CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

Dentistry, also known as dentistry and oral medicine, is a branch of medicine that consists of the

study, diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases, disorders and conditions of the oral

cavity, usually dentistry, as well as adjacent and related oral mucosa. Structure and tissue,

especially the maxillofacial (chin and face) area

One aspect of dentistry that is dental engineering is the art and science of designing,

manufacturing, constructing, and providing artificial instruments to replace lost parts of the

orofacial structure and related tissues in the oral cavity. Although primarily related to the teeth of

the general population, the dental or dental aspects of the craniofacial complex, including the

temporomandibular joint and other supporting muscles, lymph, nerves, blood vessels and

anatomical structures, are treated. (NADL, 2010}). Dental technician is a practice of

preparation. Manufacture and repair of prostheses and related items needed to restore and correct

the function and aesthetics of the patient's lower jaw and face. A dental technician (dental

laboratory technician) is a member of the dental team that manufactures custom-made

restorations and dental instruments based on the dentist's prescription (Corcoran, 2010).

Polishing is one of the oldest treatment methods used to create smooth, glossy surfaces. This

smoothness is achieved by rubbing the surface with abrasive particles with a rotating disc.

Abrasive particles remove small elements on the surface and smooth them Dheenathayalan,

2014.

Today, we need to continuously increase production rates Nowadays it is necessary to increase

production rate continuously in order to achieve higher production rates with minimal of human

input, there is need to develop innovative machinery to cater the above needs. Polishing
operation is mainly done on the face of the components which is similar to polishing with the

view to improve the surface finish of the components (Bhaskar et al., 2012). The polishing

operation is presently done by mounting an abrasive disk on the spindle of a hand grinder and

feeding this rotating disk against the job surface

Polishing is the process of creating a smooth and shiny surface by rubbing it or using a chemical

action, leaving a surface with a significant secular reflection (David, 2014). Polishing is a

multistage process. The first stage starts with a rough polishing and each subsequent stage uses a

finer emery paper of different grades until the desired finish is achieved. In this stage metal

removal takes place. Then in second stage we come across the Fine polishing in which minimal

or negligible metal removal takes place. It is mainly used to remove scratches from the surface of

specimen. Finally, Etching is the operation of revealing micro-structural features (grain

boundaries, phases, precipitates and other micro-structure constituents) of the polished specimen

through selective chemical attack on the surface. A common misconception is that a polished

surface has a mirror bright finish, however most mirror bright finishes are actually buffed.

Polishing is often used to enhance the looks of an item, prevent contamination of instruments,

remove oxidation, create a reflective surface, or prevent corrosion (Hosned, 2014).

1.2 Statement of the Problem

Dental polishing machine plays a vital role in the fabrication of dental appliances and patient

acceptance, improper finishing amount to poor construction symbolizing wasted effort, money,

time and affect the professionalism of the dental professional negatively hereby resulting in low

level of patient turning up for treatment. Despite it`s importance, especially during the

fabrication of prosthodontics appliance and some other metallic appliance e.g partial denture, full

full denture, ceramics etc. Inconsistent power supply in the country prevent the use of the
equipment which indirectly affect dental technology profession at large. Furthermore, there is

need for introducing advanced technology into the profession so as to promote efficiency and

adequate functionality with present technology. Therefore, the researchers investigate the

reinforcement of two ways polishing machine to be powered by battery and inverter as source of

power

1.3 Objectives of the Study

Broad Objective of the Study

The broad objective of this study was carried to investigate the modification of a dental

polishing using DC Current and AC Current

Specific Objectives of the Study

1. To modify dental polishing machine to use DC Current

2. To modify dental polishing machine to use AC Current

3. To determine the significant of modifying the dental polishing machine to use DC and

AC Current

4. To compare the efficiency, durability and acceptability of the dental polishing

machines to use DC and AC Current over DC Current only.

1.4 Research Questions

The research questions that guided the study are:

1. Can materials be sourced for in the production of a modified dental polishing

machine?
 2. Do the modified dental polishing machines using both DC Current and AC Current

have similar mode of operation with the imported ones using only DC Current?

3. Could the modified dental polishing machines using both DC and AC Current have

the same efficiency, durability and acceptability with the imported ones using on DC

Current?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

The following null hypotheses (Ho) were formulated to guide and direct the study.

HO1: There is no significant relationship in the mode of operation of modified two dental

polishing machines using DC Current and AC Current and the imported ones using only

DC Current

HO2: There is no significant relationship in terms of efficiency, durability and

acceptability of the modify polishing machines using DC and AC Current and the

imported ones using only DC Current

1.6 Significance of the Study

The modification of dental polishing machine using DC Current and AC Current over

imported ones using only DC Current will reduce the high cost of importation and purchase

of dental polishing machine in Nigeria. it will help to boost our production and

independency on foreign country for the supply of the equipment. Moreover, practitioners

enhance manual dexterity. Therefore, this study will show the relevance of modified dental

polishing machine and it's suitability in the fabrication of dental restoration, it will also

serves as source of research materials for a similar study in the nearest future. Finally, it

will also contribute immensely to knowledge in academic field and in the professional

world at large.
1.7 Scope of the Study

The study will be restricted to modifying of a dental polishing machine to use AC

Current and DC Current readily available material between April- September, 2021. The

geographical scope of the study was being within the premises of Dental Technology,

Laboratory of Ogun State College of Health Technology.

1.8 Operational Definition of Terms

Model: It is the positive replica of the patient oral cavity.

Casting: it is the process of mixing dental stone and pour it on an impression taken, leave

it for few minutes, allow it to set and remove it from the impression tray.

Local: Associated with a particular locality or area (it could be inter state or country)

Machine: This is a tool containing one or more part that uses energy to perform an

intended action, making it easier. Machine is usually power by mechanical, chemical,

thermal or electrical means.

Polishing machine: A device use for smoothing and shiny or refining the surface of

prosthesis. Also, this is a machine which uses rotational motion to smoothen and brighten

the surface of acrylic dentures.

Abrasive: This is a material which causes wear of another material through mechanical

means.

Denture cleansers: The dental cleansers are substances made in powder or paste form for

the cleansing of dentures.

Fabrication: It is a manufacturing process in which an item is made from raw materials or

semi- finished materials instead of being assembled from readymade components or parts.

Finishing: The finishing entails the process of removing scratches or surface defects

created during the contouring process through the use of cutting or grinding instrument or

both.

Friction: This is the resistance encountered by an object moving relatively to another

object with which it is in contact.

Polishing: This is the process of providing luster or gloss on a material surface.

Pumice: This is a powder material used in combination with water for the preliminary

polishing of dentures.

Raw materials: These are available elements that can be easily used to produce a

particular instrument, equipment or hand tools etc.

Whiting: The material used as the final polishing material for acrylic dentures is known as

whiting

Construction: This is the act of producing something by using available material.

Electrical: It is the means of using providing, transmitting or operated by electricity.

DC: means direct current.

AC: means alternative current.

 Dental Technology: is the act and science of designing, constructing, fabricating of

missing tooth, tissues and replacement of oro-facial structures of human body due to

congenital diseases/deformation, trauma or accident.

CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical framework

Design is the creation of a plan or convention for the construction of an object, system or

measurable human interaction (as in architectural blueprints, engineering drawings,

business processes, circuit diagrams, and sewing patterns) (Cambridge dictionary).

Design has different connotations in different fields. In some cases, the direct

construction of an object (as in pottery, engineering, management, coding, and graphic

design) is also considered to use design thinking.

Designing often necessitates considering the aesthetic, functional, economic and

sociopolitical dimensions of both the design object and design process. It may involve

considerable research, thought, modeling, interactive adjustment, and re-design.

Meanwhile, diverse kinds of objects may be designed, including clothing, graphical user

interfaces, products, skyscrapers, corporate identities, business processes, and even

 methods or processes of designing. Thus "design" may be a substantive referring to a

categorical abstraction of a created thing or things (the design of something), or a verb for

the process of creation as is made clear by grammatical context.

In engineering, design is a component of the engineering process. Many overlapping

methods and processes can be seen when comparing Product design, Industrial design

and Engineering. The American Heritage Dictionary defines design as: "To conceive or

fashion in the mind; invent," and "To formulate a plan", and defines engineering as: "The

application of scientific and mathematical principles to practical ends such as the design,

manufacture, and operation of efficient and economical structures, machines, processes,

and systems”(American psychological association, 2007). Both are forms of problem-

solving with a defined distinction being the application of "scientific and mathematical

principles". The increasingly scientific focus of engineering in practice, however, has

raised the importance of new more "human-centered" fields of design (Faste 2001).

2.2 Origin of Polishing Machine

The origins of polishing machine can be traced back to Ancient Egypt and ancient

Greece. In ancient Egypt, two-person lathes were extensively used. In a two-person lathe,

one person would turn the wood (work piece) and the other person would cut the wood

with a single point cutting tool. Cutting operation in this lathe involved a lot of manual

labour and consumed a large amount of time. In Ancient Rome, the Egyptian Design was

modified. A turning bow was used to turn the work piece. In the medieval period, pedals

were used to turn and cut the work piece. The pedals were operated by human legs.
 The origin of modern machine can be traced back to the time when the Industrial

Revolution took place. The Industrial Revolution brought a lot of changes to the world of

machines. During that golden period, a number of mechanisms were introduced to lathe.

These mechanisms enabled humans to operate lathe semi-automatically. Power generated

from steam engines were used to drive lathes.

The introduction of Numerical Control (NC) and Computer Numerical Control (CNC) in

the twentieth century, made lathe a versatile, automatically functioning machine tool.

Today, polishing machine is one of the basic machine tools widely used in industries

2.3 Description on the Polishing Machine

Figure 2.1: The Polishing machine. (Source: m.alibaba/product/592232568/dental-

laboratory-equipment-and-prices-dental.html).
The machine may or may not have legs also known as a nugget, which sit on the floor

and elevate the lathe bed to a working height. The machine may be small and sit on a

workbench or table, not requiring a stand. Almost all lathes have a bed, which is (almost

always) a horizontal beam (although CNC lathes commonly have an inclined or vertical

beam for a bed to ensure that swarf, or chips, falls free of the bed). Woodturning lathes

specialized for turning large bowls often have no bed or tail stock, merely a free-standing

headstock and a cantilevered tool rest.

At one end of the bed (almost always the left, as the operator faces the lathe) is a

headstock. The headstock contains high-precision spinning bearings. Rotating within the

bearings is a horizontal axle, with an axis parallel to the bed, called the spindle. Spindles

are often hollow and have an interior Morse tape on the spindle nose (i.e., facing to the

right / towards the bed) by which work-holding accessories may be mounted to the

spindle. Spindles may also have arrangements for work-holding on the left-hand end of

the spindle with other tooling arrangements for particular tasks. (i.e., facing away from

the main bed) end, or may have a hand-wheel or other accessory mechanism on their

outboard end. Spindles are powered and impart motion to the workpiece.

The spindle is driven either by foot power from a treadle and flywheel or by a belt or gear

drive from a power source such as electric motor or overhead line shafts. In most modern

lathes this power source is an integral electric motor, often either in the headstock, to the

left of the headstock, or beneath the headstock, concealed in the stand.

In addition to the spindle and its bearings, the headstock often contains parts to convert

the motor speed into various spindle speeds. Various types of speed-changing mechanism

achieve this, from a cone pulley or step pulley, to a cone pulley with back gear (which is
essentially a low range, similar in net effect to the two-speed rear of a truck), to an entire

gear train similar to that of a manual-shift automotive transmission. Some motors have

electronic rheostat-type speed controls, which obviates cone pulleys or gears (George,

2010).

The counterpoint to the headstock is the tailstock, sometimes referred to as the loose

head, as it can be positioned at any convenient point on the bed by sliding it to the

required area. The tail-stock contains a barrel, which does not rotate, but can slide in and

out parallel to the axis of the bed and directly in line with the headstock spindle. The

barrel is hollow and usually contains a taper to facilitate the gripping of various types of

tooling. Its most common uses are to hold a hardened steel center, which is used to

support long thin shafts while turning, or to hold drill bits for drilling axial holes in the

work piece. Many other uses are possible (Ruttan, 2009).

Metalworking machine have a carriage (comprising a saddle and apron) topped with a

cross-slide, which is a flat piece that sits crosswise on the bed and can be cranked at right

angles to the bed. Sitting atop the cross slide is usually another slide called a compound

rest, which provides 2 additional axes of motion, rotary and linear. Atop that sits a

toolpost, which holds a cutting tool, which removes material from the workpiece. There

may or may not be a leadscrew, which moves the cross-slide along the bed.

Woodturning and metal spinning lathes do not have cross-slides, but rather have banjos,

7which are flat pieces that sit crosswise on the bed. The position of a banjo can be

adjusted by hand; no gearing is involved. Ascending vertically from the banjo is a tool-

post, at the top of which is a horizontal tool-rest. In woodturning, hand tools are braced

against the tool rest and levered into the work piece. In metal spinning, the further pin
 ascends vertically from the tool rest and serves as a fulcrum against which tools may be

levered into the work piece. (Ruttan, 2009).

2.3.1 Types of Polishing machine

 Woodworking lathes: Woodworking lathes are the oldest variety. All other

varieties are descended from these simple lathes. An adjustable horizontal metal

rail – the tool rest – between the material and the operator accommodates the

positioning of shaping tools, which are usually hand-held. After shaping, it is

common practice to press and slide sandpaper against te still-spinning object to

smooth the surface made with the metal shaping tools. The tool rest is usually

removed during sanding, as it may be unsafe to have the operators’ hands between

it and the spinning wood.(Murthy et.al.,2010)

Many woodworking lathes can also be used for making bowls and plates. The

bowl or plate needs only to be held at the bottom by one side of the lathe. It is

usually attached to a metal face plate attached to the spindle. With many lathes,

this operation happens on the left side of the headstock, where are no rails and

therefore more clearance. In this configuration, the piece can be shaped inside and

out (Ernie, 2010).

 Duplicating machine: They are water-powered Blanchard lathe used for

duplicating gun stocks from the 1850s. Harpers Ferry Armory.One type of

specialized lathe is duplicating or copying lathe also known as Blanchard lathe

after its inventor Thomas Blanchard. This type of lathe was able to create shapes

identical to a standard pattern and it revolutionized the process of gun stock

making in the 1820s when it was invented (Smith, 2010).

 Patternmaker's machine: This is use to make a pattern for foundries, often from

wood, but also plastics. A patternmaker's lathe looks like a heavy wood lathe,

often with a turret and either a lead screw or a rack and pinion to manually

position the turret. The turret is used to accurately cut straight lines. They often

have a provision to turn very large parts on the other end of the headstock, using a

free-standing tool rest. Another way of turning large parts is a sliding bed, which

can slide away from the headstock and thus open up a gap in front of the

headstock for large parts.

 Metalworking lathes: In a metalworking lathe, metal is removed from the work

piece using a hardened cutting tool, which is usually fixed to a solid moveable

mounting, either a tool-post or a turret, which is then moved against the work

piece using hand wheels or computer-controlled motors. These cutting tools come

in a wide range of sizes and shapes, depending upon their application. Some

common styles are diamond, round, square and triangular. The tool-post is

operated by lead-screws that can accurately position the tool in a variety of

planes. The tool-post may be driven manually or automatically to produce the

roughing and finishing cuts required to turn the workpiece to the desired shape

and dimensions, or for cutting threads, worm gears, etc. Cutting fluid may also be

pumped to the cutting site to provide cooling, lubrication and clearing of swarf

from the workpiece. Some lathes may be operated under control of a computer for

mass production of parts (see "Computer numerical control") (Smith, 2010).

Manually controlled metalworking lathes are commonly provided with a variable-

ratio gear-train to drive the main lead-screw. This enables different thread pitches
 to be cut. On some older lathes or more affordable new lathes, the gear trains are

changed by swapping gears with various numbers of teeth onto or off of the

shafts, while more modern or expensive manually controlled lathes have a quick-

change box to provide commonly used ratios by the operation of a lever. CNC

lathes use computers and servomechanisms to regulate the rates of movement.

On manually controlled lathes, the thread pitches that can be cut are, in some

ways, determined by the pitch of the lead-screw: A lathe with a metric lead-screw

will readily cut metric threads (including BA), while one with an imperial lead-

screw will readily cut imperial-unit-based threads such as BSW or UTS (UNF,

UNC). This limitation is not insurmountable, because a 127-tooth gear, called a

transposing gear, is used to translate between metric and inch thread pitches.

However, this is optional equipment that many lathe owners do not own. It is also

a larger change-wheel than the others, and on some lathes may be larger than the

change-wheel mounting banjo is capable of mounting.

The work piece may be supported between a pair of points called centres, or it

may be bolted to a faceplate or held in a chuck. A chuck has movable jaws that

can grip the work piece securely. There are some effects on material properties

when using a metalworking lathe. There are few chemical or physical effects, but

there are many mechanical effects, which include residual stress, micro-cracks,

work-hardening, and tempering in hardened materials (Smith, 2010).

2.4 Component Parts of a Polishing machine

 i. Metallic casing: Dental polishing machine has as a metal framework that does not

only add to the appearance, but also encloses all the component parts in it.

ii. Chuck: part to which polishing wheels can be attached for polishing the rough

surfaces of dental restorations.

iii. Switch mode: It is used in the turning on and switching off the polishing machine

(Murthy and Trymbaka, 2010).

2.5 Laboratory Relevance of the Polishing machine

The polishing machine is a motor-driven machine with a rotating shaft that can be fitted

with various types of cutting instruments, grinding stone, and polishing wheels; used in

finishing and polishing dental appliances. It is a piece of dental laboratory equipment

used for polishing crowns and dentures (Murthy and Trymbaka, 2010).

2.5.1 Modes of use

When a work piece is fixed between the headstock and the tail-stock, it is said to be

"between centers". When a work piece is supported at both ends, it is more stable, and

more force may be applied to the work piece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of

rotation, without fear that the work piece may break loose.

When a work piece is fixed only to the spindle at the headstock end, the work is said to

be "face work". When a work piece is supported in this manner, less force may be applied

to the work piece, via tools, at a right angle to the axis of rotation, lest the work piece rip

free. Thus, most work must be done axially, towards the headstock, or at right angles, but

gently.

When a work piece is mounted with a certain axis of rotation, worked, then remounted

with a new axis of rotation, this is referred to as "eccentric turning" or "multi-axis

 turning". The result is that various cross sections of the work piece are rotationally

symmetric, but the work piece as a whole is not rotationally symmetric. This technique is

used for camshafts, various types of chair legs.

2.6 Safety Precautions to be taken to ensure the Effectiveness of polishing Machine

Safety refers to the control of recognized hazard in order to achieve an acceptable level of

risk. Furthermore, safety precaution is any action taken before an activity to prevent

danger or risk during the activity. The precautions to be taken when working with the

polishing lathe to ensure the effectiveness of the machine are:

(i) Avoid accidental starting. Make sure switch is in “OFF” position before

connecting to power source.

(ii) (ii) Don’t use in dangerous environment. Don’t use polishing lathes in damp or

wet locations, or expose them to rain. Electrical shock can cause serious or fatal

injury. Follow the National Electrical Code (NEC) and local codes for the safe

installation of this equipment.

(iii) (iii) Do not wear loose clothing, neckties, rings, bracelets, or other jewelry to get

caught in moving parts. Nonslip footwear is recommended. Wear protective hair

covering to contain long hair.

(iv) When starting the polishing lathe for the first time, or after installing a

replacement wheel, it is most important that the operator stand aside for at least

one minute of rotation at full speed. This is the correct practice since wheels can

disintegrate if they have received damage during shipping or handling.

(v) (v) Check damaged parts. Before further use of the polishing lathe, a guard or

other part that is damaged should be carefully checked to assure that it will
 operate properly and perform its intended function. Check for alignment of

moving parts, binding of moving parts, breakage of parts, mounting, and any

other conditions that may affect its operation. A guard or other part that is

damaged should be properly repaired or replaced.

(vi) (vi) Never install a wheel that is damaged, such as a chip or crack on any surface.

A damaged wheel can disintegrate while rotating at a high RPM or when work is

placed against the wheel. This can severely harm the operator or others in the

area.

(vii) vii) Keep work area clean and well lighted. Clutter and poor lighting invites

accidents.

(viii) (viii) Don’t over reach. Keep proper footing and balance at all times. A rotating

wheel can catch an article of clothing and cause personnel injury.

(ix) (ix) Never leave polishing lathe running unattended. Always turn power off after

usage.

(x) (x) Don’t force polishing lathe. It will do the job better and safer at the feed rate

for which it was designed.

(xi) (xi) Always use safety glasses with side shields (or full face shield) when

operating the polishing lathe. Do not use ordinary eyeglasses. Also use face or

dust mask if cutting operation is dusty.

(xii) (xii) Do not operate this polishing lathe until you are sure that you are completely

familiar with the safe operation of the polishing lathe, all accessories and safety

equipment. Improper use can lead to severe injury.

 (xiii) (xiii) Use wheels marked for safe operations at or over the maximum RPM rating

on this polishing lathe. Using a wheel rated at a lower RPM than the machine is

rated can cause a hazardous condition and result in short wheel life (Ray Foster

instructional manual).

2.7 Principles and Procedures for Polishing

Polishing is a process of removing scratches with finer scratches. Polishing the dentures

consists of making the dentures smooth & glossy without changing the contours using

pumice & revolving wheel (polishing lathe).

2.7.1 Principles of Polishing:

(a) The polishing material should be softer than the material being polished.

(b) The material should be fine enough to produce a glossier surface or finishing.

(c) The speed of the wheel should be minimal.

(d) The pressure applied should be minimal to avoid war page.

(e) Water/ glycerin should be used to check the effect of dust and heat.

(f) The tissue surface of a denture is never polished as polishing destroys the details

necessary for good fit & retention.

(g) The polished surface extends just over the border, but the borders are not reduced in

height or width during polishing.

(h) Care must be taken when using pumice (used as wet slurry) as this material is very

abrasive & may obliterate the details placed on denture when they were waxed.

(i) Resin teeth have approximately the same hardness as the denture base, so polishing a

denture with resin teeth requires some precaution not necessary with porcelain teeth.

(j) Only the denture base & the not the teeth is to be polished in the process.
2.7.2 Procedure of Polishing:

(a) Smooth the labial, buccal, lingual& palatal external surfaces of the denture with wet

pumice on a rag wheel running at slow speed, keep plenty of pumice on the denture

surface & keep the denture moving at all time, press the denture lightly against the wheel.

(b) Polish the resin around the teeth with pumice & a brush wheel moving at slow speed;

be careful not to remove previously developed contours.

(c) Wet muslin buffing wheel is used to polish the border, lateral & palatal surfaces of

denture.

(d) Felt cones or small buff wheels may be used to polish the palatal portion of the upper

denture. The choice of wheels or cones is dependent on the shape of the palate.

(e) If stippling is desired in the denture base & was not placed during the final waxing it

can be added at this time using small round bur lightly stipple the denture base from the

second premolar to the second premolar on the other side. Lightly pumice the stippling

with a brush wheel at low speed.

(f) Final polish is placed on the denture with a high shine material. These materials

composed of fine particles which impart a glossy surface to the work being polished. An

example is Whiting.

(g) Store the polished dentures in water until they have been delivered to the patient with

high gloss, compatible contour, & natural appearance, store the dentures in water all the

time otherwise it will undergo dimensional changes & shrinkage.

2.8 Friction and Denture Polishing

 Friction is the resistance encountered by an object moving relative to another object with

which it is in contact. In dental technology laboratory, the term finds its usage during

polishing of dental appliances. During polishing heat is generated as result of the

frictional force alongside the materials coming together with the polishing lathe

producing the force. The heat generated need to be subdued durin this laboratory process

and this necessitate the use of water serving as a coolant to reduce the amount of heat

being generated (Eyarefe et al., 2012).

2.9 Polishing Materials and Agents

(a) Pumice: it is used for preliminary polishing of denture and it is always used in

combination with water

b. Whiting (chalk, CaC3): it is used as final polishing agent for acrylic resin and it is

mixed in water to a creamy consistency which is applied to the revolving white brush.

The material consist of superfine calcium carbonate (chalk) specially purified for dental

and other purposes.

c. Rouge (FeO3): is a soft material in a very finely powdered form of red iron oxide. It is

used as a final polishing agent for old alloys. It should not be used on stainless steel

because it adversely affects the corrosion resistance of the steel.

d. Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3): it is a finely powdered form of chromium oxide; it is green

in colour and may be used as a final polishing agent for stainless steel, cobalt- chromium

alloy and old alloys. It is usually obtained in powder or block form (Eyarefe et al., 2012).

2.10. Advantage of modified Polishing machine using DC and AC Current

i. The cost of the modified polishing machine is lesser than the modified imported ones

which are always powered with DC and AC current.

 ii. Its manual function allows it to be used when there is no electric power outage unlike

the imported ones in the country which have only electric current to function.

iii. Repair is easier due to the nature of the production

iv. The spare parts can be sourced for locally.

v. Since it is locally produced, choice of some accessories can be made.