Standard MIL-STD-882B; a 3x3
matrix with 3 levels of risk according to OHSAS
standard, recommended by the European Agency for
Occupational Safety and Health; a matrix according to
Australian standard AS/NZS 4360: 2004.; a 5x5 matrix
with 4 levels of risk: law, medium, increased, extreme;
a 4x4 risk assessment matrix by NCPS (U.S.
Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for
Patient Safety); a 5x3 matrix designed according to the
Regulation on Chemical Risk and Environment
Pollution Assessment, Preparation. Measures and
Remediation Measures (Official Gazette of RS No.
60/94, 63/94).
Qualitative matrix is presented in Table 1, whereas
qualitative-quantitative matrix is presented in Table 2.
Consequences

Likelihood Major Minor

Temporary
Death permanent permanent
disability
disability disability
Frequent 1 3 7 13
Likely 2 5 9 16
Accidental 4 6 11 18
Unlikely 8 10 14 19
Improbable 12 15 17 20

Table 2. Quantitative- qualitative matrix for risk assessment [3]

Consequences

Likelihood Major Minor

Death permanent permanent Temporary disability
disability disability
100-999/10000 1 3 7 13
10-99/10000 2 5 9 16
1.0-9.9/10000 4 6 11 18
0.10-0.99/10000 8 10 14 19
0.010-0.099/10000 12 15 17 20

Risk ranking: 1-5: unacceptable risk - must be reduced, 6-9: undesirable risk - all feasible measures must be
applied, 10-17: acceptable risk, 18.20: acceptable risk

The simplest matrix is 2x2 matrix presented in the Probability: high - expected to occur in the following
figure 1. 12 months; low - is not expected to occur in the
following 12 months
Consequences
Probability

Risk:
Major Minor
High 1 2 1 - high risk; 2 - medium risk; 3 - low risk.
Low 2 3 Typical risk assessment matrix recommended by The
Figure 1. Risk assessment matrix [6] U.S. Department of Defense Standard Practice for
System Safety (MIL–STD–882) is shown in figure 2.

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 D. Ristić, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 121-127

Probability
Severity
F E D C B A
Impossible Improbable Remote Occasional Probable Frequent
I
Catastrophic
II
Critical
III
Marginal
IV
Negligible

Figure 2. Risk assessment matrix according to MIL-STD-882C[5]

High risk Increased risk

Medium risk
Severe risk
Small risk
Medium risk
The U.S. Department of Defense uses 5x4 risk matrix
Low risk
(MIL-STD-882B) shown in Figure 3.

SEVERITY
PROBABILITY I II III IV
Catastrophic Critical Marginal Negligible
А) Frequent 1 3 7 13
B) Probable 2 5 9 16
C) Occasional 4 6 11 18
D) Remote 8 10 14 19
E) Improbable 12 15 17 20

Figure 3. Risk assessment matrix according to MIL STD 882B [2]

Severity Category Definition

Catastrophic I Death or system loss
Severe injury, occupational illness, major system
Critical II
damage
Minor injury, minor occupational illness, minor
Marginal III
system damage
Less then minor injury, occupational illness, or
Negligible IV
systemm loss
Probability Level Definition
Frequent A Likely to occur frequently
Probable B Will occur several times in the life of an item
Occasional C Likely to occur sometime in the life of an item
Remote D Unlikely, but possible to occur
So unlikely, it can be assumed occurrence may not
Improbable E
be experienced

Figure 4 shows the risk matrix according to the matrix with 4 risk levels: extreme risk, high risk,
Australian standard AS/NZS 4360: 2004. A 5x5 risk medium risk and low risk, whereas

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Figure 4. Risk assessment matrix according to Australian and New Zealand risk management standard AS/NZS 4360: 2004[23]
 D. Ristić, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 121-127

Recommendations for OHSAS standard by the recommned a 3x3 matrix with 3 risk levels (low,
European Occupational Health and Safety Agency medium and high), as shown in Figure 5.

Consequences
Likelihood Slightly harmful Harmful Extremely harmful
Highly unlikely Low Low Medium
Unlikely Low Medium High
Likely Medium High High

Figure 5. Risk matrix [4]

Likelihood: Extremely harmful - accidents and illnesses that cause
Highly unlikely - will not occur during the whole serious and permanent consequences and/or death
professional career of an employee (amputations, complex fractures leading to disability,
cancer, second and third-degree burns, burns over a
Unlikely - may occur more than once during the whole
large body area, etc.).
professional career of an employee
Likely - could occur several times during the whole
professional career of an employee High risk is Low and medium risks
Consequences: unnacceptable are acceptable
Slightly harmful - accidents and illnesses that do not 4x4 Risk assessment matrix by NCPS (US Department
cause long-term effects (minor injuries, eye irritation, of Veterans Affairs National Centre for Patient Safety)
headaches, etc.). is shown on figure 6.
Harmful - accidents and illnesses caused by secondary,
but no long-term consequences (fractures, second-
degree burns on a limited body surface, allergies, etc.).

Severity
Catastrophic Major Moderate Minor
Frequent 3 3 2 1
Probability

Occasional 3 2 1 1
Uncommon 3 2 1 1
Remote 3 2 1 1
Figure 6. Risk assessment matrix [21]
Probability: in order to rank probability, it is important • Catastrophic – death or serious bodily injuries,
to know how often a concrete event happens. • Major – permanent loss of body functions,
• Frequent – can occur several times in a year, • Moderate – minor bodily injuries
• Occasional – can occur several times in 1 or 2 Risk:
years,
1 - Low risk,
• Uncommon – can occur several times in 2 or 5
2 - Medium risk,
years,
3 - High risk.
• Remote – can occur once in 5 or 30 years.
Figure 7 shows 8x6 risk matrix.
Severity:
Consequences
Likelihood
Very serious Serious Moderate Minor
Almost certain > 50 % S S S M
Very likely > 1/10 S S S L
Rare but likely > 1/100 S S S L
Slightly > 1/1000 S S M A
Likely > 1/10000 S M L A
Almost unlikely > 1/100000 M L A A
Unlikely if not intentional > 1/1000000 L A A A
Unlikely < 1/1000000 A A A A
Figure 7. Risk assessment matrix [17]

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Figure 8 shows 5x3 matrix according to Rules on the measures and measures for the elimination of
methodology for assessing the risk of chemical consequences ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 60/94 and
accidents and environmental pollution, preparatory 63/94)

Consequences

Negligible Minor Serious Major Catastrophic

Catastrophic
Low Negligible risk Minor risk Serious risk Major risk
Likelihood of

risk
accident

Catastrophic Catastrophic
Medium Minor risk Serious risk Major risk
risk risk
Catastrophic Catastrophic Catastrophic
High Serious risk Major risk
risk risk risk

Figure 8. Risk assessment matrix [8]

Risk assessment of consequences can be done on the basis of the indicators in the following table:

Consequences

Negligible Minor Serious Major Catastrophic

Number of dead - - 1-5 6-20 >20
Number of injured -
- 1-10 11-50 51-200 >200
Indicators that

consequences

intoxicated
determine the

Dead wild animals < 0,1t 0,1-1t 1-2t 2-10t >10t

Dead domestic animals < 0,5t 0,5-10t 10-50t 50-500t >500t
Dead fish < 0,5t 0,5-5t 5-20t 20-100t >100t
Contaminated area - 1-10ha 10-100ha 1-5km2 >5km2
< 0,02 million 0,002-0,2 0,2-2 million 2-10 million >10 million
Damage of shares
dinars million dinars dinars dinars dinars

Advantages and disadvantages of risk RISK ASSESSMENT METHODS

assessment matrix
Risk assessment matrix has the following advantages:
1. It is a useful guide for engineering practice.
2. It is a standard tool for establishing the
connection between consequences and
probabilities in risk assessment of a given
exposure to risk.
3. It disables the acceptance of unnaceptable risk
and enables making operating decisions,
improving the distribution of resources to
mitigate the loss.
Limitations of the risk assessment matrix are:
1. The possibility of applying only identified
hazards (not a tool for the identification of
hazards).
2. Subjectivity.
3. The possibility of a comparative risk analysis
only.
The EU Directive stipulates that each country can adapt
a risk assessment methodology suitable to its
legislation. Some EU member states have specific
regulations on the manner and methodology for risk
assessment.
Risk assessment matrices are used in various methods
for risk assessment. Depending on the data and the
matrix used, the methods can be: qualitative,
quantitative and qualitative -quantitative.
Some of the typical methods for occupational risk
assessment are: the AUVA method-the method of
Austrian group of paper and pulp producers
(Allgemeine Unfallversicherungsanstalt) and WKO
method (Wirtschaftskammern Österreichs)-the Austrian
Federal Economic Chamber; BG (Die genjerblichen
Berufsgenossenschaften)- method of German
professional associations; SME - Safety and Health
method for Small and Medium sized Enterprises
recommended by the EU. A special method defined by
the Regulation on risk assessment is used in Croatia
[7].

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 D. Ristić, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 121-127

CONCLUSION [9] Pravilnik o načinu izdelave izjave o varnosti z oceno

tveganja, „Uradni list RS.“, št. 56-99
After defining a risk assessment matrix, diagrams of [10] Reber A., The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology,
risk and the process and rules of transformation of a Penguin Books, First Published 1985.
risk diagram into a risk matrix, and presentation of the [11] Ristic D., Stankovic M., Savic S., Risk assessment
matrix for risk assessment according to various matrices, Dependability and quality management,
standards (U.S. Military Standard MIL STD 882, Research center of dependability and quality
Australian Standard AS / NZS 4360: 200, OHSAS management, Prijevor, Srbija, 2008.
standards and others) it can be concluded that it is best [12] Станковић, М., Савић, С., Анђелковић, Б.,
to choose matrices with fewer categories of likelihood Системска анализа и теорија ризика, Заштита
Прес, Београд. 2002.
and consequences, and smaller number of risk ranks.
[13] Vaughan, E., Risk Management, John Willey&Sons,
Accordingly, the most common types of matrices are New York, 1997.
3x3, 4x4, 5x5, 5x4 and 6x4. [14] Вујаклија М., Лексикон страних речи и израза,
In the case of matrices with fewer categories of Просвета, Београд, 1972.
likelihood and consequences, it is easier to choose the [15] www.asstsas.gc.ca
level of consequences and likelihood that corresponds [16] www.auva.sozvers.at
to the factual situation. [17] www.economie.fgov.be
[18] www.gvbf.de
REFERENCES [19] www.intersafe.co.uk
[20] www.osha.europa.eu
[1] Crockford, Neil An Introduction to Risk Management [21] www.patientsafetz.gov
(2nd ed.). Woodhead-Faulkner, 1986 [22] www.sme.osha.eu
[2] Department of Defence (US), Military Standard: [23] www.ssa.vic.gov.au
System Safety Program Requirements MIL-STD- [24] www.wko.at
882B. Washingron, DC: US Department of Defense,
1993.
[3] Donoghue A.M., The design of hayard risk BIOGRAPHY
assessment matrices for ranking occupational health Dejan Ristić was born in Zemun,
risks and their application in mining and minerals Serbia, in 1975. He received the
processing, 2000. diploma in fire protection and master
[4] European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, degree in safety at work from the
Safety and health at work is everyone’s concern, University of Nis, Faculty of
Numberg, Germany, 2007. occupational safety in Nis.
[5] Goldberg B.E., System Engineering „Toolbox“ for Currently he is PhD student at Faculty
Design-Oriented Engineers, 1994. of occupational safety in Nis.
[6] HSE, Reducing Risks, Protecting People, HSE Books, He is working at Faculty of occupational safety in Nis.
2001.
[7] Pravilnik o izradi procjene opasnosti, „Narodne
novine Republike Hrvatske“, br. 48/97, 114/02,
126/03
[8] Правилник о методологији за процену опасности
од хемијског удеса и од загађивања животне
средине, мерама припреме и мерама за отклањање
последица („Сл. гласник РС“, бр. 60/94 и 63/94)

ALAT ZA PROCENU RIZIKA

Dejan Ristić

Apstrakt: Mnoge organizacije imaju potrebu za procenom rizika, ali većina ne poseduje iskustvo i resurse da rizik
kvantitativno odredi. Zbog toga, ove organizacije koriste alate za kvalitativnu ili kvalitativno-kvantitativnu
procenu rizika. Koristan alat za procenu rizika su i matrice rizika (matrice za rangiranje rizika).
Cilj rada je da se prikažu različiti tipovi matrica za procenu rizika. Tipične matrice za procenu rizika sa različitim
nivoima koje proporučuju američki standardi, kao i drugi standardi, prikazane su u ovom radu.
Ključne reči: pouzdanost, ozbiljnost, rizik, matrice, verovatnoća.

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 UDC 613.632
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.04
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

MILENA STANKOVIĆ1 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF METHODS

VLADANA STANKOVIĆ2 FOR RISK ASSESSMENT - “KINNEY” AND
1
University of Niš, “AUVA”
Faculty of Occupational Safety
2
University of Niš, Abstract: Individuals, entire economy and society are exposed to risks
Faculty of Civil Engineering and more than ever. The problem of occupational safety and health has
Architecture been present from the moment of origin of labour and it has been dealt
with in line with the overall development of society. For this reason,
different methods and matrices for risk assessment have been
1
milena.stankovic@znrfak.ni.ac.rs developed. The subject of this study is to review the methods of risk
2
s.vladana@gmail.com assessment, as well as to apply these methods at the workplace where
dangers and hazards occur. The aim of the study was to use KINNEY
and AUVA methods for assessing risk for the workplace of Operating
Engineer - Occupational Safety, Environmental Safety and Fire
Protection, and to perform a comparative analysis of with the aim to
state possible advantages or disadvantages of chosen methods.
Key words: the risk assessment, methods of risk assessment,
KINNEY method, AUVA method.

INTRODUCTION risk assessment - Kinney and AUVA method - as well

The issue of safety and health at work has been present
since the origin of work. It has emerged and has been
dealt with in line with the overall development of
society. It used to refer only to the consequences of risk
because the knowledge about the risk was rather poor,
while nowadays it is possible to prevent risk and reduce
negative consequences.
Occupational safety and health involve working
conditions in which certain measures and activities are
taken to protect the life and health of employees and
other people. The interest of society, all entities and
each individual is to achieve highest level of safety and
health at work and to avoid the consequences, such as
injuries, occupational diseases and work-related
diseases by reducing them to the lowest possible level;
and finally, to develop conditions of work in which an
employee would be satisfied while doing his job.
To realize this aim, it is necessary to carry a systematic
approach for preventive actions and link all entities,
holders of certain obligations on the national level and
beyond. International institutions are responsible to
carry out the established rules, measures and standards
of working conditions as well as to comply with
technological and social - economic development, to
improve the safety and protect the health of
employees, by adopting national regulations.
Many methods and types of matrices were developed
for risk assessment. Four methods with different focus
in risk assessment were developed (ISO/IEC27005)
method of risk matrix with predefined values (ISO
/ IEC13335-3), and a method of measuring risk by
ranking threats, method of assessing the impact
probability and possible consequences and methods of
distinction between acceptable and unacceptable risks.
The case study was to check methods of
as to apply these methods for the chosen workplace in
which dangers and hazards occur. The aim is to
perform risk assessment, by applying all methods, for
the workplace of Operating Engineer - Occupational
Safety, Environmental Safety and Fire Protection
Engineer, as well as to carry out comparative analysis
of the given methods to show the possible advantages
or disadvantages.
METHODS
In order to realize the primary aim, it is necessary to
analyze the method that will be used in the risk
assessment, to describe the workplace, then to perform
risk assessment and finally to point to possible
advantages or disadvantages that occur under the given
methods.
The methods that will be used in risk assessment are
the matrix methods - KINNEY method and AUVA
method. Matrices can be used to assess the risks in the
workplace, the ranking of the different risks of
importance for assessing, the acceptability of risk for
assessing residual risk and priority ranking [11]. The
advantage of the matrix is that they can be understood
by the staff in charge of occupational safety.

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Risk assessment is possible if we know the nature of
harms and dangers and the factors that define the
intensity [5]. The data obtained by risk assessment are
combined with data from other sources (such as data
obtained by monitoring employees’ health, matrix
operations and exposure limit values, permissible levels
of exposure and available statistical data).
The EU Directive suggests that each state can
customize specific methodology for assessing risk
according to their legislation. Some EU members have
specific regulations on the way and methodology to
risk assessment [12].
KINNEY METHOD
In Kinney method, the risk is seen as the emergence of
dangers and hazards. Risk assessment is the product of
three dimensions [1]:
• The probability of an accident or damage;
• The severity of consequences for an employee in
case of dangers and hazards;
• Frequency of occurrence of dangers and hazards.
Criterion - probability (P) is ranked ranging from 0.1 -
virtually impossible, to 10 - predictable (table 1).
Table 1. Description of the criteria for
assessing the probability
Description of the criteria for assessing
Probability
the probability
0,1 Virtually impossible
0,2 Practically impossible
0,5 Plausible, but unlikely
Improbable, but possible at boundary
1
conditions
3 Unusual, but possible
6 Possible
10 Predictable
Criterion - consequences (C) (possible damage) is
ranked ranging from 1 to 10 and that is considered
catastrophic, highlighted in Table 2.
Table 2. Description of the criteria for assessing the
consequences
Consequences Description of the criteria for
(C) assessing the consequences
Disease, injury which requires first aid
1
and any other treatment
2 Medical treatment by a doctor
Serious - disability, serious violation
3 with individual hospitalization and lost
days
6
Very serious - individual accidents with
lethal outcome
Catastrophic - with multiple lethal
10
outcomes
The criterion - the frequency of occurrence of danger
and harm (F) ranks of rarely - once a year, permanently
- continuous 10 (table 3).
Table 3. Description of the criteria for frequency
Probability Description of the criteria for frequency
1 Rare (yearly)
2 Monthly
3 Occasional (weekly)
6 Regular (daily)
10 Permanent
Evaluation of risk R is performed by the formula:
R=PxCxF
Table 4 gives a tabular presentation risk assessment.

Table 4. Table of risk assessment

Evaluation of risk Measures to
Identified
control risk
risk or harm P- probability C- consequences F- frequency R- the risk level assessment

The level of risk (R) is ranking from acceptable, instantaneous preventive actions which is defined as
negligible levels RI, to extreme, impermissible, which the risk level RV (Table 5).
requires interruption of work activities and the

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Table 5. Description of risk classification

The classification
Total Level of
of the level of Description of the classification level of risk
rating risk
risk
0,1 – 20 RI Negligible risk No action is required.
There is no need for additional activities in the management of the operation.
More cost-effective solution or improvement without additional investment
21 – 70 R II Low risk should be considered. It is necessary to monitor the situation in order to
obtain information on the implementation of prescribed activities.
Efforts are needed to reduce the risk or cost of prevention. Costs must be
carefully planned and limited to a certain level.
It is necessary to define a deadline for the implementation of improvement.
71 – 200 R III Medium risk For those events which may have extremely dangerous consequences, it is
necessary to further examine the probability of occurrence of such an event
so as to define the required level of activity and to mitigate risks.
An activity cannot start unless the level of risk is reduced. Additional
resources may be required in order to reduce risks.
Considerable resources may be required, in order to reduce the risk. If the risk
201–400 R IV High risk
applies to all started activities, it is necessary to take urgent action to reduce
the level of risk.
The operation cannot be started nor continued until the risk is reduced. It s
Over 400 RV Extreme risk not possible to reduce the risk by additional investments, and therefore the
ativity should stay idle.

AUVA METHOD Probability of dangers or harms depends on employees’

exposure to risks and hazards in the working
For the assessment of the risks in the workplace in the environment (existing state of health and safety at
working environment, a modified AUVA method can work). Employees’ exposures to dangers and hazards
be used. are ranked as follows (table 6):
Elements of the assessment and evaluation of risks
to AUVA method are Probability of danger or harm
and severity of possible consequences. Accordingly,
the level of risk (LR) was defined as the product of
the probability an unwanted event (RP) and rank as
possible severity of the violation (RV):
LR = RP x RV

Table 6. Ranking of the dangers and harmfulness

Exposure hazards Qualitatively Quantitative
and harmfulness during the working day ranking of exposure ranking of exposure
(week, month, year) % dangers and harmfulness dangers and harmfulness
< 20% Very rarely 1
21% - 40% periodically 2
41% - 60% often 3
61% - 80% The most of work hours 4
> 80% Through all workday 5

The environmental condition or the current state of

occupational health and safety has been determined by
the following elements (table 7):

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Table 7. Elements for assessing the condition of the environment

Compatibility
Document/ with the requirements /
No Elements for assessing the condition of the working environment satisfies
base
YES NO
1. Workspace and work surface
2. Tools and equipment for work
3. Protection from electric shock
4. Heating and ventilation
5. Microclimate
6. Light
7. Electromagnetic radiation
8. Noise and vibration
9. Atmospheric and climatic influences
10. Fire and explosion protection
11. Passage, access and evacuation routes
12. Raw materials, basic and additional material
13. Organizational of occupational safety and health
14. Personal protective equipment
15. Training for safe work
16. Information on safety and health at work
17. First aid
18. Protection of nonsmokers, the ban on alcohol and other addiction
19. The maintenance of premises
20. Condition of facilities for personal hygiene
21. The inspection about supervision
22. Injuries and occupational diseases

On the basis of the level of compliance with the by the rank condition of the working environment as
requirements of health and safety at work is determined follows (table 8):

Table 8. The ranking of dangers and harmfulness

occupational health and safety demands Qualitative ranking of condition in Quantitative ranking of
are fulfilled (OHS) in% the working environment condition in the working
environment
OHS>80% Satisfying 1
60%< OHS ≤80% Medium term necessary measures 2
40%< OHS ≤60% Short term measures necessary 3
20%< OHS ≤40% Currently necessary measures 4
Measures for instant termination of work
OHS ≤ 20% processes 5

Description of the workplace – Operating Engineer Application of Kinney methods for the workplace
for occupational safety, environmental protection Operating engineer for occupational safety,
and fire safety environmental protection and fire protection
According to the systematization within a certain In Table 9 presents the application of Kinney methods
company, this person is responsible to: for the workplace Operating engineer for occupational
1. Apply and implement legal regulations and internal safety, the environmental protection and the fire
acts in the field of occupational safety, the protection.
environmental protection and fire protection.
2. Control work equipment, devices and means of
personal protective equipment and devices and systems
with harmful radiation or hazardous emissions.
3. Follow and control the working conditions of the
working environment and control the handling of
hazardous materials.
4. Perform training for safe work and fire protection.
5. Perform professional duties.

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 M. Stanković, V. Stanković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 129-136

Table 9. Application of Kinney methods for the workplace operating engineer for occupational safety, the
environmental protection and the fire protection
No Work activities P- probability C- consequences F- frequency Level of risk
Working in the field and in the
1. 0.1 3 1 0.3
facility
Using computer and other
2. 0.1 10 1 1
electrical devices
3. Working in the open 0.1 1 1 0.1
Working on a computer –
4. 0.1 2 2 0.4
using a monitor
Using a computer and other
5. 0.2 2 3 1.2
administrative office duties
Performing the work in OHS
and fire protection, direct
communication with
6. 0.1 2 2 0.4
employees and inspection and
other state bodies, it is possible
crisis situations.
Performance of regular work
7. 0.2 3 3 1.8
activities

Based on the conducted workplace Operating engineer
for occupational safety, the environmental protection
and the fire protection, is workplace with an acceptable
risk, given that the level of risk for all work activities
does not exceed 20 chapters R <20.
Application of AUVA methods for the workplace
Operating engineer for occupational safety,
environmental protection and fire protection
Table 10 presents the existing condition of health and
safety at work.

Table 10. The existing condition of health and safety at work

Compatibility
Elements for assessing the with the
Document/ requirements /
No condition of the working
base satisfies
environment
YES NO
Regulations on Safety Measures for Auxiliary Facilities,
1. Workspace and work surface ("Official Gazette of SRS", No. 29/87) ● ▲
Inspection
Regulations on the procedure of inspection and test
equipment for the operation and testing of working
environment ("Official Gazette of RS" No.94 / 06 and
2. Tools and equipment for work ●▲
108/06)
Instructions for inspection, testing and maintenance of assets.
Records of the inspections and tests of work equipment
Regulation on technical norms for low voltage electrical
Protection from installations ("Official Gazette of SFRY", no. 53/88 and
3. ●
electric shock Official Gazette No. 28/95)
Instructions for inspection, testing and maintenance of assets.
4. Heating and ventilation Inspection ●
5. Microclimate Report on the measurement / inspection ●
6. Light Report on the measurement / inspection ●
7. Electromagnetic radiation Report on the measurement / inspection ●
8. Noise and vibration Report on the measurement / inspection ●
Atmospheric and climatic
9. Inspection ▲
influences
Law on fire protection
10. Fire protection and explosion ("Official Gazette of SRS", No.37 / 88) ●▲
Regulations for fire protection.
Passage, access and Regulations on Safety Measures for Auxiliary Facilities,
11.
evacuation routes ("Official Gazette of SRS", no. 29/87) / Inspection

133 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Do not use hazardous materials, or

Raw materials, basic and
12. Instructions for inspection, testing and maintenance of assets. ●▲
additional material
Records of hazardous substances used in the course of work
Organizational of Collective agreement
13. ●▲
occupational safety and health Regulations on safety and health at work.
The norm means and equipment for personal protection at
Means and equipment for work.
14. ●▲
personal protection Records of the inspections and tests of means and equipment
for personal protection at work
Law on Safety and Health at Work ("Official Gazette of RS",
Training for the safe No.101 / 05)
15. ●▲
operation Regulations on safety and health at work.
Records of employees trained for safe and healthy work
Law on safety and health at work ("Official Gazette of RS",
Information on safety and No.101 / 05)
16.
health at work Directive 92/58 / EEC on the minimum requirement for
ensuring label for safety or health of workers at work
Regulations on safety and health at work.
Ordinance on equipment and procedures for the provision of
17. First aid first aid and rescue service organization in case of an ●▲
accident at work ("Official Gazette of the SFRY", No.21 /
71)
Protection of nonsmokers, the
Smoking ban.
18. ban on alcohol and other ●▲
Ban on the use alcohol and other psychoactive substances in
addiction
companu’s buildings and premises.
The maintenance work
19. Inspection ●
premises
Condition of facilities for
20. Inspection ●
personal hygiene
The inspection about of
21. The inspection about supervision
supervision
Injuries and occupational Records of injuries, occupational illnesses and diseases
22. ●▲
diseases related to work

● RANK OF THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT - OFFICE 1

▲ RANK OF THE CONDITION OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT - GROUNDS 2

Table 11. Identification of dangers and threats on the workplace and working
environment and possible consequences

No Work activities Possible danger and harmfulness Possible consequences

Working in the field and in the Slipping and tripping when moving on the The fracture of bone and soft tissue
1.
facility ground and inside on buildings injuries
Using a computer other electrical The burns, injuries caused by
2. Indirect contact
devices electric shock
Low temperatures in winter (wind, rain, snow) Colds, respiratory system diseases,
3. Working in the open
High temperatures in summer sunstroke
4. Working on a computer - monitor Long term eyestrain Malfunctions disorders and vision,
Headache, a stiff neck, pain in the
5. Using a computer and office work Long term sitting shoulders and back, disorders of the
digestive system
OHS and fire protection, direct
communication with employees
6. and inspection and other state The psychological burden Psychosomatic disorders
bodies, it is possible crisis
situations.
Psychosomatic disorders and
The responsibility for receiving and
diseases (high blood pressure and
7. Regular work activities transferring information, the use of appropriate
other diseases of the cardiovascular
knowledge and skills
system and digestive system)

134 | Safety Engineering

 M. Stanković, V. Stanković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 129-136

Table 12. Ranking of risk

Code of Rank of the Severity rank The Rank of risk
Rank Rank of
No danger or working of possible measure Five degrees Three degrees
exposure probability
harmfulness environment consequences of risk scale scale
1. 10 1 2 1 3 3 I А
2. 16 1 1 1 5 5 I A
3. 27 1 2 1 1 1 I А
4. 30 2 1 1 2 2 I А
5. 31 3 1 2 2 4 I А
6. 32 2 1 1 2 2 I А
7. 33 3 1 2 3 6 II А

On the basis of the recording process of the REFERENCES

organization of work, applied measures of health and
safety occupational, dangers and threats in the
workplace and working environment, and risk ranking,
it has been estimated that the workplace Operating
Engineer for occupational safety, environmental
protection and fire protection is a workplace with an
increased risk.
Comparative analysis of the results of the risk
assessment for the workplace Operating engineer for
occupational safety, the environmental protection and
the fire protection with Kinney and AUVA methods
While conducting risk assessment for the workplace
Operating engineer for occupational safety, the
environmental protection and the fire protection used
Kinney and AUVA methods. Both of methods use a
five-degree scale ranking of risk. The analysis shows
that rank of risk for all activities were given position 1
when it comes to KINNEY method. At AUVA method
last, seventh activity has rank of risk 2.
CONCLUSION
There are several methods for risk assessment and
health risk assessment. The methods are divided by
areas for which they are intended. They differ by the
matrices and the ranking scale they use, according to
which they can be three degrees, five degrees and multi
degrees. Matrices that are used can be 3x3, 4x4, 5x5,
4x6, 9x9 and others, which have been defined by
certain standards. Accordingly, the methods can be
more precise or less precise.
This paper investigates one workplace with KINNEY
and AUVA methods. Using both methods to assess the
workplace of an Operating Engineer for occupational
safety, environmental protection and fire protection, it
has been assessed as a workplace with acceptable risk.
However, AUVA method besides taking into account
possible dangers and harmful effects, possible
consequences and exposures also considers the
condition of the working environment, unlike KINNEY
methods which is based only on probability,
consequences and frequency. The results showed that
the AUVA method is a bit more precise because it uses
many factors for risk analysis unlike KINNEY
methods. Therefore, AUVA method is more precise
and reliable than KINNEY method.
[1] Babut, G.B., Mararu, R.I., Cioca, L.I.: Kinney – type
methods: Useful or harmful tools in the risk assessment
and management process?. International conference on
manufacturong science and education, vol. II (2011),
pp. 315-318-268.
[2] Champoux, D., Brun, J.P.: Occupational health and
safety management in small size enterprises an
overview of the situation and avenues for intervention
and research. Safety Science 41 (2003), pp. 301-318.
[3] Department of Defence (US), Military Standard:
System Safety Program Requirements MIL-STD-882B.
Washingron, DC: US Department of Defense, 1993.
[4] Donoghue, A.M.: The design of hayard risk assessment
matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their
application in mining and minerals processing. 2000.
[5] Ersoy, M.: The role of occupational Safety measures on
reducing accidents in marble quarries of Iscehisar
region. Safety Science 57 (2013), pp. 293-302.
[6] Menckel, E.: Accident prevention by safety engineers
within Occupational Health Service in Sweden. Safety
Science 16 (1993), pp. 465-484.
[7] Montero, M.J., Araque, R.A., Rey, J.M.: Occupational
health and safety in the frame work of corporate Social
responsibility. Safety Science 47 (2009), pp. 1440-
1445.
[8] OH&S rizik kao pokazatelj stanja sistema bezbednosti i
zdravlja na radu
[9] Pravilnik o izradi procjene opasnosti, „Narodne novine
Republike Hrvatske“, br. 48/97, 114/02, 126/03.
[10] Pravilnik o metodologiji za procenu opasnosti od
hemijskog udesa i od zagađivanja životne sredine,
merama pripreme i merama za otklanjanje posledica
(„Sl. glasnik RS“, br. 60/94 i 63/94) HSE, Reducing
Risks, Protecting People. HSE Books, 2001.
[11] Ristić, D., Stanković, M., Savić, S.: Risk assessment
matrices, Proceeding of 11th International Conference
„Dependability and quality management“, (2008), pp.
580-587.
[12] Savić, S., Stanković, M.: Teorija sistema i rizika.
Akademska misao, Beograd, 2011.
[13] Vujović, R.: Upravljanje rizicima i osiguranje,
Beograd, 2009.

135 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

BIOGRAPHY
Milena Stanković was born in Nis,
Serbia, 1987. She graduated from
the Faculty of Occupational Safety,
University of Nis, department of
Environmental Protection.
She is currently a PhD student at
Faculty of Occupational Safety in
Nis. She is working at the Faculty of
Occupational Safety, University of
Nis.

UPOREDNA ANALIZA METODA ZA PROCENU RIZIKA

„KINNY“ I „AUVA“
Milena Stanković, Vladana Stanković

Rezime: Pojedinci, privredni subjekti i čitavo društvo, izloženi su rizicima više nego ikada. Problem bezbednosti i
zdravlja na radu je prisutan od kada postoji rad, nastajao je i rešavao se u skladu sa celokupnim razvojem
društva. Iz tog razloga, za procenu rizika razvijene su različite metode i matrice. Predmet rada je prikaz metoda za
procenu rizika, kao i primena tih metoda za radno mesto u kome se javljaju povećane opasnosti i štetnosti. Cilj
rada je da se kroz izabrane metodeza procenu rizika - Kinny i AUVA, za radno mesto - operativni inženjer za
BZNR, ZŽS i ZOP, izvrši procena rizika, kao i da se izvrši uporedna analiza datih metoda kako bi se ukazalo na
moguće prednosti ili nedostatke izabranih metoda.
Ključne reči: procena rizika, metode za procenu rizika, Kinny metod, AUVA metod.

136 | Safety Engineering

 UDC 543.05:633.71
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.05
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

ANA STOJKOVIĆ1 OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN HAZARDOUS

1
Faculty of Occupational Safety
University of Niš, Serbia
1
anasstojkovic@gmail.com
CONFINED SPACE
Abstract: The paper presents the concept of hazardous confined space
by identifying hazards in closed areas, with special emphasis on
dangerous gases commonly found there, and occupational safety
measures that involve: testing the air, cleaning and ventilation,
separating enclosed spaces, personal protections, entry control,
blocking mobile device and rescuing casualties. For only 8 years in
America, there has been an average of 89 work-related deaths in
confined spaces per year, and approximately 23 (25.5%) of those who
died were persons attempting rescue. Asphyxiation by gases was the
primary cause of death. The persons who were participating in rescue
were in most cases co-workers, not or emergency medical service
personnel. Since rescue operations in confined spaces are unique
hazards, proper training of personnel and the availability of
specialized equipment are required to protect persons attempting
rescue from injury and death. Emergency medical service personnel
should be familiar with all potential threats and rescue techniques in
confined space. Analogously, the paper describes all the potential
dangers and hazards of indoor space
Key words: hazardous confined spaces, occupational safety.

INTRODUCTION manipulation tools) and the existence of procedures for

Confident spaces are present everywhere in the
industry, and they are the places where accidents occur
frequently. The term confident space is used to
designate certain structures such as tanks, vessels,
tanks, sewers, etc. Every space in which people work
may be or may become confident space. The term
actually describes the environment in which hazard can
occur – it can be structural, process, mechanical,
atmospheric, physical, chemical, biological and
ergonomic hazard, and dangers from liquid or solid
material. Many conditions that cause these hazards do
not refer only for closed spaces, but they deteriorate by
introducing a fenced area in a confined space. Indoor
spaces are much more dangerous than normal confident
space. Seemingly minor changes in conditions can
instantly change the status of these jobs from harmless
to life threatening. The work in confined spaces is
related to construction, inspection, maintenance and
modification.
In an enclosed space, ventilation is one of the most
important methods for the control of air quality. In
these areas there are potential sources of pollution.
Therefore, the ventilation method is commonly used for
dilution and the elimination of pollutants from indoor
space. It can carry out fresh air from outside or
recycled air that is purified in an appropriate manner.
Special measures to be taken, in addition to good
ventilation, are a dual system of protection against
electric shock and harmful gases and vapours, the
existence of entry and exit, ensuring appropriate
working conditions (light, ventilation, vibration,
working in confined spaces.
Dangerous enclosed area is any room or space, usually
of less volume in which the air is not changed
naturally, nor through natural ventilation. Such areas
usually appear under the earth, but they may be on the
surface, and sometimes only partially open. According
to some definitions, hazardous confined space can be
any enclosed space in production facilities.
HAZARDS IN CONFINED SPACE -
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
Hazardous enclosed spaces may include: storage
systems, railway and other systems that are used for
different purposes, boilers, pipes of large diameter,
channels, underground caves, wells, abandoned mines,
various marine facilities and the like.
Hazardous enclosed spaces are those that are only
partially open and in which gases and vapours, heavier
than air, may accrue. They can be: deep pit, boilers,
reactors with open passages, channels detected with a
lid, manholes, elevators, etc.
Accidents in enclosed spaces differ from the accidents
in everyday working environments. Seemingly minor
error or omission in the preparation area, selection or
maintenance of equipment or work activities can cause
an accident. This is due to less tolerance for error in
these situations than in activities that occur in normal
workplaces. In our country and worldwide, every year
there is serious damage to workers’ health and
increased number of deaths at the entrance to such

137 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
premises. In this respect, it is most likely that the
following group of workers will die - workers who
work on the maintenance of installations such as
assemblers, welders, workers who are working on
divorce gas, water, worker who digs wells, etc. Also, in
some cases, victims can be professions and technicians,
rescuers and casualty workers, and sometimes
insufficiently trained members of the fire service.
Figure 1. Examples of confident space
It is surprising that people are not very familiar with the
causes of these accidents. This is confirmed by the
black chronicle which gives examples of such
accidents, usually according to unidentified toxic gases
or deaths under mysterious circumstances.
It is rare to indicate the cause of death, and deaths are
often caused by a lack of oxygen in the air, or air
pollution by toxic gases. In order to define the problem
of these accidents, it is necessary to have more
expertise and experience in this field. Knowing the
theory without practice is not enough which can be
seen in the following example.
A laboratory worker in a metallurgy lab constantly
complained that he felt bad. In doctor’s office he
suddenly lost consciousness. Since the doctor did not
diagnose any of the common diseases, the worker was
sent to examination by a sanitary expert. They
discovered that the worker was working with the
liquids that evaporate very easily and quickly. The
laboratory worker tried to put a few drops of this liquid
on the glass under the microscope. He kept the fluid in
100 cm3 bottle. The room in the lab was large enough
(4x5x4). The room was constantly vented with a fan, so
that the air in the room had been changed for several
times. The sanitary inspector confirmed, taking into
account the size of the laboratory and good ventilation
system, that there could not be health-threatening
concentrations of toxic fumes into the room even in
case if the entire amount of the liquid from the bottle
had been spilled. However, when after a few days of
his regular work, the worker lost his consciousness
again, the sanitary and occupational safety officers
invited another laboratory physician to carry out the
examination. They opened a bottle with toxic liquid
and observed them with the sample microscope for two
or three minutes. During this time, the technician
unconsciously inhaled the vapour liquid from the
bottle. Since the bottle was very close to his head, it
became clear that he breathed in about 80% of these
toxic fumes and only 20% of the room air. Air space
138 | Safety Engineering
was safe for all workers in that room, and there was an
accident with the mentioned laboratory.
This example, in addition to the large number of
poisoning not only in laboratories, can serve as a
necessary caution to all similar works in the industry.
The most complicated and the most difficult aspect in
dealing with confined spaces is to define risk.
Determination of hazards includes hazardous and
potentially hazardous conditions and they determine the
level of risk and acceptability. The difficulty in
determining the risk occurs because many dangerous
conditions can produce acute or traumatic injuries, and
it is difficult to identify and define them since they are
constantly changing with the changing conditions.
Oxygen is slightly heavier than air and it is therefore
very important to reduce risks while working.
OXYGEN IN A CONFINED SPACE
Oxygen is the most prevalent element, colourless,
odourless and tasteless; therefore, our senses can even
remotely assess neither the presence nor the amount of
the gas in very active element.
The property of oxygen is the fact that it constantly
seeks "partners'' with which to unite. Thus, for
example, in conjunction with hydrogen it forms water,
it generates carbon dioxide with the carbon, and with
iron it creates iron oxide, and so on.
There are plenty of cases in which so-called silent
oxidation runs constantly. Under certain circumstances,
the oxidation process accelerates and the reaction
becomes exothermic, which means that it produces heat
to the environment. When heat with combustible
materials reaches a combustion temperature, self-
ignition and burning with flames occur. Any burning is,
in fact, rapid oxidation and combustion is continuation
of burning. Oxygen itself does not burn, and in some
cases even enhances combustion explosion.
The air we breathe have about 21% oxygen. If the
percentage of oxygen in breathing is reduced below
16%, one feels discomfort. Respiration is accelerated,
and also pulse, while the buzzing in the ears occurs.
When oxygen is decreased to concentration of 15-10%,
the man is still conscious, but his reasoning is wrong
and he becomes tired very easily. If the amount of
oxygen in the air falls to 10% or lower, there is a
sudden fatigue, weakening pulse and loss of
consciousness (collapse). If he is quickly brought to
fresh air and given necessary emergency assistance, he
can still be saved.
In case of oxidizing in normal conditions, such as the
open air, the oxidation material takes oxygen from the
surrounding air and persons who come into contact
with such material are not exposed to any danger.
However, if the oxidation process happens in a
confined space for longer period of time, percentage of
oxygen content in the air is reduced, and the air loses
oxygen and becomes enriched other gases and vapours.

Oxygen from the air, in some cases, is gradually
consumed through chemical and biological reactions.
Such slow oxidation reactions often appear in empty
systems and boilers that are not used for some time.
The examples of chemical reactions may be the usual
rust corrosion of the internal surfaces of the system,
and similar vessels. In some cases, this reaction may
absorb too much oxygen.
Since biological reactions are known, for example
heating the straw, in some cases it may be enough to
light a straw if is stored indoors. Similar biological
reactions of slow oxidation can occur in abandoned
wells in sewer pipes, waste water in the abandoned
workshops, and the like. Sometimes they can contain
organic matter that can cause greater absorption of
oxygen from the air these spaces.
In practice, it is necessary to keep in mind that the lack
or insufficient amount of oxygen in the indoor air is not
noticed at first sight, even though the workers may
have certain symptoms. For example, rapid breathing
and heart rate acceleration. The workers usually do not
pay much attention to it, they simply ignore the danger
and don’t; notice it until it is too late for their own
rescue. The situation is more difficult if the path to the
exit to fresh air is longer, and must be crossed, or if a
worker has to climb the stairs or a ladder.
OTHER GASES IN A CONFINED SPACE
In chemical industry, there are hundreds of types of
flammable and explosive gases. All of these gases and
vapours are flammable and explosive in a wide range,
scale mixture with air, i.e. within the boundaries
between the so-called lower and upper limits. These
values are determined experimentally in the laboratory
and are expressed in percentages.
Out of all toxic gases, carbon dioxide, which is already
in low concentrations and life-threatening, caused the
most casualties. It is a gas that acts insidiously because
no taste or smell, so if the air and with low gas contents
of this long inhalation, leads to its accumulation in the
lungs. Other gases in this group of toxic gases, for
example, hydrogen sulfide, have a fragrance that
reveals them, but, unfortunately, their smell quickly
becomes dull, thereby increasing risk.
The third group of gas-noxious gases is characterized
mainly, by the air enclosed space. It reduces the
percentage of oxygen necessary to the health and lives
of people. We have already mentioned carbon dioxide
and other inert gases. After extinguishing the fire in
small confined spaces, which are filled with carbon
dioxide, there happens suffocation and unprotected
workers due to lack of oxygen, or due to reduced
percentage of required gas. Accidents with a tragic
ending happen in cases with closed tanks, boilers and if
there is nitrogen in the room. Deaths in hospitals are
also evident, and also deaths that as consequence of the
replacement of unmarked steel tanks which housed
oxygen bottles filled with carbon dioxide.
139 | Safety Engineering
A. Stojković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 137-144
There is another important division of dangerous gases
that may endanger the safety and health of workers in
indoor areas, including:
• flammable gases (flammable and exhaust gases
from the engine);
• vapors of flammable liquids, solvents and thinners
(gasoline, diesel, kerosene, acetone, tetrachlor and
various hydrocarbons);
• gases that develop during the process of
fermentation (fermentation gases from organic
matter, such as methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen,
hydrogen sulfide and other in mixtures);
• gases and fumes from waste water (in the sewers
and septic tanks);
• natural gases, lighting and the like;
• gases that occur after an explosion and fire (in the
mines after an explosion and after extinguishing
fires in enclosed spaces).
Figure 2. Hazardous gases found in confident spaces
From this distribution we can see that in every branch
of economy there are specific hazards of certain gases
and vapors. Knowing these substances, especially for
occupational safety and health experts, is of great
importance because it allows them to properly act and
secure workers at their workplaces.
In all these groups dangers that threaten the health and
lives of workers appear. The example may be a great
number of deaths from the engine in the garage,
especially in winter, which is one of the dangers in
enclosed spaces.
Some gases are lighter than air, and climb higher where
they get diluted, and therefore do not pose threat to
healthy people. However there are a lot of industrial
gases, which are heavier than air, such as, for example,
the propane-butane, and a variety of other
hydrocarbons. These gases accumulate in open pits and
similar recesses, sometimes unnoticed "current" moat,
canal or crawling short distances through the ground to
the lowest points accumulated. The accumulated gases
suppress oxygen, and may, according to all properties,
cause death by asphyxiation poisoning, explosion and
fire. This also explains the surprising amount of certain
gases in the areas where they are not expected to be
found.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
In this respect, we may well serve an instructive
example of the loss of propane-butane from railway
tanks left on the track of a factory in the northwestern
Bohemia. The mixture of these gases is about two and a
half times heavier than air. The gases from the tanks
are coming out and move deeper, over a mile-long
trench to where the workers are melted asphalt on an
open fire, there was suddenly so strong explosion from
which several workers received serious burns and two
others were killed. At first no one knew what caused
this tragedy. After a detailed study of the site and its
surroundings, it was a remote railway tanks with
propane-butane. It was found that the tank was not
properly sealed.
The inert or noble gases are constantly and increasingly
being used in practice, especially for inert spaces that
are at risk of explosion. For this purpose, the most
commonly used are carbon dioxide and nitrogen, and in
special cases, expensive argon and helium.
Carbon dioxide is used as a proven means for
extinguishing a fire, cooling, to create a protective layer
of air near the welding arc. This is true for argon. In
terms of occupational safety, it is essential to mention
that, carbon dioxide, when used in a confined space in
whatever form, greatly reduces the percentage of
oxygen in the air of the area, and the workers who
would be there could stayed longer because of the lack
of oxygen to suffocate.
During construction of the ship in an American
shipyard, thirteen employees got choked. Similar cases
are occurring with the use of nitrogen, helium and
argon.
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY IN
CONFINED SPACE
Entry into hazardous confined spaces, especially the
performance in such areas poses a major threat to the
health and lives of people. Therefore, in many
technically developed countries operating in such areas
is subject to previous approval of the competent
authority. It is necessary to first control working
conditions by an occupational safety expert.
If there is danger for workers in confined space, it is
necessary prior to their entry, to clean and ventilate this
space. As a worker could enter into a hazardous
confined space it is necessary to execute a sequence of
procedures, some of which should be allocated as
follows:
• Testing of the air;
• cleaning and ventilation;
• separation, breaking links with other technological
devices;
• personal protective equipment for workers;
• entry control;
• blocking of mobile devices;
• rescue.
140 | Safety Engineering
Each enclosed space in which percentage of oxygen in
the air can be reduced and toxic, flammable or
asphyxiating gases and vapors ma be found, must be
tested prior to entry of workers in terms of air quality in
the confined space. The workers, who did the work in
this area must be qualified and practically trained to
properly use various agents at work.
Each employee, before entering the hazardous confined
space must be fully aware of the dangers posed to him.
To measure and determine the air quality of enclosed
areas, different appliances are used.
These devices, if possible, should not be brought into
the premises in which it is assumed that the air is
contaminated with various substances (polluted), it is
recommended to take a sample of that air. As for the
sample of air, it is always necessary to try to take the
same outside special equipment or special engagement
vessels, which the indoor air operations, and pulls out
certain instruments exams. In any case, sampling of air,
their testing and analyzing, sorting the results obtained
and their use, it's all in the office of qualified industrial
sanitary experts or chemists.
Measuring and testing the indoor air of enclosed spaces
in terms of explosiveness, toxicity and oxygen content
must be done before any entry into the area, and during
workers occupancy in a confined space. These tests
must be repeated at short intervals, as always there is
the possibility of permanent changes in the composition
of the air.
Cleaning and ventilation vary depending on:
• the type of material from which, for example, made
tank;
• from the lysate, i.e. of the chemical changes that
occurred on the inner surface of the material from
which the tank is made;
• quantities of lime and other deposits within the
vessels, tanks, boilers, etc .;
• the size and shape of tanks, boilers, etc .;
• the size, shape and position of the inlet and other
openings which are located on the container;
• the position of the vessel which may arise due to the
"corners" and "pockets" and other places unsuitable
for cleaning.
The air in a confined space can be cleaned and
ventilated, according to the following general
guidelines:
• from the bottom to remove as much mud and
sludge;
• method of cleaning customize the type of closed
containers.
The most commonly used jet of water from a pipe or, in
the absence of hoses, jets of water from the full bucket.
In some cases, it is necessary prior to boiling the water
to be heated and is thus left in the container to stand for
24 h or more. If the dish in your profile articulated, in
this case it is necessary to pay special attention to
various corners, pockets and other places suitable for a
variety of deposition and the city also cleaned

thoroughly. In some cases, the washing water
containers with a variety of chemicals are added in
order to neutralize the impurities.
Cleaning can be done by using steam of nitrogen and
other inert gases, and also by air.
Figure 3. A worker with personal protective equipment
In some cases, there is no need to do the cleaning but
the air must be clean at all times.
If you are in a confined space with air and flammable
and explosive gases or vapors, it is necessary to take
care about the potential accumulation of static
electricity.
It is also necessary to take into account that after
cleaning the pots or other enclosed spaces, there still
may be danger to the health and life of workers in that
area and that the remains of various deposition, often
invisible but still in sufficient quantity (in the pores,
seams etc. places) may pollute the air. Therefore, it is
necessary to repeat the test after cleaning the air in a
confined space as long as they do not provide
completely satisfactory results after which the worker
can freely enter an enclosed space and do his job.
Special cleaning area and taking special measures to
protect workers out of the question in those cases
where it is necessary material sealed container, for
example, tanks, heat during work inside or outside, as it
happens in welding, flame cutting and other similar
operations. In such cases, the risk increases even more
in that from the residual sediment release gases and
grazing of aging. Therefore, before proceeding to such
work, the vessel is filled with water or inert gas, carbon
dioxide or nitrogen.
Any employee who enters a dangerous confined space
shall be provided protective belt and matching rope
whose one end is outside, i.e. the enclosure, securely
mounted. When a worker enters a dangerous confined
space, he should be followed by another worker who
will look after him while he is in a confined space and
be ready at any moment to him in case of an emergency
treated, alone or together with other workers.
According to the type of potential hazards it is
necessary to provide the appropriate personal protective
devices, for example: breathing masks, protective suits
141 | Safety Engineering
A. Stojković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 137-144
against the effects of acid resistant, protective footwear,
protective helmet, gloves and so on.
In practice, when working in hazardous confined space
with a narrow inlet opening, it is necessary to use
protective rope to tie to the back of an injured worker if
he lost his consciousness, so that he could be easily
placed in an upright position. Furthermore, for
physiological reasons, it is recommended to use the
buffer zone in such system, and in that way to pull out
the worker, his chest near his stomach.
Proper lightning is a must while working in hazardous
enclosed spaces. For this purpose, it is recommended to
use a battery or a portable electric lamp with a muzzle
and a long cable. With this type of lighting, powerful
current and voltage transformer must be placed outside
the enclosure.
There are flammable or explosive gases or vapours in
hazardous confined space, and the lamps used in their
construction are resistant to such gases and vapors.
Tanks and equipment that are used must also be
grounded.
Handheld devices and devices used in hazardous
enclosed spaces shall be made of beryl bronze and in
any case the first-class material. Footwear should not
have metal nails.
Near the entrance to the hazardous confined space,
threatened by flammable and explosive gases and
vapours, there should be sufficient amount of pure cold
water hose with spray attachment.
Traditional methods for managing these activities
should be carried out in a confined space, and they
allow entrance only to skilled persons. Within both
systems, there are clear demands about authorities,
responsibilities and conscientiousness among educated
people and people who enter premises, as well as
among the staff and management who happen to be
there in case of emergency.
The document about entry permission is aimed to
inform. If you include only the information relevant to
a particular circumstance, it provides an entry permit
only to certified persons. Permission to enter is most
effective as a brief overview documenting the actions
that have been performed, and points to the need for
further precautions. Entry permission should be issued
by a qualified person who also has the authority to
withdraw a license if something changes. A person who
is issued a permit should not depend on the supervisor
hierarchy. The permit specifies the procedures to be
followed and the conditions under which they enter and
under which the operation can continue, as well as the
records on the results of tests and other information.
Signed permission is placed at the entrance or at the
door or any other place the company ordered. It stays in
that place until it is removed or replaced. Permission to
enter in the minutes after the completion of the work.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
Figure 4. Symbol of hazard
The system works best with permissions where the
hazardous conditions are recognized from previous
experiences, and control measures tried and proven to
be effective. The system of permits allows the division
of expert resources in an efficient manner. Limitations
permits are located at the places of previously
unrecognized hazard. If there is no qualified person,
this danger may remain untreated.
All kinds of mobile tanks and similar devices can
become a source of danger and in different ways. They
can, for example, while in sleep mode, be moved to the
city at the moment where one or more workers are
present at the place, or can become a source of danger
due to various repairs that require the use of electricity.
For this reason, moving the vessel must be prescribed
and blocked to prevent unwanted motions and
movements. The method to securing blocking would be
the next, and it should include the following.
Appendix written approval to enter into a hazardous
confined space and the use of special forms that are
provided for all moving parts are blocked. The main
engine will include devices for mixing in large rotating
drums or tanks for the boot device. They are fixed in
such a way that the motor could not be activated until
workers are present in the confined space. It is best to
turn off the engine by a single key which is delivered to
a particular worker who is doing his job in confined
spaces. In this way, the worker will perform his tasks
without fear of possible sudden movements. If you
happen to be in the endangered area and if there are
many workers who entered, each of them must have
their own padlock placed on the main switch in the off
position and reserve keys for them until the work
continues.
After the main switch is turned off and locked in a
fixed position, it is necessary to examine and determine
whether this is the only switch that controls the
initiation of slurry mixer, and etc.
As additional safety can be achieved by the blocking
system with lock, and it separation device driver can be
142 | Safety Engineering
used, for example by removing the belts, the chains and
the like.
Also, additional safety could be achieved by fixing
portable device which prevents the initiation, and
possibly by fixing a gravity device.
For each work in the hazardous confined space it is
required that workers are provided with the appropriate
personal protection equipment, depending on the nature
and type of work environment. If, for example, before
beginning of work the insufficient amount of oxygen is
found in the air, in this case, we must necessarily rely
on the fact that the lack of oxygen during work
operations can be further reduced. Therefore, it is
necessary to control the percentage of oxygen not only
before the entrance into the dangerous area but also in
the course of performing work, and in many cases it
depends on the time spent in that area. It is also
important to take into account the time necessary to get
out the threatened area for fresh air.
Lack of oxygen in the workplace, as well as the
presence of toxic and flammable gases, can cause loss
of consciousness among the workers. Therefore, in
each company an organized system of rescue workers
and casualties may be established and organized.
Rescue groups need to be practically well trained. In
connection with the work of rescue groups, the
following guide needs to be overlooked:
Figure 5. Rescue from confined spaces
In each entry, jeopardized workers in confined space
must be located next to the entrance of another worker
who will constantly observe and take account the
worker inside a confined space, and immediately help
them if necessary.
Practical exercises for members of the rescue group for
casualty rescues in confined spaces must be maintained
regularly and within the deadlines.
All appropriate personal protective equipment, such as
protective breathing masks, protective zones with
associated rope, lamps, etc. must be ready and near the
entrance to the confined space.
In case a worker is in a confined space is threatened,
the worker who observes should not enter unless the

emergency alert informed other workers. Those
workers will be seen from the entrance and at any
moment, they can come and join people in rescuing.
Very often, tragic cases are repeated because they did
not act properly, i.e. as described above.
If there have been more workers in confined space, it is
necessary to keep a record of their number to be know
how is inside at every moment.
In the event that an employee who is performing indoor
surveillance loses consciousness, or is not able to go
outside, a worker-observer should act in accordance
with predetermined rescue mode, as follows:
 to immediately alert the surrounding workers,
rescue group, party fire and health center;
 to slip inside the tube inlet for clean air, thereby
providing increased ventilation and closed the
endangered area;
 worker, which should indicate a vigilant eye, can
not enter into hazardous areas without adequate
means of personal protection and if not provided
workers who will watch from the doorway;
 after the rescue worker enters, other workers
outside buildings urgently need to prepare all the
aids to pull the killed and fingering first aid;
 workers, observers must continuously through the
inlet view monitor employee-rescuers, and in the
case of invisibility must be with him regarding
using agreed signals;
 If the injured worker is unconscious, it is necessary
to immediately proceed with artificial respiration
“mouth to mouth”, or using breathing apparatus. If
there is a respirator at hand, in these cases the
doctor does not have to always be near. When CPR
must be renewed and during transport the injured
health center or hospital, and artificial respiration
was discontinued as soon as the victim for
consciousness returned.
Proper application of the described method and
experience prevents the loss of many human lives to
which, otherwise, with entry and retention in the
surveillance indoors, often.
CONCLUSION
Unavoidable obligation of work organization is to train
these workers to identify the hazards to which they may
be exposed in hazardous confined space, as well as in
the maintenance of labour discipline. A lot of workers
lost their lives for not following the basic instructions.
They arbitrarily entered dangerous confined space,
without informing their superiors and the associates.
There has been cases that workers who were dead
could not be found for hours; sometime, in cases where
the records about workers was bas, it took them days to
find the bodies. General safety regulations, logically,
can not cover all the possible cases for different types
143 | Safety Engineering
A. Stojković, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 137-144
of works in a variety of hazards in confined spaces in
various industries.
It is therefore the duty of occupational safety and health
experts and sanitation engineers employed in
industries, to stick to the applicable general rules of
safety at work and make detailed regulations for plants
and site safety. These regulations shall not, in any case,
be less strict than the general ones.
REFERENCES
[1] I. Krstic, B. Andjelkovic, Professional risk, Faculty of
Occupational Safety in Nis, University of Nis, Nis, 2013.
[2] Code of Practice for Working in Confined Spaces, Health
and Safetѕ Authority, S.I.No. 218, 2001.
[3] The Law on Safety and Health at Work ("Official Gazette
of RS", no. 101/05)
[4] Regulations on the procedure for the assessment of risks
in the workplace and in the working environment ("Official
Gazette of RS", no.72 / 06 and 84/06)
[5] Regulations on preventive measures for safe and healthy
work in the workplace ("Official Gazette of RS", no. 21/09)
[6] Working in Confined Spaces, University of Wollgong,
2012.
[7] Confined Spaces Code of Practice, Safe Work Australia is
an Australian Government statutory agency established,
2009.
[8] Industry Code of Practice for Safe Working in a Confined
Space, Department of Occupational Safety and Health,
Ministry Of Human Resources, Malaysia, 2010.
[9] Safety signs and signals, The Health and Safety (Safety
Signs and Signals), Regulations, Guidance on Regulations,
L64 HSE Books, 1996.
[10] Confined Spaces Code of Practice, Workplace Health
and Safety Queensland, 2011.
[11] A.J. Suruda, T.A. Pettit, G.P. Noonan, R.M. Ronk, The
confined space hazard, Journal of Hazardous Materials,
Volume 36, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 45–53
[12] J. C. Manwaring, C. Conroy, Occupational confined
space-related fatalities: Surveillance and prevention, Journal
of Safety Research, Volume 21, Issue 4, Winter 1990, Pages
157–164
[13] P. P. Purpura, Safety in the Workplace, Security and
Loss Prevention (Sixth Edition) An Introduction 2013, Pages
401–421
[13] P. P. Purpura, Safety in the Workplace, Security and
Loss Prevention (Fifth Edition) An Introduction 2008, Pages
329–346
BIOGRAPHY
Ana Stojković was born in Nis, Serbia,
in 1989. She graduated in the field of
environmental protection, is currently a
master student of the Faculty of
Occupational Safety in Nis, Department
of Occupational Safety. She passed the
exam certification in the field of health
and safety at work. Her interests include
occupational safety, staff training on occupational safety and
the critical control points in the manufacturing process.
During previous researches she has written 15 papers in the
field of occupational safety.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

ZAŠTITA NA RADU U
OPASNIM ZATVORENIM PROSTORIMA
Ana Stojković

Apstrakt: U radu je prikazan pojam opasnog zatvorenog prostora, identifikacija opasnosti u zatvorenim
prostorima, sa posebnim naglaskom na opasne gasove koji mogu da se nađu u njima, kao i mere zaštite na radu
koje obuhvataju: ispitivanje vazduha, čišćenje i provetravanje, odvajanje zatvorenih prostora, lična zaštita
radnika, kontrola ulaska, blokiranje pokretnih uređaja i spašavanje nastradalih radnika. Prema istraživanjima za
samo 8 godina u Americi, bilo je u proseku 89 smrtnih slučajeva vezanih za rad u zatvorenim prostorima na
godišnjem nivou, a oko 23 (25.5%) onih koji su nastradali su osobe koje su pokušavale da spase ugrožene radnika.
Gušenje gasovima bio je primarni uzrok smrti nastradalih. Nastradale osobe koje su pokušale da spase radnike
uglavnom nisu pripadnici adekvatnih spasilačkih službi, već su to kolege ugroženih radnika. Operacije spašavanja
u zatvorenim prostorima moraju biti adekvatno sprovedene od strane stručnih i obučenih lica. To podrazumeva
pravilnu obuku kadrova i dostupnost specijalizovane zaštitne opreme opreme. Osoblje hitne pomoći, spasilačkih
službi i civilne zaštite mora biti upoznato sa svim potencijalnim opasnostima i tehnikama spašavanja iz opasnih
zatvorenih prostora. Analogno tome, u radu su opisane sve potencijalne opasnosti zatvorenog prostora.
Ključne reči: zatvoreni opasni prostor, zaštita na radu.

144 | Safety Engineering

 UDC 543.05:633.71
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.06
Review article
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

DANICA ĆIRIĆ MANAGING OILS AS HAZARDOUS

INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Faculty of Occupational Safety,
Abstract: The management of waste oils is one of several key issues in
University of Niš, Serbia
the field of environmental protection. One of the leading problems is
daca.ciric990@gmail.com
how to manage and process hazardous waste, including liquid
hazardous waste oils. Due to the increasing amount of this waste, it is
reasonable to be concerned about how to manage waste oils without
harmful effects on the environment. The obvious problem with waste
oil management in Serbia is insufficient laws and regulations in this
area, as well as the fact that waste oil has been illegally incinerated,
spilled and disposed. The adoption of the Waste Oils Directive and the
Law on Waste Management set the legal framework for the
management of waste oils, thus opening the possibility for investment
and business in this area.
Key words: waste, waste oil, management, storage, treatment.

INTRODUCTION integrated waste management system is specified

From the standpoint of environmental protection, waste
oils are one of the biggest problems due to their
negative characteristics on basic environmental
elements such as water, air, soil, climate, human health
and other wildlife. Inadequately treated and stored
waste oil may cause the greatest harmful impact.
In Serbia, the only practical way to manage waste is
disposal at the local landfills which mostly do not
satisfy even basic sanitary and technical conditions, and
some of the existing landfills are virtually full. At the
present moment, there are very few landfills that may
be included in a sanitary landfill in Serbia. Integrated
waste management system represents a series of actions
and activities that includes:
 Prevention of waste generation,
 Reducing the amount of waste and its hazards,
 Waste treatment,
 Planning and control activities and processes of
waste management,
 Transport of waste,
 The establishment, operation, closure and
maintenance of waste treatment plants,
 Monitoring,
 Counseling and education regarding business
activity and activities in waste management.
This system is based on the selection and
implementation of effective technologies to achieve
specific goals of waste management with the
appropriate regulations. The main prerequisite for a
successful implementation and operation of an
hierarchical functioning of the activities within it.
Whether waste oil is characterized as hazardous waste
and whether it is necessary to reduce the quantity at the
source of generation are the subjects of the National
Waste Management Strategy. This strategy is made
according to the large number of goals of interest to all
levels of management - from local government to the
republican level. It is necessary to sort out the
following:
 Protection and enhancement of the environment,
 Protection of human health,
 Achieving the principles of sustainable waste
management,
 Changing attitudes towards environmental
protection and waste, as one of its segments,
 Increase public awareness.
Waste and waste management
Waste is any material or object that is produced by a
production process, service or other activities, items
excluded from use, and waste materials generated in
consumption which, from the standpoint of producers
or consumers, are not for further use and must be
discarded.
Inadequate waste management is one of the biggest
problems in terms of environmental protection of the
Republic of Serbia and exclusively the result of
inadequate attitude of the society towards waste. The
waste is divided in several ways: according ti its
composition, the place of origin, toxicity, see Figure 1.

145 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Figure 1. Types of waste

Management of waste oils To perform the tasks of collection, storage and

Mineral oils are petroleum products and their main treatment of waste oils it is necessary to:
function is to serve as a lubricant. After the expiry of  have adequate space,
the use value due to its characteristics waste oils are  proceed with waste materials in the prescribed
classified as hazardous waste. Extremely high manner,
possibility of recycling waste oils emphasizes the need
for collecting large quantities to preserve the  maintain proper documentation of the amount
environment and regulate the consumption of natural collected, stored or treated, as well as the final
resources. disposal of residues after treatment.
Management of waste oils is a set of measures that Lubricant waste oils are disposed in special containers
include collection of waste oils for material use or use for collection of waste lubricating oil which must be
for energy purposes or otherwise for final disposal impermeable and closed and with the prescribed mark
when they can not be used. of key number of waste oil and should also have label
categories of waste oil.
Management of waste oils must be conducted in a
manner which does not endanger human health and the
environment. Managing waste oils is strictly prohibited
in following cases:
 discharge of waste oils into surface water, ground
water and drainage systems;
 disposal and discharge of waste oils harmful to the
soil and any uncontrolled discharge of residues
from the processing of waste oils;
 the use and disposal of waste oils causing air
pollution above prescribed limits of applicable
regulations and which have a negative impact on
human health and wildlife;
 collection of waste oils in tanks that are not Figure 2. A container for waste oil
regulated or equipped for reception of waste oils.

146 | Safety Engineering

 D. Ćirić, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 145-150

The possibility of utilization of mineral waste oils
Estimates of the quantities of waste mineral oils which
are generated in the Republic of Serbia are incomplete,
ranging annually about 106,000 tons of waste motor
oils and 275,000 t monthly of organic-aqueous
emulsion. It should be kept in mind that there are very
few plants that treat waste oil in Serbia. However, the
largest amount of waste oil from motor vehicles end up
in landfill or in the sewer. A large part of the used oil is
burned uncontrollably in home furnaces, used for
protection and impregnation of wood, for lubrication of
various molds, weed removal, dust.
Treatment (recycling) of waste oils creates the
possibility for reuse, and depending on the method of
treatment can have the following applications:
 Includes new products,
 Allows the reuse of waste oils,
 Allows the heat treatment process, ie. use waste oil
for energy purposes,
 Waste oils are in appropriate technological
procedures getting prepared for disposal or further
processing or use.

Figure 3. Flow diagram of managing waste oils

Currently the largest use of waste oil is as fuel due to Table 1. Utilization of waste oil in the EU
its basic features that can physically burn. For this
reason, the use of waste oil as fuel is fully comparable
with other energy sources, especially heavy fuel oil and
natural gas.
Of all the methods of waste oil recycling, refining
requires the most rigorous conditions and relatively
complex systems in order to obtain good quality oils.
The primary application of waste oil in the EU is for
energy purposes. Table 1 shows the percentage share of
regeneration of waste oils or use for energy purposes in
the total amount collected of waste oil in some EU
countries.

147 | Safety Engineering

SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
One of the ways to obtain oils for energy or other
purposes is the treatment of equipment and parts which
are contaminated with oils.
The technological process of treatment of oil-
contaminated parts and equipment
The aim of the technological process of treatment of oil
and grease-contaminated parts and equipment is to
degrease them by controlling the extraction of oils, if
there are any in the equipment (oil transformers, oil
switches, hydraulic motors, etc.). Combined degreasing
equipment is decomposed into appropriate dimensions
and it can be completely rationalized in the process of
decontamination and removal of the remains of
degreasing. The goal of this process is to clean up
hazardous waste contaminated with oil from oils and
dirt and get a non-hazardous waste that can be used as a
secondary raw material.
Legend
I area for treatment of oily large sized equipment
II area for treatment of oily small sized equipment
III area for the electrolysis of fixer
IV area for manufacturing and packaging adhesive
V storage
Figure 4. Block diagram of the technological process
The process of degreasing equipment and oil-
contaminated parts
Degreasing process is carried out within eight stages or
groups of activities:
 reception of oily equipment and parts,
 examination, classification and measurement of
equipment and parts,
 extraction of oil from the equipment,
 dismantling of the equipment that was taken
without oil and equipment drained of oil,
 degreasing of equipment and parts,
 squeezing and drying equipment parts,
 control of processes and products,
 storing degreased equipment and parts.
148 | Safety Engineering
The secondary process involves the following
activities:
 reduction of the volume-grinding plastic materials
separated during decontamination,
 preparation and recuperation solution for
degreasing.
Receiving equipment and its parts. The actuator 1 is
the plant for oily degreasing equipment and its parts,
i.e. treatment and use of metals, plastics, ceramics and
others. In the form of oily equipment and parts the
same contaminated with oils and greases, hazardous
waste is entered by the technical gate where it gets
noted received documentation, updated records and
equipment brought into the actuator. Movements of
Hazardous Wastes are necessarily accompanied by a
document on the movement of hazardous waste in
accordance with the Law on Waste Management.
Overview, sorting and measuring equipment and
parts. After unloading and handover of hazardous oily
waste, access to other group the activities i.e.
inspection, classification and measurement equipment.
The criteria for classification involve:
 The nature and purpose of equipment in the normal
state (transformers, switches, motors, pumps, etc.).
 Presence of oils as is (whether the equipment used
oil as the working fluid, and whether it has as seen
in the equipment).
 The degree of grease soiling equipment and parts.
 Applicability, suitability equipment for treatment
depending on the size.
Extracting oils from the equipment. If there is oil in
some equipment, it can be extracted. An adequate
suction-pressure pump is extracting oils from the
equipment and its streaming in prescribed packaging.
Equipment with oil inside is set to a bund of the low
dimension 2000x4000x400 mm, consisting of the
impermeable metal tubs, the cover of the rigid grid,
which can bear a very large weight. By approaching
equipment, a forklift descends the same over a
supporting grid.
Firstly, it is necessary to remove the expansion
containers, dismantle isolators and remove the cover of
the transformer which has completely opened. After
connecting the intake manifold in equipment,
suppressed branch pump plugs into containers (drums)
and performs streaming of oil from the equipment in
the packaging.
Finally, discharge transformer from oils is performed
by opening the valve at the bottom of the transformer
which allows complete emptying of the transformer oil.
This group the activities primarily is related to the oil
distribution transformers that are definitively known
that in working condition contain certain amounts of
transformer oils.
If the examination of certain equipment determines that
there is no oil just grease, it is not subject to the
activities of drawing oils but moves to the next stage,
which is the decomposition or removal equipment.

Figure 5. Transformers for degreasing
Dismantling equipment without oil and oil drained
equipment. Equipment free of oil as well as equipment
drained of oil on the receiving bund wall exceeds the
following group of activities, and that is dismantling of
equipment.
The purpose of this group of activities is to apply
criteria by which to degreasing is satisfactory, and they
involve:
 Criterion of separation tanks in which there were oil
as the working fluid,
 Criterion of separation the working parts (cylinder,
etc.) where was conducted activity of working
potency,
 Criterion by which the assemblies, subassemblies
and parts equipment to its dimensions best expose
to degreasing process,
 Criterion by which the parts by weight are separated
for further processing flow and others.
Degreasing equipment and equipment parts. The
further course of treatment, i.e. degreasing surfaces
contaminated with oils or greases, takes place in two
directions depending on the dimensions as follows:
 degreasing scale equipment will be carried out on
site or at the same bund wall at which performs the
extraction of oil from the of equipment;
 degreasing parts of components that do not have
large dimensions will be carried in the bath for
degreasing.
Figure 6. Tub for degreasing
149 | Safety Engineering
D. Ćirić, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 145-150
Squeezing and drying. This phase is essentially the
same, only the dispositional occurs in different places
depending on whether the equipment is smaller or
larger dimensions. For larger sized drying, equipment
is provided at the receiving bund wall where equipment
is degreased. Drying equipment is achieved by blow-by
blowing compressed air. For equipment of smaller size
drying is provided within the room where the tub for
degreasing. Drying by means of compressed air is
carried out with a mobile compressor.
Control of the process and products. Quality control
of the product, and thus the control of degreasing are
carried out by n-hexane, and a test strip. The control of
equipment large and small sized equipment is the same,
with the exception that the disposition is performed in
different places.
The first method of control, in the course of setting up
the technological process shall be performed using n-
hexane in the existing laboratories. N-hexane
represents a low boiling hydrocarbon in which floods
the filter that was set up and held for a short time on the
cleaned surface. If the surface is not well degreased, the
filter on it will take a certain amount of hydrocarbons
that will be dissolved in n-hexane and their condition to
show the state of the quality of the cleaned surface.
Usually it is a very small amount of n-hexane from
about 50 l. This amount, if contaminated with the
appearance of oil after degreasing, is deposited together
with other residues occurring treatment.
Another way to control is the control of strip-test. This
method is very simple and is based on the fact that, if
the surface is in any way degreased, glued to the tape
itself, which confirms that there is no oil film on a
given surface, and finally confirms the quality
degreasing processes.
Storage degreased equipment and parts. After
obtaining the desired results, compiling reports on the
inspection of the product, after final measuring and
marking, finished product, which now represents a non-
hazardous waste refers to the space reserved for the
temporary storage of de-oiled machinery and its parts.
Reducing the volume, grinding plastic materials
separated during disassembly. After treatment of
hazardous waste and quality control, it is projected for
more rational use of space, to part of non-hazardous
waste which is plastic, comminuted in a mill. Plastic
defatted pieces of equipment will first be put into a
container of raw capacity of 2000 kg, and when they
are filled will begin with comminuting. Shredded
plastic is packed in jumbo bags and temporarily stored
in the same room until removal to another location,
recycling center for non-hazardous waste -secondary
raw materials for further treatment.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Preparation and regeneration solution for REFERENCES

degreasing. For degreasing equipment of large and
small dimensions, the same solution is provided
(Soluble agent CHIMIGAL Srl Italian manufacturer
under the trade name pulmotor), but in different
concentration: concentration of 10-15% for degreasing
equipment larger size and concentration of 5-10% for
degreasing equipment of smaller size.
CONCLUSION
The reasons for further research of waste management
in particular categories of hazardous waste, mainly
waste oils in the management of quality of working
environment, come together with the innovations and
implementation of EU Directives relating to this issue
(primarily the EU Framework Directive on Waste,
Council Directive 75/439 / EEC on the disposal of
waste oils, Council Directive 91/689 / EEC on
hazardous waste). By ratifying these directives, our
country has accepted the obligation to regulate the area
of waste management, which involves primarily a
series of institutional reforms, improvement and
harmonization of legislation in the waste management
sector and the introduction of certain financial
instruments (primarily subsidies as well as regular
payment thereof) which should to serve the realization
of defined goals.
The paper presents the possibilities of treatment
equipment and oil-contaminated parts as well as their
transformation into harmless material, which
significantly reduce the risk to human health and the
environment. For these reasons, it is necessary to
improve the knowledge and obtain information about
the prevention and management of waste oils.
[1] Madić B., Obradović Lj., Petković S., Urošević D.,
Upravljanje tečnim opasnim otpadom, PETp - Časopis
Ecologica, Novi Sad, 15(2008)52, str.67-69.
[2] Mitrović J., Urošević D., Janković V., ISKORIŠĆENJE
OTPADNIH ULJA, PTEP– Časopis Ecologica, Novi Sad,
12(2008)4, s.245-248.
[3] Nacionalna strategija upravljanja otpadom RS, Agencija
za zaštitu životne sredine
[4] Pravlik o uslovima, načinu i postupku upravljanja
otpadnim uljima, Službeni glasnik RS br. 71/2010
[5] Taylor Nelson Sofres Consulting: Critical Review of
Existing Studies and Life Cycle Analyis on the Regeneration
and Incineration of Waste Oil, 2001
[6] Recycling Possibilities and Potential Uses of Uses Oils,
Regional Activity Centre for Cleaner Production (RAC/CP),
2000
[7] Zakon o upravljanju otpadom, Službeni glasnik RS br.
36/2009
[8] Radni plan postrojenja za ipravljanje otpadom, za projekat
skladištenje i tretman opreme i delova kontaminiranih uljima,
Jugo-Impex d.o.o. Niš, Avgust 2013
BIOGRAPHY
Danica Ćirić was born in Pirot, Serbia
1990. She graduated from Chemical-
technological school in Leskovac, in
2009 and enrolled the undergraduate
studies at the Faculty of Occupational
Safety in Niš, where she obtained B.Sc.
in Environmental Engineering. In 2014
she ended master academic studies at the
Faculty of Occupational Safety and obtained master’s
degree in Safety Engineering.

UPRAVLJANJE ULJIMA KAO OPASNIM

INDUSTRIJSKIM OTPADOM
Danica Ćirić

Rezime: Upravljanje otpadnim uljima predstavlja jedno od nekoliko ključnih pitanja u oblasti zaštite životne
sredine. Jedan od vodećih svetskih problema jeste kako upravljati opasnim otpadom, između ostalog i tečnim
opasnim otpadom u koji se svrstavaju i otpadna ulja. Zbog sve veće količine ove vrste otpada, opravdana je
zabrinutost kako upravljati otpadnim uljima bez ikakvog štetnog uticaja na životnu sredinu. Evidentni problem i
nizak nivo upravljanja otpadnim uljima u našoj zemlji poslednjih godina, pre svega se ogleda u nepotpunoj
zakonskoj regulativi u ovoj oblasti, a otpadno ulje se uglavnom nelegalno sagorevalo, prosipalo i odlagalo.
Usvajanjem Direktive o otpadnim uljima i Zakona o upravljanju otpadom, stvoreni su zakonski okviri za
upravljanje otpadnim uljem, a time se i otvara mogućnost investiranja, odnosno poslovanja u ovoj oblasti.
Ključne reči: otpad, otpadna ulja, upravljanje, skladištenje, tretman.

150 | Safety Engineering

 UDC 620.97:658.5
DOI: 10.7562/SE2013.3.03.07
Pregledni rad
www.safety.ni.ac.rs

DRAGAN ANTIĆ1 INDIKATORI ENERGETSKIH

IVAN KRSTIĆ2
AMELIJA ĐORĐEVIĆ3
PERFORMANSI TEHNOLOŠKIH SISTEMA
1,2,3 Rezime: Značaj indikatora energetskih performansi za održivi razvoj
University of Niš,
tehnoloških sistema varira od države do države, u zavisnosti od
Faculty of Occupational Safety
nacionalnih prioriteta, energetskih zahteva, kriterijuma održivosti i
1 razvoja, i konačno, ciljeva. Države širom sveta imaju svoje posebne
dragan.d.antic@gmail.com
2 ekonomske okolnosti i geografiju, svoj asortiman energetskih resursa i
ivan.krstic@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
3 svoju stručnost. Proces implementacije uslovljen je ciljevima
amelija.djordjevic@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
nacionalne politike, raspoloživim mogućnostima i stručnim veštinama,
kao i dostupnom energijom. Energetskom politikom države potrebno je
definisati najprikladniju alokaciju ljudi i resursa u smeru održivog
razvoja i na taj način ostvari najveću korist po pristupačnoj ceni.
Energetske performanse su merljivi rezultati povezani sa energijom
(na primer, energetska efikasnost, energetski intenzitet, specifična
potrošnja energije). Indikatori energetskih performansi su
kvantitativni pokazatelji energetskih karakteristika i mogu se iskoristiti
za praćenje promena performansi u vremenu. Oni su koncipirani na
način da olakšaju sistemsku i stalnu procenu uticaja energetskog
sistema. Shodno tome, trebalo bi da budu laki za razumevanje, i da
kao takvi imaju važnu ulogu u podeli informacija i povećanju
motivacije za kontinuirano unapređenje sistema, ISO 50001 Energy
management system - Requirements with guidance for use.
Key words: indikatori, energetske performanse, tehnološki sistemi.

UVOD Oni evoluiraju tokom vremena i prilagođavaju se

specifičnim uslovima, prioritetima i mogućnostima
Ključni indikatori energetskih performansi su pojedinih država. Ovaj skup indikatora je osnova za
definisani 2005. godine. Rezultat su zajedničkog rada razvoj sveobuhvatnog i univerzalno prihvaćenog seta
nekoliko međunarodnih organizacija, svetskih lidera u energetskih indikatora značajnih za održivi razvoj.
energiji i statistici i analizi životne sredine: IAEA (eng.
Ključni indikatori energetskih performansi obuhvataju
International Atomic Energy Agency), DESA (eng.
skup od 30 indikatora i to: 4 socijalna indikatora,
Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs),
16 ekonomskih indikatora i 10 indikatora životne
IEA (eng. International Energy Agency), EEA (eng.
sredine, tabele 1, 2 i 3, I.A. Vera, L.M. Langlois, H.H.
European Environment Agency) and Eurostat (eng. The
Rogner, A.I. Jalal, F.L. Toth, Energy indicators for
Office of the European Union Statistical Office).
sustainable development:guidelines and methodologies.
Definisani set energetskih indikatora nije definitivan.

Tabela 1. Energetske performanse i indikatori - Socijalna dimenzija

Performanse Indikatori Komponente

Udeo domaćinstava
• Domaćinstava (ili populacija) bez struje ili
(ili populacije) bez struje ili
komercijalne energije, ili jaka zavisnost od
Pristupačnost SOC1 komercijalne energije, ili jaka
nekomercijalne energije
zavisnost od „tradicionalne“
• Ukupan broj domaćinstava ili populacije
komercijalne energije
• Rashodi domaćinstva vezani za gorivo ili električnu
Udeo prihoda domaćinstva
energiju
Dostupnost SOC2 potrošenih na gorivo ili
• Prihodi domaćinstava (ukupno i najsiromašnijih
električnu energiju
20 % stanovništva)
• Ukupna utrošena energija za sve platežne moći
Potrošnja energije domaćinstva
domaćinstava
za svaku kategoriju prihoda i
Različitost SOC3 • Prihodi domaćinstva za svaku platežnu grupu
odgovarajuće kombinacije
• Odgovarajuća kombinacija goriva za svaku platežnu
goriva
grupu
Broj smrtnih ishoda unutar • Godišnje nastradalih
Bezbednost SOC4
energetskog sistema • Godišnje proizvodena energija

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SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

Tabela 3.2 Energetske performanse i indikatori - Ekonomska dimenzija

Performanse Indikatori Komponente

• Potrošnja energije (ukupna osnovna energija,
Potrošnja energije po glavi
Ukupna potrošnja EKO1 ukupna potrošnja i potrošnja električne energije)
stanovnika
• Ukupno stanovništvo
• Potrošnja energije (ukupne zalihe osnovne
Globalna Energija koja se koristi po energije) ukupna potrošnja energije i potrošnja
EKO2
produktivnost jedinici BDP 1 električne energije
• Bruto Domaći Proizvod
• Gubici u transformaciji sistema, uključujući
Efikasnost Efikasnost konverzije
EKO3 gubitke u proizvodnji električne energije, prenosu
snabdevanja energije i distribucija
i distribuciji
• Sigurne nadoknadive rezerve
EKO4 RPR 2
Proizvodnja • Ukupna proizvodnja energije
• Ukupna procenjena bogatstva
EKO5 RPR
• Ukupna proizvodnja energije
• Energija koja se koristi u industrijskom sektoru i
EKO6 Potrošnja energije u industriji proizvodnim granama
• Uračunata odgovarajuća vrednost
Potrošnja energije u • Energija koja se koristi u sektoru poljoprivrede
EKO7
poljoprivredi • Uračunata odgovarajuća vrednost
Potrošnja energije u sektoru • Energija koja se koristi u sektoru usluga ili
EKO8 usluga ili komercijalnom komercijalnom sektoru
sektoru • Uračunata odgovarajuća vrednost
Potrošači • Energija koja se koristi u domaćinstvima i od
strane ključnih korisnika
Potrošnja energije u
EKO9 • Broj domaćinstava, površina životnog prostora,
domaćinstvu
broj osoba u okviru domaćinstva, pravo svojine
nad uređajima
• Energija koja se koristi u putničkom saobraćaju,
Potrošnja energije u sektoru teretnom sektoru i slično
EKO10
saobraćaja • Putnik - kilometar putovanja i podneti (po
kilometru prevozni troškovi)
• Zalihe osnovne energije i ukupna potrošnja,
proizvodnja električne energije i stvaranje
kapaciteta energijom goriva
EKO11 Udeo goriva u energetici
• Kompletne zalihe osnovne energije, ukupna
potrošnja, ukupna proizvodnja električne energije
i ukupni proizvodni kapaciteti
• Zalihe osnovne energije i ukupna potrošnja,
Diversifikacija proizvodnja električne energije i stvaranje
(smeša goriva) Udeo ne-ugljenične energije u kapaciteta ne-ugljeničnom energijom
EKO12
energetici • Kompletne zalihe osnovne energije, ukupna
proizvodnja električne energije i ukupni
proizvodni kapaciteti
• Zalihe osnovne energije i ukupna potrošnja,
Udeo obnovljive energije u proizvodnja električne energije i stvaranje
EKO13
energetici kapaciteta obnovljivom energijom
• Kompletne zalihe osnovne energije
Ukupna cena energije po
Cene EKO14 • Troškovi energije (sa i bez poreza/ takse)
gorivu i po sektoru
Zavisnost od neto uvezene • Uvezena energija
Uvezena roba EKO15
energije • Ukupne zalihe osnovne energije
Strategija zaliha Zalihe kritičnih goriva u • Zalihe kritičnih goriva (na primer: nafta, gas, …)
EKO16
goriva odnosu na njihovu potrošnju • Potrošnja kritičnih goriva

1
BDP - Bruto Domaći Proizvod je jednak zbiru dodatih vrednosti po delatnostima i ukupnih poreza na proizvode.
2
RPR ili R/R - „The Reserves-to-production ratio“ predstavlja odnos preostale količine neobnovljivih resursa i proizvodnje, izražen u
godinama.

152 | Safety Engineering

 D. Antić, I. Krstić, A. Đorđević, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 151-160

Tabela 3. Energetske performanse i indikatori - Dimenzija životne sredine

Performanse Indikatori Komponente

Emisije gasova staklene
• Emisije gasova staklene bašte iz procesa
bašte iz procesa proizvodnje
Klimatske promene ŽS1 proizvodnje i potrošnje energije
i potrošnje energije po
• Naseljenost i BDP
stanovniku i po jednici BDP
Koncentracija polutanata u
ŽS2 • Koncentracija polutanata u vazduhu
atmosferi urbanih sredina
Kvalitet vazduha Emisija polutanata iz
ŽS3 energetskih sistema u • Emisija zagađujućih supstanci u atmosferu
atmosferu
Ispuštanje zagađujućih
Kvalitet vode ŽS4 materija u rečne sisteme, • Ispuštanje polutanata u rečne sisteme
uključujući ispuštanje nafte
Oblasti gde kiselost zemljišta
• Pogođene površine zemljišta
Kvalitet zemljišta ŽS5 prelazi dozvoljena granična
• Kritično opterećenje
opterećenja
Stopa seča šume u cilju • Površina šuma u različitim vremenskim periodima
Šume ŽS6
dobijanja energije • Korišćenje biomasa
Odnos čvrstog otpada i • Količina čvrstog otpada
ŽS7
jedinice proizvedene energije • Proizvedena energija
Odnos propisno
• Količina propisno uskladištenog čvrstog otpada
ŽS8 uskladištenog i ukupno
• Ukupna količina čvrstog otpada
generisanog čvrstog otpada
Nastajanje i
upravljanje čvrstim Odnos čvrstog radioaktivnog • Količina čvrstog radioaktivnog otpada
otpadom ŽS9 otpada i jedinice proizvedene (kumulativno za odabrani period vremena)
energije • Proizvedena energija
Odnos čvrstog radioaktivnog
• Količina čvrstog radioaktivnog otpada koji je
otpada koji je potrebno
ŽS10 neophodno zbrinuti
zbrinuti i ukupno
• Ukupna količina radioaktivnog otpada
proizvedenog

INDIKATORI ENERGETSKIH PERFORMANSI U
KONTEKSTU ODRŽIVOG RAZVOJA - SOCIJALNA
DIMENZIJA
SOC1: Udeo domaćinstava (ili populacije) bez struje
ili komercijalne energije ili jaka zavisnost od
„tradicionane“ komercijalne energije
Uloga ovog indikatora je praćenje napretka u
dostupnosti i pristupačnosti komercijalnih energetskih
usluga uključujući električnu energiju.
Komercijalne energetske usluge su krucijalne za
obezbeđivanje adekvatne hrane, skloništa, vode,
kanalizacije, medicinske nege, obrazovanja i pristupa
komunikacijama. Nedostatak pristupa modernim
energetskim uslugama doprinosi siromaštvu i oskudici,
i istovremeno sputava ekonomski razvoj. Adekvatne,
pristupačne i pouzdane energetske usluge su neophodni
garant za održivi razvoj i napredak čovečanstva.
Procenjuje se da 2 milijarde ljudi ili, drugačije rečeno,
približno jedna trećina svetske populacije, uglavnom
zavisi od izvora energije tradicionalnih biomasa; 1,7
milijardi ljudi su bez električne struje. Oko 300 miliona
ljudi je povezano na mreže električne energije ili su
obezbeđeni modernom biomasom ili drugim oblicima
komercijalne energije od 1993. godine. Međutim, u
nedostatku adekvatnih mera, onaj broj ljudi kojima nije
dostupna komercijalna energija bi ostao nepromenjen
ili bi mogao da nastavi da raste, ali po demografskoj
stopi koja nije srazmerna sa tempom elektrifikacije u
drugim delovima sveta. Dakle, cilj održivog razvoja je
da poveća pristupačnost i dostupnost energetskih
usluga za siromašne slojeve stanovništva u zemljama u
razvoju i samim tim da ublaži siromaštvo i promoviše
socijalni i ekonomski razvoj.
SOC2: Udeo prihoda domaćinstva iskorišćenog za
gorivo ili električnu energiju
Ovaj indikator obezbeđuje obim pristupa energetskim
uslugama za prosečno domaćinstvo ili za
najsiromašnije segmente domaćinstava.
Iz perspektive održivog razvoja, važno je proceniti
visinu prihoda domaćinstava, imućnost, kao i
pojedinačnu dostupnost modernim energetskim
uslugama unutar populacije. Država može imati visok
BND 3 po stanovniku, ali raspodela prihoda može biti
neravnomerna tako da veliki procenat stanovništva
nema mogućnosti da zadovolji svoje potrebe za
3
BND - Bruto Nacionalni Dohodak jednak je zbiru BDP-a i salda
primarnih dohodaka sa inostranstvom.

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SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
energijom u domaćinstvu po tekućim cenama u odnosu
na lični nivo zarade. Stoga, postoji potreba da se smanji
teret goriva i električne energije u budžetima
domaćinstava za siromašne grupe stanovništva u
zemljama u razvoju, i upravo tako da se promoviše
socijalni i ekonomski razvoj.
SOC3: Potrošnja energije u domaćinstvu u
zavisnosti od prihoda domaćinstva i odgovarajuće
kombinacije goriva
Ovaj indikator obezbeđuje ocenu kompletne energetske
različitosti i dostupnosti. On pruža procenu količine
električne energije i goriva upotrebljenih od strane
stanovništva u odnosu na njihove prihode i
odgovarajuće kombinacije goriva.
Iz perspektive održivog razvoja, neophodno je da se
ispita prihod, bogatstvo i posebno dostupnost modernih
energetskih servisa širom populacije. Zemlja može
imati visok BND po stanovniku, ali raspodela prihoda
može biti neravnomerna tako da veliki procenat
stanovništva nema mogućnosti da zadovolji svoje
potrebe za komercijalnom energijom u domaćinstvu po
tekućim cenama u odnosu na lični nivo zarade. Ovo je
naročito od značaja za zemlje u razvoju, gde jednoj
trećini populacije nisu dostupni komercijalni vidovi
energije. Zato postoji potreba da se poveća energetska
dostupnost i pristupačnost za siromašne grupe
stanovništva u okviru velikog broja zemalja u razvoju i
da se na taj način promoviše socijalni i ekonomski
razvoj.
SOC4: Broj smrtnih ishoda unutar energetskog
lanca
Ovaj indikator pokazuje broj smrtnih slučajeva po
jedinici energije proizvedene u energetskim sistemima i
srodnim aktivnostima. Indikator se koristi za procenu
rizika po ljudsko zdravlje koji potiče iz energetskih
sistema, a posebno od strane raznih vrsta goriva po
proizvedenoj jedinici energije.
Energetski sistemi imaju ogromni globalni uticaj
uključujući i uticaj na zdravu životnu sredinu.
Istraživanje uticaja aktuelne prakse obezbeđivanja
energije ukazuje da poreklo, transport, korišćenje i
upravljanje otpadom podrazumeva značajne opasnosti
po zdravlje koje u mnogim slučajevima mogu da
rezultiraju smrtnim ishodom. Iako se ovo pitanje često
ignoriše, rizici po stanovništvo i stopa povreda na radu
i mortaliteta iz energetskih akcidenata su visoki.
Eksploatacija i distribucija prirodnog gasa,
eksploatacija uglja, transportovanje nafte ili
iskorišćavanje hidropotencijala brana, takođe zahtevaju
preciznu procenu fleksibilnosti širom sistema kao
odgovor na ljudske ili tehničke greške, i samim tim
minimizaciju rizika od grešaka i eventualnih posledica
potencijalnih situacija sa smrtnim ishodom. Nuklearna
energija u ovom kontekstu predstavlja specijalni
momenat, u kojoj bi obim potencijalne nesreće mogao
da bude veoma veliki. Samim tim se u nukleranoj
industriji ulažu i veliki napori pri proceni i upravljanju
154 | Safety Engineering
višestrukim rizikom. U mnogim državama se
korišćenje tradicionalnih goriva takođe povezuje sa
nesrećama koje rezultiraju smrtnim ishodom usled
izazvanog požara i inhalacije dima.
INDIKATORI ENERGETSKIH PERFORMANSI U
KONTEKSTU ODRŽIVOG RAZVOJA - EKONOMSKA
DIMENZIJA
EKO1: Potrošnja energije po glavi stanovnika
Ovaj indikator ukazuje na ukupnu potrošnju energije po
glavi stanovnika, kao i na ukupni energetski intenzitet
društva.
Energija predstavlja ključni faktor u ekonomskom
razvoju i u pružanju vitalnih usluga koji podižu
standard jednog društva. Iako je energija važan uslov
za ekonomski napredak, njena proizvodnja, korišćenje i
nus-proizvodi imaju veliki uticaj na životnu sredinu,
kako sa strane eksploatacije i iscrpljivanja resursa, tako
i sa strane zagađenja. Dugoročni cilj predstavlja razvoj
i prosperitet kroz napredovanje u energetskoj
efikasnosti, pre nego povećanje potrošnje i prelazak na
ekološki prihvatljive energetske opcije. Sa druge strane,
ograničeni pristup energiji je ogromna prepreka u
razvoju čovečanstva, gde je potrošnja energije po glavi
stanovnika manja od jedne šestine u
industrijalizovanom svetu.
EKO2: Energija koja se koristi po jedinici BDP
Ovaj indikator predstavlja trendove u ukupnoj potrošnji
energije u odnosu na BDP, što ukazuje na snažnu vezu
između energije i ekonomskog razvoja.
Energija je od krucijalnog značaja za ekonomski i
društveni razvoj. Međutim, potrošnja energije utiče na
dostupnost resursa i životnu sredinu. Konkretno,
upotreba fosilnih goriva je glavni uzrok zagađivanja
vazduha i klimatskih promena. Unapređenje energetske
efikasnosti i razdvajanje ekonomskog razvoja od
upotrebe energije su važni ciljevi održivog razvoja.
EKO3: Efikasnost konverzije energije i distribucija
Ovaj indikator ocenjuje efikasnost konverzije energije i
distribucione sisteme u različitim lancima snabdevanja
energijom, uključujući i gubitke nastale prilikom
prenosa i distribucije električne energije kao i
transportovanja i distribucije gasa.
Poboljšanje energetske efikasnosti i smanjenje gubitaka
u procesu konverzije i distribucije energije su važni
ciljevi održivog razvoja za zemlje širom sveta.
Poboljšanje efikasnosti funkcionisanja sistema za
snabdevanje energijom istovremeno dovodi i do
efikasnijeg korišćenja energetskih izvora i samim tim i
smanjenja negativnih uticaja na životnu sredinu.

EKO4: Odnos zaliha i proizvodnje
Cilj ovog indikatora je da utvrdi dostupnost nacionalnih
energetskih rezervi sagledavajući određenu proizvodnju
goriva. Rezerve predstavljaju resurse koji su poznati i
dostupni za ekonomsku eksploataciju i koje su
ekonomski nadoknadive u momentu procene. Rezerve
su takođe definisane kao one količine za koje geološke
i inženjerske informacije ukazuju da mogu biti
obnovljene pod određenim ekonomskim i tehničkim
uslovima. Ovaj indikator uzima u obzir goriva kao što
su nafta, ugalj, prirodni gas, uranijum i obezbeđuje
relativnu procenu dužine trajanja ovih rezervi, ukoliko
bi se proizvodnja nastavila današnjim tempom.
Dostupnost zaliha energije je ključni aspekt održivosti.
Ovaj indikator pruža osnovu za procenu budućih
energetskih zaliha u odnosu na sadašnju dostupnost
energetskih rezervi i nivoa proizvodnje. Propisno
upravljanje utvrđenih energetskih rezervi predstavlja
neophodnu komponentu nacionalno održivih
energetskih programa.
EKO5: Odnos resursa i proizvodnje
Cilj ovog indikatora je da proceni dostupnost
nacionalnih energetskih resursa sa aspekta
odgovarajuće proizvodnje goriva. Resursi su uglavnom
definisani kao prirodna bogatstva jedne zemlje koja se
javljaju u čvrstom, tečnom i gasovitom stanju i u obliku
u kome je ekonomski izvodljiva potencijalna
eksploatacija. Ukupni resursi obuhvataju poznate i
dostupne kao i neotkrivene ili nedovoljno ispitane
rezerve. Ovaj indikator ukazuje na ukupnu količinu
rezervi nafte, uglja, prirodnog gasa i uranijuma. On
obezbeđuje relativnu procenu dužine trajanja ovih
resursa u vremenu, ako bi se proizvodnja nastavila na
današnjem nivou.
Kategorije dostupnosti i sigurnosti snabdevanja
energijom goriva predstavljaju ključne aspekte
održivog razvoja. Ovaj indikator pruža osnovu za
procenu budućih energetskih resursa u odnosu na
sadašnju dostupnost energetskih rezervi i nivoa
proizvodnje. Propisno upravljanje utvrđenim
energetskim resursima predstavlja neophodnu
komponentu nacionalno održivih energetskih
programa.
EKO6: Potrošnja energije u industriji
Industrijski sektor je glavni korisnik energije. Ovaj
skup indikatora ocenjuje ukupnu količinu upotrebljene
energije u industrijskom sektoru. Snaga iskorišćene
energije obezbeđuje informacije o relativnoj potrošnji
energije po jedinici proizvodnje. Ovaj set indikatora se
koristi za analizu trendova u energetskoj efikasnosti i
promena u sastavu proizvoda i vrste goriva. Kao
posledica ovih promena javlja se direktan uticaj na
razvoj određenih grana industrije i intenzitet
proizvodnje. Pored toga, ovaj skup indikatora se može
koristiti za procenu trendova u unapređenju tehnologije
i promena u strukturi industrijskog sektora.
155 | Safety Engineering
D. Antić, I. Krstić, A. Đorđević, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 151-160
Poboljšanje energetske efikasnosti i redukcija
intenziteta korišćene energije u industrijskim procesima
su važni ciljevi održivog razvoja zemalja širom sveta.
Unapređenja na polju tehnologije i smanjenje količine
utrošene energije u proizvodnim procesima direktno
utiču na racionalniju eksploataciju energetskih resursa i
samim tim smanjuje se negativan uticaj na životnu
sredinu.
EKO7: Potrošnja energije u poljoprivredi
Ovaj indikator predstavlja ukupni energetski intenzitet
u poljoprivrednom sektoru koji se može koristiti za
analizu budućih akcija posebno u oblasti obnovljivih
izvora kao i drugih vidova korišćenja energije.
Energija se koristi u svim granama privrede,
uključujući i poljoprivredu. Dostupnost energije
predstavlja ključan faktor za povećanje poljoprivredne
produktivnosti i za poboljšanje životnog standarda
seoskih domaćinstava. Ovaj indikator može biti
upotrebljen za donošenje političkih i investicionih
odluka koje se tiču zahteva za energijom u svim fazama
poljoprivredne proizvodnje i energetske efikasnosti.
Mogućnost korišćenja obnovljivih izvora energije, kao
što su sunce, vetar, bioenergija mogu značajno da
doprinesu povećanju efikasnosti rada i raznovrsnosti
ekonomskih aktivnosti u ruralnim oblastima.
EKO8: Potrošnja energije u sektoru usluga ili
komercijalnom sektoru
Ovaj indikator se koristi za praćenje trendova upotrebe
energije u uslužnom i komercijalnom sektoru.
Sektor usluga je manje energetski intenzivan od
proizvodnog sektora i rast sektora u odnosu na
proizvodnju doprinosi dugoročnom smanjenju odnosa
ukupne potrošnje energije i bruto domaćeg proizvoda.
Ovaj sektor je istovremeno i veliki potrošač električne
energije. U principu, održivi razvoj zahteva povećanje
energetske efikasnosti u svim sektorima u cilju
smanjenja ukupne potrošnje energije i umanjenja
negativnih uticaja na životnu sredinu.
EKO9: Potrošnja energije u domaćinstvu
Ovaj indikator se upotrebljava za procenu utrošene
energije u sektoru domaćinstva.
Sektor domaćinstva je glavni korisnik energije sa
karakterističnim obrascima potrošnje. Poboljšanje
energetske efikasnosti u ovom sektoru predstavlja
prioritet za mnoge zemlje, s obzirom da bi ovakav
korak vodio ka efikasnijem korišćenju energetskih
resursa i smanjivanju negativnih uticaja na životnu
sredinu. U hladnijim zemljama, na primer, uređaji za
zagrevanje prostora su u centru pažnje mnogih
energetskih politika, dok su u skoro svim zemljama
električni i svetlosni uređaji još uvek u fokusu većine
istih.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
EKO10: Potrošnja energije u sektoru saobraćaja
Sektor saobraćaja je jedan od većih korisnika energije i
to uglavnom u vidu naftnih derivata, što istovremeno
ovaj sektor čini odgovornim za porast globalnih
zahteva za naftom. Indikatori sektora saobraćaja
ocenjuju koliko se energije utroši u prometu robe i
ljudi.
Saobraćaj služi ekonomskom i socijalnom razvoju kroz
distribuciju robe i usluga i kroz ličnu mobilnost. Sa
druge strane, korišćenje aktuelnih vidova energije za
transport direktno utiče na iscrpljivanje resursa,
zagađivanje vazduha i klimatske promene. Smanjenje
intenziteta potrošnje energije u sektoru saobraćaja
imaće direktan povoljan uticaj na životnu sredinu uz
očuvanje ekonomske i socijalne koristi.
EKO11: Udeo goriva u energiji i elektrici
Ovaj indikator stavlja na uvid udeo goriva u strukturi
zaliha osnovne energije, ukupne potrošnje, proizvodnje
električne energije i ukupnih proizvodnih kapaciteta.
Kada je u pitanju ekonomska dimenzija, kombinacija
energenata prilikom snabdevanja je ključna
determinanta energetske bezbednosti. Dakle, prava
kombinacija goriva za određenu zemlju zavisi od
količine domaćih ili uvezenih goriva ili od regionalne
trgovine gorivima ili izvorima energije. Što se tiče
zaštite životne sredine, obezbeđivanje različitih
energenata ima važan uticaj, s obzirom na to da se
uticaji na životnu sredinu iz različitih izvora ponekada
drastično razlikuju i obuhvataju sledeće:
• lokalna ili regionalna emisija polutanata u atmosferu
koja potiče od sagorevanja fosilnih goriva (urbani
smog, kisele kiše, ...);
• globalne klimatske promene uzrokovane emisijama
gasova staklene bašte koji potiču od sagorevanja
različitih vrsta goriva;
• eksploatacija zemljišta za širok spektar energetskih
delatnosti; ovo se posebno odnosi na rudarstvo i
vodene basene hidrocentrala;
• rizici pripisani različitim vrstama goriva (požari,
eksplozije, izlivanja ili radioaktivne emisije).
EKO12: Udeo ne-ugljenične energije u energetici
Ovaj indikator ukazuje na udeo ne-ugljeničnih
energetskih izvora u ukupnim zalihama primarne
energije, proizvodnji električne struje i drugim
proizvodnim kapacitetima.
Unapređenje energije dobijene iz ne-ugljeničnih
energetskih izvora je od primarnog značaja i ima visok
prioritet u smeru održivog razvoja. Povećanje učešća
ne-ugljeničnih goriva smanjuje određene emisije - to je
emisija po jedinici ukupne i upotrebljene električne
energije - gasovi staklene bašte, drugih zagađujućih
materija koje utiču lokalno na kvalitet vazduha i na
regionalne disbalanse. Ciljevi uvođenja poreza na
korišćenje ugljenika, u velikoj meri čine pomak u
pravcu većeg učešća ne-ugljeničnih energetskih izvora.
156 | Safety Engineering
EKO13: Udeo obnovljive energije u energetici
Ovaj indikator procenjuje udeo obnovljive energije u
ukupnim zalihama primarne energije i ukupnoj
potrošnji, proizvodnji električne energije i drugim
proizvodnim kapacitetima (isključujući nekomercijalnu
energiju).
Unapređenje energetike, a posebno dobijanje električne
energije iz obnovljivih izvora, predstavlja prioritet za
održivi razvoj iz više razloga, uključujući bezbednost,
unošenje raznovrsnosti u snabdevanju energijom i
zaštitu životne sredine.
EKO14: Ukupna cena energije po gorivu i po
sektoru
Cena po jedinici energije može biti regulisana internom
analizom društvenih troškova i troškova životne
sredine, upravljanjem, potražnjom i podsticanjem
razvoja alternativnih obnovljivih energetskih
mogućnosti. Za zemlje u razvoju, postoji potreba da se
uveća energetska raspoloživost i dostupnost, posebno
za siromašne grupe stanovništva, kako bi se poboljšao
društveni i ekonomski razvoj. Istovremeno, efikasno
korišćenje energije u razvijenim zemljama kao i u
zemljama u razvoju ima prioritet. Odgovarajući
cenovni mehanizmi mogu biti korišćeni za
prevazilaženje neefikasnosti.
EKO15: Zavisnost od neto uvezene energije
Ovaj indikator procenjuje u kojoj se meri država
oslanja na uvoz kako bi zadovoljila sopstvene potrebe i
zahteve za energijom.
Stabilnost u snabdevanju energijom predstavlja osnovni
cilj svake politike u težnji za održivim razvojem.
Veoma je važan značaj energetske bezbednosti u
smislu fizičke dostupnosti materijala kako bi se
zadovoljila potražnja po datoj ceni, a u cilju ekonomske
i socijalne održivosti. Zato prekidi u snabdevanju
energijom predstavljaju neku vrstu sistematskog rizika
koji treba da se bavi politikom održivog razvoja. Ovde
su uključene dve različite vrste rizika: kvantitativni
rizik i rizik cene. Oba rizika se odnose na stepen
zavisnosti države od uvoza energije. Dakle, opšta
izloženost izvesnim poremećajima u snabdevanju
energijom može biti izbegnuta smanjenjem zavisnosti
države od uvoza, a što se postiže kroz odgovornu
politiku povećanja domaće proizvodnje, energetske
efikasnosti, korišćenjem različitih izvora i
optimizacijom mešavine goriva.
EKO16: Zalihe kritičnih goriva u odnosu na
njihovu potrošnju
Cilj ovog indikatora je da utvrdi postojanje nacionalnih
zaliha kritičnih goriva, kao što je nafta, s obzirom na
njihovu potrošnju. Mnoge zemlje održavaju svoje
zalihe nafte, shodno riziku od mogućih poremećaja pri
snabdevanju ovim energentom. Za pojedine zemlje
kritično gorivo može predstavljati, na primer, prirodni
gas ili pak neki drugi tip goriva. Na primer, etanol

predstavlja kritično gorivo za saobraćajni sektor u
Brazilu. Ovaj indikator obezbeđuje relativnu
vremensku dužinu trajanja zaliha od momenta kada bi
snabdevanje bilo prekinuto, ako bi se ukupno
funkcionisanje društva održalo na sadašnjem nivou.
Raspoloživost i sigurnost u snabdevanju energijom
predstavljaju ključne aspekte održivosti. Ovaj indikator
pruža osnovu za procenu bezbednosti snabdevanja
energijom ukazujući na vezu između trenutne
raspoloživosti zaliha goriva i nivoa potrošnje.
Strateško održavanje zaliha goriva predstavlja kritičnu
komponentu nacionalnog programa za održivi razvoj.
Odnos zaliha i potrošnje goriva je u osnovi ove vrste
indikatora, koji bi mogao biti važan za nacionalnu
politiku u kritičnim situacijama kao što su, na primer,
svetska naftna kriza ili poremećaji u sistemima za
snabdevanje prirodnim gasom.
INDIKATORI ENERGETSKIH PERFORMANSI U
KONTEKSTU ODRŽIVOG RAZVOJA - DIMENZIJA
ŽIVOTNE SREDINE
ŽS1: Emisije gasova staklene bašte iz procesa
proizvodnje i potrošnje energije po stanovniku i po
jednici BDP
Ovaj indikator ukazuje na ukupnu, po glavi stanovnika
ili po jedinici bruto nacionalnog dohotka, emisiju iz
procesa proizvodnje energije, tri glavna gasa koji
izazivaju efekat staklene bašte i koji direktno utiču na
globalne klimatske promene.
Tokom 20. veka, prosečna temperatura površine Zemlje
je porasla za oko 0,6 °C, a taj rast se može pripisati
povećanju koncentracije gasova staklene bašte u
atmosferi. Količina ugljen-dioksida (CO 2 ), na primer,
je porasla za oko 30 % od preindustrijskog vremena i
trenutno raste neviđenom stopom od 0,4 % godišnje,
uglavnom zbog sagorevanja fosilnih goriva i krčenja
šuma. Koncentracije metana (CH 4 ) i vodene pare
(N 2 O) su takođe u porastu, zbog energetskih,
poljoprivrednih, industrijskih i drugih aktivnosti.
Koncentracije azot-monoksida (NO), azot-dioksida
(NO 2 ) i ugljen-monoksida (CO) i nemetanskih
isparljivih organskih jedinjenja su takođe rastuće kao
rezultat antropogene aktivnosti. Iako ovi gasovi nisu
sami po sebi gasovi staklene bašte, oni utiču na hemiju
životne sredine i na povećanje u troposferskom ozonu,
koji je gas staklene bašte. Rezultat ovog efekta je
pojava više različitih i ekstremnih vremenskih prilika
nego u prošlosti. U nekim sredinama dolazi
do povećanih oluja i padavina, dok druge oblasti trpe
sušu. Koliko brzo i gde ove promene mogu da se
pojave je još uvek neizvesno, ali zato posledice mogu
biti ozbiljne, posebno u zemljama u razvoju, koje su
ponajmanje u stanju da se pripreme i odgovore na
efekte ekstremnih vremenskih uslova kao što su
poplave, klizišta, suše i ostalo.
157 | Safety Engineering
D. Antić, I. Krstić, A. Đorđević, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 151-160
ŽS2: Koncentracija polutanata u atmosferi urbanih
sredina
Ovaj indikator obezbeđuje procenu stanja životne
sredine u smislu kvaliteta vazduha koji može dovesti do
zdravstvenih problema kod ljudi u urbanim sredinama.
Indikator obezbeđuje takođe i indirektnu procenu
izloženosti populacije kao i relevantni uticaj na ljudsko
zdravlje i vegetaciju.
Procenat stanovništva širom sveta koji živi u urbanim
područjima je u stalnom porastu. Visoka gustina
naseljenosti, industrija i saobraćaj vrše izraženi pritisak
na lokalne sredine. Zagađivanje vazduha iz procesa
korišćenja energije u individualnim domaćinstvima,
industriji, elektranama i saobraćaju (motorna vozila) je
često veliki problem. Kao rezultat toga, najveći
potencijal za izlaganje ljudi zagađenom vazduhu kao i
kasnije prouzrokovane zdravstvene probleme kod
stanovništva imaju urbana područja. Poboljšanje
kvaliteta naselja predstavlja značajan aspekt
unapređenja održivosti ljudskih naselja. Ovaj indikator
može biti iskorišćen za praćenje trendova u
zagađivanju vazduha i kao osnov za utvrđivanje
prioriteta sprovođenja političkih aktivnosti; mapiranje
količine zagađivanja vazduha je neophodno u cilju
identifikovanja „vrućih tačaka“ ili oblasti kojima je
potrebna posebna pažnja; da pomogne u proceni broja
ljudi izloženih visokim koncentracijama zagađujućih
materija u vazduhu; praćenje nivoa usklađenosti sa
propisanim standardima kvaliteta vazduha; procena
efekata politike usmerene na kvalitet vazduha određene
sredine i da pomogne pri istraživanju odnosa između
kvaliteta vazduha i efekata na ljudsko zdravlje.
ŽS3: Emisija polutanata iz energetskih sistema u
atmosferu
Ovaj indikator prati oslobađanje polutanata u atmosferu
iz energetskog sektora. On se koristi za procenu uspeha
nacionalnih politika u domenu zaštite životne sredine,
kao i za prikazivanje nivoa opterećenja u životnoj
sredini shodno smanjenju zagađivanja vazduha u
energetski usmerenim aktivnostima, uključujući i
proizvodnju električne energije i saobraćaj.
Sve je veća zabrinutost zbog prisustva različitih
polutanata u vazduhu, a koji uglavnom potiču iz
energetskog sektora. Koncentracija zagađujućih
materija je u velikoj meri pod uticajem proizvodnje i
potrošnje energije, što zauzvrat utiče i na energetski
intenzitet i efikasnost. Emisije ovih polutanata su pod
uticajem nacionalnih standarda za njihovu kontrolu i
smanjenje. Nivo emisije polutanata pruža informacije o
uticaju ljudskih aktivnosti na životnu sredinu. Napori
jedne zemlje koji se ulažu u cilju smanjenja emisije
polutanata u atmosferu se ogledaju u sprovođenju njene
nacionalne politike i poštovanju međunarodnih
obaveza. Konkretne akcije podrazumevaju strukturne
promene u zahtevima za energijom (poboljšanje
efikasnoti i zamena goriva) kao i sprovođenje politike
kontrole zagađivanja i tehničkih mera. Ovaj indikator
može da se koristi za procenu uticaja na životnu
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE
sredinu u odnosu na proizvodnju i korišćenje energije,
kao i da proceni ekološke karakteristike nacionalnih
politika dizajniranih za praćenje četiri glavna uticaja
zagađujućih materija u vazduhu na zdravlje ljudi i
životnu sredinu:
• kontaminacija zemljišta ili voda zagađujućim
supstancama kao što su SO x i NO x ;
• šteta koja može nastati na zgradama koje su
osetljive na te supstance;
• formiranje troposferskog ozona od takozvanih
„ozonskih prethodnika“ (VOC s , NO x i CO) koje
indirektno utiču na zdravlje ljudi i životinja i
vegetaciju;
• direktni efekti na ljudsko zdravlje i ekosisteme; na
primer, kroz visoke atmosferske koncentracije
čestica i VOC s .
Jedinjenja sumpora i azota su uzročnici pojave kisele
sredine u životnoj sredini. Antropogeni azot se
uglavnom emituje kao NO x iz sektora transporta i iz
drugih vidova korišćenja energije pri industrijskim
procesima. Emisije NO x iz vazdušnog saobraćaja
doprinose i lokalnom zagađivanju kao i obimnom
zagađivanju prenošenjem na velike razdaljine kroz
atmosferu. Polutanti u vazduhu su usko povezani sa
bolestima disajnih puteva izazvanih kod ljudi i sa
mortalitetom. Na primer, NO x mogu da iritiraju pluća i
umanje otpor prema respiratornim infekcijama. Efekti
kratkoročnom izlaganju su još uvek nejasni, ali je
definitivno da kontinuirano i frekventno izlaganje
koncentracijama većim od onih koje se uobičajeno
sreću u ambijentalnom vazduhu može da doprinese
povećanu učestalost akutnih respiratornih bolesti. U
prisustvu sunčeve svetlosti NO x reaguju sa VOC s i
formiraju troposferski ozon i druge oksidirajuće
hemikalije koje su toksične za živa bića, uključujući i
ljude. Oksidi azota i ugljen-dioksid su takođe supstance
koje se mogu javiti sa padavinama (kisele kiše) i koje
imaju štetne efekte na vodene organizme, poljoprivredu
i staništa. Atmosfersko taloženje NO x takođe može da
doprinese i eutrofikaciji (obogaćivanje neke sredine
nutrijentima što može dovosti do preteranog rasta
pojedinih i istovremenog nestajanja drugih biljnih
vrsta). U nekim oblastima NO x prethode pojavi čestica
u vazduhu. Taloženje azota može biti suvo (u obliku
gasova i čestica) ili mokro (u obliku kiše ili snega) ili u
vidu kondenzacije (kao magla i oblačne kapljice).
ŽS4: Ispuštanje zagađujućih materija u rečne
sisteme, uključujući ispuštanje nafte
Cilj ovog indikatora je praćenje ispuštanja štetnih i
zagađujućih materija u okviru energetskih delatnosti, u
reke, jezera ili u morske vode, a posebno iz sektora
rudarstva, kao i pri eksploataciji nafte.
Slatka voda je deficitaran resurs u mnogim delovima
sveta i zbog toga je neophodno da se mudro koristi i da
se obezbede održive zalihe čiste vode dobrog kvaliteta.
Slatka voda se koristi kao resurs za snabdevanje pitkom
vodom, navodnjavanje i obrađivanje useva, uzgoj
životinja ili kao stanište za biljke i ribe. Zagađena voda
158 | Safety Engineering
može imati direktan uticaj na ljudsko zdravlje i zdravlje
životinja, kao i na kvalitet useva i povećanje prinosa.
Morska sredina je takođe veoma važno stanište živih
organizama i značajan resurs za ribolov, akvakulturu,
turizam i rekreaciju. Slatka voda i morska sredina su
često „osetljiva“ staništa, a izbegavanje destrukcije nad
ovim staništima predstavlja prioritet za obezbeđivanje
održive budućnosti.
ŽS5: Oblasti gde kiselost zemljišta prelazi
dozvoljena granična opterećenja
Ovaj indikator opisuje stepen kiselosti zemljišta na
nacionalnom nivou. Koristi se za praćenje stanja i
kretanja vezana za stepen kiselosti zemljišta izazvanog
mokrim i suvim taloženjem tokom vremena, kao i
proceni ekološkog učinka nacionalne politike u
smanjenju zagađujućih supstanci u vazduhu. Indikator
treba da pokaže stepen kiselosti zemljišta koje potiče
od ukupnih izvora emisija, ukoliko su dostupni
adekvatni nacionalni podaci i kisela sredina koja potiče
samo od emisija iz energetskog sektora.
Kada se sumporna i azotna jedinjenja nađu u atmosferi
u obliku vlažno nataloženih (kisele kiše) ili suvo
nataloženih supstanci (depozicije), rezultujuće kiselosti
zemljišta i površinskih voda može da ima neverovatne
posledice na život biljaka i vodene faune. Kada
zemljište postane kiselo, njegove esencijalne hranljive
materije se razvodne i na taj način se smanjuje njegova
plodnost. Proces formiranja kisele sredine oslobađa
metale koji mogu naškoditi mikroorganizmima
odgovornim za razlaganje u zemljištu, kao i pticama i
sisarima u višem lancu ishrane, pa čak i ljudima. Efekat
kiselosti u oblasti koja se analizira, ne sme da prelazi
granice koje se mogu istolerisati pri eksploataciji
zemljišta. Formiranje kisele sredine predstavlja
prioritetan atmosferski problem o kome je potrebno da
se raspravlja, smatra Agenda 21, pri rešavanju
problema degradacije zemljišta i resursa površinskih
voda. Zato bi trebalo da postoji mehanizam za
određivanje značaja ovog pitanja na nacionalnom
nivou. Konkretne akcije uključuju strukturne promene
u energetskim zahtevima (poboljšanje efikasnosti i
zamena goriva), kao i sprovođenje tehničkih mera i
politike kontrole zagađivanja.
ŽS6: Stopa seča šume u cilju dobijanja energije
Cilj ovog indikatora je da pokaže promene tokom
vremena u oblasti pokrivenoj šumama, a koje se mogu
pripisati korišćenju drveta za energetske potrebe.
Šume imaju višestruku ekološku, socijalno-ekonomsku
i kulturnu ulogu u mnogim zemljama. Šume pripadaju
najraznovrsnijim i široko rasprostranjenim
ekosistemima na Zemlji. One pružaju mnoge značajne
resurse, uključujući proizvode od drveta, rekreativne
mogućnosti i stanište za divlji svet i obavljaju mnoge
važne funkcije, kao što su filtriranje zagađujućih
materija i igraju ulogu u očuvanju vode i zemljišta.
Prisutna je opšta zabrinutost o ljudskom uticaju na
šumska prostranstava, prirodne procese šumskog rasta i

regeneracije. Procenjuje se da je u periodu između
1980. i 1990. godine globalno šumsko prostranstvo
umanjeno za 180 miliona hektara, a da je u periodu od
narednih 5 godina, opustošeno još 56 miliona hektara
šuma. Agenda 21 eksplicitno razmatra borbu protiv
nekontrolisane seče šuma radi obezbeđivanja ogrevnog
drveta i drveta namenjenog industriji, a u cilju očuvanja
zemljišta, vode, vazduha i biološke raznovrsnosti.
Krčenje šuma, posebno zbog ogrevne žetve, predstavlja
veliki problem posebno u zemljama u razvoju. Ovo
pitanje izaziva manje briga u razvijenim zemljama gde
je obim potrošnje ogrevnog drveta neznatan.
Raspoloživost tačnih podataka o šumskom području
jedne zemlje, što predstavlja osnovni pokazatelj njenih
šumskih resursa, neophodan je uslov za gazdovanje i
politiku planiranja u okviru konteksta održivog razvoja.
ŽS7: Odnos čvrstog otpada i jedinice proizvedene
energije
Osnovna svrha ovog indikatora je da obezbedi
informacije o količini i tipu čvrstog otpada koji se
proizvede u energetskom sektoru i za čije su pravilno
odlaganje neophodni građevinski objekti. Energetski
sektor generiše posebne vrste čvrstog otpada koji se
javlja u svim fazama, počev od eksploatacije
energenata pa do upotrebe finalnog proizvoda, kao što
je otpad iz procesa prerade ruda, otpad iz procesa
prerade goriva ili njegovog sagorevanja. Količina
otpada koja se javlja u rudarstvu ima tendenciju da
bude velika, a sama priroda tog otpada ga istovremeno
čini i bezbedonosno opasnim. Ukoliko nije zbrinut na
adekvatan način, može uticati na pojavu klizišta ili
ispuštanje teških metala i drugih zagađujućih materija u
vodu ili zemljište. Pored toga, velike količine otpada
mogu zauzeti značajan prostor, narušiti izgled predela
ili uticati na lokalna staništa divljih životinja.
Generalno važi da neadekvatno odlaganje i
zbrinjavanje otpada, može umnogome oštetiti i
kontaminirati rečni sistem ili zemljište. Štaviše, veliki
deo otpada može potencijalno biti iskorišćen kao
sirovina, na primer kao građevinska masa, koja bi
istovremeno mogla da umanji potrebu za kamenom. Sa
druge strane, nekorišćenje ove potencijalne sirovine,
definitivno predstavlja rasipanje resursa.
ŽS8: Odnos propisno uskladištenog i ukupno
generisanog čvrstog otpada
Osnovna svrha ovog indikatora je da proceni nivo
pravilne zbrinutosti otpada iz energetskog sektora.
Energetski sektor generiše posebne vrste čvrstog otpada
koji se javlja u svim fazama počev od eksploatacije
energenata pa do upotrebe finalnog proizvoda. Ukoliko
nije zbrinut na adekvatan način, čvrst otpad može
reagovati na vatru, pojavu klizišta ili ispuštanje teških
metala i drugih zagađujućih materija u vodu ili
zemljište. Pored toga, velike količine otpada mogu
zauzeti značajan prostor, narušiti izgled predela ili
uticati na lokalna staništa divljih životinja. Generalno
važi da neadekvatno odlaganje i zbrinjavanje otpada
159 | Safety Engineering
D. Antić, I. Krstić, A. Đorđević, Vol 3, No3 (2013) 151-160
može umnogome oštetiti i kontaminirati rečni sistem ili
zemljište.
ŽS9: Odnos čvrstog radioaktivnog otpada i jedinice
proizvedene energije
Uloga ovog indikatora je da proceni količinu različitog
radioaktivnog otpada koji se javlja u ciklusu
nuklearnog goriva po jedinici proizvedene energije.
Kako bi se uranijum pripremio za upotrebu
u nuklearnom reaktoru, mora da prođe fazu
eksploatacije rude i mlevenja, zatim konverziju,
obogaćivanje i fabrikaciju, odnosno prevođenje u
ingote.
Energija je ključ održivog razvoja, a generisanje svih
vidova čvrstog otpada, što se naročito odnosi na čvrst
radioaktivni otpad, mora da bude svedeno na minimum.
Od suštinskog je značaja takođe, da se osigura
bezbedno upravljanje radioaktivnim otpadom, što
između ostalog podrazumeva transport, skladištenje i
odlaganje i to u cilju zaštite ljudi i životne sredine,
posmatrano i kratkoročno i dugoročno. Radioaktivni
otpad izaziva veliku zabrinutost sa aspekta životne
sredine. Da bi se zaštitilo zdravlje ljudi i životna
sredina, neophodna je primena strategija upravljanja
otpadom i adekvatna tehnologija, posebno u nuklearnoj
industriji. Osnovni principi upravljanja radioaktivnim
otpadom podrazumevaju minimiziranje količine otpada
i sistematski tretman, uvežbavanje procedura, kao i
njegovo propisno skladištenje i odlaganje.
ŽS10: Odnos čvrstog radioaktivnog otpada koji je
potrebno zbrinuti i ukupno proizvedenog
radioaktivnog otpada
Uzimajući u obzir udeo radioaktivnog otpada koji još
uvek nije zbrinut, ovaj indikator pokazuje relativni
status postojećeg radioaktivnog otpada u svakom
trenutku iz bilo kog energetskog gorivog ciklusa. Sve
veće količine radioaktivnog otpada koji još uvek nije
zbrinut ukazuju na povećanu potrebu za dugoročnim
opcijama njegovog tretmana. Energija je ključ održivog
razvoja, a odgovorajuće upravljanje čvrstim
radioaktivnim otpadom pri energetskim gorivim
ciklusima predstavlja glavni prioritet. Veoma je bitno
takođe, da se osigura bezbedno upravljanje
radioaktivnim otpadom, njegov, transport, skladištenje i
odlaganje i to u cilju zaštite ljudi i životne sredine,
posmatrano i kratkoročno i dugoročno. Radioaktivni
otpad koji potiče iz različitih sistema proizvodnje
energije, a posebno iz nuklearne industrije, izaziva
veliku zabrinutost sa aspekta životne sredine. Da bi se
zaštitilo zdravlje ljudi i životna sredina, neophodna je
primena strategija upravljanja otpadom i adekvatna
tehnologija, posebno u nuklearnoj industriji, ali isto
tako i u drugim oblastima gde se produkuje čvrst
radioaktivni otpad. Osnovni principi upravljanja
radioaktivnim otpadom podrazumevaju minimiziranje
količine otpada i sistematski tretman, uvežbavanje
procedura, kao i njegovo skladištenje i odlaganje.
SAFETY ENGINEERING - INŽENJERSTVO ZAŠTITE

REFERNCE BIOGRAFIJA
[1] M.A. Quaddus, M.A.B. Siddique, Modelling sustainable Dragan Antić je rođen u Nišu 1973.
development planning A multicriteria decision godine. Magistrirao je na Fakultetu
conferencing approach, Environment International, zaštite na radu iz oblasti energetske
2001., страна 89-95. efikasnosti tehnoloških sistema.
[2] I.A. Vera, L.M. Langlois, H.H. Rogner, A.I. Jalal, F.L. Nosilac je Laureata - Povelje i
Toth, Indicator for sustainable energy development: An nagrada Univerziteta u Nišu,
initiative by the International Atomic Energy Agency, nagrade Fonda za mlade talente
Natural Resources Forum, 2005., страна 274-283. Skupštine grada Niša, nagrade
[3] L. Hughes, A generic framework for the description and Ambasade Kraljevine Norveške u
analysis of energy security in an energy system, Energy Beogradu ˝15 miliona za najboljih 500˝ kao najbolji student
Policy, 2012., страна 221-231 Fakulteta zaštite na radu u Nišu. Trenutno je na master
[4] I. Krstić, Modeli za sistemsku analizu rizika tehnoloških akademskim studijama na Mašinskom fakultetu u Nišu.
sistema, Doktorska disertacija, Fakultet zaštite na radu u
Nišu, Univerzitet u Nišu, 2010.
[5] Д. Гвозденац, У.Б. Гвозденац, З. Морвај, Енергетска
ефикасност (индустрија и зградарство), Факултет
техничких наука у Новом Саду, ISBN 978-86-7892-
438-5, Нови Сад, Србија, 2012.
[6] ISO 50001 Energy management system - Requirements
with guidance for use,
[7] ISO organization, 2011., http://www.iso.org
[8] Energy indicators for sustainable development:
guidelines and methodologies, International Atomic
Energy Agency, Vienna, 2005.

INDICATORS OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF TECHNOLOGICAL SYSTEMS

Dragan Antić, Ivan Krstić, Amelija Đorđević

Abstract: The importance of energy performance indicators for a sustainable development of technological
systems varies from country to country, dependent on national priorities, energy demands, criteria for
sustainability and development, and ultimately, goals. Countries around the world have their own specific
economic circumstances and geography, as well as their the range of energy resources and expertise.
The implementation process is conditioned by national policy objectives and priorities, available resources and
professional skills, as well as the available energy. The State energy policy needs to define the most appropriate
allocation of both people and resources in accordance with sustainable development, thus achieving the greatest
benefit at an affordable price. Energy Performance refers to the measurable results related to energy (for example,
energy efficiency, energy intensity, specific energy consumption). Energy performance indicators are
the quantitative indicators of energy characteristics and can be used to track changes in performance over time.
They are designed in a way to facilitate a systematic and continuous impact assessment of the energy system.
Accordingly, they should be easy to understand, and as such, should have an important role in sharing information
and increasing motivation for continuous system improvement, ISO 50001 Energy Management System –
Requirements with Guidance for Use.
Key words: indicators, energy performance, technological systems.

160 | Safety Engineering


BOOK REVIEW / PRIKAZ KNJIGE
„ERGONOMSKI RIZIK“
Sonja Pavlović-Veselinović
Rukopis pod nazivom „Ergonomski rizik“ autora dr
Sonje Pavlović-Veselinović, docenta Fakulteta zaštite
na radu u Nišu, sadrži 92 stranice teksta, formata A4,
29 slika, 12 tabela i 200 bibliografskih jedinica, a
sastoji se od sedam poglavlja. Rukopis takođe sadrži
predgovor i rezime na srpskom i engleskom jeziku.
U prvom poglavlju pod nazivom „Uvod“ su definisani
osnovni pojmovi vezani za radom uzrokovane mišićno-
skeletne poremećaje i ukazano je na vezu između
neodgovarajućih uslova na radnom mestu i pojave
mišićno-skeletnih problema vezanih za rad. Diskutuje
se rastući trend pojave radom uzrokovanih mišićno-
skeletnih poremećaja, veliki broj radova koji se bave
proučavanjnjem ovog problema u razvijenim zemljama,
nasuprot nedostatku takvih podataka kod nas, kao i
potreba za razvijanjem odgovarajućih strategija za
prevenciju i alata za kvantifikaciju ergonomskog rizika.
Poglavlje „Istraživanje radom uzrokovanih mišićno-
skeletnih poremećaja u svetu i kod nas“ se bavi
prikazom stanja i zastupljenošću mišićno-skeletnih
poremećaja u različitim zemljama, imajući u vidu
težinu zdravstvenih i ekonomskih posledica istih. Na
osnovu oskudnih i teško dostupnih podataka, dobijenih
istraživanjem autora, prikazan je trend poremećaja kod
nas.
U poglavlju „Radom uzrokovani mišićno-skeletni
poremećaji“ su date različite definicije za ovu vrsta
poremećaja, različite klasifikacije mišićno-skeletnih
poremećaja i objašnjavaju se različite hipoteze i
konceptualni modeli patogeneze ovih poremećaja.
Poglavlje „Ergonomski rizik“ je najobimniji deo ovog
rukopisa. U njemu se definiše ovaj relativno novi
pojam, ali se takođe identifikuju i detaljno razrađuju
161 | Safety Engineering
Book review
Prikaz knjiga
svi faktori rizika za nastanak radom uzrokovanih
mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja, koji su brojni i raznoliki
(ponavljanje, sila, vibracije, položaj tela, niska
temperatura, osvetljenje, antropometrijske dimenzije,
pol, godine starosti, loše navike, hobi, tempo rada, rad
u smenama, zadovoljstvo poslom, socijalna podrška...).
Za svaki od navedenih faktora rizika dato je objašnjenje
koje se odnosi na fiziološki odgovor tela.
U poglavlju „Procena rizika od radom uzrokovanih
mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja“ su prikazane različite
metode koje su na raspolaganju za različite nivoe
kvantifikacije ergonomskog rizika, i to pojedinačno i
detaljno za svaki od 22 faktora rizika, navedenih u
prethodnom poglavlju. Ukazuje se na značaj
kompleksne analize radnog mesta, uz preporuku da
procena ergonomskog rizika postane sastavni deo
obavezne procene rizika na radnim mestima i u radnoj
okolini.
Poglavlje „Prevencija i kontrola ergonomskog rizika“
bavi se elementima ergonomskih programa koji imaju
za cilj eliminisanje ili smanjenje prisustva uočenih
faktora rizika, što je moguće ostvariti prvenstveno
primenom inženjersko-ergonomskih mera, ali i
administrativnim merama ili, u krajnjem, upotrebom
odgovarajućih sredstava lične zaštite.
U delu „Zaključna razmatranja“, naglašena je potreba
ponovnog uspostavljanja jedinstvene baze podataka o
profesionalnim oboljenjima u našoj zemlji, radi
sagledavanje i praćenja stanja vezanog za radom
uzrokovane mišićno-skeletne poremećaje. Takođe je
naglašena potreba uspostavljanja saradnje različitih
profila stručnjaka za rešavanje prisutnog kompleksnog
problema mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja, kao i
razvijanje odgovarajućih, opšteprihvaćenih alata za
procenu ergonomskog rizika.
U Srbiji su se do sada problemom nastanka mišićno-
skeletnih poremećaja vezanih za rad dominantno bavili
stručnjaci medicinske struke i to uglavnom parcijalno,
tj. proučavajući samo jedan ili nekoliko faktora rizika.
Predmetni rukopis razmatra ovaj problem na
sistematski, sveobuhvatan i razumljiv način.
U predmetnom rukopisu su na konzistentan,
interesantan i jednostavan način definisani osnovni
pojmovi u vezi sa ergonomskim rizikom i objašnjeni
svi pojedinačni faktori rizika. Prikazane su sve do sada
primenjivane metode za procenu/kvantifikaciju svakog
od faktora rizika i ukazano na kompleksnost problema
mišićno-skeletnih poremećaja i potrebu razvijanja alata
za procenu ukupnog rizika od nastanka ovih
poremećaja, tj. ergonomskog rizika.
Rukopis sadrži brojne ergonomske preporuke koje
omogućavaju profesionalcima, ali i zaposlenima sa
ovom vrstom zdravstvenih problema da prepoznaju
rizik ili čak preduzmu njima dostupne mere u cilju
ergonomskog poboljšanja.
 Book review
Prikaz knjiga

Rukopis predstavlja doprinos nauci u oblasti

ergonomije, i šire u oblasti bezbednosti i zdravlja na
radu, ali može biti od koristi i u oblasti medicine rada.
Publikacija doprinosi boljem razumevanju medicinskog
aspekta posmatranog problema za stručnjake
inženjerske tj. tehničke orjentacije, odnosno
razumevanju inženjersko-tehničkih aspekata
stručnjacima medicinske orjentacije.
Prema Pravilniku o postupku i načinu vrednovanja i
kvantitativnom iskazivanju naučnoistraživačkih
rezultata istraživača (Službeni glasnik RS, BR. 38/08),
rukopis ispunjava uslove da se kategoriše kao
monografija nacionalnog značaja.

dr Miroljub Grozdanović, red. prof.

Fakultet zaštite na radu u Nišu
dr Jovica Jovanović, red. prof.
Medicinski fakultet u Nišu
dr Mirjana Kocić, docent
Medicinski fakultet u Nišu

162 | Safety Engineering

 ALEKSANDAR INŽENJERING D.O.O. granama kao u epidemiologiji, virusologiji, reumatologiji,
Novi Sad, Srbija hirurgiji, dijagnostici kancera, metaboličkih bolesti,
vaskularnih promena, stomatologiji, kao i za otkrivanje
Prodaja i servis mernih instrumenata različitih bolesti i pre nego što su doživeli punu kliničku sliku
http://www.merniinstrumenti.com pa je značajna njena uloga u ranom otkrivanju i prevenciji.
TERMOVIZIJSKE KAMERE
Instrumenti za termovizijsku dijagnostiku

Termovizijska dijagnostika se koristi u tehničke i medicinske

svrhe, a posebno je našla primenu u zaštiti i bezbednosnim
sistemima. Termovizijske kamere omogućavaju da ljudsko
oko sagleda ono što ne može da vidi. Svako telo emituje
određenu količinu energije koja može da se registruje
kamerom za termoviziju.
Na osnovu rezultata snimanja ili posmatranja kroz objektiv
kamere, registruje se infracrveno ili toplotno zračenje i
najnižeg stepena, a omogućava se izuzetno precizno merenje
temperature bez ikakvog kontakta sa objektom čije se fizičke
karakteristike mere. Na osnovu rezultata dobijenih
testiranjem moguće je napraviti preciznu evaluaciju
mehaničkih, termičkih, električnih i bioloških procesa.
Informacije o struji, voltaži, otporu i energiji su dragoceni za
adekvatno postavljanje električnih instalacija i njihovo
puštanje u rad.
Kineska kompanija Wuhan Guide Infrared, koju na našem
tržištu zastupa "Aleksandar Inženjering", godinama
unapređuje tehnologiju registrovanja termalne, odnosno
infracrvene energije. Termovizijske kamere "Wuhan Guide
Infrared" su tehnološki superiorni proizvodi, visokih
performansi i za životnu sredinu neškodljivi.
Za industriju
TP8 serija

Za zaštitu od požara, zaštitu radne i životne sredine

Protivpožarna ručna termička kamera IR1190 je opremljena
sa detektorom ultravisoke rezolucije, što joj omogućuje
prikazivanje slike besprekorne jasnoće, a time se pomaže
vatrogascima da vide kroz oblake dima i da identifikuju
moguće žrtve pre nego što do dođe do povrede, ili smrti

EasIR Serija i EasIR-9

EasIR Serija je nova infracrvena kamera
proizvođača Guide, koja pomera granice
infracrvenog snimanja svojim odličnim
karakteristikama i niskom cenom.
Dizajnirana je za rad pod teškim radnim
uslovima i za korisnike, koji ne moraju
biti visoko obučeni, EasiR Serija je
otporna na udarce i robus tna i pod Napredna tehnologija infracrvenog merenja temperature vam
najtežim radnim uslovima. pomaže da odredite tačan izvor vatre, a time da donesete
tačnu i blagovremenu odluku, koja neće biti ugrožena od
Za medicinu strane nepreciznosti merenja detektora. Na raspolaganju je i
Termovizijske kamere vrlo lako i precizno detektuju
bežični prenos video informacija, kojim se može ostvariti
detektuju temperatune razlike pojedinih delova površine tela
slanje žive slike iz prve ruke u komandni centar, gde se onda
čoveka i životinja i mogu se koristiti u mnogim medicinskih
mogu doneti brze i precizne odluke.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR AUTHORS
SAFETY ENGINEERING Journal publishes original
scientific and professional contributions in the field of
occupational safety engineering, environmental safety and
fire safety.
Scientific articles:
• original scientific paper (a paper which presents
previously unpublished results of authors' research using
scientific method)
• review paper (a paper which contains original, detailed
and critical review of the research problem or the field in
which the authors contribution can be demonstrated by
self-citation)
• preceding or short communications (original scientific full
paper, but shorter and preliminary in character)
• scientific discussion and topic review (debate on a specific
scientific topic based on scientific arguments)
Professional papers:
• professional paper (paper which provides useful
experiences for advancement of professional practice, not
necessarily based on scientific method)
• informative contribution (editorial, comment, etc.)
• review of a book, a software, a case study, a scientific
event, etc.)
Papers are printed in Serbian and English, and published in
both hard copy and electronic format on the website of the
Faculty of Occupational Safety, University of Niš.
SAFETY ENGINEERING Journal is published quarterly.
Journal subject areas are:
• Occupational Safety Engineering
• Environmental Safety Engineering
• Fire Safety Engineering
• Medical, legal, economic, sociological, psychological,
organizational, educational and linguistic aspects in safety
engineering.
All papers published in the journal are subjected to peer
review by the members of the Editorial Board who determine
the order of their publication. Comments and suggestions of
the editors and reviewers are submitted to the author for final
revision.
Manuscripts should be submitted in written and electronic
form.
The length of the manuscript is limited to eight A4 two-
column pages.
Template for papers can be found on the journal website:
www.safety.ni.ac.rs
The papers prepared according to the template should be
submitted to the following address:
SAFETY ENGINEERING Journal
Čarnojevića 10 a, 18000 Niš, Serbia
or
casopis@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
If you have further questions, do not hesitate to contact us at
+381 18 529 850
UPUTSTVO ZA AUTORE
Časopis SAFETY ENGINEERING objavljuje originalne
naučne i stručne članke iz oblasti inženjerstva zaštite na radu,
zaštite životne sredine i zaštite od požara.
Naučni članci:
• originalan naučni rad (rad u kome se iznose prethodno
neobjavljivani rezultati sopstvenih istraživanja naučnim
metodom);
• pregledni rad (rad koji sadrži originalan, detaljan i kritički
prikaz istraživačkog problema ili područja u kome je autor
ostvario određeni doprinos, vidljiv na osnovu autocitata);
• kratko ili prethodno saopštenje (originalni naučni rad
punog formata, ali manjeg obima ili preliminarnog
karaktera);
• naučna kritika, odnosno polemika (rasprava na određenu
naučnu temu zasnovana isključivo na naučnoj
argumentaciji).
Stručni članci:
• stručni rad (prilog u kome se nude iskustva korisna za
unapređenje profesionalne prakse, ali koja nisu nužno
zasnovana na naučnom metodu);
• informativni prilog (uvodnik, komentar i sl.);
• prikaz (knjige, računarskog programa, slučaja, naučnog
događaja, i sl.).
Radovi se štampaju na srpskom i engleskom jeziku, a
objavljuju se u pisanom i elektronskom formatu na sajtu
Fakulteta zaštite na radu Univerziteta u Nišu.
Časopis SAFETY ENGINEERING izlazi četiri puta godišnje.
Tematske oblasti časopisa su:
• Inženjerstvo zaštite na radu;
• Inženjerstvo zaštite životne sredine;
• Inženjerstvo zaštite od požara;
• Medicinski, pravni, ekonomski, sociološki, psihološki,
organizacioni, obrazovni i lingvistički aspekti u
inženjerstvu zaštite.
Svi radovi koji se objavljuju u časopis podležu recenziji od
strane Uređivačkog odbora koji određuje i redosled njihovog
štampanja. Primedbe i sugestije urednika i recenzenata
dostavljaju se autoru radi konačnog oblikovanja.
Radovi se predaju u pisanom i elektronskom obliku.
Obim rukopisa je ograničen na osam dvokolonskih stranica
formata A4.
Templejt za pisanje radova se nalazi na sajtu časopisa:
www.safety.ni.ac.rs
Radove pripremljene prema uputstvu za štampanje slati na
adresu:
Časopis Safety Engeenering
Čarnojevića 10 a, 18000 Niš
ili elektronskim putem na e-mail adresu:
casopis@znrfak.ni.ac.rs
Za sva dodatna pitanja obratiti se na telefon:
018/529-850
CIP - Каталогизација у публикацији
Народна библиотека Србије, Београд

331.45/46

SAFETY ENGINEERING : Safety of

Technical Systems :
Journal for Scientiest and
Engineers = Inženjerstvo zaštite : bezbednost
tehničkih sistema : naučno stručni časopis /
glavni urednik Dejan Krstić. - 2011, no. 1
(oct.)- . - Niš : Faculty of Occupational
Safety in Niš. Center for Technical systems
Safety, 2011- (Niš : M KOPS Centar).
- 30 cm

Tromesečno
ISSN 2217-7124 = Safety Engineering (Niš)
COBISS.SR-ID 187159820