Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM- BE 14- 1STSEM-2021-2022

College: BUSINESS EDUCATION

Campus: BAYOMBONG ___

DEGREE PROGRAM BSBA COURSE NO. BE 14

SPECIALIZATION COURSE TITLE ECONOMIC STATISTICS

YEAR LEVEL 4 TIME FRAME 12 WK 5-8 IM 2

NO. NO.

I. UNIT TITLE/CHAPTER TITLE

Chapter 2: Introduction to Sampling

II. LESSON TITLE

Lesson 1: General Classifications of Collecting Data

Lesson 2: Types of Sampling
Lesson 3: Steps in Sampling
Lesson 4: Methods of Nonprobability Sampling
Lesson 5: Methods of Probability Sampling
Lesson 6: Types of Allocation

III. LESSON OVERVIEW

The statistical methods discussed thus far have been procedures for describing an economic
variable across elements or over a given period of time. These methods may systematically organize
large numbers of observations of an economic variable or distill those observations into a single measure
of a variable’s central tendency or dispersion. Other statistical methods describe how an economic
variable changes over time, whether it be through constructing an index number, calculating growth rates,
or estimating the secular trend of a time series. Such descriptive techniques are essential tools of
empirical analysis. In applying these methods, we have implicitly assumed that our data can be used to
describe the entire population under analysis. In actuality, however, social scientists typically rely on
sample data in their statistical analyses because of the prohibitive costs associated with collecting census
data for the entire population. Using sample data in our empirical analyses requires that we develop a
new set of statistical methods known as “statistical inference” methods. Such techniques will allow us to
make statements about a population based on a representative sample. And because we are now
working under conditions of incomplete information, statistical inference methods explicitly acknowledge
the possibility that any conclusions based on sample data may not reflect the underlying population
(Lewis, 2012).

IV. DESIRED LEARNING OUTCOMES

After reading this chapter, student will be able to:

1. Distinguish between census and sample survey;
2. Differentiate between probability and non-probability sampling;
3. Identify the different probability and non-probability sampling procedures;
4. Recognize the steps in sampling; and
5. Enumerate the different allocation types.

V. LESSON CONTENT
Chapter 2

Introduction to Sampling

Basic Concepts

In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 1 of 5
Prepared by: Aljanet M. Jandoc, PhD., EnP.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM- BE 14- 1STSEM-2021-2022
Population - refers to the entire set of individuals or objects of interest or the measurements
obtained from all individuals or objects of interest (Cabiles N. , 2013). A collection of all the elements under
consideration in a statistical study (Araneta, 2020).
Sample- a portion or part of the population of interest (Cabiles N. , 2013). A subset of the population
(Hanneman, Kposowa, & Riddle, 2013). A part or subset of the population from which the information is
collected (Araneta, 2020).

Recall the given example in Lecture 1:

Population Sample
Whole Cake Slice
Wheat Harvest Sack of Wheat
Youth Students
Source: (Cabiles N. , 2013)

Population vs. Sample

A population is the complete collection of all elements. A sample is a subset of elements drawn
from a population. A parameter is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a
population. A statistic is a numerical measurement describing some characteristic of a sample. A census
is the collection of data from every element in a population; a sample is a subset of a population (Mathai
& Haubold, 2018).

Task: To determine the average birth weight of babies born to 18-year-old mothers in Municipality A
(Araneta, 2020):

Population: Set of 18-year-old mothers in Municipality A

Sample: Subset of 18-year-old mothers drawn from the entire set of 18-year-old mothers in Municipality A

General Classifications of Collecting Data

Census - method of gathering the information of interest or pertinent data from every unit in the population
(Araneta, 2020).

Sample Survey - method of gathering data from a small but representative cross section of the population
(Araneta, 2020).

Advantages of Sample Survey over a Census

1. Speed and Timeliness
2. Economy
3. Feasibility
4. Quality & Accuracy

Sampling - process of choosing representative portion of the population under study in a specified manner
so that inference can be done about the population characteristics based on statistical theory (Araneta,
2020). Ideally, we want the sample to mirror the population; that is, we would like an ideal representative
sample (Lewis, 2012).

Types of Sampling

Probability Sampling - a sampling procedure that gives every element of the population a (known) nonzero
chance of being selected in the sample (Araneta, 2020).

Non-probability Sampling - a sampling procedure such that elements are selected in nonrandom manner
(Araneta, 2020).

Probability Sampling vs. Non-Probability Sampling

Whenever possible, probability sampling is used because there is no objective way of assessing the
reliability of inferences under non-probability sampling (Araneta, 2020).
In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 2 of 5
Prepared by: Aljanet M. Jandoc, PhD., EnP.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM- BE 14- 1STSEM-2021-2022
Population or Sampling Frame

Population is the group you want to generalize to (e.g. professional workers around the world).
Sampling Frame is a list from where you can draw your sample. Listing of all individual units in the
population (e.g. employees at 1-2 local companies). Sample is the actual units selected for observation
(e.g. a random selection of employees at each firm) (Araneta, 2020).

Purpose of Sampling - to gather data about the population in order to make an inference that can be
generalized to the population (Araneta, 2020).

Considerations - Is the sample representative? Is the inference generalizable (Araneta, 2020)?

Mistakes to be conscious of:

 Sampling error
 Sampling bias
Sampling Error - The resulting difference between the sample statistic and the corresponding population
parameter is called the sampling error (Lewis, 2012). It occurs because only a subset of the population is
surveyed. To avoid sampling error, a census of the entire population must be taken. To control for sampling
error, researchers use various sampling methods and increase the sample size (Araneta, 2020).

Sampling Bias - occurs when the technique used tends to favor one part of the population. Some members
of the (intended) population are more likely to be selected in a sample than others (Araneta, 2020).

Steps in Sampling

1. Define the population to be sampled.

2. Determine the sample size.
3. Control for bias and error.
4. Select the sample.
a. Sampling method
b. Eligibility criteria (inclusion and exclusion criteria)

Methods of Non-Probability Sampling

 Convenience Sampling
 Quota Sampling
 Judgment Sampling
 Snowball Sampling

Convenience Sampling - selects sampling units that are convenient to get information from. One simply
reaches out and takes the cases that are at hand, continuing the process until the sample reaches the
designated size. Example: A professor in a university wanting to make some generalization about college
students, studies his or her classes (Araneta, 2020).

Quota Sampling – Aims to create a sample where the groups are proportional to the population. Population
is divided into groups and the samples are gathered from each group to meet a quota. Example (Araneta,
2020):

Source: (Araneta, 2020)

In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 3 of 5
Prepared by: Aljanet M. Jandoc, PhD., EnP.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM- BE 14- 1STSEM-2021-2022

Judgement Sampling - selects a sample in accordance with an expert’s judgment and involves “hand
picking” of sampling units. Example: If a sample of 30 students is to be selected from a class of 150
students for analyzing the smoking habits of tobacco, the researcher would choose 30 students who, in is
opinion, are representative of the class (Araneta, 2020).

Snowball/Referral Sampling - the researcher asks the initial subject to identify another potential subject
who also meets the criteria of the research. It is usually done when there is a very small population size
(Araneta, 2020). Example: Meeting a homeless person, interviewing that person, and then asking him or
her to introduce you to other homeless people you might interview (Araneta, 2020).

When to Use Non-Probability Sampling (Araneta, 2020):

 When demonstrating that a particular trait exists in the population.

 When the researcher aims to do a qualitative, pilot, or exploratory study.
 When randomization is impossible like when the population is almost limitless.
 When the research does not aim to generate results that will be used to create generalization
pertaining to the entire population.
 When the researcher has limited budget, time and workforce.
 In an initial study which will be carried out again using a randomized, probability sampling.

Methods of Probability Sampling

Probability Sampling or Random Sampling - In random sampling, each member of the population has an
equal chance of being selected. Random sampling provides us with the best representative sample in
which all groups of the population are approximately proportionately represented. Careless sampling can
easily result in a biased sample which may be useless (Mathai & Haubold, 2018). It can specify
participant’s chance of being included in the sample (Araneta, 2020).
1. Simple Random Sampling - sampling technique wherein every item of the population has an equal
and likely chance of being selected in the sample (Araneta, 2020).
2. (1-in-k) Systematic Sampling - researcher chooses elements from a target population by selecting
a random starting point and selects sample members after a fixed ‘sampling interval’. Example: A
local NGO is seeking to form a systematic sample of 500 volunteers from a population of 5000,
they can select every 10th person in the population to build a sample systematically (Araneta,
2020).
3. Stratified Random Sampling - population is divided into multiple non-overlapping, homogeneous
groups called strata. Strata are formed based on the member’s shared attributes and
characteristics (income, sex, education, etc.). Example: Instructors teaching research methods are
interested in knowing what study techniques their students are utilizing. Rather than assessing all
students, the researchers randomly select 25 students from each of the year levels to comprise
their sample (Araneta, 2020).
4. Cluster Sampling - a method of sampling where a sample of distinct groups, or clusters, of elements
is selected and then a census of every element in the selected clusters is taken. Similar to strata
in stratified sampling, clusters are non-overlapping sub populations which together comprise the
entire population. Unlike strata, however, clusters are preferably formed with heterogeneous,
rather than homogeneous elements so that each cluster will be typical of the population. Example:
In a survey of grade 10 students at a certain high school, we first select a sample of classrooms or
sections, then we collect information from every student in the randomly selected classrooms
(Araneta, 2020).
5. Multistage Sampling - sampling is carried out in several stages such that the sample size gets
reduced at each stage. The whole population is divided in first stage sampling units from which a
random sample is selected. The selected 1st stage unit is then subdivided into 2nd stage units
from which another sample is selected. The 3rd, 4th, and so on, stage sampling are done in the
same manner if necessary. Example: Researchers used multistage sampling to survey teachers
living in a certain region on their attitudes and opinions towards adolescent food and nutrition
education. The first stage was a simple random sample selection of 25 high schools in that region.
The second stage was randomly selecting 15 teachers from each of those 25 schools who were
then interviewed and given questionnaire (Araneta, 2020).
In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 4 of 5
Prepared by: Aljanet M. Jandoc, PhD., EnP.
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya
INSTRUCTIONAL MODULE
IM No.:IM- BE 14- 1STSEM-2021-2022
Types of Allocation

Equal Allocation is used when the total number of units in the strata are more or less the same. When the
stratum variability and cost per sampling unit do not vary much from stratum to stratum. When the stratum
variability and cost per sampling unit do not vary much from stratum to stratum. Proportional Allocation is
used when the stratum sizes vary from stratum to stratum. Optimum (Neyman) allocation is used when
the stratum variability or stratum proportion is expected to vary from stratum to stratum (Araneta, 2020).

VI. LEARNING ACTIVITIES (50 points)

Identify which of these types of sampling is used: random, stratified, systematic, cluster,
convenience. Justify your answer.
1) A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received (5 points).
A) Random
B) Systematic
C) Convenience
D) Cluster
E) Stratified

2) A pollster uses a computer to generate 500 random numbers, then interviews the voters corresponding
to those numbers (5 points).
A) Stratified
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Systematic
E) Random

3) Define random sample. Explain why this is important in design of experiments (15 points).

4) Define sampling error (10 points).

5) Explain the difference between stratified and cluster sampling (15 points).

VII. ASSIGNMENT
A market researcher obtains a sample of 50 people by standing outside a store and asking every
20th person who enters the store to fill out a survey until she has 50 people. What sampling method is
being used here? Will the resulting sample be a random sample? Will it be a simple random sample?
Explain your thinking.

VIII. EVALUATION (Note: Not to be included in the student’s copy of the IM)
IX. REFERENCES

Araneta. (2020). 3 Webinars of Guide to Writing a Health Research Proposal Modules: Statisticsl Analysis.
Department of Science and Technology VI and Western Visayas Health Research and
Development Consortium. Iloilo: Department of Science and Technology VI and Western Visayas
Health Research and Development Consortium.

Cabiles, N. (2013). Statistics for Economists. Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City.

Hanneman, R. A., Kposowa, A. J., & Riddle, M. D. (2013). Basic Statistics for Social Research. California,
US: Jossey-Bass A Wiley Imprint.

Lewis, M. (2012). Applied Statistics for Economists. New York, USA: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.

Mathai, A. M., & Haubold, H. J. (2018). Probability and Statistics: A Course for Physicist and Engineers.
Germany: De Gruyter.

In accordance with Section 185, Fair Use of Copyrighted Work of Republic Act 8293, the copyrighted works included in this material may be reproduced for educational
purposes only and not for commercial distribution
NVSU-FR-ICD-05-00 (081220) Page 5 of 5
Prepared by: Aljanet M. Jandoc, PhD., EnP.