A.

Human Resource Management - Human Capital, an organization’s

(COM502) employees described as (Training,
Experience, Judgment, Intelligence,
Introduction to HRM
Relationships, and Insight)
- employees and customers tend to be more
- Behavior of Human Capital (Motivation
satisfied when the companies tend to…
and Effort)
a. be more innovative
- Organizational Performance (Quality,
b. have greater productivity Profitability, Performance Satisfaction)

c. develop a more favorable - An organization can succeed if it has

reputation in the community sustainable competitive advantage

- Strategic HR has different aspects that leads - HR give org advantages because HR are
to better company performance such as: valuable, cannot be imitated, have no good

a) Analysis and Design of work substitutes and with needed skills and

b) HR Planning knowledge are sometimes rare.

c) Recruiting - - High Performance Work System, an org

d) Selection in which technology, organizational
e) Training and Development structure, people, and processes all work
f) Performance Management together to give an org a competitive
g) Compensation advantage
h) Employee Relations
- with an effective HPWS comes with an
- Your HR aspects should be aligned with effective HR
proper strategy so that the organization will
- HR Product Lines (what HR does)
be balanced and be successful
1. They cover administrative
- You need all of the HR aspects in order for
services and transactions
the business to work well with your
(compensation and benefits)
employees, customers, and stake holders.
2. Business Partner Services (We
- The performance of the HR affects the train them properly; we provide
whole organization proper engagements)

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 3. Strategic Partner (Helps with the 5. Training Employees – a planned effort to
Strategy, or policies and enable employees to learn job related skills,
procedures) knowledge, and behavior

6. Development – Acquisition of the skills

that improve employees ability to grow with
the organization

7. Performance Management – Ensures that

the employees activities and outputs match
the organization’s goals

8. Planning Pay and Benefits

- How much salary, wages, and other

performance related pay to offer.

- all of these functions ensure that the - which benefits to offer and how much of the

employees themselves know how valuable costs will be shared by employees

they are to the organization 9. Administering Pay and Benefits

1. Job Analysis - Getting detailed info about - Systems for keeping trace of employees’
jobs earnings and benefits are needed.

2. Job Design – Defining the way work will - Employees need information about their
be performed and the tasks that a given job benefits plan
requires
- Extensive record keeping and reporting is
3. Recruitment – The organization seeks needed
applicants for potential employment
10. Maintaining Positive Employee
4. Selection – the organization attempts to Relations
identify applicants wioth necessary aspects
- Preparing and Distributing employee
that will help the organization
handbooks and company publications

- Dealing with and responding to

communications from employees’ questions
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- Negotiating Union Contracts b. Talent Management - A systematioc,
planned effort to attract, retain,
11. Establishing and Administering
Personnel Policies – HR personnel c. Evidence-Based HR –
communicate through a variety of channels
d. Corporate Social Responsibility –
a) Hiring meeting the needs of its stakeholders.
b) Discipline
e. Sustainability – an org’s ability to profit
c) Promotions
without depleting its resources
d) Benefits

12. Managing and Using Human Resource

Data

- Workforce Analytics the use of quantitative

tools and scientific methods to analyze data
from HR databases

13. Ensuring Compliance with Labor

Laws

- Government requirements include filing

reports and displaying posters, and avoiding - HR Responsibilities of Supervisors
unlawful behavior (Company’s Founders (first supervisor))

- Managers depend on HR professionals to - Regardless where you are in an organization

help them keep track of these requirements you will be connected to HR

- Lawsuits will continue to influence HRM - Ethics are principles of right and wrong
practices concerning job security
-Ethical behavior – behavior that is
14. Supporting the Organization’s consistent with those principles
Strategy

a. HR planning - Identify the numbers and

types of employees the org will require to
meet its objectives

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5
 B. COM5024 Introduction to
Financial Statement Analysis
Accounting Concepts and Principles
a. Conceptual Framework – basis of our
financial reports/statements
1. Qualitative characteristics of Financial
Reports
a) decision usefulness - help you make
a decision
b) relevance – confirmatory (helps users
verify) & predictive
(prediction/forecast)
c) faithful representation - accurate,
free from error, neutral, complete
2. Basic Assumptions of Financial Reports
a) Separate Economic Entity
business is separate from personal
b) Going Concern – business will
operate continuously -> profit
c) Monetary Unit – in terms of money
(ex. PH – peso, US – dollars)
d) Periodicity of Income – period -
interval
3. Basic Accounting Principles
a) Historical Cost – records assets on its
cost regardless of the market value
b) Revenue Recognition - record
revenue when earned not when it is
realized (paid)
c) Matching Principle -
d) Full Disclosure – disclose everything
especially if it can affect a decision
4. Modifying Constrains
a) Materiality - significance
b) Cost Benefit Test – benefits > cost
c) Conservatism – revenue and assets
should be understated when in doubt
d) Industry Practice – usually used if
specialized businesses
Review of Basic Accounting
a. Accounting – process by which financial
information about a business is classified,
– recorded, summarized, interpreted, and
communicated to owners, managers, and
other interested parties
b. Financial Statements – periodic reports of
a firm’s financial positions and operating
results
Financial reports are used by parties:
a) Inside the Business (internal users):
a) owners
b) managers
c) employees
b) Outside the Business (external users)
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 a) Tax Authorities – BIR – regulate b) Life – ends when partners:
the taxes – to know if the taxes are withdraws, dies, or closes the firm
paid correctly c) Responsibility for business debts if
b) Suppliers – to determine whether firm is unable to pay – partners
the consumer can pay individually and jointly
c) Regulatory Agencies – SEC &
Types of partnership include professional
PSE – protecting the public -
services such as:
checks if the company is
following the standards a) Medical practices

d) Unions – evaluates if the b) Accounting Firms

companies could afford the c) Dental Practices

requested benefits d) Law Firms

e) Banks – to assess the company’s e) Architectural Firms

ability to pay Partners must agree upon: (Partnership

f) Customers – capability to supply
g) Investors & Potential Investors
– assess risks and returns
3 types of Business Entities
Agreement)
1. Amount each partner will contribute
to the business
2. Percentage of ownership of each

1. Sole proprietorship partner

3. Share of profits of each partner
a) Ownership – 1 owner
4. Duties each partner will perform
b) Life – ends when owner: is unable
5. Debts – the responsibility of each
to carry on, dies, or closes the firm
partner has for the partnership’s debts
c) Responsibility for business
debts if firm is unable to pay – 3. Corporation – publicly or privately owned,

Owner (extends to personal separate from their owners

property) a) Ownership – 1 or thousands

2. Partnership b) Life -Continues indefinitely; ends

when: business goes bankrupt,
a) Ownership – 2 or more owners
stockholders vote to liquidate

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 c) Responsibility for business debts if
firm is unable to pay – stockholders
can lose only the amount invested
• All forms of business entities are
considered separate entities (separate
economic entity – all types of business)
• However, the corporate is the only form
of business that is a separate legal entity
(corporation)

C. Auditor’s Report – gives comfort to the

users of financial information since auditors
check if the financial report is presented
using the accounting standards. Independent
accountant’s audit or review of a firm’s
financial statements

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9
 C. Understanding the Self
The Self from Various Perspectives
1. Philosophical Perspective
Ancient Philosophy (1000 BC to 500 AD)
• focuses on the existence of the soul
and the body
A. Pre-Socratic (the Milesians)
• “know thy self”
• Man must live and stand accdg to his
nature
• Man must look at himself
• “An unexamined life is not worth
living”
• We must answer these 2 fundamental
questions:
1. To find what? (what is your

• Cosmo-centric – centers on the purpose)

creation of the universe • Invitation to introspection:

Platonic Theory of
Philosophers:
reminiscence
• Thales - everything was created out • Allowing yourself to assess
of water your personal life
• Anaximander – Apeiron • Knowledge is within, inherit
(Boundless) we come from something in man; not outside
that is infinite. • Wisdom is learning to reflect
• Anaximenes – we came from air 2. By what means? (how will you
• Democritus – we came from an atom find your purpose in life)
• Heraclitus – everything was created • The socratic method:
from a fire Dialogue between the soul
• Anaxagoras – (Nous: Mind) our and itself
mind has the power to create • The soul is the thinking body
something not the brain and it must
• Pythagoras- Numbers communicate with oneself to
understand better
B. The Ancient Triumvirate
• Between a student and his
Philosophers: teacher
a) Socrates Two aspects of Reality

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 • Dualistic Reality: Body and Soul
1. Physical World – changeable,
transient, imperfect world of
senses/matter
2. Spiritual World – unchanging,
eternal, perfect world of
ideas/form
• Our Soul (Self)
- Strive for wisdom and perfection
- Reason is the soul’s tool to
achieve such state
- Unified, indissoluble, immortal
entity that remains the same over
time
- That is in the very likeness of the
divine
b) Aristotle
• The mind is a tabula rasa (a
blank tablet)
• Self is composed of matter and
form
• Matter (your personality) is in a
continuous process of developing
and becoming
• The process of completion is
through experiences
• Knowledge is acquired through
the senses
• Self comes from a first cause, the
source of all changes although
unchangeable itself (experience is
changeable)
• The goal of the human self is
reached in happiness through
moderation or balance of things
c) Plato
• 3 Part soul/self (Psyche)
1. Reason: the divine essence
that allows people to think
deeply, make wise choices,
and achieve a true
understanding of eternal
truths
2. Physical Appetite: accounts
for the basic biological needs
such as hunger, thirst, and
sexual desire
3. Spirit/Passion: accounts for
the basic emotions such as
love, anger, ambition,
aggressiveness, and empathy
• The 3 are in a dynamic
relationship with each other: in
agreement or in conflict
• But it is the responsibility of the
reason to restore harmony among
the three
• If there are disagreement between
the 3 there might be a personality
conflict

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 • Harmony: justice in the Medieval Philosophy (500 AD to
individual, social, and political
• Theo-centric – we exist because of
levels
something divine. Tried to merge
C. The Post-Aristote philosophical to religion

• Believes in the dualism Philosophers

• Maintains the dualism between body
1. St. Augustine
and soul
• Inspired from the works of Plato
• More ethical in the ideas: Moral
• Integrates Platonic Ideas with the
norms, attainment of happiness
tenets of Christianity
3 types of Philosophy • Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian
Philosophy of a Transcendent God
1. Stoicism (Zeno)
• In order for you to achieve union you
- Apathy or Indifference to pleasure
must have a union with God through
- when you try to control your
faith and reason
emotions that’s when you achieve
2. St. Thomas Aquinas
wisdom
• Inspired from the works of Aristotle
2. Hedonism (Aristippus)
- “Eat, drink, and be happy. For • Self-knowledge is dependent on our

tomorrow, you will die:” experience of the world around us

- They will do all things to achieve (objects in the environment)

what they want in life because • We don’t encounter ourselves as

they believe that you only live isolate minds or selves, but rather

once therefore you need to enjoy always as agents interacting with our

what you have in the present environment

3. Epicureanism (Epicurus) • The labels we attribute to ourselves

- Moderate Pleasure are taken from the things we

- Find the balance between encounter in our environment

Stoicism and Hedonism • Experiencing that something exists

- They would spend to reward doesn’t tell us what it is
themselves but also save up

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 • Knowing and learning about a thing • Thinking is correlated to the
requires a long process of spiritual self & the Physical body,
understanding. governed by laws of reason and
God’s will
Modern Philosophy (14th Century to the
• Pineal Gland connects the
early 19th century)
thinking self and the physical
• Genuine knowledge has to be based body (Dualism)
on independent rational inquiry 2. John Locke
and real-world experimentation, • Agreed with Aristotle and St.
rather than dependent on knowledge Thomas Aquinas
handed by authorities
• Tabula rasa – the human
• You need to come up with a rational mind is a blank slate
explanation to understand why our
• Knowledge originates from
personality exists
our experience
• Anthropocentric
• The self-endures because of a
- focuses on the person
memory
- thinkers begin to reject
• Conscious awareness and
scholastics’ excessive reliance on
memory of previous
authority
experiences are the keys to
- Period of radical social, political,
understanding the self
and intellectual developments
3. David Hume
Philosophers: • Impressions – basic sensations of
experience
1. Rene Descartes
• The way we see ourselves is
• “Cogito ergo sum” = “I think
because of other people’s
therefore I am”
perception that makes us who we
• Human identity: self-awareness
are
• The self if a thinking thing which
• Collection of different
can exist independently of the
perceptions
body
4. Immanuel Kant
• A priori concepts

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 • The self actively organizes all the • More humanist as a response to
sensations and thoughts into a the so-called alienation of the
picture that makes sense to each human person
one of us
Philosophers:
• Building up your identity based
on those simple sensation 1. Edmund Husserl (Father of
Phenomenology)
• Self as subject, not object
5. Sigmund Freud (Father of • We experience our self as a unity

Psychoanalysis) which the mental and physical are

seamlessly woven together
• The self has different layers
a) Conscious – freely show to • Without the mental state how can

other. Thoughts and feeling our physical state function

that we are aware of 2. Maurice Merleau-Ponty

b) Preconscious – experiences • “Lived body” – an entity that can

that are unconscious but could never be objectified.

become conscious with little • There is no duality of substance

effort but a dialectic of living being in

c) Unconscious – contains all its biological milieu”

drives, urges or instincts that • Mental and physical state are

are beyond our awareness but communicating
motivate our feelings, 3. Gilbert Ryle
thoughts, and behavior • The self is defined in terms of
behavior
Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th
• The self is a pattern of behavior,
century to Present)
the tendency for a person to
• Political Revolution behave in a certain way in certain
• Industrial Revolution circumstances
• Scientific advancements and • You are different when you are
growth of materialism with your friends and when you
• Theory of evolution are with your family

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 4. Paul Churchland & Patricia • A technique used to enhance the
Churchland individual’s perception on self
• Neurophilosophy and others
• Association of brain and the mind
• The physical brain gives us sense
of self

2. Sociological Perspective

• Sociology – Product of the society

• Classical Sociological Perspective –
the self is relatively stable set of
perceptions of who we are in relation
to a) Open/Arena – Area where you openly

• The self is socially constructed. It is communicate what you know about

shaped through interaction with other yourself to other people. Other people

people are aware of this also. No secret

• The individual is not a passive
participant but an active one
Models
1. The Looking Glass Self by Charles
Horton Cooley
• A person’s self grows out of their
social interaction with other people
b) Blindspot – you don’t know about
yourself but other people observe
about you.
c) Hidden/Façade – Something you
know about yourself but other people
doesn’t know about you. Your secrets
d) Unknown – You don’t know about
yourself and also other people don’t

• The views of ourselves comes from know about you. No communication

how others perceive you in this area

• Different views from parents, friends, 3. Psychological Perspective

teachers, and etc
• Psychology - based on
• How we believe others perceive us
psychoanalytic approach and
2. Johari Window by Joseph Luft and
cognitive construction
Harrington Ingham

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Models
1. Structure of the Self by Sigmund Freud
1. ID
• Pleasure Principle
• More on Hedonistic
• You act according to
impulse
• Animalistic nature of man
• Pleasure seeking part of the
personality
• You want to satisfy your urges
immediately
• If the id is not controlled it could
lead to destruction
2. Superego (Social Self)
• Idealistic Principle
• Incorporates all the value and
morals of society which are
learned from one’s parents and
others
• More on stoicism
3. Ego (Psychological Self)
• Reality Priniciple
• The only region of the mind in
contact with reality
• Constantly wants to reconcile the
irrational wants of the id and the
superego with realistic demands
of the world
• When the scale is out of balance,
it is the responsibility of the Ego
to mediate the conflict between
the ID and SuperEgo
• Weak ego will lead to anxiety
• To protect the ego from anxiety,
your we use defense mechanisms
Ego Defense Mechanism
a) Sublimation
• Healthiest form of Defense
Mechanism
• Suppression of unwanted impulses by
substituting it with a creative cultural
accomplishment
• e.g Writing songs after a failed
relationship
b) Regression
• The ego may revert back to an earlier
stage during times of stress or anxiety
• E.g. you will curl up on your bed
crying
• Doing things you feel safe in
c) Displacement
• Most common
• Redirecting unacceptable urges to
less threatening people or objects
• E.g throwing phone away when talo
sa games
d) Repression
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 • When the ego is threatened, it a) The me is the socialized aspect of the
unconsciously forgets or block person. Communicating with other
unpleasant feelings people
• You unconsciously forget some parts b) The I is the active aspect of the
of your life person. Normal you, freely.
• E.g traumas • Imaginary Audience – Adolescents are
e) Projection thought to believe that others are always
• Attributing the unwanted impulses to watching and evaluation them, and that
another person they are special and unique.

• you will transfer those thoughts to • Self-Concept – the mental representation

another person about yourself

• e.g when you find someone attractive 3. Real and Ideal Self by Carl Rogers
but you tease your friends to that
• A difference may exist between a
someone
person’s ideal self and actual
2. Functionalism by Willian James experience

• Focused on the operation of • Real Self – the self you know about
conscious activity like learning and you
thinking • Ideal Self – someone you want to
• Study of man’s adjustment to his become
environment • For a person to achieve self-
actualization they must be in a state of
The self as a Cognitive Construction
congruence
1. Symbolic Interactionism by George
4. Self as defined by Social Comparison
Herbert Mead
(Leon Festinger)
• Symbolic Interactionism – the self is
• Temporal Comparison – considering
created and developed through human
your present condition in relation to
intereaction
how you were in the past
• “I and the Me” self
• Social Comparison – Evaluating
• Two aspects of self awareness:
yourself in comparison to others.

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 • Social comparison depends on the
level of someone’s motivation, they
may have the tendency to compare
themselves with others either in an
upward or downward kind of
comparison
Two modes of social comparison
1. Upward social comparison
• When we compare ourselves with
those who we believe are better than
us
• Focus on the desire to improve our
current level of ability
• A highly motivated person tends to
engage in upward comparison
• People tend to choose to make these
comparisons rather than downward
2. Downward social comparison
• When we compare ourselves to others
who are worse off than ourselves
• Often centered on making ourselves
feel better about our abilities
• A person who is unhappy usually
engages in this to feel better about
themselves
Two modes of downward social
comparison
1. Passive Downward Comparison
• A person takes into consideration the
previous condition in making
comparison
• E.g a low performing student
compares themselves with a worse off
student
2. Active Downward Comparison
• A person compares themselves with
other by demeaning or causing harm
to them
• By derogating the target or causing
harm to them
Self-Evaluation and Self Enhancement
• Motivation plays a role in this model
and is manifested by self-evaluation
and self-enhancement
1. Self-evaluation – when someone looks
for positive traits in themselves based on
the best person, they compare themselves
with
2. Self enhancement – when the person
questions which aspects of themselves
need to be improve to reach the level of
goodness of the person, they are
comparing themselves with
Self Esteem
• Used to describe a person’s overall
sense of self-worth or personal value
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 • How much you appreciate and like
yourself
• Self esteem is often seen as a
personality trait, which means that it
tends to be stable and enduring

Reference Group

• A group to which an individual or

another group is compared
• Sociologists call any group that
individual use as a standard for
evaluating themselves and their own
behavior aa reference group

The creation of identities

• One’s identity must balance the need

to be similar to one’s reference group
with the need to be a unique
individual

4. Anthropological Perspective

• The self and person in contemporary

anthropology and the self being
embedded in culture

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