marina gariSvili, mariam xoferia

romis samarTlis safuZvlebi

Tbilisi

2010

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`yvela gza romSi midis~ _ ambobs erTi xatovani gamonaTqvami. romSi mimaval
mravalricxova gzaTa Soris yvelaze cnobili iyo uZvelesi via Latina – laTinuri
gza, romelic qalaqSi Sedioda samxreT-aRmosavleTidan, laTinuri karibWis mxridan,
da, karakalas Termebis maxloblad, uerTdeboda via Appia-s (apiusis gzas). orive
magistrals ki saxelganTqmuli palatinisaken mivyavarT – Septimontium-s
(SvidborcvianTa) Soris, yvelaze mniSvnelovani romauli borvcisaken. palatinis
borcvis ukan, Tvalwin iSleba mudmivi qalaqis guli – romauli forumi, aq
Tavmoyrilia romaul RvTaebaTa taZrebis umravlesoba, maT Soris dioskuriebis,
konkordiis, saturninusis (romelSic ganTavsebuli iyo saxelmwifo xazina da
arqivi, agreTve tabulariumi – romis saxelmwifos oficialuri dokumentaciis –
gasanTluli xis dafebis, papirusis gragnilebisa da pergamentis sacavi) salocavebi
da romaelTaTvis yvelaze sayvareli da saTayvanebeli qalRmerTis – vestas taZari.
forumi iyo sabazro da savaWro rigebis moedanic, sadac asrulebda sakuTar
mogzaurobas mTeli samyarodan _ britaneTidan-indoeTamde da evropis
CrdiloeTidan-CrdiloeT afrikamde _ wamosuli saqoneli. amavdroulad, forumi iyo
temperamentiT aRsavse, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis centri: swored am moedanze
xdeboda is movlenebi, romlebmac gadamwyveti roli iTamaSes msoflio istoriis
Semdgom ganviTarebaSi. aqve aRimarTa rostrebi – oratorTa tribuna, romelsac
amSvenebda, nadavlis saxiT xelSi Cagdebuli, mtris xomaldebis cxvirebi (rostra).
forumis am nawilidan mimarTavdnen xalxs saxelganTqmuli oratorebi – apius
klavdiusi usinaTlo, katoni ufrosi, gaius iulius keisari, hortenzius hortalusi;
aqedan ismenda romaeli xalxi didi ciceronis mgznebare gamosvlebs da aqve
gamofines misma jalaTebma, markus antoniusis brZanebiT, sikvdiliT dasjili
mWermetyvelis mokveTili Tavi da xelebi.

forumis suliskveTebiT ganimsWvala civilizaciis Semdgomi istoria. man Tanabrad

SeiTvisa, samyarosaTvis Cveuli, sikeTe da boroteba, movlenaTa logika da
mistiuroba, adamianTa sidiade da fuWi gancdebi. am moedanze iyo ganTavsebuli
kuria – sabWos Senoba, romelSic sxdomebs marTavda romauli senati. aqve iyo
komiciebic – saxalxo krebebis Catarebis adgili, sadac irCevdnen umaRles
Tanamdebobis pirebsa da xalxi xmas aZlevda umniSvnelovanes kanonebs. forumi iqca
tribunis adgiladac. swored aqedan mimarTavdnen plebs tribuni plebis (xalxis
tribuni), momavalSi ki – kurulis savarZelSi msxdomi, konsulebi, pretorebi da
kurulis edilebi. forumma saxeli imiTac gaiTqva, rom maszed iqna gamofenili
uZvelesi leges duodecem tabularum (xis firfitebze amotvifruli kanonTa teqsti,
romlis originali ganadgurda, galebis mier romis darbevisas.).

romis saxelwmifoebriobis istoriis ganuyofel nawilad iqca, Zveli samyaros

udidesi monapovari – romis samarTali, romlis gareSec sruliad warmoaudgenelia
Tanamedrove civilizaciebis kerZo samarTlis arseboba. swored romis samarTlis
gavrcelebiT moxda, romaelTa mxridan, samyaros meoregzis dapyroba. amitomac,
damkvidrda mosazreba, rom romma samgzis daipyro msoflio – pirvelad legionebis
meSveobiT, meored – sakuTari samarTalganviTarebiT, mesamed ki – msoflio
religiis – qristianobis SemoReba-gavrcelebiT.
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romis kerZo samarTlis (ius privatum) ganuyofel nawils warmoadgenda romauli Temis
– civitas Romani samarTali – ius civile da romis imperiaSi Semavali mravalricxovani
xalxis samarTali – ius gentium. maTi definiciebis umravlesoba ki swored romis
forumze iqna dadgenili, xolo comitia-ze arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi – praetor
(pretori), censor (cenzori), aediles (edili), quaestor (qvestori) uzrunvelyofdnen
romis samarTlis moTxovnaTa upirobo aRsrulebasa da samarTaldamrRvevTa mkacr
dasjas.

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursis mizani da daniSnulbaa Seaswavlos,

iuridiuli fakultetis studentebs, romis saxelmwifos ganviTarebis ZiriTadi
etapebi da, TiToeuli etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, saxelmwifo meqanizmis
Taviseburebani, agreTve romis sajaro (ius publicum) da kerZo samarTlis (ius privata)
ZiriTadi institutebis Camoyalibebisa da evoluciis procesi; ganumartos maT, Tu
ratom moxda romis samarTlis recefcia – dasavleT evropis qveynebSi misi ZiriTadi
debulebebis damkvidreba da, adgilobrivi pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigeba. ganaTlebuli iuristisaTvis
savaldebuloa specialuri terminologiis Rrma da safuZvliani coda: iuridiul
terminTa umravlesoba ki laTinuri warmoSobisaa: iustitia, iurisprudentia, servitutes,
ususfructus, occupatio, obligatio, contractus, testamentum, consensu, conventio, advocatus, respublica,
consul, censor, delicta da sxva.

Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli sistemebi

romis samarTlis safuZvlebis saswavlo kursi Seiswavlis Zveli romis

samarTlebriv sistemas, romlis safuZvlezec Zvel romaelebsa da romSi mcxovreb
ucxoelebs Soris samarTlebrivi urTierTobebi regulirdeboda. romis saxelmwifos
farglebSi samarTlis Tanamedrove sistemisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis Tanaxmadac,
kerZo da sajaro samarTali mkveTradaa erTmaneTisagan gamijnuli, Zveli romaelebi
samarTlis sistemas erT mTlianobad ganixilavdnen da iuridiuli institutebis
sxvadasxva aspeqts mxolod im socialuri rolis mixedviT adgendnen, Tu romelSic
samarTlis subieqtebi gamodiodnen da romel sazogadoebriv avtoritets
uzrunvelyofda adamianTa Soris tipur kavSirTa normatiuli xasiaTi. Tu saqme
exeboda calkeul pirTa _ privates _ (sityvidan privus gancalkevebuli, raimes
uqoneli) individualur Tu saojaxo interesebs, maSin saxeze iyo kerZo
urTierTobebi, xolo subieqtebis formalizebuli neba, romelic maT kavSirebs
gansazRvravda, kerZo kanonad (lex privata) iTvleboda. rodesac sakiTxi romaeli
xalxis, kviritebis, saerTo interesebs (Populus Romanus Quiritium) exeboda, maSin am
urTierToebebis, anu sajaro interesebis, normatiul safuZvels mTeli xalxis
formalizebuli neba _ sajaro kanoni (lex publica) warmoadgenda.

urTierTobis monawileTa Semadgenlobis mixedviT, romauli samoqalaqo Temis

(civitas) samarTali (ius civile), romaelTaTvis mkacrad erovnuli, kvirituli samarTali
iyo, xolo zogadsavaldebulo da sajarod mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT, kerZo
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samarTlebrivi urTierTobis samarTlebriv safuZvlebsa da farglebs gansazRvravda.
normaSemoqmedebiTi wesebi aRniSnuli normatiuli sistemis safuZvelze
regulirdeboda, romelic moicavda: religiur ritualebze, mmarTvelobis
sayovelTao-saxalxo organoebis (senati da magistratura) saqmianobas,
marTlzomieri moTxovnebis sasamarTlo dacvis formebs, ucxoelebTan urTierTobis
principebs, piris statusis Secvlis wesebs, romaeli moqalaqeobisa da qorwinebis
gansazRvris normebs, moqalaqeTa Soris (rogorc sicocxleSi, ise maTi
gardacvalebis Semdeg) qonebrivi urTierTobis (sanivTo, valdebulebiTi,
memkvidreobiTi samarTali) myar formebs.

$1. civiluri samarTali (ius civile)

uZveles romaul samarTals, erT-erTi mkvidri tomis kviritebis (Quiritium)

saxelwodebis mixedviT, kvirituli samarTali ewodeboda. es saxelwodeba uZveles
garigebebSi terminad damkvidrda da gansakuTrebiT im SemTxvevebSi gamoiyeneboda,
rodesac saqme nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas (sakuTreba kvirituli samarTlis
mixedviT dominius ex iure Quiritium) exeboda. mogvianebiT, samarTlis am sistemas
civiluri samarTali (ius civile) ewoda, riTac xazi gaesva romis moqalaqeTa
samarTlis mkacrad erovnul xasiaTs (samarTlis viwro gagebiT). sakanonmdeblo
doneze civiluri samarTliT kerZo samarTlis viwro erovnuli sistema
regulirdeboda; farTo gagebiT ki, civiluri samarTali yvela komentars moicavda,
romelic romaelma iuristebma, XII dafis kanonTa sistemasTan erTad, Seqmes.

$2. pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium)

samarTlis civiluri sistemis Tanadroulad, TandaTanobiT samarTlis axali

sistema _ pretoruli samarTali (ius praetorium) _ Camoyalibda. drois kvalobaze,
monaTmflobeluri sistemisa da ekonomikis ganviTarebis Sedegad, gabatonebuli
socialuri fenis xelSi Tavi moiyara vaWrobiTa da mevaxSeobiT miRebulma
kapitalma, msxvilma saadgilmamulo sakuTrebam, ris safuZvelzec socialuri
dapirispireba gamwvavda. Zveli civiluri samarTlis dadgenilebebi, rogorc
raodenobrivi, ise xarisxobrivi TvalsazrisiT, axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs
veRar pasuxobda. aRniSnuli xarvezebi saswrafo aRmofxvras saWiroebda, romlis
gamosworebac sasamarTlo magistratebma _ pretorebma _ iTaves.

pretoruli samarTali Tanminmdevrulad iqmneboda, rasac Sedegad mohyva ZiriTad

pretoruli ediqtebis safuZvleze Seqmnili, mTeli rigi axali institutebi,
romlebic samarTlebrivi dacvis axali saSualebebiT aRiWurva. civiluri samarTali
pretoruli samarTlis sistemas arc cvlida da arc auqmebda, piriqiT, mis
paralelurad iqmneboda da masTan erTad arsebobda.

$3. xalxis samarTali (ius gentium)

civiluri samarTali gamoiyeneboda mxolod romis moqalaqeebis mimarT. is pirebi,

romlebic romaul Tems ar ganekuTvnebodnen, mtrebad iTvlebodnen da samarTlebriv
dacvas ar eqvemdebarebodnen. warmoebisa da sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis
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ganviTarebis kvalobaze, ucxoelebis ZiriTadi kerZo uflebebis (sakuTrebis ufleba,
xelSekrulebis dadebis ufleba, memkvidreobis miReba da sxva) aRiareba da dacva
savaldebelo gaxda, ris safuZvelze samarTlis axali sistema, xalxis samarTali
(ius gentium) Seiqmna.

civiluri samarTali ara marto pretorul samarTals, aramed samarTlis kidev erT
saxes _ xalxis samarTals _ upirispirdeboda. romis samarTlis istoriaSi es
sistema yvelaze originaluri movlena gaxldaT.

istoriuli ganviTarebis Sedegad am sistemaSi sxvadasxva elementi gaerTianda.

Tavdapirvelad, xalxis samarTlis cnebaSi moiazreboda is uZvelesi samarTali,
romlis mixedviTac ucxo TemebTan romaelTa urTierTobebi wesrigdeboda. kerZod,
qorwinebis sakiTxi (ius conubium) da vaWrobis ufleba (ius commercium). mogvianebiT,
samarTlis am sistemam SeiTvisa is CveulebiTi samarTali, romelic praqtikulad
gamoiyeneboda savaWro urTierTobebisas. es iyo zogadi xasiaTis, kerZod, yovelgvari
formalurobisagan Tavisufali sasaqonlo gacvla-gamocvlis garigebebi, laTinTa
kavSiris wevrTa tomobrivi msgavseba da mWidro ekonomikuri kavSirebi. sabolood,
romaelTa msoflio batonobam, xalxis samarTlis meSveobiT, imperiis sxvadasxva
nawilSi moqmedi savaWro institutebi erTiani samarTlebrivi sistemaSi moaqcia.

Ius gentium gaxda universaluri samarTlis sinonimi, romelic, erTi mxriv, ius civile-s,
xolo, meore mxriv, romis imperiis saqonelbrunvaSi monawile xalxTa erovnuli
samarTlis sistemebs daupirispirda. vinaidan ius gentium-is normebs romaeli pretori
mxolod romSi iyenebda da romSi moqmed samarTlad rCeboda.

Tu pretori miiCnevda, rom modave mxaris interesebi samarTliani iyo, magram misi
dacva civiluri samarTlis normebiT ver ganxorcieldeboda, maSin pretori
gascemda faqtebze damyarebul (in factum conceptae) sasarCelo formulas, romelic
saerTaSoriso vaWrobisa da saqonelbrunvis Cveulebis princips efuZneboda. amgvarad
Camoyalibda samarTlis axali sistema, romelic srulad Seesabameboda yofiT
pirobebs. is SemuSavebeli iqna sasamarTlo magistratebis praqtikuli saqmianobis
Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze da xSirad savaWro Cveulebebs
efuZneboda.

mkacrad formaluri da naklebad mobiluri civiluri samarTlisgan gansxvavebiT,

xalxis samarTali ukeT da swrafad Seewyo mzard socialur moTxovnebs. ZirZveli
tradiciebisagan Tavisufali ius gentium-iT ganviTarebuli savaWro urTierTobebi
regulirdeboda, romlis monawile mxareebi romaelebi da sxva eris warmomadgenlebi
iyvnen. amrigad, ius gentium-i universalur samarTlad iqca im TvalsazrisiT, rom
komerciuli urTierTobis dasaregulireblad savaWro brunvis nemismieri monawile
mxaris mimarT (maTi moqalaqeobis miuxedavad) gamoyeneba.

civiluri samarTlisa da xalxis samarTlis urTierTsapirispiro dualizmi maT

Serwymas ver ganapirobebda. samarTlis unificirebis procesiT dainteresebuli iyo
romauli sazogadoeba, romelic dapyrobili qveynebis yvela olqSi samoqalaqo da
savaWro brunvis gafarToebas eswrafoda. aRniSnuli procesis warmatebiT
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ganviTarebas uSualod uwyobda xels peregrinebisaTvis romis moqalaqeobis miniWeba.
sabolood, pretoruli samarTlis, CveulebiTi samarTalisa da zogadad
iurisprudenciis aqtiurma Zalisxmevam ius civile-sa da ius gentium-is Serwyma ganapiroba.

ganviTarebuli ius civile-s mxardaWeriTa da TanadgomiT, pretoruli samarTali

sazogadoebriv yofaSi faqtobrivad ius gentium-is principebs amkivrebda.

sasaqonlo-savaWro urTierTobis wiaRSi amave mimarTebiT moqmedi axali CveulebiTi

samarTali gansakuTrebiT uwyobda xels ius gentium-is ganviTarebas. qr. Sobamde 50
wliT adre xsenebuli samarTlis axalma axsna-ganmarteba _ nova interpretatio iuris-ma
wina planze iuridiuli garigebis yvelaze arsebiTi elementis _ nebis _ mniSvneloba
wamoswia. Ius gentium-is ganviTarebis meore arsebiTi faqtori e.w eqstraordinaluri
kognicia (davebis gadawyvetis Tavisufali forma) aRmoCnda (amaze saubari qvemoT
gveqneba).

gansakuTrebuli simkacriTa da formalizmiT ius civile saojaxo-memkvidreobiT

urTierTobebze zemoqmedebda, rasac ver vityviT ius gentium-ze. samagierod, moZravi
qonebis brunvis farTo sfero ius gentium-is gavleniT viTardeboda. Ius gentium-is
swrafi ganviTarebis maCvenelad romaelma iuristebma misi regulirebis sferoSi
monobis institutis Setana miiCnies. Ius gentium-i gansakuTrebul zegavlenas
saxelSekrulebo urTierTobebze axdenda, ris Sedegadac civluri samarTlisagan
gansxvavebuli axali tipis xelSekrulebebi Seiqmna, romlebic, yovelgvari sazeimo
ritualebisa da formalobebis gareSe, sada, martiv SeTanxmebebs efuZneboda. xalxis
samarTlis zegavlena ius civile-ze ormxrivi iyo: 1. dadgenili institutebi ius civile-m
wrafad STanTqa, 2. amavdroulad Zveli civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli
normebi xalxis samarTalSi aisaxa. romauli ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze,
aRniSnuli procesi sul ufro viTardeboda; amis gamo Tavad romaelebi ius gentium-sa
da ius civile-s Tanabar mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Ius gentium-is Sesaxeb Teoriuli
Sexedulebebis SemuSavebaze didi gavlena moaxdena berZnuli filosofiis
doqtrinam, kerZod, aristoteles moZRvrebam, romelic erTmaneTisagan mijnavda
bunebiT da kanonier (ius naturale, ius legitimum) samarTals. romaelma iuristebma
mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes aRniSnuli doqtrinis srulyofa-ganviTarebis
saqmeSi. Tumca maTTvis ius gentium-i yovelTvis wminda romaul da ara ucxo
samarTlis sistemad miiCneoda.

Teoriulad romaeli iuristebi samarTals or sfeord _ civilur da xalxis

samarTlad _ yofdnen. am dayofas ciceronic iziarebda. samarTlis dayofis
TvalsazrisiT, axali safuZvlebi Semoitana gaiusma, romelsac civiluri samarTali
kanonmdeblobis nayofad miaCnda da igi mis bunebiTi gonis mier (ratio naturalis) mier
Seqmnil ius gentium-s upirispirebda.

romael iuristTa mier Semqnili axali Teoriis Tanaxmad, xalxis samarTali ara
civilur samarTals upirispirdeboda, aramed bunebiT samarTals (stoelTa
filosofiis mixedviT), romlis Tanaxmadac, bunebiTi samarTliT yvela adamiani
Tanasworia _ iure naturae omnes homines aequales sunt. principatis xanaSi aequitas
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(samarTlianoba) _ civlur samarTalTan erTad xalxis samarTlis dapirispireba. Ius
aequum-iT (samarTliani samarTali anu aequitas) mkacri samarTali (ius strictum)
xorcieldeboda. iuristTa praqtikul saqmianobaSi samarTlianobis principi
damkvidrda. marTalia, iuristebi Tvals xuWavdnen iseT siboroteze, rogoric
monoba da mepatroneebis mier Tavisufali glexobis eqspluatacia iyo, mainc
aqtiurad amkvidrebdnen samarTlianobis princips, romelic samarTlis sferoSi
kanonis winaSi yvelas udavo TanasworobiT civiluri samarTlis moTxovnaTa
simkacres amsubuqebda. didi xnis manZilze kerZo samarTlis sferoSi
samarTlianobis principi iuristebis mier, wminda empiriuli (SemecnebiTi) da
praqtikuli mosazrebebiT, gonebisa da samarTlianobis mzard moTxovnilebebisadmi
ltolvad aRiqmeboda. respublikis bolo periodSi ki, sakuTrebis ufleba bunebiTi
samarTlianobis princips efuZneboda. amis Taobaze xazgasmiTaa aRniSnuli
digestebSi (D.40,1,9,3): bunebiT samarTlianobas ise araferi Seesabameba, rogorc
samarTliT dadgenili mesakuTris neba. samarTlianobis principTan absolutur
Seusabamobad ganixileboda raime sargeblis motyuebiT (dolus) miReba, romlis
sapirispirodac keTilsindisiereba bona fides miiCneoda. aseTi principiT moqmedebdnen
pretoris ediqtis miRebisas, riTac aixsneba, ediqtsa da pretoruli samarTlis
mraval debulebaSi ius aequum-is arsebobis sixSire. pretoruli samarTlis mraval
debulebas ediqtis komentatorebi swored samarTlianobis principis safuZvelze
ganmartavdnen.

$4. bunebiTi samarTali (ius naturale)

Ius gentium-is zemoaRniSnuli gageba romaelma iuristebma imdenad ganavrces, rom

respublikis xanis bolo periodSi arsobrivad igi ius naturale-s dauaxloves.
ciceroni iyo pirveli, vinc bunebiTi samarTali zneobis moTxovnad gansazRvra; misi
mtkicebiT, samarTali bunebis mier dadgenil ucvlel zneobasa da kanons
emyareboda.

ulpianes azriT, xSir SemTxvevaSi, kerZo sakuTrebis uflebac bunebiT samarTals

efuZneboda. bunebiTi samarTlis Sesaxeb misi Sexeduleba yvelaze srulyofili iyo
da farTo gagebiT aRiqmeboda. ulpianes Tanaxmad, bunebiTi samarTlis moTxovna,
zogadad, sicocxleze vrceldeboda, xolo xalxis samarTlis moqmedebis areali
mxolod adamianebiT ifargleboda. digestebSi vkiTxulobT: xalxis samarTali
vrceldeba mTel kacobriobaze. amdenad, ioli gasagebia, rom igi gansxvavdeba
bunebiTi samarTlisagan, romelic yvela sulierze vrceldeba, xalxis samarTali ki
mxoldo adamianTa urTierTobebs moicavs. (D.1.1.1.4)

Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi

Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis wyaro gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier

sakuTari nebis gamoxatvis formas. Sesabamisad, samarTlis wyaroebSi asaxulia
qveynis politikuri organizaciis oficialuri saxelmwifoebrivi neba, romelic

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erTnairad misaRebi da savaldebuloa rogorc sazogadoebis yvela fenis, ise
saxelmwifoebrivi institutebisaTvis. Tanamedrove gagebiT, samarTlis ZiriTadi
wyaroebia: Cveuleba da CveulebiTi samarTli, normatiuli aqtebi, sasamarTlo da
iuridiuli precedentebi, doqtrina, samarTalSegneba da samarTlebrivi ideologia.
Tumca, sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi samarTlis wyaros mimarT gansxvavebuli
damokidebulebis gamo, zemoCamoTvlili samarTlis ZiriTad wyaroebad yovelTvis
rodi ganixileboda. Zvel romSi civilizaciis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapze
samarTlis wyaroTa didi mravalferovnebis gamo, maTi rolisa da savaldebulo
Zalis mimarT gansxvavebuli damokidebuleba arsebobda. Zveli romis civilizaciis
istoriis Seswavlam, samarTlis istorikosebs SesaZlebloba misca
samarTalganviTarebis Semdegi periodebi gamoeyoT:

1. arqauli xana – qr. Sobamde 753 _ 367w.

2. wina klasikuri periodi – qr. Sobamde 367w.-dan qr. Sobis 17w.
3. klasikuri iurisprudenciis epoqa _ qr. Sobis 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 an 305w.w.
4. postklasikuri periodi IV–Vss.
VI saukunis bizantiis imperatoris iustiniane didis saxelsa da moRvaweobasTan
dakavSirebuli e.w. iustinianes samarTalSemoqmedeba calke ganxilvis sagania. es
periodi moicavs iustinianes mmarTvelobis xanas 529-535 wlebsa da Semdeg, TiTqmis
30 wlis ganmavlobaSi e.w. iustinianes krebulSi Setanili cvlilebebisa da
damatebebis, anu samarTlebrivi (sakanonmdeblo) novaciaTa epoqas, romlis Sedegad
iustinianes sakanonmdeblo krebulis kidev erTi, meoTxe nawili, e.w. novelebi
Seiqmna. amrigad, Zveli romis samarTlis wyaroTa Seswavla mizanSewonilia swored
aRniSnuli periodebis mixedviT, vinaidan TiToeuli maTgani, momdevno epoqasTan
SedarebiT, mniSvnelovani TaviseburebebiT xasiaTdeba.

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr. Sobamde 753-367ww.)

Ius civile (civluri samarTali); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); ius sacrum (religiuri
samarTali); ius commercium (savaWTo samarTali); pontifices (qurumi); interpretatio pontificium
(qurumis ganmarteba); familia (ojaxi); fides (erTguleba); legisactiones (kanonieri sarCeli);
aequum (samarTliani); fas (religiuri wesrigi); ius dicere, iuris dictio (sasamarTlo
xelisufleba); curia (kuria); comitia curiata (kuriis saxalxo kreba); leges regiae (reqsebis
kanonebi); populus (xalxi); comitia centuriata (centuriis saxalxo kreba); res publica
(saxalxo krebebis suvereniteti, respublika); lex publica, lex rogata (sakaro kanoni); lex
privata (kerZo kanoni); consul (konsuli); imperium (uzenaesi Zalaufleba); patricii
(patricebi); plebs (plebeebi); civitas (Temi); hostes (mteri).

qr. Somabde 753-367 ww. ori simboluri TariRia, romlebic Zvel romaelTa
sazogadoebis samarTlebrivi organizaciis tradiciebs asaxavs. aRniSnuli
tradiciebi jer kidev im periodidan iRebs saTaves, roca apeninis naxevarkunZuli
italikebis tomebiT dasaxlebuli ar iyo da mdinare tibrosis sanapiroebze
laciumis patara olqSi mokrZalebuli kolonia arsebobda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom
Zvel romaelTa msoflmxedveloba da maTi samarTlebrivi institutebi erTbaSad ver
Seicvleboda. aRniSnul epoqaSi, zogadad retrospeqtiuli da esqotoligiuri

8
msoflmxedvelobis wiaRSi sagnobrivi interesebi dgindeboda da samyaros
individualurad aRmqmeli calkeuli adamianis Rirebuleba fexs ikidebda. amave
epoqis dasawyisSi Tu romaelebi jer kidev did patriarqalur ojaxebad (familia)
cxovrobdnen da winaparTa kults (adgnatus proximus) aRmerTebdnen, qr. Sobamde IV
saukuneSi sazogadoeba mcire ojaxebad daiyo. gvari calkeul individs aRar
STanTqavda, piriqiT, xels uwyobda misi STamomavlobis gamravlebas mcire ojaxuri
koleqtivis saxiT. Zveli romauli erTobis ganviTareba im stadias asaxavda, rodesac
adamians sakuTari Tavi ver warmoedgina im saojaxo organizaciis gareSe, romelsac,
drois mixedviT, didi winapari, mamamTavari gansazRvravda, xolo sivrciT _ ojaxis
samkvidro teritoria. am ukanasknelis zRvrebSi iyo moqceuli wminda adgilebic anu
maTi saTayvanebeli winaprebis saflavebi. ojaxis samflobelos sazRvrebs miRma
mTeli garesamyaro romaelebs uwmindur Zalad warmoedginaT. sasaqonlo gacvla-
gamocvla ara ekonomokuri, aramed mxolod sakomunikacio mniSvnelobisa iyo, ama Tu
im ojaxis wevrebTan piradi kontaqtebs damyarebis mizniT, ucxo gvaris wevrebs
mtrebad (hostes) aRar miiCnevdnen da Sinaurebad Rebulobdnen. amrigad, ucxosTan
kontaqtiT, piri, samarTlebriv aspeqtSi, sakuTar Tavs iZenda. aseTi kavSirebis
erTgulebis (fides) garanti magiuri da religiuri saSualebebi (fici, totemis
gacvla, misnoba) iyo. yovelive amiT dasabami mieca garkveul ritualebs, romlebmac,
sxvadasxva ekonomikuri urTierToba ganapiroba. sagnobrivi interesebis ganviTarebas
ritualebis specializaciac moyva. marTalia, saritualo ceremoeniebSi
monawileobis ufleba hqondaT mxolod romaelebs da nawilobriv im laTinuri
Temebs, romelTac romaelebTan garkveuli saxis garigebebis dadebis ufleba miecaT.
Zveli romauli sazogadoebidan ucxoelebis anu mtrebis (hostes) gandevnam
mniSvnelovnad gansazRvra uZvelesi romauli samarTlebrivi sistemis karCaketiloba.
saritualo ceremoniebis siwmindesa da tradiciiT dadgenili wesebs qurumebis
sagangebo kolegia pontifices (pontifikosebi) icavda. Zveli romis religiur (ius sacrum)
da saero cxovrebis wesebsac axali viTarebis Sesabamisad, isini gankargavdnen, anu
ama Tu im normisa Tu institutis saxes es kolegia erToblivad adgenda.

amrigad, yofiTi pirobebis Secvlam samarTlis normatiul stabilurobasa da

monacvleobaze gavlena ver moaxdina. qurumTa kolegia 15 pontifikosis _ flaminebi
(uzenaesi RmerTebis umaRlesi qurumebi), qalRmerT vestas qalwuli qurumebis,
vestalebisa da rex sacrorum-isagan Sedgeboda. yovelwliurad pontifikosebi TavianTi
kolegiis erT-erT wevrs kerZo samarTlis Seswavlas avalebdnen. aRniSnul epoqaSi,
religiuri normebis Sesamabisad, kerZosamarTlebrivi urTierTobebi savaldebulo
da misaRebi iyo (aequum, ius). Tumca, es garemoeba samarTlisa da religiis zust
analogiaas rodi niSnavda. jer kidev romulusis dros romis samarTlis
istoriulad adreul etapzeve Camoyalibda gansakuTrebul sasamarTlo
xelisuflebad (iuridictio), romliTac aRiWurven rex-ebi. kerZo davaTa da konfliqtTa
ganxilvisas reqsi xelmZRvanelobda samarTliT ius (ius dicere) da
samarTaldamrRvevisaTvis sanqcias awesebda. qcevis zogadi wesebis dadgenisas rex-i
(SesaZloa pontifikosebTan erTad) sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasac axorcielebda.
Semdeg is axal normebs waradgenda kuriis saxalxo krebaze (comitia curiata), romelic

9
am wesebs (lex curiata) mxolod iwonebda. Rex-is kanonebis (leges regiae) Sesaxeb cnobebs
gviandeli periodis avtorebi gvawvdidnen. qr. Sobamde 509 wels reqsebis gandevnis
Semdeg axali periodi iwyeba; sasamarTlo xelisufleba da sakanonmdeblo
iniciativis ufleba or umaRles magistrats _ konsulsa da senats (aristokratiul
sabWos) _ mieniWa. kanonebis miReba mxolod senatis mier maTi mowonebisa da
komiciebis mier votirebis proceduris gavlis Semdeg (auctoritas patrum) xdeboda.
respublikis (res publica) damyareba xalxis suverenitetis gamarjvebasa (`populus”
aqedan `publicum”) da romis samoqalaqo Temad civitas (moqalaqeTa erTobliobad)
gadaqcevas mowmobda. tradiciulad, am procesis dasabamad miCneulia epoqa
etruskuli reqsebisa, romlebic romSi qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi zeobdnen. servius
tuliusis mier gatarebuli reformebis Sedegad, mosaxleoba qonebrivi cenzis
mixedviT axal samxedro-administraciul _ centuriebad _ dayofas daeqvemdebara da
axali saxis saxalxo krebebi _ comitia centuriata dawesda. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, etruski
reqsebi qveyanas tiranulad marTavdnen, maT sagvareulo aristokratia daimorCiles,
riTac didwilad amaRlda komiciebis politikuri mniSvneloba. reformis Semdeg,
reqsebis gandevna kanonzomieri movlena, da sagvareulo aristokratiis erTgvari
revanSi iyo. saxelmwifoSi umaRles Tanamdebobebze mxolod senatorebi (patres) da
maTi STamomavlebi (patricii) irCevdnen, arapatriciebs aseTi ufleba ra gaaCndaT.
Aamrigad, qr. Sobamde VI saukuneSi romis sazogadoeba or fenad _ patriciebad
(patricii) da plebeebad (plebs) gaiyo. ori saukunis manZilze maT Soris Seurigebeli
politikuri dapirispireba plebeebis gamarjvebiT dasrulda: maT miaRwies sakuTari
magistratis, plebsis tribunis (tribuni plebs), arCevas. Tumca, konsulebis Tanabari
umaRlesi Zalaufleba (imperium), ar gaaCndaT. magram sxva nebismieri magistratis
gankargulebasa da maT Soris sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze, veto-s ufleba moipoves,
aseve saerTo saxalxo krebebze sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mieniWaT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom plebsis tribunis Zalaulfleba mxolod q. romiT ifargleboda.

axla cal-calke ganvixiloT samarTlis TiToeuli wyaro.

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali

Mos romanum (romauli Cveuleba); mores maiorum (winaparTa daanderZevi); consuetudo

(CveulebiTi samarTali); mos regionis (adgilobrivi Cveuleba, samarTlis normis
analogiiT gamoyeneba).

samoqalaqo brunvaSi mudmivad gamoyenebul samarTlis normas, romelic xalxsi

rwmenas efuZneba CveulebiTi samarTali ewodeba. CveulebiTi samarTali samarTlis
is saxea, romelsac adamianebis gonivruli qcevis wesad miiCneven. cnebidan
gamomdinare, CveulebiTi samarTlis wyaro saxelmwifo wyobilebisagan
damoukidebeli saxalxo gonia. amitom CveulebiTi samarTali SeiZleba ganviTardes
winareistoriel xanaSi. imisaTvis rom, CveulebiT samarTals samarTlis wyaros
funqcia mieniWos da moqmedebdes rogorc samarTlebrivi sistema, igi sam pirobas
unda akmayofilebdes: 1. garkveuli wesis xangrZlivad, uwyvetad moqmedeba da misi
dacva; 2. xalxis samarTlebrivi mrwamsi; 3. imperator konstantines
konstituciis mixedviT, arsebul (moqmed) kanons unda avsebdes, ar unda
10
ewinaaRmdegebodes da mxolod sakanonmdeblo xarvezs aRmogxvravdes.

wesisamebr, aseTi moTxovniT igulisxmeboda Semdegi: CveulebiTi samarTlis normebi

dasaSvebi iyo praeter legem-is da ara contra legem-is pirobebSi, anu CveulebiTi
samarTlis normas unda hqonoda supletoruli (xarvezis aRmofxvris SesaZlebloba)
da ara derogaciuli Zala.

Zvel romSi Cveulebas, Cvevas mos Romanum ewodeboda. winaparTa anderZs, danabarebs
_ mores maiorum, xolo CveulebiT samarTals _ consuetudo, samarTlis normis
anologiiT, erT romelime mxareSi dadgenili CveulebiT (mos regionis) calkeuli
pirebis TviTneburi qcevis SesaZleblobas, qcevis zogadsavaldebulo standartiT
zRudavda da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawileTa SemTxveviTi garemoebebisagan
dacvas uzrunvelyofda. kerZod, partniori mxaris ususurebisa Tu misi mxridan
fizikuri Zalis uxeSi gamoyenebisagan Tavdacvis mizniT, erTi konkretuli
samarTlebrivi sivrcis pirebi Tanabar pirobebSi imyofebodnen.Aam wesisadmi
morCileba, `Tavisiani~-is `ucxosgan~ (hostes) da samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
monawileTa aramonawileTagan, anu subieqtebis arasubieqtebisagan gamijvnis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda. amgvari damokidebulebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda
Sexeduleba abstraqtuli partnioris, anu adamianTa im erTobliobis Sesaxeb,
romelic yoveldRiuri urTierTobaSi qcevis msgavsi wesebiT xelmZRvanelobda.
sakuTar wreSi ama Tui im Cveul qcevaze adekvaturi reaqciis molodini da imedi,
qcevis aseTi wesebis dadgenas ganapirobebda da Taobidan TaobaSi gadacemis
aucileblobas gansazRvravda, rac romaelTa sazogadoebaSi jerovani qcevis Sesaxeb
SexedulebaTa _ mos Romanum _ samarTlis axali sistemis Camoyalibebas uwyobda
xels. es sistema moqmedebda ara marto yoveldRiur (Cveulebriv) qcevebSi, aramed
enobriv formaSic (zepirsityvaobasa an werilobiTi dokumentebSi) aisaxa da
pozitiuri samarTlis formas warmoadgenda. kodifikaciamde, normad qceuli
tradiciis memkvidreobiTobas uzrunvelyofdnen ponTipikosebi (pontifices),
romelTac winaparTa naanderZevis (mores maiorum) dacva-gafrTxileba daevalaT.
kerZod, urTierTobis dadgenili wesebis zustad gadacema sazogadoebisaTvis, misi
moTxovnebis ganviTarebis kvalobaze, zogadsavaldebuli wesebis mudmivad,
adekvaturad dadgena-ganaxleba, mzard sazogadoebriv moTxovnebTan maTi
Sesabamisobis uzrunvelsayofa. garda amisa, maTve evalebodaT qcevis dadgenili
wesebis saTanado formiT axsna-ganmarteba ganviTarebuli saxogadoebisaTvis.
dawerili kanonebis Seqmnis Semdegac am teqnikam gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
Cveulebebis avtoritetiT SeinarCuna. maTi avtoriteti imdenad didi iyo, rom
pontifikosebi da gviandeli periodis saero iuristebi swored maT iyenebdnen im
gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad, romelTa gamotana kanonis safuZvelze SeuZlebeli iyo.

Mores maiorum-iT gaTvaliswinebuli normebi XII dafis kanonebSi ar asaxula. es

faqti samarTlebrivi urTierTobis uZvelesi formebis simtkiceze miuTiTebs
(ritualebi da institutebi). XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT am normaTa
umravlesoba, garkveuli cvlilebebiT, ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad aRiqmeboda.
unda aRiniSnos, rom mores-is didi nawili XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciiT

11
mniSvnelovnad Seicvala da amis Semdeg isini ius civile-s Semadgenel nawilad
ganixileboda.

iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania termini Cveuleba (consuetudo).

qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi moRvawe pretorebi mas CveulebiTi samarTlis _ axali
normatiuli elementis _ aRsaniSnavad iyenebdnen. Ius civile-s gagebiT, mores maiorum-s
funqcia ufro konservatiuli xasiaTisaa, consuetudo ki siaxlis wyarod, ius civile-s
erTgvar saxeobad warmoCindeba. ciceronis Tanaxmad, CveulebiTi samarTali aris
dauwereli kanoni, romelic efuZneba Cveulebas an adamianTa Soris SeTanxmebas da
TiTqmis sayovelTao mowonebiT sargeblobs, uwinaresad mas vicavT, rogorc
winaparTa naanderZevsa da erTgvarad bunebiTi samarTliT nakarnaxeb kanonebs.

amrigad, CveulebiTi samarTlis erTaderTi specifikuri niSani misi dawerili

formiT ararseboba gaxlavT.

$2. kanoni (leges) da plebiscitebi (plebiscita)

a) kanoni _ leges

Populus (xalxi), lex publica (sajaro kanoni), lex rogata (komiciebSi votirebuli _ xmis
micemiT miRebuli _ kanoni), privilegium (gansakuTrebuli norma), provocatio ad populo
(komiciebSi apelacia-provokacia), leges perfecta (kanonierebis principi, srulyofili
saxis kanoni), leges minus quam perfecta (naklebad srulyofili saxis kanoni), leges
imperfecta (arasrulyofili saxis naklovani kanoni).

Tanamedrove samarTlis Teoriis Tanaxmad, kanonis cneba Semdegnairadaa

ganmartebuli: kanoni aris xelisuflebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organos
mier, gansakuTrebuli wesiT miRebuli, umaRlesi iuridiuli Zalis mqone
normatiuli aqti, romelic awesrigebs (aregulirebs) sazogadoebrivi urTierTobis
umniSvnelovanes mxareebs (sferoebs).

Zvel romSi samarTlis umniSvnelovanes wyaros dawerili formis kanoni

warmoadgenda. gaiusis instituciebis 1.3. Tanaxmad, lex est quod populus iubet atque constituit _
kanoni aris is, rac xalxma brZana da daadgina.

Zveli romaelebi kanonis (lex) _ pozitiuri samarTlis uzenaesi da yvelaze

srulyofili formis _ kriteriumad saxalxo krebis mier mis miRebas miiCnevdnen;
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, am aspeqtiT xalxi (populus) ganixileboda civitas-ad
(suverenuli koleqtivi). praqtikulad, kanoni damtkicebuli da dadgenili unda
yofiliyo mTeli romaeli xalxis (cives romani) warmomdgeni saxalxo krebis (comitia)
mier: `...populi appellatione universi cives significatur _ saxeldebiT xalxiT yvela moqalaqe
igulisxmeboda (Gai.,1.3).

sakuTari interesebis dasacavad kanonis mimRebi suverenuli uflebebiT aRWurvili

xalxis neba kanons romis samarTlis oficialurad dadgenil (pozitivaciis)
ZiriTad formad gardaqmnida, vinaidan moqalaqeTagan (cives) momdinare samarTalad _

12
ius civile-d aRiqmeboda.

xalxisa (populus) _ samarTlis normis Semoqmedisa da Temis (cives) _ misi adresatis

sayovelTaoba gansazRvravda aseTi normis universalurad gatolebad xasiaTs, imis
miuxedavad, rom kanonis teqstis Camoyalibeba specialistebis mier unda momxdariyo.
kanoni aris zogadi moTxovna, gamocdil kacTa gadawyvetileba, im danaSaulis
daTrgunva, romelic Cadenili iqneba an TviTnebobiT, an ucodinrobiT, anu
respublikis zogadi fici (D.1.3.1.) amgvarad, teqstSi saxalxo kanonis (lex populi)
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebia aRniSnuli: 1. profesionalTa (samarTalmcodneebi - iuris
prudentes) monawileoba cxadyofs, rom maT hqondaT saTanado codna da gamocdileba;
2. lex-i, rogorc samarTlis forma, zogad xasiaTs Seesabameboda; 3. kanonebi
dgindeboda mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa (communis sponsio) da yvela
moqalaqisTvis (commune praeceptum), iTvaliswinebda yovelgvari urTierTobis (sponsio)
Sedegs moqalaqeTa Soris. amdenad, gamoricxavda qcevis gauazreblobasa da
umecrobas, rogorc normis SesaZlo darRvevis an ugulebelyofis mizezs.

kanonebi uzrunvelyofdnen samarTlis sizustesa da sicxades. maTive daniSnuleba

iyo moqalaqeTa da mmarTvelTa TviTnebobis gamoricxva.

romis samarTlis istoriis aRwerisas pomponiusi erTmaneTs upirispirebs pozitiuri

samarTlis Tavdapirvel ararasebobasa da romulusis mier saxalxo krebebze (comitia
curiata) kanonTa gamocema-dadgenis praqtikas (leges curiata), damtkicebis saxiT. misi
azriT: Cveni samoqalaqo Temis sawyis periodSi xalxma sakuTari cxovreba warmarTa
gansazRvruli kanonis, gansazRvruli samarTlis gareSe, da yvelaferi reqsebis mier
gacemuli saxelisuflo gankargulebebiT imarTeboda. reqsebis kanonebi gamoicemoda
etruskuli dinastiis zeobis periodSi. maTi gamocema didi pontifikos papiriusis
mier ganxorcielda da sruliad kanonzomierad iwoda ius civile Papirianum. kanonTa
gamocema ki reqsTa sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis dasrulebas daukavSirda, ris gamoc,
tradiciulad, es movlena respublikis periodis dasawyisad iTvleba. am periods
pomponiusi samarTlis gaurkvevlobis axal mdgomareobad axasiaTebs. XII dafis
kanonebis SeqmniTa da gamoqveynebiT viTareba kardinalurad Seicvala. decemvirebis
mier Sedgenili kanonebisaTvis xmis micema saxalxo krebze xdeboda, ris Semdegac
isini sajaro gasacnobad forumze _ spilenZis Tormeti dafis saxiT _ gamofines. es
aqti samarTlis normatiul sistemasa da pozitiuri samarTlis garkveulobas Soris
miRweuli erTianobis simbolo iyo. Tu sazogadoebisaTvis mniSvnelovani yvela wesi
kanonis saxes miiRebda, samarTlis garkveulobis idea ganuxorcielebeli darCeboda.
XII dafis kanonebiT ikrZaleboda samomavlod iseTi saxis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa
(rogatio), romelic iqneboda mimarTuli kanonis gverdis avlisa da calkeul pirTa
sasargeblod gansakuTrebuli normebis (privilegium) misaRebad.

XII dafis kanonebi pozitiuri samarTlis Secvlis sakanonmdeblo proceduras

iTvaliswinebda. titus laviusis redaqciiT Cvenamde moRweul XII dafis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, `rac ar unda daadginos xalxma sabolood, es iqneba dadgenili
samarTali.~ am dadgenilebiT naTelia, rom yoveli axali kanoni Zvels ki ar
auqmebda, aramed, pirvel yovlisa, icavda arsebul (moqmed) kanons, romlis
13
gauqmebasac iseTive procedura esaWiroeboda, rogoric misi miRebisaTvis iyo
dadgenili. romis samarTalSi XII dafis kanonebi ZiriTad sakanonmdeblo aqtad
rCeboda, amitom mas, sagangebo dazustebis gareSe, xSir SemTxvevaSi ubralod `leges~-
ad ixseniebdnen; mogvianebiT, swored XII dafis kanonTa interpretaciis safuZvelze
daixvewa da ganviTarda ius civile, ris gamoc, romauli saTemo-samarTlebrivi sistema
formalurad mTlianad am kodeqss daefuZna.

momdevno anu respublikis periodSi kanonebisaTvis xmis micema komicebSi xdeboda.

Ius civile-sagan gansxvavebiT maT leges rogatae ewoda da isini 1. an reagirebas axdendnen
farTod gavrcelebul socialur cvlilebebze da amis gamo politikur mniSvneobas
iZendnen (maTi mTavari Sedegi iyo is socialuri kompromisi, romlis Sedegadac XII
dafis kanonebi Seiqmna), 2. an XII dafis kanonebSi Cadebuli principebi axal
urTierTobebeze vrceldeboda, riTac arsebuli xarvezebis koreqtireba xdeboda.
pirveli jgufs ganekuTvneboda:

1. lex Canulea, romlis safuZvlezec qr. Sobamde 443 w., XII dafis kanonebis
miRebisTanave, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; 2. lex
Poetelia Papiria, romlis ZaliTc qr. Sobamde 326 w. kreditors aekrZala TviTneburad
piradad gasworeboda valauval movales; 3. mevaxSeobis SemzRudavi kanonebi; 4. qr.
Sobamde II saukunis agraruli kanonebi, romlebic miwaTmflobelobisa da
miwaTsargeblobis axal wess adgendnen; 5. qorwinebis Taobaze avgustusis
kanonebi, romlebic saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis mraval instituts Seexo.
aRniSnul kanonTa mizani samarTlis sistemis logikis ganviTareba iyo, da ara misi
reformireba.

kanonTa meore jgufs ganekuTvneboda kanonebi, romlebmac marginaluri cvlilebebi

daamkvidres. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo normaTa SezRuduli qmediToba. kanonSi
miTiTebuli sanqcis mixedviT, romaeli iuristi ulpiane erTmaneTisagan kanonTa sam
saxes ganasxvavebda: 1. leges perfectae (srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic
akrZaluli aqtis baTilobas gulisxmobda; 2. leges minus quam perfectae (naklebad
srulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic samarTaldarRvevisaTvis sasjels
(ZiriTadad jarimas) adgenen, Tumca, akrZaluli aqts Zaladakargulad ar miiCnevdnen;
3. leges imperfectae (arasrulyofili saxis kanonebi), romlebic saerTod ar
iTvaliswinebdnen sanqcias: arc aqtis baTilad cnobis, arc misi gamoyenebis gamo
sasjelis dawesebis saxiT.

b) plebiscitebi _ plebiscita

Tavdapirvelad, plebsis saxalxo krebis (consilium plebis) mier miRebuli

gadawyvetilebebi _plebiscitebi (plebiscita) savaldebulo mxolod plebsisaTvis iyo
(`olim patricii dicebant plebiscitis se non teneri, quia sine auctoritate eorum facta essent _ odesRac
patriciebis mtkicebiT maT plebiscitebiT valdebulebebi ar ekisrebodaT, raki
isini gamoicema maTi mowonebisa da mxardaWeris gareSe” (Gai.,1.3); Tumca, qr. Sobamde
287 w., hortenziusis kanoniT, leges populi-s msgavsad, isini mTeli romaeli
xalxisaTvis savaldebulo Seiqna; hortenziusis kanonis Tanaxmad, romliTac
14
plebiscitebi mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulo Seiqna, isini kanonebs gauTanabres.
Plebiscita gansxvavdeboda leges populi-gan mxolod misi miRebis formiT, Tumca,
Seesabameboda leges yvela arsebiTi maxasiaTeblebiT.

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Legis actiones (kanonismieri sarCelebi); legis actio (kanonismieri sarCeli); pars iuris
(samarTlis nawili); forme agendi (sasarCelo formis normatiuli mniSvneloba).

Tu kanonebi sayovelTao TviTnebobis mniSvnelobis SezRudvebs adgenen da amiT

socialuri Tavisuflebis garkveuli donis dacvis garantias iZlevian, kerZo pirTa
Soris warmoqmnili davis SemTxvevaSi, subieqtis samarTlebrivad dacva,
gansakuTrebuli sajaro xelisuflebis _ sasamarTlos _ meSveobiT xorcieldeba.
samarTlis erTi subieqti meore subieqtis mimarT kanonze dafuZnebul sakuTar
pretenzias amtkicebda da sasamarTlos winaSe Tavad pretenziis marTebulobas
asabuTebda. misi mizani kanonTa debulebis safuZvelze, sakuTari uflebamosilebis
aRiarebis miRweva iyo. kanonis normebi qmediTobas raelurad arsebuli dacvis
saSualebebiT iZendnen. Tavis mxriv, sasamarTlo devnis muqarac xels uwyobda piris
uflebebis ganxorcielebas yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe.

termini `legis actio~ ara imdenad lex populi _ sarCelis formalur wyaroze uTiTebda,
ramdenadac TviT sarCelis fiqsirebul xasiaTze: `lege agere~ niSnavda `certis verbis
agere~ _ fiqsirebuli gancxadebiT veZioT dacva sasamarTloSi, garkveuli sityvebis
warmoTqmiT (lex privata _ kerZo kanoni), romlis teqsti, rogorc kanonis sityvebi,
ucvlelad rCeboda.

pontifikosebi mkacrad icavdnen kanonis formalur mxares, Tumca drois Sesabamisi

axali mniSvnelobis miniWebiT normis qmedebas kanoniT gauTvaliswinebel
urTierTobebzec avrcelebdnen.

Zveli sasamarTlo procesis monawileni iZulebulni iyvene zustad daecvaT

sarCeliT fiqsirebuli sityvebi _ sasarCelo formalizmi, rac kidev ufro
ganamtkicebda imis rwmenas, rom sasamarTlo dadebiT gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda,
radgan, Tavis mxriv, sasamarTloc SeboWili iyo amave kanoniT (is sanqcias adgenda
misi moTxovnis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi). samarTlis formis materialuri da
procesualuri aspeqtebis Tanxvedra uflebebisa da movaleobebis gansazRvrulobas
uzrunvelyofda, rac yvela msgavsi urTierTobis Tanabari dacvis garanti iyo.
sasarCelo formalizmi samarTlis Rrma codnas gulisxmobda. sasamarTloSi saqmis
wageba arasworad Sedgenili sarCelis gamo, TiTqmis warmoudgeneli iyo, vinaidan
aseT sarCels, rogorc ararsebuls (baTils), gansaxilvelad ubralod arc iRebdnen.
sasamarTlo procesis or nawilad dayofiT mosamarTlesTan saqme mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi xvdeboda, Tu miiCnevdnen, rom dava Rirda sasamarTlos magistrats
ganexila. gaiusis droindel sasamarTlo procesSi per formulas sarCels pretori
iZleoda da saqmes mosamarTlesTan gzavnida. samagierod, legis actiones dros saqmis
saTanado gaformeba da maSasadame, sarCelis Sinaarsis gaformeba, sasamarTlo

15
procesis pirvel fazas uswrebda win.

qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi dadgenili legis actiones kanonis tolfasad aRiqmeboda,

rogorc ius civile Semadgeneli nawili. swored aman ganapiroba, kanonis darad
sarCelis formulaTa gamoqveyneba. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom, legis actiones,
rogorc pozitiuri sarCelis forma, arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda kanonisgan: kanoni
zogadsavaldebulo da sayovelTao iyo, sarCeli mxolod maSin iZenda mniSvnelobas,
roca mas iyeneben (forma agendi). am formis damoukidebeli mniSvneloba, garda misi
gamoyenebiTi daniSnulebisa, pontifikosebis axsna-ganmartebiTi saqmianobiT, anu
pozitiuri samarTlis sxva wyaros _ iuristTa avtoritetiT izRudeboda.

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro

Responsa prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi) autoritas prudentium (samarTalmcodneTa

avtoriteti), cavere (garigebebisa da sarCelebis formis Sedgena); agere (sasamarTloSi
saqmis warmoeba); respondere (konsultaciebze pasuxis gacema); exemplum (analogiuri
kazusi); controversia (dava, uTanxmoeba); ius controversum (samarTali, iuristebs Soris
davis obieqti); auctoritas principis (princefsis avtoriteti); ius respodendi ex auctoritate
principis (pasuxebis micemis ufleba princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze); ius publice
respodendi (pasuxebis micemis ufleba sajaroobis safuZvelze); iuris consultus
(iuriskonsulti); iura (iuridiuli literatura); leges (imperatoris konstituciebi).

gaiusis Tanaxmad, Responsa prudentium sunt sententia et opiniones eorum quibus permissum est iura
condere _ samarTalmcodneTa pasuxebi aris mosazrebani da Sexedulebebi im pirebisa,
vinc uflebamosilia Seqmnas samarTali (Gai., 1.7.). iuridiuli codnis mqone
profesionali pirebisaTvis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi funqciebis miniWeba pozitiuri
samarTlis arsebobis praqtikul moTxovnaTa bunebrivi Sedegi iyo.

pomponiusis azriT, Constare non potest ius, nisi sit aliquis iuris peritus, per quem possit cottidie in melius
produci _ samarTlis mcodne pirebis gareSe samarTali ver iarsebebs, maTi meSveobiT
samarTali mudmivi srulyofis sagani iqneba (D.1.2.2.13.) Ius-is mimarT wayenebuli
moTxovnebi, srulyofisa da adekvaturobis TvalsazrisiT, samarTlis normis
pozitiur formasTan mudmivi SesabamisobiT unda ganviTarebuliyo. aseTi srulyofis
garanti ki iyo im pirTa profesiuli saqmianoba, romelTac specialuri iuridiuli
codna hqondaT (ius periti, iuris prudentes) da samarTlis sistemis funqciis
uzrunvelsayofad, samarTalSegnebis erTgvar samecniero organos qmnidnen.
samarTlis sistemis srulyofis procesi samarTalSemoqmedebis yvela elements
moicavda; iurisprudenciis Tavisebureba sistemis Sinagani mTlianobis
uzrunvelyofa da normis zogadi da formaluri debulebebis konkretuli azriTa
da qmediTobiT Sevseba iyo.

romauli sasamarTlo procesis SejibrebiToba, mosamarTleTa da advokatTa

(romlebic kerZo pirebi iyvnen) mwiri iuridiuli ganTleba samarTalmcodneTa

16
avtoritets (auctoritas prudentium) uaRresad ganadidebda, es ki imas mowmobda, rom
swored iuristebis mosazrebebisa da Sexedulebebis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli
samarTali da sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli maTi sityvebi samarTlis yvela
dargis zogad nawilad (pars iuris) iqca da mas samoqalaqo samarTali _ ius civile ewoda.

samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) profesiuli saqmianoba sami ZiriTadi mimarTulebiT

xorcieldeboda: cavere (axali sarCelebisa da garigebebis Sedgena), agere
(sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba), respondere (pasuxebis gacema).

Cavere anu sarCelebis, garigebebisa da anderZis Sedgena. samarTalmcodneebis

(prudentes) cavere funqcia iyo magistratebisa da mosamarTleebisTvis daxmarebis
gaweva. gamonaklisi iyo is viTareba, roca axali sarCelis avtori Tavad magistrati
iyo. respublikis periodSi samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) xSirad monawileobdnen
mosamarTleTa consilium-ebze; TviTon mosamarTleobdnen, pretoris sabWos wevrebi
iyvnen da TviTon xdebodnen pretorebi. samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) wyalobiT
mravali sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, momavali sasamarTlo procesebisaTvis
samagaliTo iyo, xolo axali sarCeli ki ediqtTa nawilad iqca. magram aRniSnul
organoebSi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba ar unda gavaigivoT
sakuTriv iurisprudenciasTan, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis gansakuTrebuli
formasTan. magaliTad actio Rutiliana, romelic gamoCenili iuristis publius
rutilius rufusis (qr. Sobamde 105 w. konsuli) saxeliTaa cnobili. magram
aRniSnuli sarCeli publiusis pretorobis dros iqna SemoRebuli (qr. Sobamde 118 w.)
da iuristkonsultis profesiul cavere-d ar miiCneva. igive iTqmis actio Publiciana-ze,
actio Serviana-sa da a.S.

Agere iyo sasamarTloSi saqmis warmoeba, roca iuristi mxaris dacvis funqciebs
sakuTar Tavze iRebda da advokatad gamodioda. dialogSi `brutusi~ cicerons
publius rufuss rutiliusi (politikuri moRvawe), kvintus muciusi (pontifikosi)
oratorad hyavs warmodgenili. mogvianebiT, samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) agere
saqmianoba advokatebisa da profesionali oratorebisTvis pasuxis gacemiT
ifargleboda.

iuriskonsultisTvis yvelaze tipuri funqcia kerZo pirebisa da maTi

warmomadgenlebis mier dasmul SekiTxvebze azris gamoTqma da pasuxebis gacema
`respondere~ _ gaxldaT. sasamarTlo kamaTSi mopovebuli avtoritetiT, zogjer
samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) azri mosamarTlis nebaze uSualo zemoqmedebas
axdenda da mas zRdavda; yvelaze mTavari mainc isaa, rom sasamarTlo sxomebze
samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes) uSualo monawileoba savaldebulo ar iyo. avtoris
auTenturobis garanti sagangebo beWedi, mosamarTlisadmi gagzavnili iuristis
piradi werili, an konsultaciis dros damswre pirTa mowmeoba iyo. yvelaze xSirad
samarTalmcodneebs (prudentes) konsultaciisaTvis orator-advokatebi mimarTavdnen;
aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTalmcodneTa funqcia iyo maTTvis `hastas ministrant~ _ `Subis
miwodeba~ sityvieri paeqrobis gasamarTad. argumentaciis samarTlebriv safuZvlad
mores, leges, exempla (analogiuri SemTxvevebi praqtikidan) gamoyeneboda. Tumca,

17
sasamarTlosTvis Tavad iuriskonsultis azric savaldebulo Zalis mqoned
miiCneobda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZvels ara marto arsebuli
pasuxi (responsa), aramed adre gamoTqmuli is mosazrebac warmoadgenda, romelic ara
mxolod aRiarebuli, aramed iuridiuli viTarebisTvis nimuSad miCneuli iyo.

pontifikosebis mier kolegiurad gacemuli pasuxisagan (responsa) gansxvavebiT (rac

uTanxmoebis daZlevis saSualebas iZleoda da samarTlis garkveulobas
uzrunvelyofda), samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes), rogorc kerZo pirTa mier gacemuli
pasuxebi, azrTa SesaZlo sxvaobis contoversia-s SemTxvevaSi, uxerxulobas qmnida.
azrTa mudmivi Widili sarCelis samarTlianobasa da gadawyvetilebis aqtualobas
uzrunvelyofda. garkveul sakiTxTa Taobaze azrTa erTianoba yvelasTvis
savaldebulo wess adgenda, xolo azrTa sxvaobis (ius controversum) SemTxvevaSi,
mosamarTles romelime iuristis mosazrebis arCeva SeeZlo.

romelime iuristis mosazrebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba, sabolood,

iurisprudenciis avtoritets ganamtkicebda.

principatis reJimma praqtikosi iuristebis samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba

garkveulwilad SezRuda. imperatori avgustusi pirveli iyo, vinc pomponiusis
miTiTebiT daadgina, rom `Ius respodendi ex auctoritate principis _ TviT
princefsis avtoritetis safuZvelze” (D.1.2.2.49) iuristebs pasuxebis gacema SeeZloT.
es iyo gansakuTrebuli privilegia, romelsac mravali iuristi gagebiT moekida.
Tumca, am wesSi negatiuri xasiaTis garkveuli cvlilebebi imperatorma tiberiusma
Seitana; man iurist mazurius sabinuss pasuxebis sajarod gacemis ufleba _ ius
publice respodendi mianiWa. cvlilebaTa logikuroba ase warmogvidgeba: uwin,
avgustusis dros, sajarod konsultaciis micemis uflebas princefsi ar aniWebda,
Tumca, sakuTar codnaSi darwmunebuli pricepsi yvela SekiTxvaze pasuxs iZleoda,
magram beWdiT ar amowmebda. amis Semdeg, imperatoris Tanxmoba sajaro movaleoba
iyo:, xolo mogvianebiT privilegiis saxe miiRo (`postea hoc coepit beneficium dari _ Semdeg
es ufleba privilegiis saxiT eniWeboda~ (D.1.2.2.49).

adrianes imperatorobis dros iuristebi aucileblad Sediodne consilium principis-Si

da imperatori diokletianes (306 w.) taxtidan gadadgomamde, mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdendnen imperatoris kancelariis muSaobis stilsa da teqnikaze. Tumca, es faqti
pozitiuri samarTlis wyarod auctoritas prudentium-ad ar ganixileboda.

dominatis epoqaSi (roca ganaTlebuli iuristebi praqtikul saqmianobas aRar

eweodnen da mxolod swavlebiT iyvnen dakavebulni) responsa prudentium-i, mxolod
dawerili samarTlis saxiT, klasikuri periodis Txzulebebsa da gviandeli
periodis gadamuSavebuli naSromebis kompilaciebSi e.w. `iura~-Si (imperatorTa
konstituciebisgan gansxvavebiT, leges-is saxiT,) arsebobda.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis miRebis dros, maTze kvlav uTiTebdnen; Tumca,

samecniero azris mkveTrad dacemis Semdeg, `Zveli~ iuristebis mosazrebebTan
Sepirispireba did gaugebrobas iwvevda.

18
klasikosTa mosazrebebis savaldebulo Zala upirobo kriteriumad miiCneoda
dasavleT imperiis mmarTvelis valentiniane III-is mier 426 w. 7 noembers miRebuli
kanoniT `citirebis Sesaxeb~, romliTac dadginda im xuTi yvelaze cnobili da,
drois kvalobaze, yvelaze Tanamedrove iuristis vinaoba, romelTa mosazrebebsac,
sxvebTan SedarebiT, upiratesoba mieniWaT. es iuristebi iyvnen: papiniane, paulusi,
ulpiane, modestinusi da gaiusi. maT mosazrebaTa Soris winaaRmdegobis SemTxvevaSi,
saqmis gadawyveta mosamarTlis mier xmaTa umravlesobiT xdeboda; Tanabari `xmebis~
SemTxvevaSi _ gadamwyveti papinianes azri iyo. aRniSnuli viTarebis ararsebobis
SemTxvevaSi ki, mosamarTles, saqmis sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr, gadawyvetis ufleba
eniWeboda. aRmosavleT romis imperiaSi kanoni `citirebis Sesaxeb~ Teodosius II-is
mier 438 w. gamocemuli kodeqsiT damkvidrda, mogvianebiT ki, 529 wels Sevida
iustiniane didis Novus Codex-Si Seitanes.

$5. romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba (iurisprudencia)

1. avgustusi oqtaviane (gaius iuliusi oqtaviane avgustusi) (qr. Sobamde 63 wlis 23

seqtemberi – qr. Sobis. 14 wlis 19 agvisto) _ romis imperatori qr. Sobamde 27
wlidan. gaius iulius keisris Zmis SviliSvili, keisris mier Svilad ayvanili.
principatis saxelwodebiT cnobili politikuri reJimis fuZemdebeli. gaiusi
yovelmxriv uwyobda xels iurisprudenciis ganviTarebas. misi iniciativiT
samoqalaqo (kerZo) samarTlis ramdenime kanoni miiRes. avgustusis sakanonmdeblo
saqmianobis mizani saxelmwifo da samarTlis sistemis daxvewa, romis samarTlis
institutebisa da sazogadoebis zneobis srulyofa iyo. avgustusis mmarTvelobis
periodi esaa xelovnebis ayvavebis Jami; am dros moRvaweobdnen: poetebi –
vergiliusi, horaciusi, properciusi, istorikosi – titus liviusi; avgustusis dros
romSi aSenda mSvidobis sakurTxeveli, avgustus forumi, mavzoleumi marsis velze
da sxva.

2. avlus geliusi (daibada daaxloebiT 130 wels) _ romaeli mwerali. mis kalams
ekuTvnis vrceli naSromi “antikuri Rameebi” (romelTaganc Cvenamde 20 wignad
naxevarze metma moaRwia); naSromSi mocemulia mravali cnobai istoriis,
literaturis, miTologiis, samarTlisa da filosofiis sferodan. moZRvrebisa da
saTavgadasavlo moTxrobebis saxiT Sedgenilia naSromi dialogis formiTaa
dawerili. masSi uxvadaa citata romaeli iuristebis im Tzxulebebidan, romlebic
sxva waroebSi naxsenebi araa.

3. gaiusi – (daaxloebiT qr. Sobis 117/138-180/192 w.w) _ biografiuli cnobebi gaiusis

Sesaxeb iseve ucnobia, rogorc misi namdvili saxeli. mis kalams ekuTvnis: kerZo
samarTlis klasikuri saxelmZRvanelo “Institutiones,” provinciale (32 wignad antonius
piusis marTvelobis dros) da gamokvleva Ad Q. Mucium, romlebis citirebulia
iustinianes digestebSi. saintereso da simboluria gaiusis `instituciebis” _
“Institutionum iuris civilis commentarii” bedic: Sua saukuneebSi maTi didi nawili daikarga;
X1X saukunemde am naSromTa mxolod fragmentebma moaRwia; sxva naSromebSi ki
instituciebis Sesaxeb Semonaxulma cnobebi an maTi gadamuSavebuli variantia.
kerZod, gaiusis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis boeciusi, xolo gaiusis Epistole
19
alarixis breviriaSi Sesulia. 1816 wels veronis biblioTekaSi germanelma
istorikosma bertold georg niburma wm. ieronimes werilebTan erTad palimfsestSi
gaiusis sruli xelnaweri aRmoaCina. Semdeg manuskriptis atributi cnobilma
germanelma civilistma, samarTlis istoriuli skolis fuZemdebelma fridrih karl
fon savinim iTava. restavraciis procesSi sxvadasxva eqsperimentisa Catarebis
Sedegad, instituciebis xelnaweri mniSvnelovnad dazianda, ramac SeuSala xeli
instituciebis gamocemas, 1934 wels, DZvelegviptur papirusebSi aRmoCenili
instituciebis axali nawyvetebis meSveobiT teqstSi arsebul xarvezTa aRmofxvra
moxerxda.

4. iavolenusi priskus oqtavius tidius tosiane (qr. Sobis I s.) _ gamoCenili

romaeli iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe Consul (86w.), imperatorebis _ traianesa
da adrianes mrCeveli, samarTlis samawavlebeli. iavolenusma brwyinvale
politikuri kariera Seiqmna (oTxi provinciis nacvali iyo). rogorc iuristi,
iavolenusi originaluri, SemoqmedebiT niWiT gamoirCeoda. Mmis kalams ekuTvnis:
Epistulae, Libri ex Cassio, Libri ex Plautio, Libri ex posterioribus Labeonis
(labeonis teqstebis krebuli). iavolenusis moswavle gaxldaT iuliane, xolo
celsus sabinusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, igi sabinianelTa skolas Caudga saTaveSi.

5. iuliane lucius oqtavius kornelius emiliane (daax. II s.) _ gamoCenili romaeli

iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe. igi daibada q. gadrumetSi (Crdilo afrika)
daaxloebiT 100 w. misi maswavlebeli iyo cnobili iuristi, traianesa da adrianes
mrCeveli iavolenus priskusi, romelic xelmZRvanelobda sabinianelTa skolas.
iuliane iyo germaniis, espaneTisa da afrikis mefeTa nacvali. 148w. konsuli da
mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi gaxldaT imperatorebis – adrianes, antoninus piusis,
markus avreliusisa da lucius verusis mrCeveli gaxldaT. iavolenusis Semdeg,
sabinianelTa skolas iuliane Caudga saTaveSi. samarTlisa da saxelmwifos winaSe
iulianes yvelaze didi damsaxureba iyo Edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqtis) damuSaveba
da redaqtireba, romelSic sistematizirebuli da unificirebulia wina epoqebis
pretoruli samarTlis debulebani.

6. iustiniane I didi – (482-565 ww. ) _ aRmosavleT romis imperiis imperatori – 527-565

ww. uzomod didia misi damsaxureba samarTlis istoriis sferoSi. dResdReobiT Cven
xelT arseul utyuar da mravalferovan cnobebs romis kerZo samarTlis Sesaxeb,
swored mas unda vumadlodeT. iustiniane I-is samoqalaqo kanonmdeblobis krebuli
`Corpus iuris civilis~ marTlacda saimedo xomaldi, aTaswleulze metia, rac
samarTlisa da TviT istoriis boboqar talRebs miapobs. iustinianes cxovrebisa da
pirovnebis Sesaxeb cnobebi ramdenadac mravalricxovania, imdenadve
araerTgvarovania. iustinianes marTvelobis dros romis iperiis orive nawilis
xelaxali gaerTianebiT qveynis politikuri siZliere ganmtkicda. mis imperatorobis
dros bizantiis imperatori italiaSi ostguTebs, vestguTebs espaneTSi, Crdilo
afrikaSi vandalebs ebrZoda.

Tumca ki, rogorc `iustinianes instituciebis~ SesavalSia naTqvami, `imperatoris

dideba ara marto iaraRis ZaliT unda damSvendes, aramed kanonis ZaliTac, raTa

20
qveyanas rogorc omis, ise mSvidobianobis Jams samarTlianad marTavdes~. swored am
mizniT, imperator iustinianes brZanebiT, mecnier-iuristTa jgufma tribonianes
xelmZRvanelobiT, jer imperatoris mier gamocemuli kanonebi (klasificirebuli da
sistematizirebuli) 529 wels iustinianes kodeqsis saxiT gamoaqveyna, Semdeg
iustinianes digestebi (fragmentebi 39 romaeli iuristis Txzulebebidan 50
wignad) da iustinianes instituciebi (samarTlis oficialuri elementaruli
saxelmZRvanelo) gamosca. krebulis sami nawilis ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg, 529 wlidan
moyolebuli imperatoris mier gamocemuli brZanebebi da gankargulebebi erT
krebulad gaaerTianes da mas novelebi ewodes.

imperatori iustiniane didi organizatoruli niWiTa da intrigebis gziT sakuTari

Zalauflebis ganmtkicebis uzado unariT gamorCeoda. mis moRvaweobas wiTel zolad
gasdevs xelovnebisa da mecnierebisadmi siyvaruli (misi zeobisas konstantinopolSi
wm. sofias didebuli taZari aages) da Seurigebeli dogmatizmi, rac naTlad
gamovlinda eretikosebis umowyalo devnasa, aTenis neoplatonuri akademiis
akrZalvasa da gauqmebaSi. imperator iustinianesa da misi saxelmwifoebrivi
politikis dedaazri iyo: `axali, iseTive didi da Zlevamosili romis aRorZineba,
rogoric Zveli romi iyo, magram ara warmarTuli, aramed qristianuli romisa.~

7. klavdiusi apius kekus (qr. Sobamde 450w.) _ cnobili romaeli saxelmwifo moRvawe
da iuristi. Kklavdiusi patriciebisa da decemvirebis meTauri iyo. man
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana decemvirTa komisiis muSaobaSi; misi
rCevebis Sedegad mravali debuleba Sevida XII dafis kanonebSi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad,
klavdiusma sakuTari xelisufleba borotad gamoiyena da pativi ayara virginias; es
faqti decemvirTa Zalauflebis dacemis sababi Seiqmna.

8. labeoni markus antistius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 45 w. qr. Sobis 10/21 ww.) _
avgustusis droindeli yvelaze gamoCenili romaeli iuristi, romelic gamoirCeoda
codnismoyvareobiT, originaluri azrovnebiTa da novatorobiT aramarto samarTlis,
aramed monaTesave mecnierebaTa sferoebSic. trebacius testas mowafe. labeoni
Tavisi mrwamsiT respublikeli gaxldaT. Tavis siZulvils principatis mimarT igi
ar malavda. Tumca, labeonis piradi da samecniero avtoritetis gamo avgustusi
mainc didi pativiscemiT epyroboda. momdevno periodis yvela gamoCenili iuristi
labeonis Sromebis citirebas axdenda. labeonma miaRwia pretorobas, Tumca, uari
Tqva konsulobaze da mTlianad samarTalmcodneobis srulyofa-ganvitarebaze
muSaobda: 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi romSi samarTals aswavlida, 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ki
sakuTar mamulSi naSromebs qmnida. Llabeonma dawera 40-mde naSromi (Cvenamde
mxolod umniSvnelo nawyvetebma moaRwia), maT Soris: Ad legem XII tabularum, Ad edictum,
(pretoruli ediqtis pirveli klasikuri komentarebi), De iure pontificio, Epistulae, Responsa,
Pithana. labeonis sicocxleSi gamouqveynebeli naSromebi ucnobma avtorma gamosca
(libri posteriores).

9. modestinusi herenius (qr. Sobis 226-244 ww.) _ `klasikuri periodis~ erT-erTi

ukanaskneli iuristi, ulpianes moswavle, avtori samarTlis sxvadasxva dargis
naSromebisa, romlebsac, xSir SemTxvevaSi, damxmare saxelmZRvanelos an praqtikuli
21
komentaris mniSvneloba hqondaT. modestinusi romSi praefectus vigilumis
movaleobas asrulebda. Vigilis iyo Zveli romis xanZarsawinaaRmdego razmi, romelic
Ramis saaTebSi sapolicio samsaxuris funqciebsac asrulebda. amrigad, saxanZro
razmisa da sapolicio samsaxuris ufrosis movaleoba praefectus praetoria-s
Semdeg, faqtobrivad, meore Tanamdeboba iyo; masve evaleboda samoqalaqo da sisxlis
samarTlis iurisdiqciac. garda amisa, cnobilia, rom modestinusi samarTals
aswavlida maqsiminus umcross (imperator maqsiminus Trakielis vaJs, romelic 238
wels jariskacTa amboxis dros mamasTan erTad akvileusis alyis dros mokles).

239 wels imperatorma markus antoninus gordianus mesamem mas ius respodendi-s, anu
iuridiul sakiTxebze daskvnebis micemis ufleba uboZa. modestinusma Seqmna
naSromebi samarTlis yvela dargSi, igi werda rogorc laTinur, ise berZnul enebze.
misi Txzulebebi mosamarTle da samarTlis SemswavlelTaTvis praqtikuli
saxelmZRvaneloebi ufro iyo, vidre Teoriul-kvleviTi xasiaTis Sromebi.
modestinusis kalams ekuTvnis Semdegi Sromebi: Regulae, Responsa, Pandectae, De
praescriptionibus. modestinusis naSromebma (papianusis, pavlusis, gaiusisa da
ulpianes naSromebTan erTad) `citirebis Sesaxeb~ 426 wlis kanoniT citirebis
ufleba moipoves da saqmeebis ganxilvis dros sasamarTloSi uapelacio
upiratesobiT sargeblobdnen.

10. marcelusi lucius ulpius (qr. Sobis II s.) – cnobili romaeli iuristi.
marcelusi imperatorebis antoninus piusisa da markus avreliusis mrCeveli
gaxldaT. TanamedroveTa Soris igi sruliad damsaxurebulad iTvleboda
SorsmWvretel da gonier analitikosad. marcelusma kritikulad gadaamuSava
iulianes mravali debuleba da uaryo zogierTi maTgani. marcelusis Txzulebebi,
kerZod, misi `digestebi~ 31 wignad, Zalze popularul naSromad iTvleboda; pavlusi,
ulpiane, modestinusi, marciane, trifoninusi maT xSirad iyenebdnen, xolo kvintus
cervidius scevolam am TxzulebaTa komentarebi Seadgina.

11. pavlusi iulius (II saukunis bolo _ III saukunisis dasawyisi) _ cnobili romaeli
iuristi, scevolas mowafe. digestebis mTeli moculobis TiTqmis erT meeqvseds
pavlusis TxzulebaTa nawyvetebi Seadgens. 426 wels imperatorebma Teodosius II-m da
valentiniane III-m gamosces kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasamarTloebs pavlusis
naSromTa citirebis ufleba da am naSromebis safuZvelze sasamarTlo davebis
ganxilvis uflebamosileba eZleodaT. pavlusi iyo advokati, mogvianebiT
pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqtis asesori (Tanamdebobis piris TanaSemwe). am dros
prefeqtis Tanamdeboba papinianes ekava. Semdeg pavlusma magister memoriae-s maRal
Tanamdeboba daikava (ganagebda princefsis dRiurs, iwerda mis moxsenebebs da
gankargavda mis korespondencias) da papinianesTan erTad saimperatoro sabWos wevri
gaxda; imperator aleqsandre severusis mmarTvelobis dros, Tavis kolega
ulpianesTan erTad igi praefectus praetoriae gaxda. pavlusis kalams ekuTvnis 86
Txzuleba 319 wignad, romelTa Sorisacaa neraciusis, iulianes, papinianes, scevolas
Sromebisadmi miZRvnili SeniSvnebi (Notae), Ad Plautium, Ad Sabinum-is komentarebi.

pavlusis mTavari naSromi Ad edictum erTdroulad pretoruli samarTlis normaTa

22
komentaricaa da maTi uzogadesi formulirebac. pavlusiseuli fragmentebis im
nawilebis garda, romlebic iustinianes digestebSia, nawilobriv SemorCenilia misi
naSromi sententiae ad filium (Svilebisadmi micemuli rCeva-darigebani), romlic
didad popularobiT sargeblobda modevvo saukuneebSi; pavlusis rCeva darigebebma
aseve, kanonis Zala SeiZina. aRniSnul naSromSi pavlusi samarTlis zogad sistemasa
da mis calkeul debulebebs mokled da gasagebad ayalibebs.

12. papiniane emilius (daaxloebiT 146-212 ww. daibada siriis q. hemezaSi) _ erT-erTi
yvelaze avtoritetuli mecnier_iuristi, romlis siRrmiseulma azrovnebam da
cxovrebiseulma igi II-III saukuneebis gamoCenil samarTalmcodneTa liderad aqcia.
`citirebis Sesaxeb” 426 wlis kanonis safuZvelze, nebismier samarTlebriv sakiTxze,
yvela sxva avtoris mosazrebasTan SedarebiT, papinianes mosazreba upiratesobiT
sargeblobda. savaraudod, papiniane enaTesaveboda imperator septimius severuss,
romelsac colad misi da hyavda. yovel SemTxvevaSi, kvintus cervidius scevolas
skolaSi septimius severusi da papiniane erTad swavlobdnen.Mseverusis
mmarTvelobis dros papinianem praefectus praetoriae-s Tanamdeboba miiRo.
septimiusis memkvidris imperator karakalas dros, papinianem uari ganacxada
karakalas mier umcrosi Zmis getasa da misi momxreebis mklvelobis gamarTlebaze,
riTac imperatori gadaimtera; 212 wels karakalas brZanebiT papiniane daqiravebulma
mkvlelma mokla.

papinianes mTavari naSromebia Quaestiones 19 wignad da Responsa, romlebic

stilisturad imdenad rTuli iyo, kazuisturi masaliT ki imdenad mdidari iyo, rom
samarTlis skolaSi mesame wels iswavleboda (am skolis msmenelebs
`papinianelebsac~ uwodebdnen).

13. pomponiusi seqstus (qr. Sobis IIs.) _ cnobili romaeli iuristi, iulianes
Tanamedrove. samarTlis sferoSi pomponiusi ZiriTadad pedagogiur da
literaturul saqmianobas eweoda. igi aRniSnuli periodis erT-erTi nayofieri
SemoqmedTagania. mis kalams ekuTvnis: Cvenamde moRweuli pretoruli ediqtis
yvelaze vrceli komentari (daaxloebi, 150 wignad). pomponiusis ediqti romis
samarTlis istoriis yvelaze vrcel da popularul naSromad iTvleba. formalurad
sabinianelTa skolis mimdevari, prokulianelTa skolis Sexedulebebs ar uaryofda.

14. rufusi servius sulfius (daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) _ cnobili romaeli
iuristi da saxelmwifo moRvawe, akviliusisa da luciusis mowafe, konsuli (51 w.),
prokonsuli aqeaSi (46-45 ww.). kvintus mucius scevolasTan erTad servius rufusi
respublikuri samarTalmcodneobis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvleboda;
samarTlis Tanmimdevruli meTodisti, imavdroulad, kargi praktikosi, SesaniSnavi
oratori, pedagogi (10-ze meti moswavle gamozarda) da Zalze nayofieri avtori,
romelmac STamomavlobas dautova: daaxloebiT 180 wigni, mravalricxovani
gamosvlebi sasamarTlo sxdomaze, pretoruli ediqtis pirveli, Zalze mokle
komentari da sxva naSromebi, kerZod: De dotibus, De sacris detestands, Reprehensa
Scaevolae, Responsa, romlebic misma mowafeebma avfidius namusam, alfenus varusma
da sxvebma gamosces.

23
15. rufusi rutilius publius (qr. Sobamde 158 w. ?) _ gamoCenili romaeli iuristi,
publius muciusis mowafe, konsuli (105 w.). 92 wels qveynidan gaZeveba mas
usamarTlod miusajes. rufusi saxelganTqmuli respodenti gaxldaT. mis kalams
ekuTvnis: actio formula Rutiliana da (SesaZloa) constitutio Rutiliana. garda amisa, rufusis
Sesaxeb cnobilia, rom igi gatacebuli iyo oratoruli xelovnebiTa da istoriis
kvleviT.

16. sabinus mazirius (qr. Sobis I s.) _ romis samarTlis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
avtoritetuli moRvawe, romlis saxelsac, postklasikuri tradiciiT, sabinianelTa
skolis – samarTlis mecnierebis axali mimdinareobis _ daarseba ukavSirdeba.
ateius kapitonis mowafe. sabinusis erTguli Tanamoazre iyo misi mowafe kasius
longinusi. sabinusi warmoSobiT ubralo ojaxidan iyo, Tavs irCenda im
honorarebiT, romlebsac mowafeebi uxdidnen. 50 wlis asakSi mxedris cenzis miRebas
igi imperator tiberiuss umadloda, romelmac mxedrebis wodebis
warmomadgenelTagan pirvelad sabinuss darTo neba gaeca kvalificiuri pasuxebi anu
profesiul doneze gadaewyvita is samarTlebrivi problemebi, romlebic arsebul
sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi Sesabamisad asaxuli ar iyo. sabinusis Sexedulebebze
garkveuli gavlena moaxdina mucius scevola pontifikosis ideebma, rasac mowmobs
Tavad mazurius sabinusis mTavari naSromis Ius civile-s saxelwodebac, romelic
scevolas Txzulebis saxelwodebis identuria.

17. scevola publius mucius (qr. Sobamde 133 w.) _ didi qurumi da konsuli; misi
gonierebis, samarTlis Rrma codnisa da sasamarTlo davebis ganxilvis dros
miukerZoeblobis gamo, scevola-mama ciceronma did da WeSmarit iuristad aRiara.
pomponiusma publius mucius scevolas (markus iunius brutussa da markus
maniliusTan erTad) civiluri samarTlis erT-erTi fuZemdebeli uwoda. scevola-
mamam samoqalaqo samarTlis sferos 10 wigni miuZRvna; didi qurumi qurumebis
kolegiis privilegirebuli mdgomareobis SenarCunebaze metad iuridiul
kompetenturobaze zrunavda, riTac samarTlis sekularizacias Seuwyo xeli.

18. scevola kvintus mucius konsuli (qr. Sobamde 95 w.) da didi qurumi (qr. Sobamde
84 w.). umwikvlo reputaciiT scevola-Svilis saxelma da avtoritetma mamis dideba
daCrdila. man brwyinvale filosofiuri ganaTleba miiRo. kvintus mucius scevolam
samarTlis sferoSi Rrma codniTa da oratoruli xelovnebiT didi popularoba
moipova. sasamarTloSi mis gamosvlebs axalgazrda ciceroni usmenda. scevola-
Svilma monawileoba miiRo lucinius-muciusis kanonebis SedgenaSi. samarTlis
istoriis TvasazrisiT, misi udidesi damsaxureba gaxlavT is, rom man pirvelma
samarTlebrivi aqtebi ara qronologiurad, aramed sistemurad Camoayaliba, razec
misi Txzulebis De iure civili-is 18 wignSi mocemuli samoqalaqo samarTlis ZiriTadi
cnebebi metyvelebs.

19. trifoninusi klavdius (qr. Sobis II-III ss.) – romaeli iuristi. papinianusisa da
paulusis Tanamedrove, maTTan erTad swavlobda kvintus cervidius scevolas
samarTlis skolaSi. trifoninusi septimius severusis saimperatoro sabWos wevri
iyo. sabWos sxdomebze ganxilul sakiTxebze saboloo daskvnebi quaestor sacri patatii,
24
Camoayaliba naSromSi Disputationes.

20. triboniane (?- 542/546 ww.) – gamoCenili bizantieli iuristi, iustinianes

droindeli saxelmwifo moRvawe, ekava umaRlesi saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebi (magister
officium). triboniane gaxldaT iustinianes samoqalaqo samarTlis krebulis Seqmnis
iniciatori da koordinatori. Codex-ze muSaobisas igi mxolod komisiis wevrobas
dasjerda, 530 wlidan ki faqtobrivad yvela samuSaos igi xelmZRvanelobda da
TanamSromlebsac sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr arCevda. tribonianem komisias gadasca
sakuTari unikaluri biblioTeka, romelic im droisaTvis xelmiuwvdomel, iSviaT
gamocemebs Seicavda. samarTlis winaSe tribonianes Rvawlze termini `emblemaTa
triboniane~ aSkarad metyvelebs.

21. trebacius gaius testa (gardaicvala qr. Sobis I saukunis dasawyiSi) _ labeonis
maswavlebeli, gviandeli respublikis erT-erTi cnobili romaeli iuristi, romlis
naSromma Cvenamde moaRwia, misi calkeuli gamonaTqvamebi ki sxva avtorebis
Txzulebebma Semogvinaxa. testa mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgeneli iyo, megobrobda
ciceronTan (romelmac igi keisars gaacno), horaciusTan, iyo avgustusis mrCeveli,
romlis mmarTvelobis drosac trebacius testas avtoriteti Zalze amaRlda, rac
misma samarTlis siRrmiseulma codnam da cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam ganapiroba.

22. ulpiane domicius (daax. II saukunis II naxevari) gamoCenili romaeli iuristi,

warmoSobiT sirieli. pavlusis msgavsad, ulpianes pretorianelTa gvardiis prefeqt
papinianesTan asesoris Tanamdeboba ekava. mogvianebiT, saimperatoro kancelariis
ufrosi (magister serinius), xolo aleqsander severusis mmarTvelobis dros
praefectus preatoriae iyo. ulpiane axalgazrda imperatoris, aleqsander
severusisa da misi dedis – mameas ndobiT aRWurvili piri gaxldaT. mas Tavad
imperatoric did pativs scmeda. samxedro valdebulebisa da imperatoris
erTgulebis momxere ulpiane ver egueboda yovlisSemZle pretorianel jariskacTa
da oficerTa Tavgasulobas; am umarTavi Zalisadmi misi principuli damokidebuleba,
sabolood, tragikulad dasrulda – 228 wels, igi imperator aleqsander severusis
Tvalwin mokles pretonialebma.

ulpianes kalams ekuTvnis grandiozuli naSromi `Ad edictum~_ pretoruli samarTlis

komentari 83 wignad, Txzulebebi: Ad Sabinum de appellationibus, De fideicommissus, agreTve
calkeul kanonTa komentarebi. Cvenamde moaRwia ulpianes Sromebma Iber singularis
regularum-is 29 Tavma (samarTalmcodneobis Sesaswavlad). mkvlevarTa Tanaxmad,
ulpianes TxzulebebSi stoelTa ideebis zegavlena igrZnoba, rasac kanonTan
SedarebiT zneobrivi normebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba mowmobs.

23.Fflorentinusi (qr. Sobis II s.) _ romaeli iuristi, romlis Sesaxebac cnobilia,

rom man vrceli naSromi _ Institutiones _ dawera. frolentinusis Sesaxeb Cvenamde
Zalze mcire cnobebma moaRwia. iustinianes digestebSi mocemuli fragmentebis
safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom Rrma filosofiuri azrovnebiTa da
oratoruli niWiT gamorCeul iurists, samarTlis rTuli cnebebisa da debulebebis
martivad axsnis unaric Seswevda. kerZod, frolentinuss genialurad aqvs

25
ganmartebuli Tavisuflebisa da monobis arsi, romelic mocemulia De status hominum-
Si.

24. ciceroni markus tulius (qr. Sobamde 106-43 ww.) – udidesi romaeli filosofosi,
oratori, politikuri moRvawe, mwerali, iuristi. respublikuri wyobis momxre da
respublikelTa erT-erTi ukanaskneli gamoCenili ideologi. politikuri uiRblobis
gamo, igi araerTxel ganidevna romidan; cicerons bedi ar swyalobda; erTpirovnuli
mmarTvelobis ideuri mowinaaRmdege markus antoninusma proskripciul siebSi
Seitana.

ciceroni iyo ganumeorebeli oratori, sazogadoebis winaSe warmoTqmuli misi

sityvebi dRemde oratoruli xelovnebis nimuSad rCeba. filosofiaSi ekleqturi
Sexedulebebis momxres _ stoicizmis, akademizmisa da epikurizmis simbiozi,
imavdroulad sajaro da kerZo samarTlis sferoSi samarTlis mTeli rigi
fuZemdebluri principebis SemuSavebis saSualebas aZlevda.

ciceronis yvelaze cnobili naSromebia: `oratorisadmi~, `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~,

`kanonebis Sesaxeb~, `keTilisa da borotis sazRvrebis Sesaxeb~, `movaleobaTa
Sesaxeb~ da sxva. rogorc respublikuri wyobilebis ideologi, ciceroni (romelsac
im droisaTvis axleburi azrovnebis gamo homo novus-s uwodebdnen). romis siZlieresa
da mis uZveles kanons (De respublica, De legibus) ganadidebda. ciceronis saxelganTqmul
trilogiaSi (`De oratore~, `Orator~, `Brutus~) sasamarTlo da politikuri oratoris –
perfectus orator – srulyofili saxea aRwerili.

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi

a) sasamarTlo precedenti (iudicatum)

Auctoritas res iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis avtoriteti); exemplum (precedenti).

romis samarTlis ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, iuriskonsultebis (iuris prudentes)

intensiurma samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobam faqtobrivad sasamarTlo praqtikis
romi da mniSvneloba dasca. digestebSi (D.1.3.38) moyvanilia kalistratess (qr. Sobis
II-III ss. romaeli iuristi) azri, rom imperator septimius severusis moTxoviT,
kanonSi raime saeWvos an sxvaobis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kanonis Zala miniWeboda im
Cveulebas an avtoritetul saqmes, romelTa safuZvelzec sasamarTloSi saqme
wydeboda. es aris romaul iuridiul literaturaSi arsebuli erTaderTi teqsti,
romelic sasamarTlo precedentisTvis savaldebulo Zalis miniWebasa da kanonTan
mis gaTanabrebis aucileblebobaze (rogorc avtoritetul sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaze) metyvelebs. am teqstidan irkveva, rom, analogiuri SemTxvevebis
regulirebis mizniT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa magaliTad miRebis praqtika (ad
exempla), Zvel romSi sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo da imperatoris nebas ar
eqvemdebareboda.

26
respublikis periodis ritorikul TxzulebebSi iudicatum samarTlis im sxva
wyaroebisa da mtkicebulebaTa saSualebebTan erTad ixsenieba, romlebsac
sasamarTlo sxdomebze advokatebi iyenebdnen. Tumca, rogorc gairkva, digestebSi
kalistratusis teqsti pavlusis xsenebul teqstTan erTadaa mocemuli (D.1.3.37);
pavlusis teqstSi saubaria provinciuli samarTlis Sesaxeb; pavlusi wers,
interpretaciis dros eWvis arsebobisas, msgavsi Sinaarsis SemTxvevis gadawyveta,
sasamarTlom provinciuli Temis Cveulebis (adgilobrivi samarTali) siRrmiseulad
Seswavlis Sedegad unda moaxdinos.

amrigad, kalistraturis fragmentSi moxseniebuli septimiuss severusis reskripti,

eZRvneba provinciul sasamarTlo praqtikas, sadac ganviTarebuli iuridiuli
azrovneba ar arsebobda da mravalsaukunovani tradiciis kompensireba adgilobrivi
CveulebiTi samarTlisa da precedentis interpretatio-s xarjze xdeboda.

b) senatuskonsulti (senatusconsultum)

Senatusconsultum _ SC;
Quaestiones extraordinariae et quaestiones perpetuae (sagangebo da
mudmivmoqmedi sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlo); oratio principis (princefsis sityva
sasamarTloSi).

Senatusconsultum (SC) xalxis (populus) monawileobis gareSe miiReboda; aqedan

gamomdinare, qmediTobis TvalsazrisiT, leges-Tan misi gaTanabreba, udavod
gamoiwvevda im konceptualur sirTules, romelic asaxulia gaiusis teqstSi
Senatusconsultum est, quod senatus iubet atque constituit: idque legis vicem optinet quamvis fuerit quaesitum _
senatis dadgenileba aris is, rac senatma brZana da daadgina; mas aqvs kanonis Zala,
Tumca, amis Sesaxeb bevrs daobdnen (Gai., 1,4). qr. Sobis II saukunemde SC-s kanonis
Zala ar gaaCnda da amitom ius civile-s SeqmnaSi uSualo monawileobas ver iRebda.

senats hqonda ori SesaZlebloba: normatiul viTarebaze SualobiTi gavlenis

mosaxdenad sasurveli kanonis miReba daevalebina magistratisTvis, an pretorisagan
ediqtSi cvlilebebis Setana zogjer senati magistratisagan sisxlis samarTlis
gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlos _ quaestiones extra ordinariae _ Seqmnas iTxovda. amgvari
dawesebuleba ver iqneboda mudmivmoqmedi, misi Seqmna kanonis (lex) miRebas
saWiroebda, xolo senatuskonsults kanonis Zala ar gaaCnda. amdenad, moqalaqes
yovelTvis hqonda ufleba apelaciiT miemarTa xalxisaTvis. qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi
Zvel romSi seriozuli politikuri da samarTlebrivi krizisi warmoiSva, rac imiT
iyo ganpirobebuli, rom senatma msgavsi sagangebo sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis
SezRudvis Tavidan acileba moisurva.

principatis periodSi komicebis rolis dacemis Sedegad, senatis normaSemoqmedebiTi

saqmianoba mniSvnelovnad gaizarda, xolo imperatoris xelSi senatuskonsulti
pretoris ediqtze zemoqmedebis mZlavri iaraRi Seiqna. marTalia, qr. Sobis I
saukuneSi senatuskonsults ius civile-Tan mimarTebiT kanonis Zala jer kidev ar
gaaCnda da mxolod pretorul samarTlis (ius honorarium) Camoyalibebaze axdenda
gavlenas, qr. Sobis II saukunidan misi roli imdenad gaizrda, rom civiluri

27
samarTlis tolfasi Sedegi hqonda, rac kanonTan mis gaTanabrebaze metyvelebda.

g) Edicta magistratuum _ magistratebis ediqtebi

Ius edicendi (normis dadgenisa da gamoqveynebis ufleba); edictum (magistratis ediqti),

iurisdictio (sasamarTlo uflebamosileba); officium (Tanamdebobrivi movaleobani);
interdictum (interdiqti); edictum perpetuum (mudmivi ediqti); edicta repentina (erTjeradi
ediqti); decretum (dekreti); denegatio actionis (sasarCelo dacvaze uaris Tqma); edictum
provinciale (provinciuli ediqti); aediles curules (kurulis edilebi); praefecti (prefeqti);
praesides provincial (provinciis gubernatorebi).

umaRlesi samxedro da sajaro xelisuflebis (imperium) mqone romael magistratebs

ius edicendi ganxorcieleba (Tanamdebobrivi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebis
mizniT, zogadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebis dadgena da gamocema), ediqtis (edictum)
saxiT, SeeZloT. marTalmsajulebis (iurisdictio) ganxorcielebis ufleba qr. Sobamde
242 w. q. romis mmarTvelobaze pasuxismgebel pretorsa (praetor urbanus) da
peregrinebis pretors (praetor peregrinus) mieniWaT. `Ius dicere” iyo samoqalaqo
sasamarTlo ganxilvis (in iure) pirveli stadia, romlis drosac saqmis arsi
dgindeboda da Sesabamisi procesualuri saSualebebi ganisazRvreboda. sakuTari
uflebis (ius, iuris dicendi) safuZvelze, pretori mosamarTles uTiTebda im safuZvels,
romlis Tanaxmadac am ukanasknels gadawyvetileba unda gamoetana. pretoris
gadawyvetileba ganisazRvreboda ius civile-s im normebiT, romlebic ama Tu im
urTierTobis dasadgenad gamoiyeneboda. sakuTari imperium-is safuZvelze, pretors
dacvis specifikuri saSualebebis gaTvaliswineba da saqmis damoukidebeli
ganxilvac SeeZlo. aseTi eqstraordinaluri procesebi xels uwyobda samarTlis
sistemis ganviTarebas da ius civile-Ti gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis oficialur
donze dacvisa da aRiarebis SesaZleblobas iZleoda. garda pretorebisa, romlebic
zogadi iurisdictio-Ti sargeblobdnen, specialuri iurisdiqcia mieniWaT kurulis
edilebsac _ magistratebs, romlebic q. romSi wesrigis dacvaze iyvnen
pasuxismgebelni, gansakuTrebiT bazrebSi (cura urbis). sakuTari officium-is farglebSi
ius edicendi hqonda edilsac; igi gamoscemda ediqtebs (edicta), romlebic ara marto
marTlmsajulebis, aramed kerZo samarTlis, da gansakuTrebiT edicta iurisdictionis
exeboda.

magistratebis ediqtebma gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba qr. Sobamde II saukuneSi, lex

Aebutia-s gamocemiT SeiZina. damkvidrda axali saxis procesi _ per formulas, romelic
28
legis actiones procesTan Tanadroulad moqmedebda. aRniSnulis Sedegad, ius civile-Ti
gauTvaliswinebeli urTierTobebis dacva pretorsac SeeZlo. amisTvisac igi ara
eqstraordinalur, aramed Cveulebriv samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv saSualebebs
iyenebda.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. legis actiones procesis gauqmebiT, samoqalaqo procesualuri

saSualebebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, magistratebis ediqtma TiTqmis monopoluri
mdgomareoba moipova. Camoyalibda axali, gansakuTrebuli normatiuli sistema _ ius
honorarium anu praetorium (magistratebis anu pretoruli samarTali), romelsac ius
civile-Tvis praqtikuli mniSvneloba hqonda: pretoruli dacvis gansakuTrebul
saSualebebs moqalaqe Tu ar gamoiyenebda, igi civiluri samarTlis normis anabara
rCeboda, xolo pretorulma samarTalma ius civile-s institutebis modifikacias xeli
materialuradac Seuwyo. Tavdapirvelad, pretorTa mier ediqtebis Sesruleba
Rirsebis (fides) sakiTxad iqca da `dignitas~-ze (tradiciul warmodgenaze) iyo
damokidebuli. pretors SeeZlo uari eTqva misive ediqtiT gamocxadebul sarCelze
(denegare actionem); aseve, erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi gamoeca axali ediqti, romelic,
Tanamdebobaze misi daniSvnis dros, gamocemuli ediqtis sapirispiro iqneboda; e.w.
erTjeradi saxis naCqarevi ediqtisagan (edicta repentina) gansxvavebiT, wlis dasawyisSi
gamocemuli ediqti, pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis periodSi Zalas inarTunebda da
mudmiv ediqtad (edictum perpetuum) iwodeboda. qr. Sobamde 67 w. plebsis tribunis
korneliusis mier gamocemuli kanoniT, pretors, edictum perpetuum-is garda, sxva
aqtebiT marTlmsaxulebis ganxorcieleba aekrZala. marTlmsajulebis sferoSi edicta
repentina-s gauqmebam, calkeul SemTxvevebSi, pretoris mier araordinaluri
gadawyvetilebebis (decretum) miRebaze gavlena ver moaxdina. amasTanave, ediqtis (an
kanonis) winaaRmdeg wasvla pretors ar SeeZlo, mas evaleboda mxolod, dadgenili
samarTlis farglebSi, moqmedeba da axal urTierTobebze bonum et aequum-is
ZiriTadi principebis gavrceleba. qr. Sobis II saukuneSi, roca senatusconsultum-s
kanonis Zala mieca, imperatoris kancelaria sagrZnoblad gaaqtiurda, kerZo
samarTali ius civile-s farglebSi ganviTarda, ediqti ki arsebiTad SeizRuda da misi
ganviTarebis procesic SeCerda. aseTi viTarebis logikuri Sedegi gaxldaT Semdegi:
imperator adrianes iniciativiT, pretoruli samarTlis saboloo sistematizacia. 131
w. imperatorma kvestorebs salvius iulianesa da servius korneliuss pretoruli
ediqtebis saerTo redaqtireba daavala. am amocanis Sesasruleblad saTanado codna
mxolod iulianes hqonda, amdenad, TiTqmis mTeli samuSaoc man Seasrula. iulianes
redaqciiT gamocemul ediqts `Edictum perpetuum-i~ ewoda (Tumca, sruliad axali
mniSvnelobiT). amieridan kodificirebul teqstSi magistratebs mxolod aucilebeli
xasiaTis damatebebis Setana SeeZloT.

amrigad, papinianes Tanaxmad, pretoruli samarTali aris is, rac civiluri

samarTlis gaumjobesebis, masSi damatebebisa Tu cvlilebebis Setanis mizniT,
civiluri samarTlis sajaro sargeblianobis asamaRleblad, pretorebma brZanes
(D.1.1.7).

d) Constitutiones principum _ imperatorebis konstituciebi

29
Lex generalis (zogadi moqmedebis norma); decretum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba); rescriptum
(calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta); subscriptio (kerZo piris moTxovniT (sapasuxod)
gamotanili gadawyvetileba); epistula (Tanamdebobis piris moTxovnaze sapasuxo
gadawyvetileba); translatio imperii (Zalauflebis gadatana).

ulpianes azriT, princefsis gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala aqvs, radgan xalxi

imperators mTel xelisuflebas, princefsis xelisuflebis Sesaxeb gamocemuli
kanoniT, gadascems. (D.1.4.1).

am teqstSi faqtobrivad principatis, rogorc politikuri reJimis, arsia

Camoyalibebuli. princefsi, rogorc kanonmdebeli, xalxis sinonimia da magistratis
msgavsad (romelsac xalxma garkveuli vadiT imperium-i gadasca) ki ar axorcielebs
Tanamdebobriv funqciebs, aramed saxalxo nebas samisSdReSiod gamoxatavs. III
saukuneSi Camoyalibebul principatis reJimis gamamarTlebel konceptualur
tradicias naTlad asaxavs Zalauflebis gadatanis (translatio imperii) idea. pomponiusi
princefss populus-is sadar suverenad axasiaTebs (D.1.2.2.11). misi azriT, princefsis
mdgomareoba pozitiuri samarTlis pirveladi wyaros tolfasia; sakanonmdeblo
uflebamosilebebs igi sakuTari saxelisuflo statusis mixedviT, qmnida. pomponusis
Tanaxmad, aseTi cvlileba romis saxelmwifos bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi iyo,
romelic, TavisTavad iTxovda samarTlis dadgenis saSualebaTa Semcirebasa da am
uflebamosilebis erTi piris xelSi Tavmoyras. Constitutio principis-iT gamoxatuli
axali suverenis neba, kanonzomierad icavs kanons, rogorc pozitiuri samarTlis
formas. pomponiusis azriT, is, rac Tavad princefsma daadgina, kanonis magivrad
Sesruldeba _ quod ipse prinseps constituit pro lege servetur (D.1.2.2.12).

ulpianes Tanaxmad, princefsis neba da xelisufleba xalxisas uTanabrdeba,

imperatoris konstitucia Tavad kanoni (legem esse constat). (D.1.4.1.1)

princefsis konstituciasa da kanons Soris gansxvaveba-Tanafardoba marcianusis

teqstSia mocemuli: `werilobiTi formiT dadgenili pirobebi, romlebic
ewinaaRmdegeba imperatoris ediqts, an kanons, an kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs...
dauwerlad iTvleba _ condiciones contra edicta imperatorum aut contra leges aut quae legis vicem
optinent scriptae… pro non scriptis habentur. . . (D.28.7.14). aseTi damokidebuleba imperatoris
konstitucias ganaxsvavebda pozitiuri samarTlis im sxva formebisgan, romelTac
SeiZleba kanonis (lex) masStabebi mivusadagoT da vivaraudoT, rom konstitucia
sakuTari Tavis kriteriumi iyo. am logikis gamoxatulebaa cnobili maqsima _
princefsi kanonisgan Tavisufalia _ princeps legibus solutus est (D.1.3.31).

formis mixedviT, imperatoris konstituciebi iyofa: 1. Edicta _ zogadi moqmedebis

norma;

2. Decreta _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, Cveulebriv, qveda instanciis sasamarTlo

gadawyvetilebaze apelaciis pasuxad; 3. Rescripta _ calkeuli kazusis gadawyveta,
romelic, Tavis mxriv, subscriptiones-ad da epistulae-d iyofoda imis mixedviT, kerZo Tu
Tanamdebobis piris SekiTxvis sapasuxod iyo gacemuli.
30
III saukunis bolomde saimperatoro samarTalSemoqmedebis sxva formebs Soris
rescripta dominirebda. romis pozitiuri samarTlis struqturaSi rescripta xSirad
responsa prudentium-Tan erTad ixsenieboda. kerZo samarTlis calkeul problemaTa
gadaWriT ius controversum-Si Tavisi wvlili Sehqonda. postklasikur epoqaSi
(konstantines gamefebasTan erTad) rescripta-m adrindeli mniSvneloba dakarga.

samagierod, konstantines periodidan kerZo samarTlebrivi urTierTobis

regulirebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani roli SeiZena edicta-m da leges generales-i gaxda. am
periodSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis miRebis safuZveli swored imperatoris
konstituciebi (leges) iyo. klasikuri periodis iuristebis mosazrebas iura-s maSin
mimarTavdnen, roca sakanonmdeblo moTxovna ar gaaCndaT.

imperatoris konstituciebis kerZo krebulebis Sesaqmnelad mzardma interesma iseTi

mniSvnelovani aqtebis Seqmna ganapiroba, rogoricaa diokletianes dros Sedgenili
Codex Gregorianus da Codex Hermogenianus. 428 w. aRmosavleT romis imperiis mmarTvelma
Teodorius II-m samarTlis wyaroebis zogadi sistematizacia ganizraxa. 438 w. ZalaSi
Sevida Codex Theodosianus-i, romelSic konstantines Semdeg gamocemuli konstituciebi
gaaerTianes. 528 w. aprilSi aRmosavleT romis imperatorma iustinianem brZana
SeeqmnaT axali kodeqsi Novus Codex, romelic 529 wlis aprilSi ZalaSi Sevida.
iustinianem Tavi mouyara Zvel kodeqsebs 439 wlis Semdgom miRebuli axali
konstituciebic daurTo da maT novellae constitutiones uwoda. aRniSnulma kodeqsma
Cvenamde ver moaRwia.

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 367-17 ww.)

Praetor urbanus (qalaqis pretori); praetor peregrinus (peregrinebis pretori); per formulas
agere (formularuli procesi); edictum praetorium (pretoruli ediqti); edictum tralaticium
(ediqtis monacvleoba _ memkvidreobiToba); ius praetorium (pretoruli samarTali); ius
honorarium (magistratebis samarTali); iuris prudentes (iurisprudencia); responsa
(iuristebis pasuxebi); ius gentium (xalxis samarTali); divisio-definitio (sarCelis
sistematizacia); pars iuris (sarCelis mecniereba); aequitas (samarTlianoba).

qr. Sobamde 367w. tribun licinius stolonusisa da misi kolega seqstius

lateranusis iniciativiT miRebuli kanoniT (lex Liciniae Sextiae) dadginda: erT-erT
konsulad aucileblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda arCeuliyo. am monopoliuri
uflebis dakargvas patriciebi ver Seeguen da imave kanoniT, kompensaciis saxiT, q.
romis mmarTvelobis sistemaSi umaRlesi magistratis axali Tanamdebobis _ qalaqis
pretoris (preator urbanus) SemoReba moiTxoves. qalaqis pretori konsulis umcrosi
TanaSemwe da Sesabamisi impirium-iT aRWurvili piri unda yofiliyo. pretori
marTlmsajulebas (iuris dictio) ganaxorcielebda. aRniSnuli magistraturis SemoReba,
faqtobrivad, mmarTvelobis sistemidan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis instituciur
gamoyofas niSnavda. aseTma cvlilebam sasamarTlo procesis axali formis
Camoyalibeba da mTeli romauli samarTlis sistemis TandaTanobiTi gardaqmna
31
gamoiwvia. amrigad, es cvlilebebi SeiZleba Sevafasod ara konstituciuri
samarTlis, aramed samoqalaqo samarTlis istoriis umniSvnelovanes movlenad.
swored aRniSnuli movlenaa miCneuli romis samarTlis arqauli periodis
dasasrulad da e.w. winaklasikuri periodis dasawyisad.

tradiciis Tanaxmad, romSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis wodebrivi gaTanabreba qr.

Sobamde 287 wels miRebul hortenziusis kanons (lex Hortensia) ukavSirdeba. am kanoniT
plebsis saxalxo krebebis gadawyvetilebebs (plebiscita) kanonis (lex) Zala mieniWaT da
yvela moqalaqisTvis savaldebulo gaxda. formalur-konstituciuri TvalsazrisiT,
aseTi cvlileba plebsisaTvis privilegiis miniWeba iyo, vinaidan iZulebis wesiT
mTeli xalxisaTvis savaldebulod mxolod erTi wodebis neba iqca; maSin, roca
patriciebs aseTi ufleba ar gaaCndaT. msgavsi disproporcia magistraturebis
mimarTac SeiniSneboda. amieridan, romis respublikaSi Tu plebeebs nebismieri
Tanamdebobis dakaveba SeeZloT, sakuTriv plebeebis magistraturis (maT Soris ki
umTavresi tribuni iyo) dakavebis ufleba mxolod plebeebs eniWebodaT, anu, am
TvalsazrisiT, isini wodebriv upiratesobas inarCunebdnen. arsebiTad, patriciati
saxelmwifos erTaderTi umaRlesi wodeba aRar iyo. plebeebis elitam patriciatTan
aRreva moaxerxa, patriciebisa da plebeebis zeda fenam ki sazogadoebis axali
umaRlesi wodeba _ nobiliteti (nobilis) Seqmna.

saxelmwifo wyobilebis oligarqiuli xasiaTi mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels

gabatonebuli socialuri jgufebis politikur aqtivobas da interesTa
memkvidreobiTobis harmoniul Tanxvedras uwvevda, rasac Sedegad romis respublikis
ayvaveba mohyva. mogvianebiT, aRniSnulma viTarebam ganapiroba amave reJimis swrafi
rRveva da dacema.

respublikis periodSi evropis, afrikis da aziis uzarmazar teritoriebze romis

gabatonebam konstituciuri cvlilebebi gamoiwvia. qr. Sobamde VI saukunis bolos
laciumze dakarguli batonoba romma kvlav daibruna; qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi
centraluri italia daipyro da xmelTaSua zRvis sanapiroebisaken aiRo gezi, sadac
264 wlidan mis uSualo metoqes _ karTagens _ daupirispirda. e.w. `punikur omebSi~
miRweuli warmatebebiT Caeyara safuZveli romis batonobasa da Zalauflebas axal
dapyrobil teritoriebze, romlebzec romis provinciebi (provinciae) Seiqmna.
provinciaTa mmarTvelebad pretoris msgavsi sasamarTlo funqciebiT aRWurvili
prokonsulebi da propretorebi (proconsul et propraetore) dainiSnen. qr. Sobamde II
saukunis Sua periodisaTvis roms Tanaswori mowinaaRmdege ukve aRar hyavda.

winaklasikuri periodi es aris axali formis garigebebisa da samarTlis axali

mecnierebis Camoyalibebis xana. mkacrad dacul saritualo formaTa gareSe
dadebuli xelSekrulebebi mxolod mxareTa nebis gamovlenas efuZneboda da
pretoris dacvas eqvemdebareboda. Tu garigeba mxolod romael moqalaqeTa Soris
ideboda, maSin isini qalaqis pretors mimarTavdnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 242 wlidan
Tu garigebis erT-erTi mxare ucxoeli iyo, saqmes peregrinebis specialuri pretori
(preator peregrinus) ganixilavda. pretori saqmis arss adgenda, ris Sesabamisadac, Tu
mosarCelis mier moyvanili faqtebi sarwmuno iyo, brZanebas gascemda
32
mosamarTlisadmi (anu im kerZo pirisadmi, romelic, modave mxareebis mier
SeirCeoda), raTa mas saqmeze gadawyvetileba gamoetana. pretoris mxridan, kerZo
mosamarTlisaTvis sasamarTlo funqciebis delegireba, gansakuTrebuli brZanebis
(formula) saxiT xdeboda; aqedan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis axal, pretorul
saxes formularuli procesi (per formulas) ewoda.

Tanamdebobis dakavebis Semdeg, yoveli axali pretori gamoscemda ediqts (edictum),

romliTac gacxadebuli iyo, misi magistratobis periodSi, ra saxis samarTlebrivi
urTierToba moipovebda dacvis uflebas. amgvarad, ediqtis zogadi debulebebi da
masSi moyvanili sasarCelo formulebi calkeul saqmeze gamotanili dekretebisagan
(decretum) gansxvavebiT, droSi gansazRvruli simtkiciT gamoirCeodnen (edictum
perpetuum). yovel axal magistrats momdevno wels, winamorbedis ediqtSi cvlileba
Sehqonda. Tumca, ediqtis Sinaarsis memkvidreobiToba (edictum tralaticium) zogadad
SenarCunebuli iyo. miuxedavad imisa, rom pretori flobda imperium-s da SeeZlo,
iZulebis wesiT, uzrunveleyo misi iurisdiqciis safuZvelze gamotanili
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba, mas lex publica-s (igulisxmeba XII dafisa da
sxva kanonebi) sawinaaRmdego moqmedebis ufleba mas mainc ar gaaCnda.

samoqalaqo procesis organizeba da pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebiTi

saqmianobisTvis sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, kardinalur cvlilebebs iTxovda, rac
qr. Sobamde II saukunis meore naxevarSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) ganxorcielda.
faqtobrivad, amiT safuZveli Caeyara sasamarTlo magistratis reformatorul
iniciativas. momdevno asi wlis ganmavlobaSi romauli samarTlis sistema
mniSvnelovnad garTulda. garda ius civile-s institutebisa, Seiqmna pretoruli
sarCelebis sistema, romelTa meSveobiTac mkacri samoqalaqo samarTliT (ius strictum)
gauTvaliwinebeli da misi debulelebis sawinaaRmdego urTierTobebis dacvac gaxda
SesaZlebeli. mxareTa mier procesis erT-erTi saxeobis arCevis Semdeg,
gadawyvetilebis Secvla maT im SemTxvevaSic ekrZalebodaT, roca paraleluri
sistema ufro sasurveli Sedegis imeds iZleoda.

amrigad, procesualuri saSualebebiT pretorma gadalaxa ius civile-s SeuTavsebloba,

romelic socialuri urTierTobebis Secvla-garTulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli.
pretoruli dacvis saSualebebisTvis mimarTva kerZo pirebs exmareboda axal,
pretoruli ediqtis debulebebze dafuZnebul samarTlebriv urTierTobaTa agebaSi.
pretorulma (ius praetorium) anu magistratebis samarTalma (ius honorarium) romis
samarTlis sistema ara mxolod procesualuri, aramed materialuri
TvalsazrisiTac mTlianad Secvala.

qr. Sobamde 17 w. gamocemulma avgustusis kanonma gaauqma marTlmsajulebis

ganxorcieleba (leges Iuliae de iurisdictione) per legis actiones proceduris safuZvelze.

pretoris samarTalSemoqmedebis srulyofa romis samarTlis mecnierebis

Camoyalibebis periods daemTxva. respublikis periodSi termini samarTlis
specialisti-mcodne romael samarTalmcodnes (iuris prudentes) `pontifices”-gan ara
imdenad saero Tanamdebobda, ramdenadac aristokratiuli mdgomareoba ganasxvavebda,
33
vinaidan am drois iuristebi _ ZiriTadad pontifikosebi _ eqs-magistratebi iyvnen,
xolo samarTalmcodneobis permanentuloba uSualod pontifikosebis saqmianobas
ukavSirdeboda. am faqtze konsulis Tanamdebobdaze myofi pirveli plebei
pontifikosis tiberius korunkaniusis saqmianoba mowmobs, romelic damswreebs
samarTlis sakiTxebze konsultaciebs individualurad aZlevda. swored
iurisprudenciis ayvavebis periodSi, daZlia romma mkacrad erovnuli samarTlis
saritualo formebi da peregrinebisTvis xelmisawvdomi axali formis kontraqtebi
SeimuSava. am samarTlebrivi konstruqciebis sayovelTao xasiaTi aisaxa im
SexedulebaSi, romlis Tanaxmadac, es normebi yvela xalxisaTvis, erovnuli da
moqalaqeobrivi kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, sayovelTao mniSvnelobis iyo. ase mieca
dasabami xalxis samarTals (ius gentium). Ius gentium-iT dadgenili garigebebi
sxvadasxvagvari komerciuli urTierTobisas gamoiyeneboda da maT orive pretoris
sasamarTlo dacviT sargeblobis ufleba moipoves. am Taobis iuristebis saqmianobam
mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba samarTlebrivi azris progresi. isini gaecnen aristoteles
dialeqtikas, romelic Sesaswavli sagnis analizisa (safuZvlebis mixedviT dayofa)
da sinTezis (SemecnebiT kategoriebSi rekonstruqcia) meTodebs efuZneboda; aman
xeli Seuwyo samarTlebrivi institutebis gvarobiT niSniT (genera) relevanturi
dayofas (divisiones), rac romauli iurisprudenciis ZiriTad meTodologiad iqca.

romaeli filosofosebi da samarTalmcodneebi pozitiuri samarTlisa da

samarTlianobis urTierTdapirispirebis ideas aristoteles daesesxnen.
oficialurad dadgenili samarTlisagan gansxvavebul samarTlianobas maT aequitas
uwodes. Tavdapirvelad, Tu samarTali (ius) da samarTlianoba (aequum) sinonimebad
iTvleboda da misaRebis, marTebulis ideas Seesabameboda (axal droSi ius-i
ganixileboda im dadgenil da umkacres raimed, romelic movlenaTa bunebriv
wesrigs saerTod ar pasuxobda) aequum-ma ufro eTikuri (zneobrivi) mniSvneloba
SeiZina da sityvebiT bonum et aequum (keTili da samarTliani) aRiniSneboda.

samarTalmcodneebis prudentes mTavari saqmianobis mizani kanonis arsisa da

movlenaTa bunebrivi wesrigis (naturalis ratio) moTxovnaTa urTierTSesatyvisobis
uzrunvelyofa gaxldaT. konkretul sakiTxebze iuriskonsultebis gadawyvetilebebi
sasamarTlosTvis savaldebulo Zalas, samarTlianobis principTan Sesabamisobis
SeTxvevaSi iZendnen. amrigad, calkeul SemTxvevSi samarTlianobis dadgena an qcevis
wesebiT misi gamoxatva maTTvis ius civile-s tolfasi iyo. maT mier iuris gentium-iT
SemuSavebuli xelSekrulebebi, romlebic ex bono et aequi sarCelebis dacviT
sargeblobda, ganaxlebuli ius civile-s ganuyofeli nawili gaxda. ciceronis azriT,
samoqalaqo samarTali aris erTi samoqalaqo Temis wevrTaTvis dadgenili
samarTlianoba nivTis kuTvnilebis gansazRvris uzrunvelsayofad _ ius civile est aequitas
constituta eis qui eiusdem civitatis sunt, ad res obtinendas….

winaklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qvaze an brinjaos firfitebze

dawerilma sakanonmdeblo normebma. esaa senatis dadgenilebebi, romauli (leges
rogatae) da municipaluri (leges datae) kanonebi. maTi umravlesoba administraciuli da
sisxlis samarTlis normebs Seicavs. romis samarTlis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT,
34
didi mniSvneloba eniWeba brinjaos dafis 9 natexs, romlebic, erTis mxriv, qr.
Sobamde 121 wels miRebul lex Cecilia repetundarum-s, xolo meore mxriv, qr. Sobamde 111
wels miRebul lex agraria Seicaven.

Lex Cecilia repetundarum meqrTameobisTvis adgens sasamarTlo devnis axal wess,

romlis ZaliTac, provinciis mkvidrs piradad an sakuTari patronis, romis
moqalaqis, SuamdgomlobiT romaeli magistratis meqrTameobaSi dadanaSauleba
SeeZlo, xolo lex agraria sazogadoebriv mindvrebze (ager publicus) miwaTsargeblobis
axal wesebs adgenda. am kanonis Tanaxmad, yvela saxis kerZo mflobeloba
(possessiones) kerZo sakuTrebad (ager privatus) iqca, xolo sxvadasxva kategriis miwaze
renta (vectigal) dawesda.

III. klasikuri periodi (qr. Sobamde 17 w. _ qr. Sobis 235 w.)

Princeps (princefsi); consilium principis (princefsis sabWo); praefectus praetoria

(pretorianelTa prefeqti); praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqti); provincial Caesaris
(saimperatoro provinciebi); provinciae populi Romani (senatis provinciebi); schola, secta
(samarTlis (mecnieruli) skola); Sabiniani (sabinianelebi) da Proculiani
(prokulianelebi); institutiones (institutebi); nota _ (lema, SeniSvna); problemata _
(problemuri literatura); responsa, digesta, epistulae.

qronologiurad, romis samarTlis klasikuri periodi samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebul

oqtaviane avgustusis mier damkvidrebuli axali politikuri reJimis _ principatis
periods _ ukavSirdeba, xolo principatis dacema da dasasruli _ imperator
aleqsander severusis gardacvalebas (235 w.). am dros mTeli qveyana xangrZlivma
politikurma krizisma _ e.w. `jariskacTa imperatorebis epoqam~ _ moicva. qr. Sobamde
27 w. oqtavianem eqstraordinaluri (sagangebo) uflebamosilebani moixsna da senats
ganucxada, rom respublikuri wyobis aRdgena surda. saxelmwifoSi pirveli piris _
princefsis (princeps) gansakuTrebuli statusiT igulisxmeboda meamboxe
provinciebisa da iq ganlagebuli jarebis marTva da `avgustusis~ titulis is
sagangebo imperium-i, romliTac oqtaviane misi moRvaweobiT kmayofilma senatma
daajildova. am viTarebas avgustusi aRwers Tavis politikur anderZSi `Res gestae
~(qmedebani). igi wers: amis Semdeg me yvelaze didi avtoriteti gamaCndia, Tumca,
magistraturaSi Cemi Zalaufleba, Cemive kolegebis statuss sulac ar aRemateboda~.

qr. Sobis 27 wels avgustusma Seqmna consilium principis _ sakonsultacio sabWo,

romelic aRniSnuli saqmeebis ganxorcielebaSi senats cvlida. qr. Sobamde 23 wels
avgustusma uari ganacxada konsulatze da imperium proconsulare _ provinciebis erTi
jgufisa da iq ganlagebul jarebis marTvis uzenaesi xelisufleba miiTvisa, rac
faqtobrivad yvela danarCeni prokonsulis (maius) xelisuflebas aRemateboda da
35
funqcionaluri SeuzRudaobiT (infinitum) gamoirCeoda. pozitiuri saxis am
xelisuflebas man plebeebis tribunis mudmivi xelisufleba (tribunicia potestas)
SeuTavsa da oficialurad es movaleobac moixsna.

amis Semdeg, marTalia, avgustusi tribunad aRar iTvleboda, magram mas nebismieri
magistratis gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadeba SeeZlo. am periodidan moyolebuli
axali politikuri reJimi sabolood Camoyalibda.

saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis aseTma struqturam senatTan yvelaze efeqtur politikur

TanamSromlobas xeli Seuwyo da imperiis mmarTvelobis axali sistemis organizeba
uzrunvelyo.

qr. Sobamde 16 welw Seiqmna axali administraciuli struqtura _ praefectura urbi

(saqalaqo prefeqtura), mis saTaveSi mdgom pirs praefectus urbi (qalaqis prefeqts)
Tavad imperatori niSnavda. qalaqis pretori (praetor urbi) q. romSi arsebul wesrigze
agebda pasuxs. missave sapolicio funqciebs samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebze sasamarTlo funqciebi daemata. qr. Sobamde 2 w. avgustusma Seqmna praefectus
praetoriae _ pretorianelTa prefeqtis Tanamdeboba, romelic sagangebo jaris,
pretorianelTa kohortis (cohors praetoriae) meTauri iyo. es jari ganlegabuli iyo q.
romSi. pretorianelTa prefeqti sardlobda italiis mTel teritoriaze ganlagebul
jarebs, igi imperatoris marjvena xeli iyo q. romSi, riTac man ganusazRvreli
Zalaufleba igdo xelT, kerZod, romis farglebs gareT marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcieleba. pretorianelTa prefeqti yvela provinciisaTvis uzenaesi
sasamarTlo instancia iyo samoqalaqo saqmeebze, xolo imperatoris qveyanaSi
aryofnis SemTxvevaSi (vice sacra), misi iurisdiqcia sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebzec
vrceldeboda. septimius severusis dros misi Zalaufleba garda q. romisa, mTels
italiaze gavrcelda. 235 w. aleqsander severusis konstitucia pretorianelTa
prefeqtis brZanebulebaTa normatiul mniSvnelobas (formae), im pirobiT aRiarebda,
Tu kanons ar ewinaaRmdegeboda. mogvianebiT, biurokratiuli sawyisebi ufro
ganmtkicda. severusebis mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze
eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo proceduris damyarebiT, senatma dakarga sasamarTlo
funqciebi. principatis epoqaSi romma axali, mniSvnelovani teritoriebi daipyro.

qr. Sobamde 29 w. avgustusma SemoierTa egvipte, riTac safuZveli Caeyara axali

kategoriis saimperatoro provinciebs _ provinciae Caesaris, romlebic gansxvavdeboda
senatis _ romaeli xalxis (provinciae populi Romani) _ provinciebisgan.

imperiaSi mSvidobis simyare centraluri xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi

TviTmmarTvelobis efeqturma Serwymam, ekonomikisa da kulturis ganviTarebam
ganapiroba. imperiis Sida komunikaciebis intensiurma ganviTarebam saxelmwifo sul
ufro homogenuri gaxda. am procesis apogead iTvleba imperator karakalas mier qr.
Sobamde 212 wels gamocemuli ediqti (Constitutio Antoniniana), romlis Tanaxmadac,
imperiis mravalmilioniani mosaxleoba romis moqalaqeTa uflebebs iZenda. am
droidan moyolebuli sxvaoba ius civile-sa da ius gentium-s Soris mxolod akademiuri
mniSvnelobasa iyo.
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qr. Sobamde 17 w. avgustusis kanonma `kerZo pirTa Soris davebis sasamarTlo wesiT
ganxilvis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum), gaauqma per legis actionem procesi.
amieridan, materialuri TvalsazrisiT, samoqalaqo procesis _ per formulas _ formis
erToblioba, samarTlis institutebis Sesabamis unifikacias iTxovda. qr. Sobis I
saukuneSi dadebuli garigebebis umravlesoba, marTalia, iuris gentium-s efuZneboda,
magram mainc ius civile doneze iqna aRiarebuli. mkacr civilur (ius strictum) samarTalSi
imperatoris moTxovnebs arsebiTi xasiaTis cvlilebebi Sehqonda; gansakuTrebiT es
exeba piris uflebebis, saojaxo da memkvidreobiTi samarTlis saxelSekrulebo
pasuxismgeblobis sferos. imperatorebi xels uwyobdnen iuristiebs politikur
karieras; sabolood, am TanamSromlobas Sedegad mohyva iuristebis monawileoba
consilium principis-s saqmianobaSi, aseve maT moipoves pretorianelTa prefeqtis
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba.

sasamarTlos sistemis progresi uSualod ukavSirdeboda damoukidebel

samarTalmcodneTa (prudentes) moRvaweobas. avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, maTi
avtoritetis (auctoritas principis)amaRlebaze TviT imperatorebi zrunavdnen.
respublikis bolos ori iuristi dawinaurda: ateius kapitoni da markus anTistius
labeoni. kapitoni tradiciul Sexedulebebs emxroboda; misi Txzulebebi sajaro
samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. labeoni kerZo samarTlis problemebisadmi
SemoqmedebiTi midgomiT gamoirCeoda: mas q. romis pretoris mier Sedgenili ediqtis
komentarebi ekuTvnis. am ori cnobili pirovnebis politikuri antagonizmi
SesaZleblobas iZleva avxsnaT, Tu mainc da mainc maT saxelTan ratomaa
dakavSirebuli klasikuri periodis ori samarTlis skolis Seqmnis tradicia:
igulisxmeba prokulianelTa da sabinianelTa skolebi. arc erT skolas ar
miekuTvneboda II saukuneSi mcxovrebi cnobili iuristi florentinusi (Florentinus). man
Seqmna `Institutiones~ Tormet wignad. termini `institutio~ (`ganaTleba~) miuTiTebs
dawyebiTi codnis safuZvlebis (elementa) Camoyalibebasa da amisaTvis elementaruli
xasiaTis samuSaoebis Sesrulebaze. imavdroulad, moRvaweoba daiwyo romaelma
iuristma gaiusma. misi naSromi Institutiones (oTx wignad) Cvenamde srulyofilad
moRweuli erTaderTi klasikuri Txzulebaa. gaiusis naSromi daiwera antoninus
piusis mmarTvelobis dros da misi gardacvalebis Semdeg gamoica. `institucebis~
zogadi struqtura aseTia: pirebi, nivTebi, sarCelebi; gaiusiseuli modeli misaRebi
gaxda iustinianes institutebisa da napoleonis kodeqsisTvis (1804 w.), aseve maT
safuZvelze Seqmnil Tanamedrove samoqalaqo kodeqsebisTvis.

klasikuri periodis iuristebi did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen winamorbedTa

naSromebis komentarebs, maT Soris, ius civile-s zogadi Sromebisa Tu calkeuli
sakiTxebis Sesaxeb fundamenturi monografiebis avtorTa Txzulebebs.

komentarebisgan unda ganvasxvaoT SeniSvnebi (notae). am Janris Tavisebureba isaa, rom

Canaweri uSualod sxva iuristis naSromis teqstSi keTdeboda. aRsaniSnavia, rom
SeniSvnebs akeTebdnen ara mxolod piradi qmnilebebis mindvrebze, aramed yvelaze
mniSvnelovani naSromebis saarqivo aslebzec.

37
pretoruli ediqtis komentarebi (Ad edictum) samarTalmcodneebis (prudentes)
literaturuli memkvidreobis mniSvnelovani nawilia. Cveulebriv, komentirebas
qalaqis pretoris ediqti eqvemdebareboda. yvelaze vrceli komentarebi (150 wignamde)
ekuTvnis pomponiuss, romlis citirebasac sxva avtorebi, magram ara kompilatorebi
axdendnen. paulusma dawera ediqtis komentarebi 78 wignad.

iuriskonsultTa praqtikuli profesiuli saqmianobis amsaxveli Janri iyo responsa

(konsultaciebi, pasuxebi), romelSic uSualod klasikuri epoqis samarTlebrivi
azris ayvavebaa asaxuli.

Digesta _ esaa calkeul gadawyvetilebaTa krebuli da responsa-s Janris yvelaze

ganzogadebuli saxe.

Epistulae (werilebi) iuridiuli konsultaciis saxeoba iyo, romelic axlobeli

adamianis SekiTxvis pasuxad gaicemoda.

Quaestiones (SekiTxvebi) gansxvavdeboda sakuTriv responsa-sagan gansaxilvel sakiTxTa

xelovnurobiT. aseT viTarebas, calkeuli institutis an principis detalurad
Sewsavlis mizniT, Tavad iuristi an misi mowafe warmoidgenda.

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.)

dominati; tetrarqia; coloni (kolonati); decuriones (dekurionebi); pars imperii (imperiis

nawili); constitutio (imperatoris brZaneba); vulgarizmi; iuridiuli (saswavlo) skola;
praeceptores (profesori).

qronologiurad postklasikuri periodi klasikuri periodis dasasruliTa da

iustinianes mmarTvelobis periodis dasawyisiT ganisazRvreboda. tradiciulad,
aseTi periodizacia am epoqisadmi uaryofiT damokidebulebas asaxavs da im mkveTr
gansxvavebas gulisxmobs, romelic romis samarTlis klasikur periodsa da mis
Semdgom _ dacema-gadagvarebis _ etapze arsebobda. III saukunis meore naxevarSi
dawyebuli naxevarsaukunovani zogadi krizisi, romelmac mTeli romauli
sazogadoeba moicva, romis samarTlis istoriazec aisaxa. gviandeli romis
epoqisaTvis niSandoblivia didi politikuri (dominatis Camoyalibeba), kulturuli
(qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba) da samarTlebrivi Zvrebi, ramac
mravali saukunis manZilze gansazRvres evropis saxe.

284 wels iliriulma legionebma taxtze dasves imperatori diokletiane, romelic

ar dakmayofilda erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis damkvidrebiT. man moaxdina mTeli
imperiis mmarTvelobis sistemis reorganizacia da dasavleT provinciebis
mmarTvelad yvelaze erTguli sardali maqsimiane daniSna, SemdgomSi provinciebis
mmarTvelTa TanaSemweebad kidev ori piri (galeriusi, romelic mis pirad
moadgiled iTvleboda da konstancius qlorusi, romelic maqsimianes TanaSemwe iyo)
gamocxadda. diokletiane da maqsimiane avgustusebad iwodebodnen, maT mier Svilad
ayvanili TanaSemweebi ki _ keisrebad. dadginda, rom avgustusis gardacvalebis
38
Semdeg, taxtis memkvidred cxaddeboda misi uSualo TanaSemwe keisari, romelic,
Tavadac axal keisars iyvanda Svilad. Lex de imperio gauqmda da monarqiam sabolood
CamoiSora respublikuri safarveli. oTxTa mmarTvelobis aRniSnul sistemas
tetrarqia ewoda. es sistema imperiis dayofas ar gulisxmobda (uzenaesi
xelisufleba diokletianem SeinarCuna), magram man mmarTvelobis decentralizacia
gamoiwvia.

ganxorcielda administraciuli reforma, romlis Sedegadac Seiqmna Semcirebuli

moculobis provinciebi _ diocezebi, romelTa saTaveSic pretorianelTa
prefeqtisadmi daqvemdebarebuli vikariusebi idgnen. Camoyalibda axali
biurokratiuli institutebi, konsulatma da preturam uwindeli mniSvneloba
dakargas. diokletianem SemoiRo axali sagadasaxado sistema da imperiis mTel
teritoriaze gadamxdelTa zedmiwevniT zusti aRwera Caatara. man safuZveli Cauyara
profesiuli kastebis Seqmnas da daadgina: samxedro mosamsaxureTa vaJiSvilebi mamis
saqmes unda gahyolodnen. moxda memkvidreobiTi moijareebis _ kolonebis (coloni)
miwaze mijaWva, ris Sedegadac imperator Teodosius I-is mmarTvelobis dros
mosaxleobis es kategoria faqtiurad yma-glexebad iqca. garda amisa, municipaluri
sabWoebis _ kuriebis _ wevroba memkvidreobiTi gaxda. kuriebis wevrebi anu
dekurionebi (decuriones), maT mier gankargul olqebSi gadasaxadebis akrefaze
sakuTari qonebiT agebdnen pasuxs. safinanso politika uSedegod dasrulda,
warumatebeli aRmoCnda qristianebis devnac, romelic, garkveuli periodis
sjulSemwynareblobis Semdeg, 303 wels kvlav ganaxlda.

305 w. taxtidan gadadga diokletiane. man imperiis dasavleT nawilis mmarTveli

maqsimianec aiZula, gadamdgariyo. 306 wels keisar konstanciusis gardacvalebis
Semdeg, jariskacebma avgustusad misi vaJi, konstantine gamoacxades. 312 wels
maqsimianes vaJiSvil maqsenciusze samxedro gamarjvebis moipovebis Semdeg imperiis
dasavleT nawilzec konstantines Zalaufleba gavrcelda. 313 w. konstantinem
gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romlis Tanaxmadac, qristianoba sxva
religiebs gautolda, qristianul eklesiebs ki CamorTmeuli qoneba daubrunda. 324
w., aRmosavleTis avgustus-maqsenciusze gamarjvebis Semdeg, konstantines
qristianulfiluri xelisufleba mTeli imperiis teritoriaze gavrcelda. 325 wels,
imperatoris iniciativiTa da aqtiuri monawileobiT, Catarda nikeis msoflio
saeklesio kreba, romelmac samebis erTmorwmuneobis Sesaxeb marTlmadidebluri
dogmati gamoacxada da eretikosobas brZola gamoucxada. am RonisZiebiT
qristianuli eklesia ideologiuradac imperatoris xelisuflebas daemorCila. 380
wels Teodosius didma gamosca milanis (mediolanis) ediqti, romelic, nikeis
msoflio saeklesio krebis dogmatebis safuZvelze, moqalaqeebisgan qristianobis
miRebas iTxovda. 391 wels man yvela warmarTuli taZari daxura da gandegilTa
devna iwyo.

konstantinem warmatebuli safinanso reforma gaatara, mosaxleobis dabegvris

sistema gaaumjobesa, samxedro da administraciuli xelisufleba erTmaneTisgan
gamijna, xolo pretorianelTa prefeqtisaTvis Zalauflebis CamorTmeviT kidev ufro
gaaZliera armia, dedaqalaqi gadaitana bizantionSi, romelsac SemdgomSi
39
konstantinopoli ewoda.

395 wlidan, imperator Teodosius didis gardacvalebis Semdeg, sul ufro mkveTr
xasiaTs iZenda, imperiis or nawils (partes imperii) Soris dava ori diocezis _
dakiisa da makedoniis gamo, riTac Teodosiusis mier mowveulema alarihis
vesTguTebma isargebles; 410 wels maT romi aiRes da gaZarcves. 425 w. taxtze avida
imperatori valentine III, romlis drosac droebiTma politikurma stabilurobam
daisadgura. Tumca, verc aman ixsna pars Occidentis genzerihis vandalebisa da atilas
hunebis (451-452 ww.) Semosevisgan, romlebmac daarbies da daipyres afrika, galia da
CrdiloeT italia. 455 w. vandalebma daikaves kunZuli sardinia da romze veraguli
Tavdasxma iqidan ganaxorcieles. barbarosebTan kavSiris damyarebis praqtikam da
maTma mowvevam romaelTa samsaxurSi romis dasavleTi nawilis politikuri simtkice
mkveTrad Seasusta, rac 476 wlis politikur gadatrialebiT dasrulda. barbarosTa
beladma odoakrma taxtidan norCi uzurpatori romulusi Camoagdo da
konstantinopolSi imperator zenonTan gagzavna. sanacvlod, odoakrma italiis
mmarTveloba iTxova. 480 w. gardaicvala imperator zenonis mier kanonier
mmarTvelad aRiarebuli _ iulius nepoti. male imperiis dasavleTi nawilisgan
darCenili nawili _ italia Teodorixis osTguTebis xeliT gaaTavisufles. odoakri
Caiketa ravenaSi, sadac igi 493 w. mokles. am xnis ganmavlobaSi konsulTa arCevnebi
kvlav grZeldeboda romSi, administraciul Zalauflebas ki praefectus urbi
axorcielebda; Teodorihma miiRo uzenaesi mxedarTmTavris Tanamdeboba da rex-is
wodeba SeinarCuna. V saukunis bolos galiis samxreT-dasavleT nawili da espaneTi
vesTguTebis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sevida, samxreT-aRmosavleTi galia _
burgundebis samefoSi, xolo galia md. luaras CrdiloeTiT _ xlodvigis frankTa
samefos SemadgenlobaSi moeqca.

postklasikuri epoqis samarTalganviTareba biurokratizmis ganmtkicebas,

saxelmwifos feodalizaciasa da pirovnebis damoukideblobis dacemas asaxavda.
konstantines droidan moyolebuli, roca pozitiuri samarTlis ZiriTadi forma _
imperatoris konstitucia (constitutio _ dadgena, daweseba) ediqtad (zogadi moqmedebis
normebi _ generalis) iqca, mkveTrad gauaresda kancelariis muSaobis xarisxi;
kanonebis iuridiuli da enobrivi forma mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeboda klasikuri
periodis nimuSebisgan. samarTlis samecniero ganviTarebisa da praqtikos-moxeleTa
momzadebis donis dacemis gamo postklasikuri epoqa vulgarizmis saxeliTaa
cnobili. am epoqis iuristebi inteleqtualuri damoukideblobiT ver daikvexnidnen:
Zalze didi iyo maT winamorbedTa samecniero memkvidreobis avtoriteti. am epoqis
samarTalmcodneebi, maTi Tanamedrove periodis pozitiuri samarTlis
stabilizaciisa da unifikaciis mizniT, zogad debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen.
zogjer klasikuri periodis sxvadasxva avtorTa naSromebs moculobiT amcirebdnen,
zogjer kompilaciebs gadaamuSavebdnen.

IV saukunis dasasrulidan iuridiul skolebSi samarTlis sferoSi e.w. klasikuri

tendencia ganviTarda. xsenebul skolaTa warmomadgenlebi klasikuri periodis
avtoritetul mecnierTa naSromebs iyenebdnen. am tendenciisaTvis klasikuri

40
memkvidreobisadmi istoriuli midgoma. piriqiT, iuridiuli skolis profesorebi
(praeceptores) beriTSi (beiruTi) konstantinopolSi, aleqsandriasa da romSi
cdilobdnen daedginaT iseTi kanoni, romelic samarTlis mecnierebis uzenaes
gamovlenad aRiqmeboda. praqtikuli mosazreba aiZulebda profesorebs yuradReba
gaemaxvilebinaT severusTa epoqis iuristTa naSromebsa da gaiusis `institutebze~.

wesisamebr, imperatiris konstituciisaTvis mimarTva iurists mxolod klasikuri

memkvidreobis SeTvisebis Semdeg SeeZlo. mzadeba elementaruli naSromebis (gaiusis
Sromebi) SeswavliT iwyeboda; swavlebis meore wels msmeneli (savaraudod, ulpianes
komentarebis safuZvelze) _ ediqts, xolo mesame wels papinianes naSromebs
swavlobda. praqtikuli sakiTxebis gacnoba mxolod swavlebis meoTxe wels iyo
SesaZlebeli. aRniSnul naSromTa Seswavla damoukideblad xdeboda da ZiriTadi
saswavlo masala pavlusis naSromebi iyo. swavlebis mexuTe wels, individualuri
damrigeblebis xelmZRvanelobiT, konstituciebis Seswavla iwyeboda.
konstituciebisa da moqmedi samarTlis komentirebas profesorebi Tavs aridebdnen,
maTTvis ufro mniSvnelovani iyo studentebisTvis is klasikuri normebi aexsnaT da
ganemartaT, romlebic aRar gamoiyeneboda da TanamedroveobasTan mxolod
nawilobriv iyo adaptirebuli.

postklasikuri periodidan Cvenamde moaRwia qristian imperatorTa konstituciebis

krebulis mniSvnelovanma fragmentebma (alarihis 506 w. kodeqsis didi nawili),
romlebic 429-438 ww., imperator Teodosius II-is iniciativiT (Codex Theodosianus)
momzadda. am epoqis kerZo samarTlis ZiriTadi wyaro Teodosiusis kodeqsia.

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.)

Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis krebuli); Digesta seu Pandectae (digestebi anu
pandeqtebi) Codex (kodeqsi); Novellae constitutiones (novelebi); kodifikacia;
interpolaciebi.

imperator iustinianes mmarTvelobis dros iuridiuli kulturisa da iuridiuli

ganaTlebis aRorZineba, saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis doneze, imperiis aRmosavleT
nawilSi SeiniSneboda. gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad iustinianes droindeli
klasicizmi iqca. imperatori da misi kancelaria normatiuli stabilurobis
damkvidrebas cdilobdnen da maT am mizniT, iuridiuli samecniero tradiciis
gaTvaliswinebiT, aRadgines mravali klasikuri instituti, romelTa sakuZvelzec
Zveli kontraverzebi da winaaRmdegobebi iqna daZleuli. mTel rig garigebebSi
(mancipatio, emancipatio, cretio) Zveli ritualebis gauqmeba imaze miuTiTebs, rom es
garigebebi moqmed institutebad aRiqmeboda da klasikur memkvidreobas kanonmdebeli
erT mTlian sistemad ganixilavda.

iustinianes samarTlebrivi politikisa da misi iniciativiT ganxorcielebuli

samarTlis kodifikaciis meSveobiT, evropulma kulturam klasikuri periodis
romaeli iuristebis teqstebi da imperatorebis konstituciebi SeinarCuna.
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mogvianebiT, kodifikaciis teqstebs _ Corpus Iuris Civilis (samoqalaqo samarTlis
krebuli) _ dasavleT evropaSi swavlobdnen. is oficialur saxelmZRvanelos _
institutiones warmoadgenda; igi 532 wels gaiusis, florentinusis, marcianusis,
ulpianesa da sxvaTa `Institutiones~ safuZvelze iqna Sedgenili; klasikosTa
Txzulebebis anTologia _ Digesta (krebuli) 530-533 wlebSi sagangebod Seqmnilmaa
komisiam moamzada; 534 wels imperatorTa konstituciebis krebuli _ Codex ZalaSi
Sevida.

Cvenamde iustinianes instituciebma IX da X saukuneebis xelnawerTa saxiT moaRwia.

pretoruli ediqtis wesis mixedviT, iustinianes kodeqsSi mocemulia adreanes

droidan moyolebuli iustinianes mmarTvelobamde (534 w. CaTvliT) arsebuli
imperatorebis konstituciebi.

konstituciebis teqsti xSir SemTxvevaSi Semcirebuli saxiTaa mocemuli, adreuli

epoqis konstituciebis teqsti gadamuSavebuli da redaqtirebulia, amoRebulia
moZvelebuli an gauqmebuli terminebi da debulebebi. teqsts erTvis SemdgenelTa
mier Camatebuli SeniSvnebi _ interpolaciebi.

kodeqsTan uSualo kavSirSia iustinianes mier, kodifikaciis Semdeg, Seqmnili axali

konstituciebi _ Novellae Constitutiones, romelTTaganac zogierTis mizani kerZo
samarTlis institutebis gardaqmnaa: magaliTad, valdebulebis Sesrulebis piradi
garantia; anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba.

iustinianes kodifikaciis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawilia Digesta. yvelaze srulad

swored am gamocemam Semogvinaxa klasikuri iuridiuli teqstebi, ris safuZvelzec
italiaSi XI saukunidan moyolebuli romis samarTali, evropel iuristTa
mudmivi mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtad iqca. 530 wlis bolos, imperatorma
iustinianem gamosca konstitucia `Deo Auctore~, romlis Tanaxmadac, sagangebo
sakodifikacio komisia Seiqmna. mas saTaveSi im drois saukeTeso iuristi triboniane
Caudga. komisiis wevrebi iyvnen: beriTidan profesori doroTeusi (Dorotheus) da
konstantinopolidan profesorebi anatoliusi (Anatolius), Teofilusi (Theophilus) da
kratinusi (Cratinus). TanaSemweebad maT 11 iuristi daeniSnaT. sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
komisiam waikiTxa da Seiswavla 1535 wigni, iuridiul TxzulebaTa teqstebiT,
romelTa safuZvelzec Seadgina 50 wignis anTologia, romelic 432 Tematur Tavad
daiyo.

digestebSi mocemulia amonaridebi 38 iuristis 275 Txzulebidan, romelTaganac

TiToeul amonaridSi miTebulia Txzulebebis avtorTa saxelebi.

VI. romis samarTali da misi recefcia evropaSi

ramdenime saukunis manZilze evropa gansakuTrebul geografiul da politikur

realobad yalibdeboda. mTlianobaSi esaa romauli, qristianuli da germanuli
kulturis elementebis erTianoba, rac qmnis im fenomens, romelic evropad iwodeba.
42
cnebis TvalsazrisiT, esaa istoriisa da kulturul-politikur ideaTa erTiani
qmnileba, romelic Sua saukuneebSi Caisaxa. 800 wels romis papma leon III-m Sobis
dResaswaulze karlos didis imperatorad akurTxa. erTgvarad, politikuri da
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, es faqti evropis imperiuli ideebis realizebas niSnavda.

Sua saukuneebis axali politikuri wyobis mkvidri sayrdeni Zala iyo imperatoris
(monarqis) xelisufleba (regalis potestas) da romis papis saRvTo Zalaufleba (sacrata
auctoritas). dasavleT imperiis aRdgenis Semdeg, msoflioSi Tanaarsebobda sami
civilizacia: dasavlur-qristianuli, bizantiuri da islamuri. berZnul
filosofiasa da qristianul sarwmunoebasTan erTad erT-erTi faqtori romis
samarTali iyo, romelic evropis kulturis erTian ideas qmnida. evropis
aRmosavleT nawilSi romanistuli tradiciis aRdgena ukavSirdeboda imperator
iustinianes Corpus luris Civilis-s. XII saukunidan kodeqsis gavrcelebiT, ase vTqvaT,
romis samarTali meored daibada. evropis dasavleTSi romis samarTlis SenarCuneba
vesTguTebis samarTalma (Lex Romana Wisigothorum) anu alarixis kodeqsma (Breviarum
Alaricanum) (506 w.) da vesTgoTurma kanonmdeblobam ganapiroba. evropaSi XII
saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefcia mniSvnelovanwilad boloniel glosatorTa
saqmianobam da maT mier samarTlis, rogorc imperiuli samarTlis, gaidealebam
ganapiroba. maTi azriT, saRvTo romis imperia romis uSualo memkvidre da
uflebamonacvle iyo. evropisaTvis romis samarTlis gacnobisa da regionSi misi
gavrcelebis mizniT, garkveuli saqmianoba kanonistebma (kanonikuri samarTlis
avtorebma) ganaxorcieles, komentatorebma ki _ zogad-evropuli samarTli
SeimuSaves.

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba

glosatorebi iyvnen Tavisufali xelovnebis skolis maswavleblebi, sadac

gramatikasa da ritorikasTan erTad, isini iurisprudenciasac aswavlidnen. am
saxeldebas dasabami mieca terminidan `glosa~, rac iustinianes Corpus Iuris Civilis
teqstTa velebze gakeTebul SeniSvnebsa da axsna-ganmartebebs niSnavda.

iuridiuli codnis Seswavlas safuZveli `xelovnebis magistrma~ (magister artium)

irneriusma (daax. 1055-1130 ww.) Cauyara. digestebis aRmoCenis Semdeg, samarTlis
Seswavla man codnis damoukidebel sferod aqcia, xolo sqolastikuri logikisa da
gramatikis wesebis gamoyenebiT mas samecniero xasiaTi SesZina. ubralo xelovnebis
skolaSi dasabami mieca cnobil kerZo saswavlebels _ boloniis universitets,
sadac evropis sxvadasxva qveynis studentebi iuridiul ganaTlebas iRebdnen.
boloniis universitetSi romauli kulturis idea da romis samarTlis imperiuli
koncefcia aRorZinda. romis imperiis uSualo memkvidresa da uflebamonacvles _
dasavleTis imperias _ unda exelmZRvanela ideiT: samarTali erTia, radgan erTia
imperia _ unum esse ius, cum unum sit imperium.

irneriusis memkvidreebad oTxi doqtoria miCneuli: bulgarusi, martinusi, ugo da

iakobi. Glossa Magna/ordinaria anu `didi (Cveulebrivi) glosa~ akursiusma Seadgena.

43
rogorc Zvel romSi, ise Sua saukuneebSi iuristi rigiTi moqalaqe, kerZo piri, iyo.
Tumca am ori periodis iuristebi erTmaneTisgan socialuri warmomavlobiTa da maT
mier gamoyenebuli meTodebiT gansxvavdebodnen. mcodne romaeli iuristi rCevebs
aZlevda romael moqalaqeebs, konsultacias uwevda pretorebsa da sxva magistratebs
da ase qmnida samarTals; amis Semdeg, mas iwvevdnen princefsis samsaxurSi, riTac
igi oficialuri piri xdeboda. glosatori iyo maswavlebeli, romelic
ganviTarebuli iuridiuli sistemis ararsebobisa da adgilobrivi statusebis
usistemo gamoyenebis gamo, universaluri samarTlis Semdgom ganviTarebas
digestebSi mocemuli iurisprudenciis principebis safuZvelze eweoda. glosatorTa
azriT, iuridiuli codnis sawyisad, uSecdomo wignad da yovelive WeSmaritis
wyarod irneriusisa da glosatorebis teqsti miaCndaT, romelic srulyofilebiT
gamoirCeoda da winaaRmdegobriv mosazrebebs ar Seicavda. am viTarebam ganapiroba
iurispridenciaSi filologiuri da logikur-dialeqtikuri meTodebis gamoyeneba,
riTac manamde mxolod literaturaTmcodneebi da Teologebi sargeblobdnen.

aqedan gamomdinare, Sua saukuneebis iuristebi mxolod teqstis ganmmarteblebi rodi

iyvnen; isini akeTebdnen romaeli iuristebis pasuxTa komentars, Tematurad mwyobri
Txzulebis saxiT, sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebs qmnidnen. rogorcaa magaliTad, e.w.
summae, romelSic Tavmoyril problemaTa (quaestiones) dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
pasuxebi _ `Tanaxma var~ da `winaaRmdegi var~ _ ganixileboda.

amrigad, klasikosebis drois `ars~ (xelovneba) samarTali iqca `scientia~-ad

(mecniereba), romlis ganviTareba-srulyofa universitetebSi xdeboda da amdenad,
axali Sexedulebebisa da midgomebisTvis xelmisawvdomi iyo.

$2. kanonistebi

romauli kanonis (lex Romana) winaSe `RvTis kanonis~ (lex Dei)

upiratesobaTanasworobisa (honestas) da qristianuli samarTlianobis (aequitas cristiana)
principebi, swored kanonistebis meSveobiT, gadamwyvet gavlenas axdendnen axal
samarTalze. meore mxriv, antikuri samyaros kulturuli tradiciebis damcveli da
gamavrcelebeli eklesia gaxldaT. Tavisufali xelovnebisa da samarTlis orive
dargis (samoqalaqo da kanonikuri) Seswavlisa da swavlebis centrebi
eklesiamonastrebsa da samefo saydrebSi ganTavsda. kanonistebis mier Seqmnili
kanonebi saero iurisdiqciasac exeboda; maT mier SemuSavebuli axali doqtrinebi da
gadawyvetilebebi, marTali romauli samarTlisagan gansxvavdeboda, magram mainc
uzomo gavlenas axdenda axal samarTalze. kerZod, stipulaciebis,
xelSekrulebebisa da araformaluri SeTanxmebebis (paqtebi), Cuqebis, dapirebis,
mflobelobisa da memkvidreobis, sasamarTlo ganxilvisa da gamoZiebis mimarT.

$3. `VII muxli~

Sua saukuneebSi, romis samarTlis recefciis TvalsazriT, didi mniSvneloba

eniWeboda alfons X brZenis dros Sedgenil kodeqss, romlis SemuSaveba mamamisis
ferdinand III-is dros daiwyo da 1263 an 1265 wels dasrulda. kodeqsis redaqciaze
didi zegavlena glosatorebma akursiusma, agaim, da gansakuTrebiT iakobma (romlis
44
gavlena zedmiwevniT aisaxa me-3 muxlze), dekretalistebma da kanonistebma, aseve
kastiliis iuridiulma dokumentebma moaxdines. kodeqsi cnobilia `kanonTa wignis~
an `kanonTa krebulis~ saxelwodebiT. saxeldeba gansazRvra misi Semadgeneli
wignebisa Tu muxlebis raodenobam; gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia me-7 muxli. pirvel
muxlSi saubaria samarTlis wyaroebsa da saeklesio sakiTxebze; me-2 muxlSi _
sajaro samarTalze; me-3 muxlSi _ sasamarTlo organizaciasa da
samarTalwarmoebaze; me-4 da me-6 muxlebSi Camoyalibebulia samoqalaqo samarTlis
normebi, xolo me-7 muxlSi _ sisxlis samarTali. aRniSnulma kodeqsma didi gavlena
moaxdina kastiliuri da espanur-amerikuli samarTlis romanizaciaze; magram
evropaSi romis samarTlis recefciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes wyarod unda
ganixilebodes arsebiTad es krebuli, radgan mis safuZvelze, evropel da amerikel
iuristTa samarTlebrivi Sexedulebebi Camoyalibda.

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali

evropuli saerTo samarTlis fuZemdeblebad miiCnevian komentatorebi (consiliatores),

romelTa axsna-ganmartebiTma krebulebma Sua saukuneebis periodis samarTlis
ganviTareba ganapiroba da Tanamedrove samarTals Cauyara safuZveli. praqtikuli
miznebis mqone axali iurisprudenciis Camoyalibebisas isini, glosatorebis
msgavsad, romis samarTlis ZiriTadi principebis Tanamedrove samarTlisTvis
morgebas cdilobdnen. aseT tradicias italiuri meTodi (mos italicus) ewoda da
miznad sargeblis motanas da misi praqtikuli daniSnulebis ganxorcielebas
isaxavda, riTac gansxvavdeboda frangi iuristebis mier SemuSavebuli galuri (mos
gallicus) meTodebis kulturuli anu humanisturi tendenciebisgan.

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores

evropuli iurisprudenciis realuri fuZemdeblebi komentatorebi anu praqtikosebi

arian. maT iustinianes samarTali saerToevropul samarTlad aqcies. komentatorTa
Soris gamoirCeoda boloniasa da perujaSi moRvawe profesori bartolo, romlis
Sesaxebac, gadmocemis Tanaxmad, ambobdnen: `aravinaa iuristi, Tu ara bartolos
mimdevari _ nemo iurista nisi Bartolista~.

komentatorebma sistemuri iuridiuli doqtrina Seqmnes; glosatorTa meTodologia

_ sqolastikuri dialeqtikisa da logikis meSveobiT _ iuristis profesiul iaraRad
aqcies. iuridiuli sistemis SemuSavebisas, maT warmatebiT daZlies kanonikur da
romaul samarTals, aseve saerTo samarTalsa da adgilobriv (regionalur)
samarTalSemoqmedebas Soris arsebuli winaaRmdegobebi. maTi Sexedulebis Tanaxmad,
saero saqmeebisTvis saerTo samarTali (ius commune) gamoiyeneboda, xolo kanonikuri
samarTali mxolod sasuliero saqmeebis mogvarebisas moqmedebda. moqmedi
specialuri samarTlis normebi adgilobrivi kanonmdeblobis saxiT saerTo
samarTals eqvemdebareboda da iuridiuli Zala mxolod sakuTari kompetenciis
farglebSi gaaCndaT.

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$2. humanistebi

XVI saukuneSi saero azrovneba Tavisi axali formiT, aRorZinebis xanis deda-
SinaarsiT _ humanizmiT gamovlinda. humanizmis msoflgagebis centrSi dgas adamiani
_ rogorc pirovneba da rogorc Tavisufali. evropis qveynebSi TiToeuli
saxelmwifosaTvis niSandoblivi _ ekonomikuri Tu socialur-politikuri _
pirobebis miuxedavad, aRorZineba da humanisturi moZraoba ZiriTadad, erTi xaziT
mimdinareobda. es iyo brZola Sua saukuneebis msoflmxedvelobisa da kaTolikuri
eklesiis, rogorc uZlieresi feodalis, ideologiis winaaRmdeg.

aRorZinebis epoqa xasiaTdeba antikuri kulturis, samarTlis, filosofiisa da

literaturisadmi didi interesiT. komentatorebisaTvis (mos italicus) niSandoblivi
praqtikuli tendenciebisagan gansxvavebiT, safrangeTSi humanistebis kulturuli
mimdinareoba (mos gallicus), istorias saero meTodebiT Seiswavlida da ZiriTadi
istoriuli movlenebis religiur-utilitaruli Sexedulebebisagan gaTavisuflebas
cdilobda. humanistebi didad afasebdnen klasikur iurisprudencias da cdilobdnen
samarTlis wyaroebis gaTavisuflebas yvela im modifikaciisgan, iustinianeseuli
kanonmdeblobis kompilatorebsa (interpolaciebi) da Suasaukuneebis periodis
glosatorebs (glosa da komentarebi) uxvad rom hqondaT gamoyenebuli. am mizniT,
TavianT gamokvlevebSi maT gamoiyenes ara marto iustinianes kodeqsis winamorbedi
samarTlis wyaroebi, aramed saliteraturo tradiciac. marTalia, humanistebma ver
Seqmnes `samarTlis istoria~, magram maT mier gamokvleulma antikuri periodis
samarTlis wyaroebma, romis samarTlis Seswavlas mecnieruli xasiaTi SesZina. maT
SeimuSaves e.w. profesorTa samarTali, romelic, iuristTa didi masidan calke
mdgomi mcirericxovani mecnier-iuristTa jgufis prerogativad iqca.

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria

ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi, XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, moqmedi bunebiTi samarTlis

skola, adamianis bunebisa da gonebis Sesabamisi da yvela xalxisaTvis saerTo,
universaluri samarTlis suliskveTebaze dafuZnebul, socialur eTikas aRiarebda.
adamianis saqmianobaTa sferoSi bekonis, dekartis, niutonis sabunebismetyvelo
aRmoCenebis praqtikulma gamoyenebma, bunebiTi kanonebi sazogadoebriv cxovrebazec
ganavrco. Teologiisa da Sua saukuneebis istoriuli mrwamsis postulatebis
uaryofis Semdeg, maT axali, zogadi cnebebisa da principebis, samarTlis axali
sistemis SemuSaveba daiwyes. reformaciisa da kontrreformaciis ideebiT, aseve
safrangeTis revoluciis SedegebiT STagonebuli bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis
ideologebi, uzenaes Rirebulebad adamianTa Soris Tanasworobasa da
samarTlianobas miiCnevdnen. iuristTa am skolis yvelaze did warmomadgenlenad
hugo grociuss (saerTaSoriso samarTlisa da gonis samarTlis meTodologiis
fuZemdebels), samuel pufendorfs, qristian Tomaziuss da qristian volfs
ariarebdnen. enciklopedistebi akritikebdnen iuristebis mier aRiarebuli
kazuistikis meTods, romelic analogiiT msjelobisas da precedentis safuZvelze
gamoiyeneboda, rac, maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi gaugebrobebisa da gaurkvevlobis
wyaro iyo, moqalaqeTa Soris ki uimedobas aRvivebda.
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bunebiTi samarTlis skola romis samarTals ratio scripta-d (dawerili goni)
ganixilavda. iuristebi kvlav romanistikis cnebebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, xolo
samarTlamcodneobiT naSromebs _ usistemobis gamo akritikebdnen. romauli
samarTlebrivi doqtrinisadmi amgvari damokidebulebiT gansakuTrebiT
gamoirCeodnen frangi mecnierebi doma da potie, romleTac mniSvnelovani gavlena
iqonies napoleonis 1804 wlis kodifikaciaze.

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli)

samarTlis axali mecnierebisa da `moqmedi~ romis samarTlis mimarT, axleburi

damokidebuleba gamoikveTa. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs germaniis samarTlis istoriuli
skola da am skolis damaarseblis fon savinis moRvaweoba. savinis naSromiT _
`romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema~ _ romis samarTali evropuli kulturis
safuZvlad da mis ganuyofel nawiladaa aRiarebuli.

savini samarTals ori gansxvavebuli _ istoriuli da sistemuri _ kuTxiT

ganixilavs. pirvel SemTxvevaSi, samarTali xalxis suliskveTebis bunebriv da
spontanur gamovlinebad, xelovnebis, enisa da folkloris msgavs avTentur
fenomenad aRiqmeba. Tumca, xalxis neba da misi suliskveTeba ara Tavad xalxis,
aramed ganaTlebuli iuristebis, mecnierebisa da mosamarTleebis mieraa gamoxatuli.
iuristis ucilobeli movaleobaa sakuTari eris istoriis Seswavla, raTa saTanadod
gansazRvros iuridiuli memkvidreoba, da amiT xeli Seuwyos erovnuli
suliskveTebis ganaxleba-SenarCunebas.

sistemis TvalsazrisiT, samarTali mecnieruli racionalizmisadmi

daqvemdebarebuli cnebebisa da principebis erTobliobaa, induqciisa da deduqciis
meTodebis gamoyeneba ki _ iuridiuli dogmatikis sistemurobis garanti.

samarTlis sferoSi kantis mier SemuSavebuli axali samecniero koncefciis

gamoyenebam da universitetis _ samecniero kvleviT centrad _ qcevis ideam
profesorTa samarTlis (iuristebis samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT) Seqmna ganapiroba.
sakiTxi exeba 1810 wels gaxsnil berlinis universitets, sadac prof. humboldtma,
sxva cnobil mecnierebTan erTad, savinic miiwvia. glosatorTa Semoqmedebis
gaTvaliswinebiT, savinim upiratesoba humanistebs mianiWa, vinaidan miaCnda, rom
komentatorebi da maTi mimdevrebi, usus modernus meTodiT, WeSmariti samarTlis
keTilSobilur principebs arRvevdnen. savinis imis gamoc akritikebdnen, rom
realurad, mis mier Seqmnili romis samarTlis moqmedi sistema, sxvadasxva epoqis
elementebisagan Sedgeboda da faqtobrivad, arc erT epoqaSi ar moqmedebda. arqaul
da klasikur samarTals xelovnurad mieniWa moqmedi samarTlis statusi da zogadi
Teoriis dogmebad aqcia.

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi

pandeqturi samarTlis (pandeqtebis Tanamedrove gamoyeneba _ usus modernum

pandectarum) fuZemdeblebma, interpretaciis meSveobiT, mecniereba da iuridiuli
dogmatika Corpus iuris SeimuSaves. es iyo e.w. `cnebebis iurisprudencia~, anu
47
pandeqtistika (saxelwodeba pandeqtebis sistemuri Seswavlidan momdinareobs).
pandeqtistikas safuZveli Cauyares r. puxtam da iseTma cnobilma romanistebma,
rogorebic iyvnen vagnerovi, dernburgi da vindSaidi. pandeqtistebi iuridiuli
mecnierebis pozitivistur mimdinareobas mfarvelobdnen. maTi azriT, samarTlebrivi
wesrigi iuridiuli principebisa da normebis sruli da Caketili sistemaa. amis gamo
maT miuReblad miaCndaT kazusebis arseboba cnebebisa da dogmebis sistemaSi, radgan
maTi gadawyvetis xerxebi iurists, mis xelT arsebuli saSualebebiT, samarTlis
normiT gauTvaliswinebel SemTxvevaSic (formalur-logikuri procedurebis
gamoyenebis gareSe), SeeZlo Seevso da gamoeZia.

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi

samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Semdeg romis samarTlis

aqtualizaciis praqtikuli tendencia, anu italiuri meTodi (mos italicus)
ganxorcielebulad miiCnies. Tumca, imis mtkiceba, rom iuristebs romis samarTlis
mimarT interesi gauneldaT usafuZvloa, vinaidan dRemde arsebuli mravali
istoriuli da dogmaturi mizezi, romis samarTlis sicocxlisunarianobas
cxadyofs. samoqalaqo kodeqsebSi dRemde SenarCunebulia romis samarTlis cnebebi
da principebi. erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemebis Sefasebis myar safuZvlad da
amosaval wertilad maTi saerTo romanistikuli wyaroebi unda gamoviyenoT, iseve,
rogorc es axali saerToevropuli samarTlis Seqmnisas xdeba. Tanamedrove
samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
romauli iurisprudencia, konsultaciebis formiT ganxorcielebul Tavisufal
saqmianobas warmoadgenda; igive iTqmis saerTo samarTlis ganmmartebelTa da
komentatorTa (consiliatores) naSromebzec. samarTalmcodneobis SemoqmedebiTi Tu
sainterpretacio bunebis mixedviT, ganasxvaveben Tanamedrove iuridiul sistemaTa
daxurul da Ria formebs, anu erTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos erTi ram: ra
principiTaa Seqmnili samarTali _ cocxali (precedentuli), Tu werilobiTi
formiT (erT krebulSi sistemurad Camoyalibebul normaTa wesiT). samarTlis Ria
tipis nimuSia anglo-saqsonuri precendentuli samarTlis sistema, xolo samoqalaqo
kodeqsebSi asaxuli samarTali _ daxurul models ganekuTvneba. aRniSnuli
gansxvaveba am ori sistemis erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gasamijnad ar gamodgeba,
vinaidan, dResdReobiT, sakanonmdeblo samarTali orive sistemas iyenebs; garda
amisa, es ori sistema yovelTvis verc warsulis mkacrad istoriul kriteriumebs
daeyrdnoba.

romauli iurisprudencia gamudmebiT uwyobda xels samarTlis SemoqmedebiT

ganviTarebas da sxvadasxva iuridiul sistemaze udavo gavlenas axdenda.
Sesabamisad, ufro mizanSewonilia samoqalaqo kodeqsebisa da anglo-saqsonuri
`saerTo samarTlis~ mimarTeba romis samarTalTan cal-calke ganvixiloT.

$1. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi

kanonis winaSe moqalaqeTa Tanasworobis Sesaxeb bunebiTi samarTlis Teoriis

mimdevarTa doqtrina da maTi postulatebi, samoqalaqo kodeqsebis Seqmnasa da

48
gamocemas uwyobda xels. 1804 wels napoleonis samoqalaqo kodeqsis SeqmniT
sakodifikacio saqmianobam safrangeTSi umaRles dones miaRwia (Tumca, msgavsi
samoqalaqo kodeqsebi manamde bavariasa da prusiaSic arsebobda). safrangeTis
revluciis periodSi, samoqalaqo kodeqsis avtorebma uari ganacxades oTx, maTi
azriT, Zalzed kazuisturad, an piriqiT, abstraqtulad Sedgenil proeqtze. or
ukiduresobas Soris miRweuli kompromisis Sedegad, franguli samoqalaqo kodeqsi
sakanonmdeblo teqnikis nimuSadaaa miCneuli, romelic, mogvianebiT, sxva qveynebis
samoqalaqo kodeqsTa misabaZ magaliTad iqca. frangulma kodeqsma zegavlena
moaxdina ara mxolod evropis, aramed amerikis kodifikaciebzec. napoleonis kodeqsi
mTlianad romis samarTlis principebs efuZneboda, ramac misi warmateba ganapiroba.
XIX saukunis didma frangma iuristebma obrim da rom, iurisprudenciisa da
doqtrinis urTierTzemoqmedebis dadgeniT, axali kanonmdebloba Zalze gonivrulad
da gabedulad ganmartes.

1900 wlamde germaniis samoqalaqo Zeglisdeba ZalaSi ver Sedioda istoriuli

skolis winaaRmdegobis gamo. germanuli samoqalaqo Zeglisdeba pandeqtistikis
yvelaze srulyofili da damaxasiaTebeli qmnilebaa, romelic Seiqmna samarTlis
skolis saqmianobis miwuruls da romis samarTlis dasasrulze miuTiTebs. kodeqsis
zogadma nawilma da iuridiuli garigebis doqtrinam mniSvelovani zegavlena
moaxdina Tanamedrove civilistikaze.

$2. inglisuri samarTali. saerTo samarTali da samarTlianobis samarTali (common

law and equity)

samarTlis am sistemisaTvis niSandoblivia gansakuTrebuli da specifikuri

Taviseburebebi, riTac igi kontinenturi samarTlebrivi sistemebis romanistuli
tradiciebisgan gansxvavdeba. aRniSnuli sistemiT sakanonmdeblo samarTali (Statute
law) da precedentuli samarTali (Common law) erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba.

XI saukuneSi normanTa Semosevis Semdeg, roca inglisis dampyrobelma uiliamma

qveyanaSi batonymuri sistema da centralizebuli administracia SemoiRo, dasabami
mieca saerTo samarTlis (Common law) istorias. samarTlebrivi reformebis
gansaxorcieleblad, arsebuli samarTilsa da marTlmsajulebis dacvis
uflebamosilebani mefem sakuTar Tavze aiRo. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis centrs
warmoadgenda samefo karis sasamarTlo (Curia regis), sadac adgilobriv
sasamarTloebSi ganxiluli saqmeebi gadaisinjeboda. mefis sasamarTlo
xelisufleba xorcieldeboda Serifis anu im moxelis mier, romelic sasamarTlo-
administraciuli funqciebiTa da gamsvleli sasamarTlo sxdomebis (Justice in Eyre)
warmarTvis uflebiT iyo aRWurvili. samarTalwarmoeba sasamarTlo brZanebebis
(writs an brevia) sistemiT xelmZRvanelobda. brZaneba iyo pergamentze tipuri da
mkacrad gansazRvruli formulebis gamoyenebiT, lakonurad Sedegnili
gansakuTrebuli werilobiTi sabuTi, romelic miiReboda samefo kancelariaSi.
formulaTa Sesadgenad gansazRvruli krebulebiT xelmZRvanelobdnen, risTvisac
gasamrjelos iRebdnen. sasamarTlo brZanebebisa da maT safuZvelze gacemuli
sarCelebis meSveobiT, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mefe adgenda kanonebs (imdeni
49
sarCeli iyo, ramdenic brZanebaTa formula). amis gamo, inglisuri saerTo samarTali
imTaviTve pozitiuri iyo, yovelTvis dauwerel CveulebiT samarTlad miiCneoda,
xolo romis samarTali, romelic universitetebSi iswavleboda, wignier da idealur
samarTlad ganixileboda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis (Equity) cnebaSi igulisxmeboda sasamarTlo sistema,

romelic upirispirdeba saerTo samarTals (Common law) da lord-kancleris
sasamarTloSi (Court of Chansery) moqmedebda. marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis
TxivniT qveSevrdomebi peticiiT mimarTavdnen uSualod mefes. mefe gzavnida
moTxovnas samefo sabWosa (King’s Council) da kanclerTan, romelic samefo sindisis
mcvelad (keeper of the King’s conscience) iTvleboda. samarTlianobis cnebaze
dafuZnebuli, sasuliero piris - kancleris iurisdiqciis mizani iyo mopasuxis
sindisis ganwmenda.

samarTlianobis samarTlis mizani marTlmsajulebis arsebiTi, da ara formaluri

ganxorcieleba iyo; amitom samoqmedod or xerxs iyenebdnen: realur aRsrulebas
(specific performance), romelic xorcieldeboda aRsrulebis Sesaxeb dadgenilebis
gamocemis gansakuTrebuli formiT da raime qmedebis (injunction) sasamarTlo
akrZalviT, rac zianis mimyenebelisaTvis garkveuli qmedebis ganmeorebiT Cadenas
krZalvda.

samefo iurisdiqciam pirveli gamarjveba, samarTlianobis samarTlis upiratesobis

Sesaxeb, brZanebulebis gamocemiT da saerTo samarTalsa da samarTlianobis
samarTals Soris winaaRmdegobis daZleviT moipova. Tumca, maT Soris dapirispireba
kvlav grZeldeboda common law-s farglebSi moqmedi mosamarTleebi, vestminsteris
sasamarTloebis mimarT, kancleris sasamarTlos saapelacio instanciad gadaqcevis
faqts ar iwonebdnen.

rac Seexeba inglisuri samarTlis evoluciis procesSi romis samarTlis recefciis

mniSvnelobas, yuradReba unda gamaxvildes sam momentze: 1. eklesiis, upirveles
yovlisa, benediqtelTa ordenisa da glosatorTa doqtrinis gavlenaze. romanistikis
zemoqmedebis kvali SeiniSneba terminologiaSi, inglisuri samarTlis analizisa da
misi samarTlis sistemad gadaqcevis procesSi romis samarTlis cnebebia
gamoyenebuli; 2. XVI saukuneSi romis samarTlis recefciam gadamwyveti gamarjveba
moipova, germaniaSi qorwinebis sakiTxSi saepiskoposo sasamarTloebma romaul-
kanonikuri doqtrina aRiares, xolo inglisuri saerTo samarTlis gamarjvebas
iuristTa wodebisa da maTi warmomadgenlis _ kokis _ pirovnuli avtoriteti
uzrunvelyofda, riTac inglisuri CveulebiTi samarTali romis samarTlis
debulebebis gamoyenebas ugulebelyofda; 3. mesame momenti exeboda samarTlis
Teorias da ara praqtikas, raSic didi wvlili miuZRvis ingliseli moazrovnis jon
ostinis Txzulebebsa da samarTlis istorikosis meitlendis Sromebs.

kazusebidan gamomdinare principebisa da normebis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT, romaul da

inglisur iurisprudencias bevri ram aqvT saerTo gansxvavebuli kritikisa da
ganviTarebis ganvlili gzis miuxedavad; kerZod, saerTo sasamarTlos

50
gadawyvetilebebis kazuisturi xasiaTi, teqnikis gamoyeneba. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom
iuristTa da mosamarTleTa gadawyvetilebebze did gavlenas axdenda intuicia,
romelic, logikuri da sistemuri kriteriumebis miuxedavad, samarTlianobis
princips efuZneboda.

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi

da Taviseburebani

romSi moqmed iuridiul debulebebaTa erTobliobas romis samarTali ewodeba. sa-

marTlis es tipi viTardeboda xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, rome-
lic 13 saukunis manZilze _ qr. Sobamde 753 wlidan qr. Sobis 565 wlamde _ impera-
tor iustinianes gardacvalebamde gagrZelda.

romis samarTlis gamoyenebis istoria mxolod aRniSnuli qronologiuri periodiT

rodi ifargleba. Semdeg sxvadasxva qveynisa da sazogadoebis interesebis Sesabami-
sad, Sua da axal saukuneebSi moqmedebda, romis samarTlebrivma sistemam Cvens
dromdec moaRwia. amitom amboben: romis samarTali xelmeored daibadao.

Tumca romanistTa, anu romis samarTlis mkvlevarTa interesis ZiriTadi obieqti ro-
mis moqalaqeTa urTierTobebis maregulirebeli kerZo samarTalia, dResdReisobiT
mravali samecniero naSromi kvlavac eZRvneba romis sajaro samarTlis, romauli
saxelmwifo institutebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istorias. aseTi saxis
gamokvlevebSi aucilebelia istoriuli monacemebis gaTvaliswinebac, vinaidan romis
kerZosamarTlebrivi institutebis evoluciis procesi mWidrod ukavSirdeboda rom-
Si moqmed politikur sistemasa da samarTalSemoqmedebiT tradicas. romis politi-
kurma reJimma, mmarTvelobis transformaciis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenime etapi ganvlo.
kerZod: 1. reqsebis epoqa _ qr. Sobamde 753-510 ww; 2. respublikis periodi _ qr.
Sobamde 510-27 ww; 3. principatisa _ qr. Sobamde 27 w. _ qr. Sobis 284 w. da 4. domina-
tis epoqa _ 284-565 ww.

aRniSnuli bolo ori etapi imperiuli mmarTvelobis ori gansxvavebuli formaa.

sakuTvis romis iuridiuli sistemis ganxilvisas, TiToeuli etapisaTvis
niSandoblivi arsebiTi Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdeniem etaps
ganasxvaveben; esenia: 1. arqauli _ qr. Sobamde 753-367 ww.; 2. winaklasikuri _ qr.
Sobamde 367-130 ww.; 3. klasikuri _ qr. Sobamde 130 w. - qr. Sobis 235 w. esaa yvelaze
xangrZlivi periodi, roemlic, Tavis mxriv, sam etapad iyofa: a) adreuli klasika _
qr. Sobamde 130-30 ww.; b) ganviTarebuli klasika _ qr. Sobamde 30 w. _ qr. Sobis 130 w.;
g) gviandeli klasika _ 130-235 ww.; 4. postklasikuri _ 235-527 ww.;

5. iustinianes periodis samarTali _ 527-568 ww.

romis samarTlis istoriis pirveli, arqauli anu kvirituli samarTlis periodi

droSi emTxveva reqsebisa da respublikuri saxelmwifo wyobilebis adreul da
klasikur periodebs. klasikuri samarTlis pirveli etapi gviandeli respublikis
epoqas Seesabameba, xolo klasicizimis meore da mesame etapebi _ principatis xanas
51
(imperiis pirvel etaps), anu romis imperiis teritoriuli gafarToebis periods.

romis samarTlis istoriis postklasikuri da iustinianes periodebi SeuzRudavi mo-

narqiuli mmarTvelobis _ dominatis _ xanas Seesabameba.

$1. Civitas warmoSoba. Rex-ebis periodi

civitas (qalaq-saxelmwifo); Senatus Populusque Romanus (SPQR) (senati da romaeli xalxi

); ager publicus (saxelmwifo miwebi).

saxelmwifoebriobis Tanamedrove koncefciebis (saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Teoriebis) ga-

moyeneba Zvelromauli Temis mimarT TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, vinaidan didia
modernistuli Teoriebis gavlena. Zveli romaelebisaTvis politikuri erToba
ganuyofeli iyo romauli Temis moqalaqeebisagan. Sesabamisad, romauli Temis
wevrebi sakuTar Tavs Populus Romanus-s uwodebdnen, xolo oficialur dokumentebsa
da legionerTa samkerde niSnebze pirveli adgilze senati iyo: Senatus Populusque
Romanus (SPQR).

cnebiT respublica sazogadoebrivi saqmeebi an sazogadoebrivi qmedebebi aRiniSneboda.

principatis epoqaSi romaul libera res publica-s imperatoris potestas-i daupirispirda.
mecnierTa umravlesobis azriT, primitiul romaul politikur organizacias yvela-
ze ukeT Seesabameba termini `qalaq-saxelmwifo~; es iyo erTgvari citadeli, romlis
kedlebs SigniTac xelisuflebis saqalaqo da qalaqs daqvemdebarebuli teritorie-
bis administraciuli organoebi iyo ganTavsebuli. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebiT
SesaZlebelia imis gancxadeba, rom romis saxelmwifo Tanmimdevruli sinoikizmis
(axlo mdebare dasaxlebaTa urTierTSerwymis) safuZvelze Camoyalibda.

romi Svid borcvze ganlagebuli ramdenime dasaxlebis gaerTianebiT Seiqmna.

Sesabamisad, am adgils Septimontium-i anu Svidborcviani (aventinusi, palatinusi,
kapitoliumi, kvirinalis, viminalis, eskvilinusi da keliusi) ewoda. mogvianebiT,
qalaqs galavani Semoavles, romelic mosaxleobas mtris Tavdasxmisagan icavda. am
borcvTagan erT-erTs kapitoliumi Semdegi garemoebis gamo ewoda: borcvze iupi-
teris taZris asagebad saZirkvelis gaTxrisas md. tibrosis sanapiroebze muSebma
adamianis Tavis qala aRmoaCines. metad xelsayreli savaWro gzebis (via Salaria)
kveTaze mkvidri primitiuli sasoflo Temi, TandaTanobiT iZenda qalaq-saxelmwifos
(civitas) niSan-maxasiaTeblebs. galavanSemovlebuli uZvelesi civitas-i teritoriaze
(pomoerium), mravlad iyo wminda adgilebi, sadac sxvadasxva magiuri da religiuri
ritualebi tardeboda; aqve mdebareobda mTavrobis rezidencia da sagangebo
adgilebi saxalxo krebebis Casatareblad.

miTis Tanaxmad, uZvelesi dasaxleba romulusis saxels ukavSirdeba, manve daudgina

qalaqs Tavdapirveli sazRvrebi (e.w. Roma quadrata). qalaqs gars ertya sajaro miwebi
da saZovrebi (ager publicus) da mtris Semosevebisagan daucveli soflebi da miwaTmoq-
medTa gancalkevebiT mdgomi qoxebi. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis masalebis Tanaxmad,
civitas-is garSemo safortifikacio samuSaoebi permanentulad, laTinebis TemebiT da-
saxlebuli soflebis gaerTianebiT, mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, romi alba-
52
longas (Alba Longa) kolonia iyo. aqve dabadebula qalRmerT vestas qurumi qali rea-
silvia, tyupi Zmis _ romulusisa da remusis deda.

amrigad, romi saerTo mmarTvelobas daqvemdebarebuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

jgufis konglomerats, ciceronis Tanaxmad, coetus hominum iure sociali-s, warmoadgenda.

primitiuli civitas-is mmarTvelobis organoebi iyo:

a) reqsi (rex)

rex sacrorum (saRvTo ritualebi); interrex (Sualeduri funqciebiT aRWurvili reqsi);

regifugium (reqsis gaqceva); quando rex comitia vit fas (formula, riTac reqsi RvTis nebas
aqveynebda).

reqsi (rex) iyo uzenaesi samxedro da politikuri beladi, romelic, xalxis

survilis SemTxvevaSi, moqalaqeTa sakraluri warmomadgenlis funqciasac
asrulebda. aqedan gamomdinare, reqsi anu beladi (ductor) iyo, religiur-magiuri
ritualebis Catarebis uflebamosilebiT, aRWurvili piri, romlis magiur da
zebunebriv unars misi piradi qarizma kidev ufro aZlierebda. reqsis zebunebrivi
Zalisadmi rwmena xalxs mis morCilebas da misi xelisuflebis uzenaesobas
STaagonebda. romaelebs reqsi miaCndaT RvTis nebis aRmsruleblad, romlis nebasac
xalxs amcnobdnen qurumebi; isini momavals zeciur movlenebze dakvirvebiT,
msxverplad Sewiruli cxovelebis Signeulobisa da frinvelTa frenis (auspicium,
augurium) mixedviT winaswarmetyvelebdnen.

gadmocemis mixedviT, roms marTavda Svidi reqsi: romulusi, numa pompiliusi, tulus
hostiliusi, ankus marciusi, tarkvinius priskusi, servius tuliusi da tarkvinius
superbusi (amayi). pirveli oTxi reqsi laTinTa da sabinTa warmomadgeneli iyo, xo-
lo bolo sami reqsi ki _ etruskTa tomisa.

respublikis periodSi romma SeinarCuna reqsebis xelisuflebisaTvis niSandoblivi

rudimentebi. laTini reqsebi roms senatTan TanxmobiT marTavdnen, samagierod,
xalxis mxardaWeriT sargeblobdnen. etruskma reqsebma TavianTi despotizmiT xalxi
daipirispires. bolo reqss _ tarkviniuss amays _ romaelebi ganudgnen aujanydnen da
gandevnes.

etruskTa dinastiis reqsebma SemoiRes uzenaesi xelisuflebis (imperium) Semdegi sim-

boloebi: spilos Zvlisgan damzadebuli samefo taxti, porfiris samosi _ toga (toga)
da wkeplebiT SeiaraRebuli piradi mcvelebi (lictores); magram romaeli rex-i araviTar
SemTxvevaSi ar miiCneva mefed; ase rom, maTi zeobis epoqa arasworad miiCnies monar-
qiuli mmarTvelobis periodad.

b) senati

Senex (mxrcovani); senatus (senati); patres (senatorebi); tribus (triba); gens (gvari); sacra
gentilicia (wminda ritualis aRsruleba ); interregnum ( reqsis gardacvalebis Semdeg

53
xelisuflebis aRsruleba senatorebis mier ).

Tavdapirveli senati (senatus) iyo uxucesTa sabWo, romelic reqss iseTi umniSvnelo-
vanesi saxelmwifo problemebis gadawyvetaSi exmareboda, rogoric iyo, magaliTad,
omisa da zavis sakiTxi. gadmocemis Tanaxmad, romulusma Tavad daaarsa senati,
romlis SemadgenlobaSic 100 senatori Seiyvana; drois kvalobaze, maTi ricxvi gai-
zarda da tarkvinius priskusis mmarTvelobis dros maTma ricxvma 300 miaRwia. SesaZ-
loa, senatorTa ricxvi ganisazRvreboda im patres raodenobiT, senatSi adgilis
dakavebis ufleba rom moipoves. senatorTa es wodeba (patres) imas mowmobs, rom sena-
ti gvarTa meTaurebis wridan iqmneboda. gvari (gens) iyo im ramdenime monaTesave oja-
xis gaerTianeba, romelsac saerTo winapari hyavda. Civitas-is Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT,
ojaxis (familia), gvarisa (gens) da tomis (tribus) funqciis sakiTxi didi xnis
ganmavlobaSi ganixileboda romanistikaSi. ojaxis wevrebs erTmaneTTan sisxliT na-
Tesaoba akavSirebdaT. ojaxi uZvelesi socialuri organizmia. ojaxTa kavSiri,
romelsac saerTo winapari (patres gentis) hyavda naTesavTa erTobas _ gvars qmnida.
gvaris wevrebi saerTo sagvareulo saxels atarebdnen da gvaris yvela wevrisaTvis
erTnair wminda ritualebs (sacra gentilicia) aRasrulebdnen. reqsis gardacvalebis
Semdeg mTeli Zalaufleba gadadioda senatorTa xelT (interregnum), romlebic axal
reqss irCvdnen.

g) xalxi da saxalxo krebebi

pirvel saukuneebSi xalxi ori fenis _ patriciebisa da plebeebisagan _ Sedgeboda.

privilegirebul fenas Seadgenden patriciebi; klientebi da fsgaazatebulebi maTze
iyvnen damokidebulni. patronisa da klientis urTierTobebis Sesaxeb cnobebi
mocemulia dionise halikarnaseliTan, romlis mtkicebiTac patronis uflebebi
romulusma SemoiRo. patroni klients iuridiuli xasiaTis rCevebs aZlevda da mas
sxva pirTa ukanono devnisagan icavda; Tavis mxriv, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, klienti
patronis daxmarebis valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebda; magaliTad, misi qaliSvi-
lebis gaTxovebisas an patronis tyveobdan gamosyidvisas, klients sakuTari
patronis sasamarTlo xarjebi an sajaro jarimebi unda gadaexada. patrons da
klients erTmaneTis winaaRmdeg sasamarTloSi mowmed gamosvlis ufleba ar hqondaT.
klients ar SeeZlo xmis micema im kandidaturis winaaRdeg, romelsac patroni mxars
uWerda.

patriciebis fena Sedgeboda im 100 ojaxisgan (familia), romelic romis teritoriaze

uZvelesi droidan cxovrobda (patriciebis STamomavlebis imave wodebss
ganekuTvnbodnen). patriciebis ojaxebi gvarad, gvarebi ki tomebad erTiandeboden.
patriciebi samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebiT SeuzRudavad sargeblobden,
aRniSnul uflebebs plebeebis (plebs) fena moklebuli iyo. Tanasworobisa da
sazogadoebis erTiani patriciul-plebeuri maRali fenis _ nobilis _ Sesaqmnelad ple-
beebi, ramdenime saukunis manZilze ibrZodnen. saxelmwifos respublikuri wyobis
dros nobiliteti gabatonebul fenas warmoadgenda. xalxs iwvevdnen sagangebo
krebebis e.w. komiciebis (comitia; cum+ire: Sekreba) sxdomebze. saxalxo krebis uZveles

54
saxes warmoadgenda kuriis kreba (comitia curiata), romelic moqalaqeebs kuriebis
mixedviT aerTianebda. 30 kuriad dayofili mosaxleoba sam tribad erTiandeboda.
Tavdapirvelad, kuriis krebis kompetencia lex curiata de imperio (romlis ZaliTac reqss
saxelisuflebo uflebamosileba eniWeboda) mxardaWera da adrogatio (Svilad ayvanis
erT-erTi saxe) gaxldaT. centuriis komiciebi (comitia centuriata) boloswina etrus-
kelma reqsma servius tuliusma Seqmna. aRniSnuli komicia efuZneboda romaeli ja-
ris axal struqturas, romelic, jariskacTa qonebrivi statusis mixedviT, xuT
kategoriad iyofoda. romis jarisa da saxalxo krebebis reformatorad servius
tuliusia miCneuli. laTinTa da sabinTa `monarqiis~ pirvel etapze jaris Sekreba
gvarebis mixedviT xdeboda; wlis ganmavlobaSi jarSi patriciebisa da
klientebisagan romel wevrs unda emsaxura, amas gvari (gens) adgenda. aqedan
gamomdinare, jarSi kavaleria dominirebda. brZolis hoplituri taqtikis SemoRebiT
cxenosanTa rigebi Semcirda. hoplitebi (hoplitas) (mZimed SeiaraRebuli qveiTi jari) _
es iyo asi meomrisagan Semdgari samxedro razmebi (centuriae), romlebic mkacrad
icavdnen sabrZolo mwyobrsa da samxedro disciplinasa, rac maT
brZolisunarianobas ganamtkicebda.

samxedro reformis gatarebisas, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, servius tuliusma moqa-

laqeebi 5 jgufad dahyo. pirveli, umaRlesi jgufis wevrobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo
100 000 sisterciis (fuladi erTeuli) qona, meoresaTvis _ 75 000, mesame da meoTxi-
saTvis _ Sesabamisad, 50 000 da 25 000, xolo bolo, mexuTe jgufs 12 000 sisterciis
qona moeTxoveboda. moqalaqeTa TiToeuli kategoria valdebuli iyo gamoeyvana
centuriis gansazRvruli raodenoba (magaliTad, pirvel kategorias 30 centuriis
gamoyvana evaleboda). mxedrobas (equites) 18 centuria gamohyavda, xolo damxmare kari
(muSebi, musikosebi da proletarii) kidev 5 centurias qmnida. amgvarad, centuriebis
saerTo ricxvi 193 Seadgenda.

centuria (centuriae) erTdroulad samxedro erTeuli da politikur-fiskaluri gaer-

Tianeba iyo, anu maT saxalxo krebaze xmis micemis ufleba hqonda. xmis micemisas
pirveloba moqalaqeTa yvelaze SeZlebul fenas eniWeboda, vinaidan centuriaTa yve-
laze didi raodenoba (30 centuria) am fenas gamohyavda. xmaTa absoluturi
umravlesobis mopovebis Semdeg (moqalaqeTa pirveli fena, cxenosnebTan erTad, 98
centurias Seadgenda. isini pirvelebi aZlevdnen xmas da saxalxo krebebze xmaTa
umravlesobas iRebdnen) xmis micemis procedura wydeboda.

$2. patriciul-plebeuri civitas-i da respublika

Comitia curiata (kuriis kreba); comitia centuriata (centuriis kreba); comitia tributa (tribis
kreba); plebs (mdabio); nobilis (warCinebuli); centuriae (centuriebi); hoplitas (qveiTi jari);
equites (mxedrebi); proletarii (uqonelni).

gadmocemis Tanaxmad, tarkviniusebis gvaris ukanaskneli reqsi qr. Sobamde 510 wels
romidan gandevnes da, erTwliani uflebamosilebis vadiT, magistratis Tanamdeboba
SemoiRes. kolegiis wevri _ magistratebi umaRlesi samxedro da politikuri
xelisuflebiT aRWurvili pirebi iyvnen. qr. Sobamde 451 wels SeirCa aTi moqalaqe
55
(decemviri legibus scribundis), romelTac XII dafis kanonebis redaqtireba daevalaT. saka-
nonmdeblo saqmianoba, patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris urTierTobebis ukiduresi
gamwvavebisa da politikuri dapirispirebis fonze, ori weli gagrZelda. XII dafis
kanonebis gamoqveynebis Semdeg, xalxma konsulebis arCeva aRar isurva da
mmarTveloba gadasca konsulis ZalauflebiT aRWurvil samxedro tribunebs (tribuni
militum consulari potestate), romelTac jarebis sardlobis ufleba moipoves. qr. Sobamde
367 wels liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanoniT (leges Liciniae et Sextiae) konsulati _
respublikuri romis saxelmwifo wyobilebis umaRlesi organo _ sabolood
damkvidrda.

antikuri periodis cnobebis interpretaciisas, istorikosTa azri orad iyofa: erTi

nawilis Tanaxmad, romSi tarkviniusebis gandevnis Semdeg, politikuri sistemis re-
formireba mkveTrad, revoluciuri meTodebiT ganxorcielda; istorikosTa meore
jgufis (umravlesobis) azriT, reforma mdovred, Tumca, Tanamimdevrulad
mimdinareobda. Tavdapirvelad, SesaZloa yovelwliurad, airCeoda mxolod erTi
umaRlesi pretori (praetor maximus, prae+ire _ jari winamZRoli, mxedraTmTavari
SapkaSi), romelsac, damxmared (savaraudod, jarebis sardlebad) umcros pretorebs
(praetores minores) uniSnavdnen.

romis respublikuri saxelmwifo wyoblebis sawyisi etapi patriciebsa da plebeebs

Soris gamudmebuli da mkveTri urTierTdapirispirebiT xasiaTdeboda.
privilegirebuli politikuri uflebebis mudmivad borotad gamoyenebiT,
patriciebis gabatonebuli fena pleebis gaRizianebas iwvevda; protestis niSnad,
plebeebi roms tovebdnen da secesiebs (secessio), anu romidan maT saTayvanebel wminda
mTaze organizebul gaqcevas, mimarTavdnen. patriciebi samxedro samsxurs mxolod
plebeebs avaldebulebdnen, valauval plebeebs savalo kabalaSi amyofebdnen.
aRniSnuli, pirveli socialuri konfliqtis mizezi gaxda. qr. Sobamde 494 w. plebeeb-
ma miaRwies, rom patriciebma maT mier arCeuli Tanamdebobis pirebi _ tribuni plebis _
aRiares.

plebsis tribunebs magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze veto-s dadebis ufleba miecaT.

RvTaebrivi kanonis (lex sacrata) ZaliT, plebsis tribuni xelSeuvalobiT (sacrosanctae)
sargeblobda; mis winaaRmdeg ganxorcielebul qmedebaSi mxilebuli piri kanongare-
Sed (homo sacer) cxaddeboda. male plebeebma politikuri moTxovnebic wamoayenes. maT
patriciebs plebsis tribunis uflebamosilebaTa (potestas tribunicia) aRiarebas, tribu-
nisaTvis veto-s uflebis, plebsis saxalxo krebaze miRebuli gadawyvetilebisTvis
(plebiscita) iuridiulad savaldebulo Zalis miniWeba mosTxoves. valeriusisa da
horaciusis kanonis (leges Valeriae-Horatiae) miRebiT, tribuni, xelSeuvalobis mqone
civitas-is uflebamosi, magistratad iqca; qr. Sobamde 445 w. kanuleusis kanoniT (lex
Canuleia) patriciebsa da plebeebs Soris qorwinebis akrZalva gauqmda; qr. Sobamde
367 w. plebeebis konstituciuri moTxovnebi sabolood dakmayofilda. liciniusisa
da seqstiusis kanonis (leges Liciniae Sextiae) Tanaxmad, ori konsulidan erT-erTi auci-
leblad plebsis warmomadgeneli unda yofiliyo. publilius filonis kanoniTa (lex
Publilia Philonis) da hortensius kanoniT (lex Plebiscita Hortensia), plebsis saxalxo krebeb-
56
ze miRebul gadawyvetilebebs komiciebis mier dadgenili, kanonis Zala mieniWa.

patriciul-plebeuri mmarTvelobis mqone civitas-is safuZvelze aRmocenebulma axalma

saxelmwifo wyobam, qr. Sobamde III-II saukuneebSi ganviTarebis mwvervals moaRwia.
mmarTvelobis am tipis saxelmwifo organoebi iyo: magistratura, senati da saxalxo
krebebi.

Zveli berZeni istorikosisa da filosofosis polibiosis Tanaxmad, romis saxelmwi-

fo wyobileba Sereuli tipis saxelmwifo formaa, romelic aristoteles mier
gansazRvrul monarqiis, aristokratiisa da demokratiis cnebaSi ar jdeba. erTi
mxriv, Tu konsulis uflebamosilebas ganvixilavT, SesaZloa vifiqroT, rom romi _
monarqiaa; senatis uflebamosilebaTa ganxilvis safuZvelze, SeiZleba davaskvnaT,
rom is aristokratiuli wyobis mqonea; xolo mravalricxovani xalxis politikur
uflebebsac Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, vifiqrebT, rom romi demokratiuli saxelmwifoa.
imdroindel romSi, senatisa da patriciuli magistraturis batonobis didi xnis
manZilze, mmrTvelobis sferoSi monawileobis misaRebad, plebeebis brZolis
miuxedavad, romis saxelmwifo wyoba mainc aristokratiuli niSnebiT xasiaTdeboda.
meore mxriv, SeuZlebelia xelisuflebaTa aRniSnuli Tanafardoba xelisuflebaTa
danawilebis (sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli, sasamarTlo xelisufleba) Tanamedrove
Teoriis mixedviT aixsnas. erTi ram faqtia: romis saxelmwifo wyobis sistemiT,
politikuri institutebis urTierTdamokidebulba da urTierTkontroli
xorcieldeboda. mudmivmoqmedi organo _ senati (senatus), uflebamosilebaTa erTw-
liani vadiT arCeul magistratebze, arsebiTi gavlenas axdenda; imavdroulad,
sazogadoebrivi saqmeebis (res publica) saerTo mmarTvelobasac uWerda mxars.

a) magistratura

Veto (akrZalva); imperium (Zalaufleba); auspicia (frinvelebsa da cxovelebze

dakvirveba); imperium militiae (samxedro Zalaufleba); imperium domi (xelisufleba
qveynis SigniT); provocatio ad populum (xalxisadmi mimarTva); praetor maximus (umaRlesi
pretori); collega minor (umcrosi TanaSemwe); praetor peregrinus (ucxoelebis pretori);
quaestorae parricidii (kvestorebis TanaSemweebi); quaestores aerarii (saxazino kvestorebi);
cura urbis (qalaqis zedamxedveloba); cura ludorum (TamaSebze zedamxedveloba); cura
morum (zneobaze zedamxedveloba); cura annonae (sursaT-sanovageze zedamxedveloba);
tribuni plebis (plebsis tribuni); intercessio (tribunis mier vetos gamoyenebis ufleba
sxva magistratebis gadawyvetilebebze); ius auxilii (moqalaqeTa dacvis ufleba); ius
agendicum senatus (senatis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebis mowvevis
ufleba; lectio senatus (senatis dakompleqteba).

respublikuri magistraturis ZiriTadi niSnebia: 1. arCeviToba; 2. kolegialoba; 3. Ta-

namdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada; 4. usasyidloba; 5. angariSvaldebuleba.

wesis Tanaxmad, magistratebi komiciebSi erTwliani vadiT da kolegialobis

principiT airCeodnen; maT hqondaT Tanabari uflebamosilebani, aseve kolegis
57
gadawyvetilebaze veto-s dadebis ufleba. did xarjebTan dakavSirebuli samsaxuris
miuxedavad, magistratoba usasyidlod iyo; Tanamdebobis dakavebisas, isini debdnen
fics, rom kanonis Sesabamisad (nihil contra leges fecissent) imoqmedeben. magistrati,
romelic sakuTar Zalauflebas borotad iyenebda, meqrTameobaSi braldebuli piris
msgavsad (crimen repetundarum) isjeboda.

kuriatul kanonTa (lex curiata) da auspiciiT (auspicia) anu RvTis nebis axsna-
ganmartebis uflebiT, romael konsulebs uzenaesi xelisufleba (imperium) eZleodaT.
Imperium-i anu uzenaesi xelisufleba eniWeboda ufross magistratebs _ konsulebs,
diqtatorebs, pretorebsa da samxedro tribunebs. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben
imperium-is or saxes: imperium militiae _ romis sazRvrebs gareT jaris sardlobis
ufleba da imperium domi _ umaRlesi samoqalaqo xelisufleba q. romis sazRvrebSi,
sadac moqaleTaTvis sasjelis Sefardeba izRudeboda mxolod romaeli xalxisadmi
apelirebiT (provocatio ad populum), romelic braldebuls saxalxo krebisaTvis
mimarTvis uflebas aZlevda.

T. momzenis klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, magistraturebi iyofada or saxeobad: Cveuleb-

rivi (ordinaluri) da gansakuTrebuli (eqstraordinaluri). Tavis mxriv, Cveulebri-
vi magistratura mudmivmoqmed da garkveuli Sesvenebebis Semdeg amoqmedebul orga-
noebad iyofoda.

mudmivmoqmedi magistraturebi:

1. konsulati. romSi erTi wlis vadiT arCeuli ori konsuli iyo. maTi Tanamdebobaze
yofnis erT wels maTive saxeli ewodeboda. konsulebi axorcielebdnen imperium-s,
anu uzenaes samxedro da samoqalaqo xelisuflebas; simbolurad atarebdnen
samkerde niSansa da reqsis simboloebs: liqtorebi da porfiris toga _ hqondaT.
damnaSavisaTvis sasikvdilo ganaCenis gamotanis ufleba mxolod konsuls eniWeboda.
sikvdilmisjils e.w. provocatio-s wesiT am ganaCenis gasaCivreba centuriis saxalxo
krebis mimarT mxolod q.romis farglebSi SeeZlo; Tu aRniSnul sasjels
provinciaSi gamoitndnen, is saboloo iyo da gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda.

2. pretura. pretori uzenaesi xelisuflebiT aRWurvili magistri (praetor maximus)

iyo. liciniusisa da seqstiusis kanonebSi pretori moxseniebulia konsulis umcros
TanaSemwed (collega minor). imave kanoniT, pretors marTlmsajulebis (iurisdictio)
ganxorcielebis funqciac mieniWa, gansakuTrebiT aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisagan
marTlmsajulebis instituciurad gamoyofis Semdeg. qr. Sobamde 242 w. SemoiRes
axali Tanamdeboba ucxoelebis pretori (praetor peregrinus), romelsac romael moqala-
qeebsa da ucxoelebs Soris sasamarTlo davebis ganxilva-gadawyveta daevala.

3. kvestura. kvestori iyo konsulis TanaSemwe (quaestores parricidii), romelsac,

umTavresad, saxelmwifo damnaSaveTa sisxlissamarTlebrivi devna da danaSaulis
gamoZieba evaleboda. garda amisa, kvestorebs, danaSaulebrivi xelyofisagan
saxelmwifo xazinisa da sxva saxis sazogadoebrivi qonebis dacvac evalebodaT
(quaestores aerarii).

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4. ediliteti. Tavdapirvelad, edilebi (aediles) plebsis RvTaebaTa kults
zedamxedvelobdnen. mogvianebiT, maT romSi sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva (cura
urbis), qalaqis xorbliTa da sarCo-sanovagiT momarageba (cura annonae) da TamaSebis
organizeba (cura ludorum) daevalaT.

5. plebsis tribunati. Tavdapirvelad, plebsis tribunebi, patriciebis winaaRmdeg

socialuri TanasworobisaTvis brZolaSi, plebeebis `revoluciuri~ beladebi iyvnen.
patriciati iZulebuli gaxda, magistratebis mier miRebul nebismier
gadawyvetilebaze, plebsis tribunis vetosa (intercessio) da moqalaqeTa dacvis (ius
auxilii), aseve senatisa da plebsis krebebis mowvevis uflebac (ius agendi cum senatus, cum
plebe) eRiarebina.

6. cenzura ordinaluri, magram ara permanentuli magistratura iyo. yofili

konsulebi 18 Tvis vadiT airCeodnen cenzorebad (censor), romelTa movaleobac
yovel xuT weliwadSi erTxel, qonebrivi cenzis mixedviT, moqalaqeebis aRwera da
maTi saTanado kategoriebSi ganweseba gaxldaT. cenzori akompleqtebda senats (lectio
senatus), zedamxedvelobda moqalaqeTa zneobas (cura morum). Tu moqalaqe uzneo qmede-
bas Caidenda, mas ricxavdnen moqalaqeTa siidan, mis mier Cadenil uRirs qmedebaze
werilobiTi miTiTebiT.

magistraturis meore _ eqstraordinaluri saxe diqtaturis instituti iyo.

sagangebo viTarebis dros konsulebi niSnavdnen diqtators, romlis

uflebamosileba mxolod eqvsi TviT gamisazRvreboda. am drois ganmavlobaSi is iyo
erTpirovnuli xelisufali, romlis kompetenciaSis uzenaesi samxedro da
samoqalaqo administracia (imperium militiae et imperium domi) Sedioda. diqtaturis
dros moqalaqeTa yvela ufleba SeCerebuli iyo.

ramdenime magistraturis erTi piris xelSi moqceva dauSvebeli iyo. qr. Sobamde 180
w. viliusis kanoniT (lex Villia annalis) dadginda: erTi da igive piri, imave an sxva
Tanamdebobaze xelmeored mxolod ori wlis Semdeg airCeoda. amave kanoniT,
ganisazRvra magistratobis Semdegi ierarqia (cursus honorum): kvestura, ediliteti,
pretura, konsulati; cenzorad da diqtatorad mxolod yofili konsuli
daiSveboda.

b) senati

Senatus (senati); senex (senatori); partes (mamebi); conscripti (miwerilni).

senati (senatus) iyo respublikuri romis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis

warmomadgelobiTi da saTaTbiro organo, romlis wevrebadac senatori (senex) _ pat-
riciebi (e.w. `patres~ - mamebi) da senatori _ plebeebi (e.w. conscripti - miwerilni)
airCeodnen.

senatis kompetenciaSi Sedioda: omis gamocxadeba da zavis dadeba; religiuri cere-

monialis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba; sazogadoebrivi finansebis gankargva da

59
mxedarTmTavrebis daniSvna. aRniSnuli mowmobs, rom senatis funqcia mxolod
saTaTbiro uflebamosilebiT ar ifargleboda. magistratebis xelisufleba droiT
iyo SezRuduli, xolo mudmivmoqmedi saxelmwifo organo senati, komiciebis mier
miRebul kanonebs sakuTari auctoritas-iT amtkicebda, senatusconsultum-iT ki sakanonmdeb-
lo saqmianobas axorcielebda. senatorTa ricxvi permanentulad izrdeboda da III
saukunis dasawyisSi aTass miaRwia.

g) saxalxo krebebi

Plebiscita (plebisciti); consilia plebis (plebsis kreba); magistratus maiores (umaRlesi rangis
magistratebi); magistratus minores (dabali rangis magistratebi); ius agendi cum populo
(komiciebis mowvevis ufleba); ius agendi cum plebe (plebsis krebebis mowvevis ufleba);
optimates (optimatebi); populares (popularebi); nobilitas (warCinebuli); ordo equister
(mxedarTa wodeba); consul sine collega (konsuli kolegis gareSe).

Tavdapirvelad, magistratebis arCeva da kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micema centuriis

saxalxo krebis kompetencia iyo. magram reformebis gatareba, da qonebrivi cenzis
mixedviT, moqalaqeTa socialur jgufebad SedarebiT samarTliani dayofiT,
centuriis krebebis umaRlesi funqciebis nawili, tribis komiciebisaTvis gadacema
gamoiwvia.

mogvianebiT, kanonis Zalis mqone plebiscita-s plebsis kreba (consilia plebis) iRebda. umaR-
lesi magistratebis (magistratus maiores) _ konsulebis, cenzorebis, pretorebis arCeva
(daniSvna) centurialuri komiciis kompetencia iyo. tribebis komiciebi yvelaze
dabali rangis magistratebs (magistratus minores) _ edilebsa da kvestorebs irCevdnen;
plebsis krebebze ki _ plebsis tribunebs. plebsis krebebze magistratebad mxolod
moqmedi magistratebis mier warmodgenil pirebs irCevdnen.

kanonproeqtisaTvis xmis micemis dros sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba mxolod

moqmed magistratebs hqondaT; saxalxo kreba uflebamosili iyo maTi iniciativa
mieRo an saerTod uareyo; misi Secvlis, Sevsebis an nawilobriv miRebis ufleba maT
ar gaaCndaT. komiciebis mowvevis ufleba (ius agendi cum populo) umaRles magistratebs,
xolo plebsis krebebis (ius agendi cum plebe) _ plebsis tribunebs hqondaT.

saxelmwifoebriobis Camoyalibebis dasrulebisTanave, romma aqtiuri dapyrobiTi

omebis politika daiwyo, ris Sedegadac im droisaTvis cnobil, TiTqmis mTel geog-
rafiul sivrceze gabatonda. meore punikuri omis Semdeg (qr. Sobamde 220 w.),
daaxloebiT qr. Sobamde 168 w. mimdinare omebis Sedegad, romis saxelmwifo msoflio
imperia gaxda. qr. Sobamde II saukunidan romis saxelmwifo wyobileba, axali socia-
lur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebiT ganpirobebulma, Rrma krizisma moicva.
upirveles yovlisa, Zveli civitas-is administraciuli organoebi msoflio imperiis
mmarTvelobis sferoSi wamoWril moTxovnebs veRar akmayofilebda. umaRles
Tanamdebobaze xanmokle vadiT pirTa arCeva saxelisuflo struqturebs araefeqturs
xdida, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca saqme dapyrobili provinciebis samxedro
mmarTvelobas exeboda. saxelmwifos konstituciur mdgomareobaze uaryofiT

60
zegavlenas axdenda, erTi mxriv, Zveli senatoruli aristokratia, savaWro
operaciebiT gamdidrebul mxedarTa wodebis da meore mxriv, optimatebisa (optimates)
da popularebis (populares) urTierTqiSpi. primitiul agrarul ekonomikas swrafad
enacvleboda monebis Sromaze damyarebuli intensiuri latifundisturi meurneoba.
gamudmebuli omebis Sedegad sakuTar miwebs kargavda wvril mesakuTreTa fena _ ja-
risa da saxalxo krebebis mTavari wyaro. amis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs plutarqes
`biografiebis~ is Tavi, romelic tiberius grakqusis moRvaweobas eZRvneba. kerZod,
etruriis velebis Semovlisas, man aRmoaCina, rom glexebis mier mitovebul miwis
nakveTebis did nawils senatoruli aristokratiis monebi amuSavebdnen. aRniSnuli
viTareba moraluri simtkicis daqveiTebaze metyvelebda. politikuri krizisis erT-
erTi mizezi sruluflebian moqalaqeTa raodenobisa da dapyrobili teritoriebis
(provinciebis) mosaxleobis raodenobis disproporciis Seuqcevadi gazrdac iyo.
krizisuli periodis sxva epizodTa Soris Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda Zmebi
grakqusebis mier SeTavazebuli agraruli reforma; am movlenam kidev ufro gaamwvava
mZvinvare politikuri qiSpi saxelmwifoSi.

politikuri simSvidis rRvevis kidev erT mizezad SeiZleba CaiTvalos Seurigebeli

dapirispreba mmarTvel oligarqiasa (senatoruli nobilitas) da mxedarTa wodebas (ordo
equister) Soris. samxedro beladebsa da senats Soris dausrulebelma konfliqtma
erTpirovnuli xelisuflebis krizisi ganapiroba. romis saxelmwifo sistema
saWiroebda siaxles, politikur anu konstituciur reformas an antikonstituciur
qmedebas _ saxelmwifos gadatrialebas. am mimarTulebiT pirveli nabiji gaius
mariusma gadadga. romauli jaris SemadgenlobaSi daqiravebulTa nawilebis jaris
SeyvaniT man konsuloba moipova. qr. Sobamde 104-100 ww. samoqalaqo omSi gamarjvebis
Semdeg, kornelius sulam, ganusazRvreli vadiT, Tavi diqtatorad gamoacxada da se-
natoruli oligarqiis reJimis aRdgena daiwyo. plebsis tribunebis gavlenis Semci-
rebis mizniT, man aRadgina Zveli principi, romlis Tanaxmadac, plebsis krebis
gadawyvetilebas kanonis Zala mxolod senatis mier damtkicebis Semdeg eniWeboda.
man tribuns CamoarTva sxva magistraturis dakavebis ufleba, xolo veto-s ufleba
gaavrcela im saCivrebze, romelsac, Seuracxyofis msxverplad qceuli an
magistraris mier sakuTari mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis Sedegad
dazaralebuli moqalaqe, mowinaaRmdegis mimarT Seitanda.

sulas reformebi maleve gauqmda; saxelmwifo kvlav mwvave politikurma krizisma da

samoqalaqo omis safrTxem moicva. Tavdapirvelad, prokonsulis sagangebo
uflebamosilebani mianiWes pompeuss, romelmac qr. Sobamde 52 w. Tavi erTpirovnul,
`kolegis gareSe~ konsulad (consul sine collega) gamoacxada. Semdeg, keisaris, pompeusisa
da krasusis paqtiT, Seiqmna pirveli triumvirati, rac sajaro xelisuflebis gadana-
wilebas niSnavda. krasusis daRupvis Semdeg Tavi iCina dapirispirebam optimatebis
lider pompeussa da popularebis belad keisars Soris. provinciaSi sakuTar
legionebTan myofma keisarma konsulobas ver miaRwia. aseve ar gaiTvaliswines misi
interesebi, ris gamoc plebsis tribunebs uari eTqvaT saxalxo krebebSi
monawileobaze. am faqtma sabolood gaamwvava damokidebuleba senatsa da keisars
Soris, romelmac, demokratiuli wyobilebis aRdgenis sababiT, italiis sazRvari

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gadmolaxa. mis winaaRmdeg oligarqiuli reJimis damcvelma pompeusma gailaSqra.
gamarjvebis mopovebis Semdeg, keisarma cezarlpiuri galiis, siciliisa da sxva
provinciebis mkvidrT romis moqalaqeoba uboZa, riTac maT swraf romanizacias
Seuwyo xeli. ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi konsulad, cenzorad, mudmiv diqtatorad
arCeulma keisarma tribunis Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas) kanondarRveviT miiniWa.
keisari grZnobda saxelmwifo reformebis gatarebis aucileblobas; ris gamoc,
moZvelebuli saxelmwifo sistemis reorganizebis mizniT, gadamWreli zomebi miiRo.
keisris reformebi oqtivianes gardaqmnebis dasawyisad miiCneva. romis imperiis
uzenaesi politikuri xelmZRvaneloba (gestio rei publicae) diqtatorma (dictator) igdo
xelT; mTeli imperiis administraciuli mmarTveloba ki italiuri modelis
Sesabamisad lex Iulia municipalis-is safuZvleze gardaiqmna. keisrisaTvis imperator
perpetuum wodebis miniWebam magistratebze, senatsa da saxalxo krebebze misi
uzenaesi xelisufleba ganamtkica. qr. Sobamde 44 wlis martis Tvis dResaswaulis
idebis (idus) dros, keisris reformatoruli da mmarTvelobiTi diqtatoruli xeli-
sufleba daemxo; magram keisris mkvlelebma dasaxul mizans ver miaRwies: warsulis
dabruneba, senatoruli oligarqiis batonobis aRdgena, SeuZlebeli aRmoCnda. markus
antoniusis, oqtavianesa da lipidusis SemadgenlobiT axali trimvirati Seiqmna. qr.
Sobamde 31 wels aqciumis (Actium) koncxTan (saberZneTi), markus antoniusTan brZo-
laSi, oqtavianem gadamwyveti gamarjveba moipova da safuZveli Cauyara saxelmwifos
axal politikur wyobas _ principats.

$3. msoflio imperia (qr. Sobis I-V ss.)

a) principati

Princeps (pirveli); restaurator rei publicae (respublikis amRorZinebeli); res gestiae divi
Augusti (RvTaebrivi avgustusis mmarTveloba); consensus universorum (moqalaqeTa
sayovelTao Tanxmoba).

mas Semdeg, rac oqtavianem keisris mkvlelebi dasaja da sakuTari mtrebic daamarc-
xa, romis istoriaSi axal politikur sistemas mieca dasabami. Zvel respublikuri
politikur wyobas axali saxelmwifoebrivi reJimi mxolod garegnulad eTanadeboda.
Tanamedrove terminologiis Tanaxmad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo respublikuri
wyobis ara revoluciuri damxoba, aramd misi TandaTanobiTi reformireba. axali
politikuri wesrigis damyarebisa da misi konsolidaciis periodSi, avgustusis Ziri-
Tadi mizani respublikis aRdgena (restaurator rei publicae) gaxldaT. avtobiografiaSi
`Res gestiae divi Augusti~ avgustusi warmogvidgeba im axalgazrda mxedarTmTavrad,
romelmac jari sakuTari saxsrebiT daiqirava, raTa `SeTqmulTa mir Cagruli
samSoblo gaeTavisuflebina~ (avtobiografiuli xasiaTis Canawerebi ankarasa da
antioqiaSi aRmoCenilma warwerebma Semogvinaxa. xsenebuli memuarebi avgustusma
sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSi dawera. SesaZloa, Canawerebi amotvifruli yofiliyo
im marmarilos filebze, romlebiTac marsis velze aRmarTuli misi mavzoleumi
moapirkeTes). markus antoniusis dasamarcxeblad senatma oqtavianes pretoris
imperium-i uboZa da senatSi miiRo. qr. Sobamde 43 w. oqtaviane konsulad airCies, xo-
lo qr. Sobamde 32 wels `italiasa da provinciebSi~ SeTqmulTa winaaRmdeg sabrZol-
62
velad (coniuratio Italiae et provinciarum) gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebani mianiWes. mo-
qalaqeTa sayovelTao TanxmobiT (consensus universorum), qr. Sobamde 31 wels mopovebu-
li gamarjvebis niSnad, oqtavianes respublikis amaRorZinebeli uwodes. amieridan,
mas yovelwliurad irCevdnen konsulis Tanamdebobaze, xolo privilegiis niSnad
senatSi princeps-oba (pirveli) uboZes. qr. Sobamde 27 wlis 13 ianvars, senatis sazeimo
sxdomaze, oqtavianem ganacxada, rom amieridan igi daasrulebda mSvidobismyofel
misias, uars ityoda saxelmwifo saqmeebze da mTel Zalauflebas romael xalxsa da
mis senats gadascemda. senatis daJinebuli moTxovniT, oqtavianem `gulmowyaleba
gamoiCina~ da, konsulobis SenarCunebasa da gandgomili provinciebis
dasamorCileblad miniWebul sagangebo imperium-ze, Tanxmoba ganacxada. senatma mas
Augustus wodeba mianiWa, ris Sedegad oqtavianes Imperator Caesar Augustus-s uwodebdnen.
Imperator samxedro meTaurs niSnavda (am wodebiT legionebi mxedarTmTavars
mimarTavdnen). Caesar _ misi Sviladamyvanis, iulius keisris saxeli iyo. Augustus _
romis axaldamaarsebeli, anu axali romulusi (qalaqis daarsebasTan dakavSirebuli
religiuri rituali augustum, augurium) iyo. senatis mier miRebul politikuri
gadawyvetilebebze Tavad avgustusi werda: `amieridan, sakuTari auctoritas wyalobiT,
me yvelaze maRla videqi, Tumca Cemi potestas, magistraturaSi moRvawe, kolegebis
Zalauflebas ar aRemateboda~. swored auctoritas wyalobiT, anu yvelas mier
aRiarebuli piradi prestiJis da ara potestas anu magistratis xelisuflebis
safuZvelze, miRweul iqna kompromisi mmarTvelobis axal, avtoritatul wessa da sa-
xalxo-aristokratiul-respublikur reJims Soris. T. momzenis mtkicebiT, principati,
rogorc orxelisuflebianoba, iyo iseTi reJimi, romlis drosac Zalaufleba gamij-
nuli iyo princefssa da senats Soris. yovelive aqedan gamomdinare, avgustuss sauke-
Teso wesrigis fuZemdebeli (optimi status auctor) uwodes.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis axali mowyobis pirobebSi princefss imperium proconsulare

maius et infinitum da tribunicia potestas mieniWa. pirveli wodebiT jaris uzenaesi
mxedarTmTavroba da saimperio provinciebis mmarTvelobis ufleba igulisxmeboda.
Tribunicia potestas-iT ki, princefss magistratebis mier gamocemul nebismier aqtze, veto
(intercessio) dadebis SesaZleblobas da plebsis saxalxo krebebis mowvevis uflebas
(ius agendi cum plebe) aniWebda. mogvianebiT, qr. Sobamde 44 w. keisris mibaZviT, oqtavia-
nem plebsis tribunis Tanamdebobaze, dadgenili proceduris gareSe, sakuTari kandi-
datura wamoayena. Tumca markus antoninusis protestis gamo, tribunis
Tanamdebobaze oqtavianes uari eTqva. qr. Sobamde 36 w. oqtavianes plebsis tribunis
RvTaebrivi xelSeuvalo (sacrosanctitas) mieniWa, xolo 30 wels _ tribunis samisdReSio
Zalaufleba (tribunicia potestas vitalicia). man tribunis uflebamosilebas SeuTavsa
prokonsulis Tanamdeboba (imperium proconsulare), riTac dairRva uZvelesi da myarad
moqmedi principi: erTi piris xelSi samoqalaqo (imperium domi) da samxedro (imperium
militiae) xelisuflebis SeTavsebis dauSvebloba. romSi Sesvlis dros, prokonsulebi-
sagan gansxvavebiT, princefss jaris sardlobis uflebamosilebis moxsna ar moeTxo-
veboda. tiberiusis droidan moyolebuli, princefsis tribunis xelisufleba impe-
riis mTel teritoriaze gavrcelda. qr. Sobis II saukunidan tribunebs aRar irCe-
vdnen. Tumca, cnobebi am Tanamdebobis Sesaxeb IV da V saukuneebSi gamocemul impera-
63
torTa konstituciebSia SemorCenili.

Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi wesrigisa da simSvidis damkvidrebis Semdeg, avgustusis

moRvaweobiT, dasabami mieca provinciebis romanizaciis xangrZliv process. egvipte
man romaeli xalxis xelisuflebas dauqvemdebara, xolo egviptis mmarTveloba
sakuTar Tavze aiRo. romis moqalaqis (civis romanus) sapatio mdgomareobisa da misi
uflebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romis moqalaqis tolfas uflebebs provinciis
mcxovreblebs avgustusi individualurad aniWebda, provinciebSi ki romis msgavs
mmarTvelobis sistemas amkvidrebda. yvelaze mdidar provinciebs, maTi Semorigebis
sababiT, princefsi uSualod sakuTar xelisuflebas uqvemdebarebda (saimperatoro
provinciebi), xolo danarCeni provinciebi senatis administraciul daqvemdebarebaSi
(senatis provinciebi) rCebodnen.

provinciebis pirvel saxeobas avgustusis legati-propretorebi (legati Augusti pro

praetore) marTavdnen, meore saxeobas _ prokonsulebi. Tumca, yvela maTgans
Tanamdebobaze princefsi niSnavda. municipaluri mmarTvelobis reJimsac (municipia)
romauli struqtura hqonda: magistratebi, senati, komiciebi. municipaluri sabWoebi
(ordo decurionum) 100 wevrisagan Sedgeboda. isini yofili magistratebis rigebidan
airCeodnen. saqmianobis kolegialuri wesiT warsamarTavad magistratebs
municipiebSi erTi wlis vadiT irCevdnen.

principatis periodSi imperiuli biurokratia Camoyalibda. princefsma sakuTari uf-

lebamosilebani, ierarqiulobis mixedviT, Tanamdebobis pirebs gadasca, romlebic,
saqmianobis safasurad, gasamrjelos iRebdnena. yvelaze didi gavleniTa da
ZalauflebiT pretorebi sargeblobdnen: 1. samxedro funqciebiT aRWurvili praefectus
praetorio imperatoris pirad gvardias sardlobda; 2. romSi policiasa da sisxlis
samarTlis sasamarTlos praefectus urbi xelmZRvanelobda; 3. Ramis saaTebSi simSvidis
uzrunvelmyof samsaxurs praefectus vigilum xelmZRvanelobda; masve eqvemdebareboda
xanZarsawinaaRmdego samsaxuri; 4. sursaTiT uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris ufross _
praefectus annonae bazrebis kontrolic evaleboda; 5. safosto samsaxuris ufrosi
praefectus vehiculorum iyo.

imperatoris piradi kancelariis (scrinia) ZiriTadi funqciebi iyo: imperatoris

saxeliT oficialuri mimowera, imperatoris qonebis gankargva, sakadro sakiTxebis
gadawyveta, princefsis iurisdiqcias daqvemdebarebul sasamarTlo davaTa ganxilva.
Sesabamisad, imperatoris kancelaria (scrinia) oTx ganyofilebad iyofoda: 1. ab epistulis
_ princefsis oficialuri korespondenciis ganyofileba; 2. a rationibus _ imperatoris
qonebis marTvis ganyofileba; 3. a cognitionibus _ princefsis iurisdiqcias
daqvemdebarebuli sasamarTlo davebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba; 4. a libellis _ arzebi-
sa da ajebis ganmxilveli ganyofileba.

imperator adrianes mmarTvelobis dros saxelmwifo aparatis biurokratizaciis

procesi dasrulda, Seiqmna saimperatoro sabWo (consilium principis), anu
gansakuTrebuli saTaTbiro organo, romlis SemadgenlobaSi maRalCinosani
moxeleebi da gamoCenili iuristebi Sediodnen. amrigad, principati iyo SeniRbuli
64
Selamazebuli romauli imperia, romlis dros, formalurad, ganagrZobdnen
arsebobas respublikuri periodis saxelmwifo organoebi da Tanamdebobis pirebi,
Tumca realuri Zalaufleba Tavmoyrili iyo mxolod princefsisa da misi
uaxlovesi garemocvis xelSi.

axali reJimis yvelaze rTuli sakiTxi _ qveynis pirveli piris xelisuflebis

memkvidreobiTobis problema _ verc avgustusis politikurma geniam gadawyvita da
verc misi memkvidreebis gonierebam. qarizmatulobis tradiciuli rwmenisa da rex-is
dros taxtis memkvidreobiTobis dinastiuri formisadmi romaelTa siZulvilis gamo,
xelisuflebis monacvleobis problema kvlavac gadauWreli iyo da mudmiv
politikur krizisebsa da gadatrialebebs uwyobda xels.

konkretuli istoriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saimperatoro taxtis memkvidris

daniSvna sami wesiT xdeboda: 1. imperatoris mier mis sicocxleSive memkvidris da-
niSvna anu cooptacia; 2. senatis Sexedulebisamebr memkvidres daniSvna; 3. legionebis
mier ama Tu im piris imperatorad gamocxadeba. rogorc wesi, princefsebi memkvidred
Sviladayvanils asaxelebdnen. magaliTad, keisarma memkvidred oqtaviane daasaxela.
senati imperatoris arCevans yovelTvis ar eTanxmeboda. Tumca, avgustusis memkvidre
`dinastiebSi~, xSiri iyo instituciuri krizisi, ris gamoc iulius-klavdiusebis
dinastiis ramdenime imperatori _ tiberiusi, kaligula, klavdiusi _ sakuTari
naTesavebisa da pretorianelTa msxverpli gaxda; sxvebma _ magaliTad, neroni _
sicocxle TviTmkvlelobiT daasrules. flaviusebsa da vespasianes legionebi
uWerdnen mxars. titusis gardacvalebis Semdeg, legionerebma imperatoris taxtze
dasves domiciane, romelmac, aseve tragikulad daasrula sicocxle. antoninusebis
dinastiis imperatorebma _ nervam, traianem, adrianem, antoninus piusma, markus avre-
liusma da komodusma _ imperiis gandidebiT, mSvidobis damyarebiTa da Sviladayva-
nis sistemis mkacri dacviT (yvelam ara) gaiTqves saxeli. rodesac imperatori
aRniSnul princips ugulebelyofda da mamidan Svilze taxtis memkvidreobas
aniWebda upiratesobas, saxelmwifoSi kvlav politikuri krizisi da anarqia
isadgurebda. swored ase moxda maSin, roca markus avreliusma taxtis memkvidred sa-
kuTari vaJiSvili _ komodusi daasaxela, romelic sakuTari tiranuli mmarTvelobis
msxverpli Seiqna. aleqsander severusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, saxelmwifo xangrZlivma
politikurma krizisma da anarqiam moicva, ramac principatis epoqas bolo mouRo.

b) dominati

dominatis saxeliT cnobili axali politikuri sistemis epoqaSi, princefsi (princeps

_ senatorTa Soris pirveli) mbrZaneblad (dominus) iqca, xolo moqalaqeebi (civis)
qveSevrdomebi (subditi) gaxdnen.

dominatis dros imperatori absoluturi Zalauflebis mqone piri iyo. saxelmwifoSi

damkvidrebuli sistema, principatis avtoritaruli demokratiidan dominatis
periodis absolutur da TviTmpyrobelur monarqiamde, romis politikuri sistemis
xangrZlivi evoluciis Sedegi iyo.

qveyanaSi mmarTvelobis axali principebi III saukuneSi saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis

65
sistemis umwvavesi krizisis dros SemoiRes, rasac ekonomikuri da socialuri
xasiaTis cvlilebebi kidev ufro aRrmavebda. aRniSnuli viTareba primitiuli agra-
ruli ekonomikis, mZime sagadasaxado sistemisa da sasoflo raionebis (annona) mudmi-
vi danawevrebis sruli kraxis Sedegi iyo. fuladi erTeulis emisias gamudmebiT
mimarTavdnen karakala da sxva imperatorebi. Tumca, saxelmwifoSi mZvinvare infla-
cias es ver Sveloda. sayovelTao siRaribisa da sulier faseulobaTa Rrma krizi-
sis viTarebaSi, saxelmwifoSi gadamwyveti mniSvneloba politikur faqtorebs eniWe-
boda. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos samxedro aristokratiis uzomo batonoba, maT
politikosebs sakuTari neba Tavs moaxvies da faqtobrivad, mmarTvelobis yvela sfe-
roSi TviTneboba daamkvidres. qveynis mdgomareobaze uaryofiTad aisaxeboda sagareo
faqtorebic, kerZod, barbarosTa gamudmebuli Semosevebi da romis armiaSi maTi
(germanelebis, aRmosavleTis xalxisa da momTabare arabebis) miReba; klasikuri
romauli civilizaciisadmi mtrulad ganwyobilma elementebma TandaTanobiT
mniSvnelovani gavlena moipoves, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa romis saxelmwifoze da misi
civilizaciis daqveiTeba da dacema gamoiwvia. 212 wels imperatorma markus avrelius
antoninus karakalam mTeli imperiis Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mia-
niWa, ramac romis moqalaqeTa (cives romani) privilegirebuli mdgomareoba mniSvnelov-
nad Seasusta. romis moqalaqeebi romis imperatoris qveSevrdomebad iqcnen. romis
imperatorebma, aRmosavluri monarqiebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli, mmarTvelobis despo-
turi forma daamkvidres. septimius severusma dominus-is wodeba miiRo. dion kasiosis
Tanaxmad, imperator septimius severusma sakuTar Svilebs anderZad daubara:
`gaamdidreT jariskacebi da safrTxeze nuRar ifiqrebT~.

zogma imperatorma senatorebad barbarosebi daniSna da sasaxlis karze aRmosavlur-

despoturi ritualebi SemoiRo. 239-284 ww. romis imperia umwvavesma politikurma
krizisma da anarqiam moicva, rasac mowmobs is faqti, rom am drois ganmavlobaSi
saimperatoro taxti, erTmeoris miyolebiT, 22 pirma daikava. maTi umravlesoba sa-
xelmwifoSi gamefebul qaoss Seewira. mSvidobianobis xanmokle periodi daamyara
iliriuli warmoSobis mxedarTmTavarma avrelianema, romlis brZanebiTac fulis
monetebze misi tituli _ mefe da RmerTi (dominus et deus) _ iyo amotvifruli; amiT
igi aRmosavleTis monarqebs baZavda. mkacri wesrigis damyarebas, imperiis Zlevamosi-
lebisa da romauli gmiruli suliskveTebis aRdgenas Seecada meore ilirieli
mxedarTmTavari diokletiane (284-305 ww.). man sakuTar xelisuflebas sakraluri
xasiaTi mianiWa da moiTxova, rom misTvis iupiteris vaJi _ ioviusi (Iovius)
ewodebinaT.

romis armiis reformirebis Sedegad diokletianem Seqmna swrafi reagirebis korpusi

_ exercitus praesentialis, romelsac mtris Semoseva sazRvarzeve unda ukuegdo. infla-
ciis SesaCereblad man gamosca ediqti _ edictum de rerum venalicium, romliTac diokle-
tianem pirveladi moxmarebis sagnebze, momsaxurebis sferos da satransporto
saSualebebze minimaluri fasebi daadgina. garda amisa, man mniSvnelovani reforma
ganaxorciela imperiuli mmarTvelobis sferoSic; Seqmna xelisuflebis ierarqiuli
piramida, romlis umaRlesi piri Tavad imperatori iyo. e.w. officia palatina (sasaxlis
uwyebani) centraluri mmarTvelobis organoebad iqca, xolo quaestor sacri palatii
66
(RvTaebrivi sasaxlis mcveli) erTgvarad, iusticiis ministri iyo; magister officiorum _
provinciis moxeleTa ufrosi iyo; comes sacrarum largitationum-i da comes rerum
privatarum-i, Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo finansebsa da imperatoris qonebas ganagebdnen.
msxvili sajariso SenaerTebis meTaurebad imperatorma ramdenime Tanamdeboba _
magistri militum _ SemoiRo. vrceli imperiis farglebSi, mmarTvelobis sistemis
reorganizaciis mizniT, diokletianem e.w. tetrarqiis sistema Seqmna; man imperia
dayo or _ aRmosavleT romisa da dasavleT romis _ imperiebad, romlebic, Tavis
mxriv, oTx _ aRmosavleTi, iliria, italia da galia _ prefeqturad daiyo, es
ukanasknelni _ diocezebad, xolo diocezebi _ provinciebad. imperiis TiToeul
marTavda nawils avgustusi (Augustus), romelsac memkvidris Svilad ayvana SeeZlo.
aseT memkvidreebs `keisrebi~ ewodebodaT. diokletiane aRmosavleT romis imperias
ganagebda, misi rezidencia nikomediaSi mdebareobda; dasavleT imperias, romlis
dedaqalaqic milani iyo, mmarTvelad maqsimiane daeniSna. magram xelisuflebis
memkvidreobiTobis problema verc am RonisZiebebma gadaWra. 305 w., imperator diok-
letianes taxtidan nebayoflobiT gadadgomis Semdeg, brZola xelisuflebisaTvis
axali ZaliT gamwvavda.

imperatorma konstantinem, metoqis _ maqsenciusis damarcxebiT, imperia kvlav

gaaerTiana. imperator konstantines, romelic saxelmwifos 307-337 ww. marTavda,
romaeli istorikosi amiane marcelinusi novatorad da uZvelesi institutebis
reformatorad ixseniebs. konstantines milanis (mediolanis) ediqtiT _ `qristianuli
religiis mimarT rjulSemwynareblobis Sesaxeb~, TandaTanoboT, qristianoba
imperiis oficialur religiad, xolo RvTaebrivi samarTali _ monarqiis politikur
sayrdenad iqca. saxelmwifos dedaqalaqi konstantinem gadaitana bizantionSi,
romelsac mogvianebiT konstantinopoli ewoda. konstantines gardacvalebis Semdeg,
misma vaJebma imperia kvlav or nawilad gayves. 395 w., roca imperatorma Teodosius I-
ma saxelmwifos aRmosavleTi nawilis marTva Tavis erT vaJiSvils _ arkadiuss,
xolo dasavleTi nawilisa, meore vaJs, honoriuss daavala, imperiis gayofa
sabolood dasrulda. barbarosTa gamudmebul Semosevas ganicdida dasavleT romis
imperia. 476 w. barbarosebis samxedro beladma _ odoakrma dasaleT romis ukanaskne-
li imperatori romulus avgustulusi daamxo, riTac dasavleT romis imperiis isto-
ria dasrulda.

aRmosavleT romis _ bizantiis _ imperia kidev TiTqmis 1 000 wlis ganmavlobaSi

ganagrZobda arsebobas.

bizantiaSi viTardeboda romis samarTali, romelmac ganviTarebis mwvervals impera-

tor iustiniane I didis mmarTvelobis dros (527-565 ww.) miaRwia. iustiniane daibada
iliriis provinciaSi (romelmac imperias ramdenime imperatori misca) terensiumis
mxareSi, glexi _ sabaciusis ojaxSi. iustiniane mTielisa da miwaTmoqmedisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli sulieri sitkiciT gamoirCeoda. igi bizantionSi Camoiyvana da aR-
zarda biZam (dedis Zmam) iustinem, romelic imperator anastasiosis gvardiaSi msaxu-
robda. anastasiosis gardacvalebis Semdeg, taxti daikava iustinem. man TanammarTve-
lad disSvili daniSvna da iusitinianec uwoda. iustinianem iqorwina cirkis mocekva-

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ve qal _ Teodoraze, romelsac iustinem, disSvilTan erTad, Augusta-s tituli ubo-
Za. iustinianes sanukvari ocneba romis imperiis Zveli didebisa da teritoriuli
mTlianobis aRdgena iyo. iustinianes mmarTvelobis mkvidri sayrdeni qristianuli
ideologia da samarTlebrivi `klasicizmi~ iyo.

Tavi IV. uflebaTa dacva

$1. sasamarTlo organizacia Zvel romSi

romSi sasamarTlo SedarebiT gvian iqca saxelmwfo organod. am mxriv saetapoa qr.
Sobamde 149 weli, rodesac adre arsebuli decemviri stlitibas iudicandis-is
paralelurad, mudmivi sasamarTloebi _ `Quaestiones perfectuae~ _ daarsda.
decemvirebis sasamarTlos didi mniSvneloba aRar eniWeboda, maTi meSveobiT
mxolod moqalaqeobasa da TavisuflebasTan dakavSirebuli saqmeebi ganixileboda.

adreul xanaSi aseve arsebobda 105 msajulis SemadgenlobiT centumvirebis

sasamarTlo, romelTac tribebis mixedviT _ TiToeuli tribadan sam-sam kaci _
irCevdnen. isini ZiriTadad memkvidreobasTan dakavSirebul davebs ganixilavdnen.
amgvarad, Zvel romSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda memkvidreobis miRebasTan
dakavSirebuli sadavo saqmeebis ganxilvas.

mudmivi sasamarTlo (Quaestiones perfectuae) provinciebSi gamoZalvisa da Zalauflebis

borotad gamoyenebis Sesaxeb kanonis (crimen repetundarum) safuZvelze Seiqmna.
SemdgomSi, am sasamarTloebis gansjadobas daeqvemdebara `romis xalxis didebis
Seuracxyofis~ saqmeebi, rac saxelmwifo Ralats gulisxmobda. amave sasamarTlos
kompetenciaSi Sedioda mkvlelobis, Zaladobis, siyalbis, arCevnebis dros
amomrCevelTa mosyidvis, saxazino qonebis qurdobis saqmeebic.

sulas diqtatoruli mmarTvelobis dros, sisxlis samarTlis mZime danaSaulis

CamdenTa saTanadod dasjis mizniT, mravali mkacri kanoni gamosces. aRniSnul
saqmeTa gansaxilvelad calkeuli sasamarTloebic Seiqmna.

Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTleebad sazogadoebis umaRlesi fenis warmomadgenlebi

iyvnen. pirveli mosamarTleebi gaxldaT umaRlesi qurumebi – pontifikosebi,
romlebic ZiriTadad senatorTa fenas ganekuTvnebodnen. cnobilma gaius graqxusma
sasamarTloebSi moRvaweobis neba darTo mxedarTa wodebis warmomadgenlebsac. male
sasamarTloebi upiratesad mxedrebis xelSi aRmoCnda. qr. Sobamde 70 wlamde romis
sazogadoebis maRali fenis warmomadgenlebi sasamarTloebSi monawileobis uflebis
misaRebad brZolas ganagrZnobdnen. sabolood imas miaRwies, rom mosamarTleebs
senatorebis, mxedrebis da tribunTa fenidan irCevdnen. yovel wels pretori
ramdenime aseuli kacis sias adgenda. sasamarTlo procesi am siis mixedviT unda
gamarTuliyo. ficis miRebis Semdeg, magistrati ramdenime aTeul mosamarTles
niSnavda. am dros saxelmwifo-sajaroobis sawyisi sasamarTlo procesze jer kidev
ar iyo ganviTarebuli. samarTalSi micema kvlavindeburad kerZo saqmed iTvleboda.

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esa Tu is piri pretors mimarTavda TxovniT, rom sasamarTlos procesze
bralmdeblis saxiT daeSvaT. ra Tqma unda, mas unda daesaxelebina braldebulis
vinaobac. braldebuls dakiTxvisaTvis iZaxebdnen. sasamarTlo procesze saqmis
ganxilva-gamoZieba daaxloebiT 30-100 dRis Semdeg iniSneboda.

sasamarTloze ismendnen rogorc braldebulis dasacav, ise mis winaaRmdeg

warmoTqmul sityvebs; xdeboda mowmeTa dakiTxva da warmodgenili sabuTebis
ganxilva da mxolod amis Semdeg ganaCeni xmaTa umravlesobiT gamohqondaT.
gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis SemTxvevaSi braldebuls mkacri sasjeli eloda; Zveli
Cveulebis Tanaxmad, braldebuls saxalxo krebisadmi apelirebis (provocatio) ufleba
eZleoda. sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, procesze monawiled plebsis tribunic
daiSveboda.

mwvave politikuri viTarebis gamo, bralmdebelisa da braldebulis socialur-

politikuri mdgomareoba, mosamarTleTa simpaTia da antipaTia did zegavlenas
axdenda sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebaze. amis gamo, sasamarTloebi metwilad
politikuri konfliqtebis ganmxilvelis funqcias asrulebdnen.

sasamarTlos statusis gansazRvraze didi gavlena moaxdina romis saxelmwifos

monarqizacizaciis Semdgomma procesma.

Tu respublikis periodSi saqmeebs magistratebis mier daniSnuli mosamarTleebi

ganixilavdnen, marTlmsajulebis funqciebi TandaTan TavadGsaxelmwifo
Tanamdebobis pirebis – pretorebis xelSi aRmoCnda da warmoiSva extra ordinem.

qr. Sobis II saukunis iuristis seqstus pomponiusis CamonaTvalSi mocemulia

Tanamdebobis im pirTa sia, romelTac gasamarTlebis ufleba eniWebodaT; romSi
marTlmsajulebas axorcielebda plebeebis 10 tribuni, 18 pretori, 6 edili. (D.2.2.29-
341.2.34). romis imperiis provinciebSi mosamarTlis funqcias presidebi (presidens -
Tavi, Tavmjdomare _ mefisnacvlebi da maTi moadgileebi) asrulebdnen.

zogierTi mniSvnelovani saqmis, magaliTad, saxazino saqmianobasTan dakavSirebuli

darRvevis garCeva saxazino da saimperatoro qonebis mmarTvel moxelesac SeeZlo.
qalaqebSi mosamarTlis funqcia dakisrebuli hqondaT duumvirebs (duumviri),
romelTac samTavrobo moxeleebi uflebebs TandaTanobiT uzRudavdnen. romSi
arsebobda sazogadoebrivi interesebis kerZo dacvis praqtikac. sazogadoebisa da
saxelmwifos interesebis dasacavad romis yvela moqalaqes ufleba hqonda
bralmdeblad gamosuliyo. jariskacebsa da uflebaayrilebs (famas) aseTi uflebebi
ar gaaCndaT. iseTi saxis saqmeebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic misi `udidebulesobis
Seuracxyofas~ exeboda, bralmdeblebad gamosvla jariskacebs, qalebsa da monebsac
SeeZloT. (D.48.4.7.1;D.2.8).

qr. Sobis II saukunis romaeli iuristis pavlusis Txzulebis meSveobiT Cvenamde

moaRwia werilobiTi braldebis sanimuSo formulam: ama da am piris konsulobis
dros, ama da am pretorTan lucius ticiusma, iuliusis kanonis Tanaxmad, mruSobaSi
dasdo brali mevias, romelmac ama da am Tves, ama da am piris konsulobis dros, ama
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da am qalaqis ama da am saxlSi imruSa gaius seiusTan (D.48.2.3).

imperiis periodis romis sasamarTlom TandaTan dakarga saqveyno Tanxmobis, da, Tu

gnebavT, im adgilis funqcia, sadac asparezi eZleoda Tavisufal azrs da
mWermetyvelTa paeqrobas; erTmmarTvelobisa da diqtatoruli reJimis Sedegad
sasamarTlo procesebs politikuri mniSvneloba daekarga, Sesabamisad sul ufro
mcire mniSvneloba eniWeboda emociebs, gacilebiT arsebiTi iyo samarTlis
yovelmxrivi da zusti codna, misi axsna-ganmartebis da konkretul viTarebasTan
morgebis unari.

$2. procesis saxeebi da stadiebi Zvel romSi

Actio (sarCeli), actor (mosarCele), reus (mosarCele), actiones in rem, legis actio sacramento in
rem (sanivTo sarCeli), actiones in personam, legis actio sacramento in personam (piradi
sarCelebi), litis contestatio (procesis dadgena), iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba).

1. sarCelis cneba

piris uflebis dacva samarTlis arsebobisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis

funqcionirebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aspeqtia.

subieqturi iuridiuli garemoebebis substanciuri (materialuri) aspeqtis gacnobis

Semdeg, romis samoqalaqo procesis ZiriTadi institutebi unda ganvixiloT.

individualur doneze samarTlebrivi moTxovna, rogorc socialuri qcevis

normatulobis gamoxatuleba, zogadad dadgenil wesebTan konkretuli moTxovnis
aucilebel Sesabamisobas gulisxmobs. aqedan gamomdinare, samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis monawileTa Soris warmoqmnili konfliqti samarTlis subieqtTa
dacvis formas iZens imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba maTi pretenzia zogadad
dadgenili qcevis wesebs, anu ganixileba Tu ara samarTlis subieqtebs Soris
warmoSobili dava samarTlis normis miukerZoebeli interpretatoris mier; Tanac,
davis gadawyveta mxolod dadgenili zogadsavaldebulo wesebiT unda moxdes.
romauli procesis gansakuTrebul Tavseburebaze swored misTvis damaxasiaTebeli
dispoziciurobis principi metyvelebs.

magaliTad, sisxlis samarTlis danaSauli sasamarTlo devnas mxolod kerZo

iniciativis safuZvelze eqvemdebareboda. maSinac ki, roca saxelmwifo samarTlis
subieqts misi uflebebis realizaciaSi exmareboda, saxelmwifo individis interesebs
warmoadgenda; aRniSnul procesSi monawileobiT saxelmwifo Tavad subieqtis
Semcvlelad an mis damxmared gamodioda.

piris daukmayofilebeli interesi sarCelis saxiT formdeboda. sarCeli (actio) aris

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawile erTi mxaris mier meore mxarisaTvis
werilobiTi formiT wardgenili pretenzia, romelic marTlwesrigiTaa aRiarebuli.
sasamarTlo procesi iwyeba mosarCele piris (actor) pretenziis dasabuTebuli

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aRiarebiT; meore mxare _ mopasuxe (reus), movale iyo Seesrulebina sasamarTlos mier
dakisrebuli is valdebulebebi, romelsac misgan mosarCele iTxovda, raTa arsebuli
urTirTobis eqvivalenturoba aRdgeniliyo. radgan sasamarTlo Carevis gareSe actor–
ma ver miaRwia, mopasuxis mxridan, garkveuli moqmedebis ganxorcielebas,
valdebulebis aRsruleba mopasuxes iZulebis wesiT ekisreboda. formasa da
Sinaarss Soris arsebuli Seusabamoba samarTlebrivi sanqciiT kompensirdeboda;
Tumca formiT gauTvaliswinebeli interesi aucileblad unda yofiliyo
dasabuTebuli, raTa misi samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa moxerxebuliyo.
warmoiqmneboda axali samarTlebrivi viTareba, romelSic urTierTobis aqtiuri
mxaris axali interesi, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, sarCeliT
(actio iudicati) dakmayofildeboda da piruku, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi
subieqturi interesis Sesabamisoba srulfasovnad iTvleboda, Tu samarTlebrivi
moTxovniT uflebaTa aRiareba da aRdgena igulisxmeboda.

amrigad, garkveul farglebSi, iudicatum _ uflebaTa abstraqtul aRdgenasa da nebis

Tavisuflebis gamoxatvas warmoadgenda. piris uflebaTa dacvisa da realizaciis
romauli procesi, individebis TasnasworobiTa da damoukideblobiT
xelmZRvanelobda.

materialur aspeqtSi ZiriTadi uflebebis (abstraqtuli an SefardebiTi) sarCelebi

Sesabamisad or jgufad: sanivTo (actiones in rem) da pirad (actiones in personam)
sarCelebad iyofa.

gaiusis azriT, In personam actio est, qua animus cum aliquo, qui nobis vel ex contractu vel ex delicto
obligatus est, id est cum intendimus dare, faure, praestare, oportere – piradi sarCelis safuZvelze,
Cven vawarmoebT process imaT winaaRmdeg, visac xelSekrulebiT an deliqtiT Cvens
sasargeblod raime evaleba, anu roca pretenziiT vacxadebT, Cveni pretenziis
Tanaxmad, an raime unda gadmogveces sakuTrebaSi, an raime Segvisrulon, an raimeTi
uzrunvelgvyon. `In rem actio est, cum aut corporalem rem intendimus nostram esse, aut ius aliquid nobis
competere veluti utendi aut utendi fruendi, eundi agendi aquamve ducendi vel altius tollendi prospiciendive;
<aut cum> actio ex diverso adversario est negativa – sanivToa sarCeli, roca vacxadebT
pretenzias sxeulebrivi nivTis kuTvnilebaze, an uflebaze, magaliTad, raimeTi
sargeblobis ufleba, sargeblobisa da nayofis miRebis ufleba, vinmes teritoriaze
gavlis, saqonlis gadarekvis, wylis gayvanis ufleba, an ufleba garkveul simaRleze
maRali Senobis agebis akrZalva mezoblisaTvis, an piruku, roca sarCeli
mowinaaRmdegis uflebas uaryofs~.

sanivTo sarCelis wardgenisas, mosarCele sanivTo uflebebze pretenzias acxadebda.

am SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli sarCeliT, mopasuxe SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri piri.
garkveuloba mxolod procesis dadgenis (litis contestatio) dros miiRweoda. piradi
sarCelis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi, (sarCeli valdebulebaTa Sesaxeb) pasuxs agebda
mxolod kreditoris movale konkretuli piri, romelic valdebuli iyo kreditoris
winaSe.

In personam-is procesSi mogebis SemTxvevaSi, mosarCeles moTxovna wydeboda da

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mosarCele sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze dafuZnebuli axali uflebis subieqti
xdeboda.

In rem-i sarCelis dros mosarCeles SeeZlo darCeniliyo subieqtad imave uflebisa,

romelzec pretenzias acxadebda.

2. sasamarTlo procesis saxeebi Zvel romSi

a) kanonismieri procesi (lege agere)

Legis actio (kanonieri sarCeli); lex privata (kerZo kanoni); in iure (mosamarTleobis
funqciiT aRWurvili magistratis winaSe warmarTuli procesis stadia); vindicatio
(vindikacia); festuca (saritualo kverTxi); iudex (mosamarTle); apud iudicem
(mosamarTlesTan saqmis ganxilvis stadia); aeris confessio (valis aRiareba); arbiter
(arbitri); secum dictio (mevalis wayvana kreditoris saxlSi); vindex (damcveli); manus
iniectio pro iudicato (xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiurad); sponsor
(rwmunebuli); depensum (rwmunebulis mier, ZiriTadi mevalis magier, valis gadaxda);
manus inectio pura (xelis dadeba uflebebSi damcrobis gareSe); condictio (kondiqciuri
sarCeli).

Lege agere (sarCelis kanonieri formiT wardgena) niSnavda certis verbis agere –
sasamarTloSi sarCelis wardgenas garkveuli sityvebiT, roca sarCeli Sedgenili
iyo im kanonis sityvebis Sesabamisad, romelsac efuZneboda. kanoni, romelsac
mosarCele warmoTqvamda iyo kerZo kanoni, romelic subieqtis nebis avtonomiurobasa
da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zogadsavaldebulo wesebisadmi mis Sesabamisobas
gamoxatavda.

kanonier sarCelTa Soris uZvelesi legis actio sacramento in rem-i iyo. ficze
dafuZnebuli sanivTo sarCeli cnobilia gaiusis dawvrilebiTi aRweriT. sasamarTlo
xorcieldeboda pretoris winaSe winaswar gansazRvrul adgilze; mowinaaRmdege
mxareebi xelSi iRebdnen saritualo kverTxsa (festuca) da sadao nivTs (an didi
nivTis SemTxvevaSi, mis mcire nawils) da morigeobiT warmoTqvamdnen Semdeg sityvebs:
vacxadeb, rom kvirituli samarTlis ZaliTa da misi debulebebis safuZvelze, es
nivTi mainc Cemia. rogorc vTqvi, isea, esec Sen, me ukve movaxdine vindicireba.

nivTze uflebis damtkicebis dros (vindicatio), Cveulebis Tanaxmad, monas kveTxs

adebdnen. TiToeuli mowinaaRmdegis mtkicebiT, kvirituli samarTlis (wminda
romaeli Temis gansakuTrebuli ufleba) safuZvelze, mona mas ekuTvnoda da
kuTvnilebis safuZvels (causa) asaxelebda. pretendentebi, scenaze myofi msaxiobebis
msgavsad, sakuTar pretenziebs simboloebis enaze ayalibebdnen, riTac
ganzogadebisaTvis savaldebulo abstraqcia miiRweoda.

procesis am stadiaze saqmeSi ereoda damswre magistrati, romelic mxareebs monis

gaTavisuflebisaken mouwodebda. magistris Careva mowmobda, rom dava absurdamde
iyo misuli. erTsa da imave nivTze erTdroulad sxvadasxva piris gansakuTrebuli
da eqskluziuri ufleba dauSvebeli iyo. am formiT mxareTa dapirispireba
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konkretuli gadawyvetilebis miRebas gamoricxavda.

Semdeg is mxare, romelic pirveli axdenda vindicirebas, mowinaaRmdeges mouwodebda

pretenziis safuZveli (causa) daesaxelebina da ideboda fici garkeul Tanxaze,
romelic, davis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifo xazinaSi gadairicxeboda.

nivTze gacxadebuli pretenziebis identuroba erT-erTi mxaris sicrueze

metyvelebda. amitom vindikaciis marTebulobaSi eWvis Setana sruliad kanonzomieri
iyo; amis gamo procesi, piris marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis (in iuria) Sesaxeb da ara
nivTze uflebis Sesaxeb, saqmis gamoZiebaSi gadaizrdeboda xolme. wminda fics
(sacramentum in iure) debdnen ara nivTze uflebis, aramed saritualo pretenziis
gacxadebis gamo, vinaidan saqme ara sanivTo urTierTobebis darRvevas, aramed piris
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebas exeboda.

amrigad, procesis Semdgomi ganviTareba ukve iZenda piradi sarCelis _ legis actio
sacramento in personam-is saxes, romlis Sesaxebac wyaroebSi mocemuli informaciis
simwiris gamo, mecnierebs dRemde bundovani warmodgena aqvT. Tumca, erTi ram
naTelia: aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis saxe efuZneboda fics da
marTlsawinaaRmdego (dausabuTebeli) moTxovnis wamomyenebeli piris (romelmac
kerZo kanoni (lex privata) anu normatiulad mniSvnelovani forma aramarTlzomierad
gamoiyena) pasuxismgeblobas adgenda.

amrigad, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod nivTis Taobaze aRZruli konkretuli (piradi

moTxovnis saxiT) sasamarTlo dava SemdgomSi samarTaldarRvevis Sesaxeb _ in iuria _
procesSi gadadioda da samarTaldamrRvevi (usafuZvlod modave) mxaris
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi dgeboda, vinaidan es mxare wminda ficis gamtexad
miiCneoda.

mogvianebiT, sadao saqmeSi monawile Suamavlebis mimarTac procesis or fazas

ganasxvavebdnen: mogvianebiT, procesis ori stadiis gamoyofas, davaSi monawile
Suamavlis mixedviTac axdendnen. kerZod, Tu arsebuli samarTlebrivi pretenzia
sasamrTlo magistratis winaSe gacxaddeboda, in iure stadiaze davis formalizebuli
ganxilva da saqmeze gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) gamotana xdeboda.aRniSnul funqcias
mosamarTle (iudex) axorcielebda. sasamarTlo procesis amave stadiaze davis sagnis
dadgena (litis contestatio) unda momxdariyo. am momentidan davis saganze mxareebs
mxolod procesualuri uflebebi gaaCndaT, vinaidan materialuri uflebebi ukve
sxva – procesualur – doneze iyo gadasuli. aRniSnuli momenti gansakuTrebuli
yuradRebis Rirsia. sasamarTlo procesis (interesTa konfliqtis gansakuTrebuli
formaluri gamoxatva) specifika am proceduriT miRwevadi, samarTlebrivad
mowesrigebuli urTierTobebis abstraqtulobis maRali xarisxis naCveneli iyo, rac
sasamarTlo procesze monawileTa samarTlebriv urTierTobas uzrunvelyofda.
motivebis miuxedavad, konfliqtis monawile mxareTa saqmis sasamarTloSi ganxilvis
dros, isini sazogadoebis Suamavlad gamosvlas iTxovdnen, amitom mxareebi
aucileblad imave pirobebSi unda CaeyenebinaT, rac msgavs viTarebaSi sazogadoebis
sxva wevrebis mimarT gaiTvaliswineboda. calkeuli piris moTxovna sayovelTao
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aRiarebas iZenda da swored es gaxldaT procesis _ rogorc darRveuli uflebis
dacvis gansakuTrebuli saSualebis _ mniSvneloba.

sasamarTlo funqciebis danawileba jer kidev XII dafis kanonebis dros iyo
cnobili, rodesac mxedvelobaSi miiReboda gansakuTrebuli sarCeli – legis actio per
iudicis postulationem _ `mosamarTlis gamoTxovis meSveobiT~ (Gai.,4,17a.). aseT SemTxvevSi,
xazinis sasargeblod sajarimo Tanxis gadaxda ar iniSneboda; sadavo sagnis
dadgenis Semdeg (nominata causa), procesis monawileebi magistratisagan mosamarTlis
daniSvnas iTxovdnen. procesis pirvel stadiaze gamartiveba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT,
rom legis actio-s aRniSnuli saxe, mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevaSi _
verbaluri valdebulebidan (ex stipulatione) warmoSobili uflebebis dasacavad an
saerTo samkvidros, an TanasakuTrebis ganawilebis dros daiSveboda.

Sponsio-dan (stipulatio-s uZvelesi forma) warmoqmnili valis moTxovniT mosarCele

mopasuxes eubneboda: ex sponsione me mihi ex milia daro oportere aio: id postulo aias an negas? _
vamtkiceb, rom ficiT gamtkicebuli dapirebis safuZvelze, Sen CemTvis aTi aTasis
mocema gmarTebs: gekiTxebi, adastureb amas, Tu uaryof? Tu mopasuxe warmoTqvamda
aio, procesi dasrulebulad iTvleboda, vinaidan sasamarTloSi valis aRiareba (aeris
confessio) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis (iudicatum) tolfasi iyo; xolo Tu mopasuxe
sadavo sagans – vals uaryofda, mosamarTlis daniSvnis Taobaze, mosarCele TxovniT
mimarTavda pretors.

procesi gadadioda axal stadiaze, romlis Sedegadac mosamarTle mopasuxes an

gaamtyunebda da valis gadaxdas daakisrebda, an gaamarTlebda.

gaiusis teqstSi mocemuli sxvaoba nafic mosamarTlesa (iudex) da momrigebel

arbitrs (arbiter) Soris uZveles movlenad iTvleba. farTod gavrcelebuli hipoTezis
Tanaxmad, mosamarTlisagan gansxvavebiT, arbitris funqcia iyo miyenebuli zaralis
moculobis dadgena (davis qonebrivi Sefaseba – litis aestimatio), romelsac, piradi
sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi, yovelTvis didi mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

uZveles droSi aRsrulebis saSualebebad gamoiyeneboda legis actio per manus iniectionem
(xelis dadebis meSveobiT), romelic, XII dafis kanonebiT dadgenil SemTxvevebSi, _
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Seusruleblobis an aRiarebuli valis gadaxdaze
uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi _ gamoiyeneboda.

Tu valauval mevales damcveli (vindex) ar gamouCndeboda, mas piradi statusis

dakargvis safrTxe emuqreboda (capitis deminutio maxima); kreditoris saxlSi misi
miyvanidan mesamoce dRes secum ductio dgeboda. piradi Tavisuflebis dakargvis Semdeg,
damonebul pirs sakuTari saxeliT Tavis dacva aRar SeeZlo; sasamarTlo procesze
mas damcveli unda gamoeyvana. xelis dadeba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
Seusruleblobisas (sacramento in personam, an per iudicis postulationem procesis dros)
xdeboda da sayovelTaod mniSvnelovani formiT iyo dadasturebuli, rogorc
mevalis kreditorisadmi gansakuTrebuli piradi damokidebulebis valdebuleba,
xolo xelis dadebiT dasturdeboda damokidebuleba, romlisaganac mevales valis

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gadaxdac aRar aTavisuflebda. swored valauvali mevalis gamosasyidad dgeboda
dacvis aucilebloba, ris Semdegac mevale damcvelze damokidebuli xdeboda.

aRsrulebis saSualebis Semdeg formad – legis actio per pignoris capionem (giraos
mitacebis meSveobiT) iTvleboda. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli am formiT,
msxverplad Sesawiri cxovelis sayideli fasis anazRaureba igulisxmeboda.
aRniSnuli forma aseve gamoiyeneboda im SemTxvevaSic, Tu mesakuTres samsxverplo
nadimis gasamarTad tvirTis mzedavi cxovelebis daqiraveba esaWiroeboda.

giraos mitaceba certa verba sityvebis warmoTqmiT xdeboda. am formis gansakuTrebuli

Taviseburebebi TviT romaelebSic imis eWvs badebda, Tu ramdenad iyo is legis actio-s
forma, radgan proceduras magistrati ar eswreboda. savaraudod, piri, romelsac
pignoris capio eniWeboda, RmerTebis an romaeli xalxis saxeliT moqmedebda, riTac
TavisTavad viTareba sajaro xasiaTs iZenda.

sasamarTlo sarCelis axali saxeoba iyo – legis actio per condictionem _ romlis
safuZvelzec sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanasTan (dare) dakavSirebiT valdebulebis
Sesruleba moiTxoveboda. sarCelis es saxeoba qr. Sobamde III saukunis dasasruls
lex Salia-s safuZvelze miiRes. am sarCelis gamoyenebis sferoze misive saxeldeba _
piradi sarCeli sakuTrebis gadatanis Sesaxeb (condictio) miuTiTebda. am sarCelis
gansakuTrebul Taviseburebas warmoadgenda pretenziis abstraqtuli, causa-sagan
damoukidebeli formulireba: aio te mihi ex milia dare oportere: id postulo aias an negas _ me
vamtkiceb, rom Sen aTi aTasi unda momce: me gekiTxebi, adastureb Sen amas Tu
uaryof? uaryofiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSi, gancxadebidan 30 dRis Semdeg mopasuxes
sasamarTloSi iZaxebdnen. es periodi, romelic qr. Sobamde IV saukunis bolosa da
III saukunis dasawyisSi lex Pinaria-s safuZvelze dadginda, procesis stadiebs Soris
vadas aRniSnavda.

b) formularuli procesi (per formulas agere)

Centum vires (centumvirebis sasamarTloebi); formula (sasarCelo formula); concepta verba

(formulis fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi).

qr. Sobamde II saukunis me-3 meoTxedSi ebuciusis kanoniT (lex Aebutia) dadginda
sasamarTlo procesis axali saxe – formuliT (per formulas) anu dadgenili
sityvebiT (per concepta verba). es kanoni, romelsac gaiusi da avlus geliusi
ixsenieben, aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesis sakanonmdeblo bazas qmnida. uZvelesi
cnobebi am formulis Sesaxeb lex latina tabulae Bantinae-Si gvxvdeba (qr. Sobamde 133 – 118
ww., savaraudod, q. bantiusis (samxr. italia) statuti).

paraleluri saproceso saSualebebis Seqmna lex Aebutia-s miRebamde, gacilebiT adre

daiwyo. Tumca, swored am kanoniT mieniWa gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba pretorul
process, ris Semdegac, ara marto civilur sarCelze uari, aramed mxareTaTvis
axali wesebis SeTavazebac pretoris nebaze iyo damokidebuli. procesis orive
forma – legis actiones et per formulas _ Tanaarsebobda, magram qr. Sobamde 17 w. lex lulia

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iudiciorum privatorum-ma (da municipalitetebisaTvis dadgenili msgavsi kanoni)
legisaqciuri procesi gaauqma.

Zveli sarCelebi gansaxilvelad mxolod maSin miiReboda, Tu saqme centumvirebis

(centumviri) sasamarTloSi unda ganxiluliyo da moTxovna pretoris winaSe
sakramentaluri formiT (lege agere sacramento) unda gamoTqmulliyo, anda zianis
miyenebis muqaris (damnum infectum) SemTxvevaSi. Tumca, am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi,
SesaZlebeli iyo pretoruli stipulaciis gamoyeneba da safrTxis Semqmneli
mezoblisagan dapirebis miReba, rom is, SesaZlo zianis Sedegad, miyenebul zarals
aanazRaurebda. gaiusis Tanaxmad, romaelebi upiratesobas pretoruli dacvis
saSualebebs aniWebdnen.

Per formulas procesic ori stadiiT iyo warmodgenili: in iure da apud iudicem.

2. Apud iudicem stadiaze sasamarTlo warmoeba

Datio iudicem (mosamarTlis daniSnva); mors litis (davis Sewyveta procesis kanonieri
xangrZlivobis gadametebis (gadacilebis) gamo); traditio iudicii (apud iudicem stadiaze
formulaSi Setanili cvlileba): mutatio iudicis (mosamarTlis Secvla); sibi non liquere
(mosamarTlis mier gadawyvetilebis gamotanaze uaris Tqma saqmis gaurkvevlobis
gamo).

Litis contestatio da datio iudicii Semdeg, qr. Sobamde IV saukuneSi, pinariusis kanonis
Tanaxmad, pretori modave mxareebs 30 dRis Semdeg uniSnavda mosamarTles (datio
iudicem), romelic, erTi dRis Semdeg, mopasuxes mouwodebda sasamarTloSi _ apud
iudicem (legisaqciuri an formularuli procesis meore stadia nafici mosamarTlis
winaSe, romelsac gamoaqvs gadawyvetileba saqmeze yvela warmodgenili
mtkicebulebis Semowmebis Semdeg) gamocxadebuliyo. Tu mopasuxe sasamarTloSi ar
gamocxaddeboda, naSuadRevs, XII dafis kanonebis normis Tanaxmad, mosamarTles
ganaCeni sasamarTloSi gamocxadebuli mxaris sasargeblod gamohqonda. Lex iulia,
iudicia legitima-sadmi, davis sasamarTlo ganxilvis maqsimalur vadad 18 Tves adgenda,
xolo iudicia legitima-sTvis pretoris Tanamdebobaze yofnis erTwliani vada iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. aRniSnuli vadis amowurvis Semdeg, litis contestatio Zalas kargavda,
anu saxeze iyo `davis gardacvaleba~ (mors litis), anu mosarCelis moTxovna gaqviTulad
iTvleboda. Tu mopasuxe process Segnebulad aWianurebda, misi qmedeba mosamarTlis
mier aRikveTeboda. procesis am stadiaze davis monawile piris Secvla
(gardacvalebis gamo an cognitos et procurator daniSvnisas) daiSveboda, rasac
magistratis mier formulaSi cvlilebis (translatio iudicii) Semotana moyveboda, magram
ara axali litis contestatio-s dadgena. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, pretori mosamarTles
cvlida (mutatio iudicii). yvela aRniSnuli cvlileba mxareTa Tanxmobas iTxovda, xolo
Tu mopasuxe uars ityoda, es dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ganixileboda. procesis
erTianobaze mosamarTlis Secvla zegavlenas ar axdenda, radgan litis contestatio
ucvleli iyo.

romSi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romlis saqmianoba sasamarTlo magistratis

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imperium-sa da mis iussum iudicandi-ze (mosamarTlisaTvis gacemuli brZaneba mis mier
saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamosatanad) iyo damokidebuli. sakuTari Zalauflebis
safuZvelze, pretors saqmis warmoebis (procesis) SeCereba da mosamarTlisaTvis
saqmeze gadawyvetilebis gamotanis akrZlava SeeZlo, rac procesis CaSlas iwvevda.
procesSi Carevis SesaZlebloba hqonda sxva pretorsac, romelic kolegis
gadawyvetilebaze veto uflebiT (intercessio) iyo aRWurvili.

a) Iudicatum (sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba)

Res iudicata (saqme, romelzec sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamoitanes); obligatio iudicati

(sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze warmoSobili valdebuleba); actio iudicati
(sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb Setanili sarCeli); auctoritas rei
iudicatae (sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis normatiuli Zala).

garda sasamarTlos winaswari mosmenis, sasamarTlo ganxilva mTavrdeboda an

adiudicatio-Ti _ mosarCelisaTvis sadao nivTis garkveuli nawilis mikuTvnebiT
(TanasakuTrebis an memkvidreobis gayofis saqmeebSi), an condemnatio-Ti _ yvela
danarCen saqmeebSi, mopasuxis mimarT garkveuli Tanxis gadaxdevinebis moTxovniT.

mosazreba (sententia) iyo mosamarTlis (kerZo piris) dadgenileba, gadawyvetileba

romelic savaldebulo Zalas mxareTa SeTanxmebisa da magistratis brZanebis (iussum
iudicandi) safuZvelze iZenda. Sententia-s gamotaniT (mopasuxis gamamtyunebeli an
gamamarTlebeli) sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani gadawyvetilad iTvleboda _ res
iudicata) (D.42.1.1).

Res iudicata dicitur, quae finem controversiarum pronuntiatione iudicis accipit: quod vel condemnatione vel
absolutione contingit _ saqmeze sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gamotanilad iTvleba, Tu
mosamarTlis gamatyunebeli an gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetilebiT dava sruldeba.

Iudicium legitimum-Si gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba xdeboda procesis

gamarjvebuli mxaris axal uflebad, romelic, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
aRsrulebis Sesaxeb, actio iudicati-T unda daecvaT. aRniSnuli uflebiT, romelsac
wagebuli mxaris obligatio iudicati Seesabameboda, icvleboda moTxovna, romelic
sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani xdeboda. iudicium imperium continens-iT gamotanili
ganaCenis savaldebulo Zala pretorul ediqts efuZneboda (D.42.1.4.3) da in factum
concepta formuliani actio iudicati-T iyo daculi.

Actiones in personam-iT mogebuli mosarCele axali piradi uflebis subieqti xdeboda,

actiones in rem-iT mogeba ki, mas uwindeli sanivTo uflebis subieqtad aqcevda da
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mopasuxis mimarT gadaxdevinebis axali, gansakuTrebuli moTxovnis litis aestimatio
(sadao nivTis Sefaseba) uflebas aniWebda. Tu mopasuxe nivTs daabrunebda, arbitrium
de restituendo-iT gamarTlebas eqvemdebareboda.

sasamarTlo gamoricxavda procesis ganmeorebas rogorc gamamtyunebel, (vinaidan is

exceptio rei iudicate-saTvis safuZvli xdeboda) anu prekluziuri efeqtisas, ise
gamamarTlebel SemTxvevaSi (vinaidan miRebuli gadawyvetileba momdevno sasamarTlo
ganxivlis aucileblobas gamoricxavda) anu preiudiciuri efeqtisas. magaliTad,
servitutis uflebis Sesaxeb sarCelis (vindicatio servitutis) SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis
ufleba mikuTvnebul nakveTze mosarCeles aRar unda emtkicebina, xolo Tu
servitutis ufleba ukve iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani, mopasuxis uari
mxedvelobaSi aRar miiReboda. Tanac, iudicatum-i nebismieri mesame piris mimarT
moqmedebda, servitutis Sesaxeb sarCeliT, da zemoxsenebuli magaliTiT moyvanil
mopasuxed SeiZleboda gamosuliyo sxva piri da ara is, vinc sakuTrebis Sesaxeb
uwindel sasamarTlo procesSi mxared iyo warmodgenili. sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebiT, romliTac raime uflebis arseboba uariyofoda, amave uflebidan
gamomdinare an masze damokidebuli nebismieri ufleba Sewyvetilad cxaddeboda. am
movlenas romaelebma auctoritas rei iudicatae _ sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iuridiulad
savaldebulo Zala _ uwodes.

b) interdiqtuli warmoeba

garda kerZo saqmis warmoebis (ordo iudiciorum privatum) Cveulebrivi sasarCelo wesisa,
arsebobda gansakuTrebuli interdiqtuli warmoebac, romelic Cveulebrivi
sasarCelo warmoebisagan imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom sasamarTlo magistrati, rogorc
uzenaesi xelisufali, moqalaqeTa mimarT brZanebebs gamoscemda. interdiqtebs
pretorebi saqmis gamoZiebis dros gamoscemdnen, ris gamoc, interdiqtebi iyo
upirobo da kategoriuli brZanebebi, romlebic jarimisa da giraos Setanis sanqcias
gascemdnen. interdiqtuli warmoeba pretoris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saxe
iyo. gaiusis azriT, klasikur epoqaSi pretoris interdiqti gaxda pirobiTi brZaneba,
romliTac interdiqtuli warmoeba iwyeboda. is sadao saqmis ganxilvis momdevno _
sasamarTlo warmoebis _ etapis safuZveli xdeboda da mmarTvelobis sferodan
marTlmsajulebis sferoSi unda gadasuliyo.

a) ganasxvavebdnen interdiqtis Semdeg saxeebs: 1. martivi da rTuli interdiqtebi _

simplicia, duplicia; (imis mixedviT, erT mxares exeboda, Tu orives); 2. aRmkveTi _
prohibitoria; 3. aRdgeniTi _ restitutoria; 4. warmdgeniTi – ex hibitoria.

interdiqtis upiratesoba is iyo, rom movale mxare faqts usityvod emorCilebida _

interdiqtSi miTiTebul faqts ar asaCivrebda da arc aRmkveTi interdiqtis
darRvevas amtkicebda.

Tu piri, vis winaaRmdegac pretori gamoscemda interdiqts, am ukanasknels, pretoris

oTaxidan gausvlelad gaasaCivrebda da mosamarTlis (arbiter) daniSvnas moiTxovda,
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misi moTxovna kmayofildeboda.

b) restituciis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. qmedebiT an daudevrobiT miyenebuli qonebrivi da

araqonebrivi ziani (laesio); 2. restituciis gamamarTlebeli safuZveli im SemTxvevaSi
arsebobda, roca mosamarTles mimarTavda mTxovneli: a) minor aetas (aranakleb 25
wlis asakis piri); b) quod metus causa (safrTxis SemTxvevaSi SiSis gamo); g) error
(iSviaT SemTxvevaSi); d) dolus malus (xSir SemTxvevaSi); e) ar yofnisas (iSviaT
SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, tyveobisas). 3. drouli Txovna.

restituciis amoqmedebiT Zala ekargeboda faqts, romlis safuZvelzec axali

iuridiul urTierTobebi warmoiSva, ama Tu im konkretuli viTarebis gamo da
aRadgenda am urTierTobebis pirvandel mdgomareobas. restituciis mimRebi
mosarCele valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis iuridiuli urTierTobebis gaqviTvidan
miRebuli sargebeli daebrunebina. kerZod, Tu myidveli mis mier gadaxdil safasurs
daibrunebda, mas gamyidvelisaTvis nayidi saqonlis dabruneba evaleboda.

g) saaRsrulebo warmoeba

Ductio iussu praetoris (kreditoris saxlSi mevalis miyvana); addictus (piri, romlis mimarT
gamotanilia sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba misi aRsrulebis moTxovniT da romelmac
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba ar Seasrula); bonorum venditio (valauvali movalis
aRwera misi sakonkurso wesiT gayidvis mizniT); magister bonorum (konkursis
porganizatori); venditio ad hasta (auqcioni); bonorum emptor (eqspropriirebuli movalis
uflebamonacvle); cessio bonorum (mosarCelesaTvis qonebis nebayoflobiT daTmoba).

sasamarTlo procesis Sedegad wagebuli piri sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas Tu ar

Seasrulebda, mis mimarT iyenebdnen sadamsjelo RonisZiebebs, romlebic an piradad
masze an mis qonebaze vrceldeboda. qr.Sobamde 17 w. lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-iT
gauqmda manus iniectio (xelis dadeba) anu simboluri aqti, romelic kreditors
mevalis piradad dauflebis kanonier saSualebas aZlevda da pretoris brZanebis
safuZvelze, piradi dasjis mxolod erTi forma _ ductio iussu praetoris (mevalis miyvana
kreditoris saxlSi) SenarCunda. sasamarTlo procesis mogebuls, pretoris
gadawyvetilebis (addictio) safuZvelze, mevalis miyvana SeeZlo sakuTar saxlSi, sadac
mas borkilebs adebda an ama Tu im samuSaos Sesrulebas aiZulebda. SedarebiT
gviandeli periodis cnobebiT, addictum-i sasamarTlo normebiT ar wesrigdeboda,
Tumca, mevalis gaTavisufleba, valis gadaxdis (an Sesrulebuli samuSaoTi valis
gaqviTviT) Semdeg, SesaZlebli iyo. amrigad, piradi sasjeli gamoiyeneboda
pragmatuli mosazrebiT: misi meSveobiT mevalis naTesavebsa da megobrebze
zemoqmedebiT, maTi axloblis valis dasafarad da iudicatum aRsrulebisaTvis.

sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis iZulebiTi aRsrulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli forma

miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis mizniTdamnaSavis qonebis bonorum venditio-s
(sakonkurso wesiT gayidva iyo) wesiT gayidva iyo. valauvali mevalis qonebis
sakonkurso wesiT gayidviT, mevale samoqalaqo-samarTlebrivi kavSirebis sistemidan
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amoiricxeboda, rac mis samoqalaqo sikvdils (kerZo piris, rogorc samoqalaqo
urTierTobis monawilis Taviseburi likvidacia) da samoqalaqo urTierTobaSi misi
sxva uflebamonacvle piriT Canacvlebas iwevevda.

dasja iwyeboda pertoris sagangebos dekretis gamocemiT, riTac sasamarTlo

procesis momgebi mxare mevalis qonebis mflobelad cxaddeboda _ missio in bona (in
possessionem). Tumca, am aqtis hipoTezad ediqti mainc iTvaliswinebda: dacvaze uaris
Tqmas (indefensio); sasamarTlo devnisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, piris mimalvas
(latistatio); aseve, umemkvidreod gardacvlili mevalis sikvdils (cui heres non extabit).

momdevno 30 dRis (mevalis sikvdilis (missio) SemTxvevaSi) Semdeg, kreditori

sakonkurso gayidvis wesiT, savaraudo dRes _ proscriptio bonorum _ acxadebda. mevalis
qonebis mflobelebad gaxdoma sxva kreditorebs maSinac ki SeeZloT, roca
sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba maTi moTxovniT ar iyo gamotanili.

Semdeg kreditorebi irCevdnen konkursis mmarTvels (magister bonorum), romelic

adgenda konkursis wesebs/wesdebas (lex bonorum vendundorum), mevalis qonebis aqtivebsa
da pasivebs Soris Tanafardobas da Casatarebeli konkursis pirobebs.
pirvelyovlisa mxedvelobaSi miiReboda pirveli rigis kreditorTa interesebi:
xazinis (fiscus), adgilobrivi xelisuflebis, meurveobaSi myofi pirebis (Tu mevale
maTi meurve iyo), dakrZalvis xarjebis kreditorebis, saxlis saremonto samuSaoebis
kreditorebis moTxovnebi; aseve im kreditorTa interesebic, romelTa moTxovnis
sagani mziTevi (dos) iyo. aqtivebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreboda is wili, romlis
farglebSic upiratesi kreditorebis moTxovnebi kmayofildeboda.

Tu pretori lex bonorum vendundorum-s moiwonebda, is gayidvis savaraudo dRes

(proscriptio) acxadebda. konkursis mmarTveli (magister bonorum), sakonkurso wesiT
gayidvis dros, warmoadgenda mevalis mTeli qonebis fass, romlis odenoba
kreditorTa moTxovnili Tanxis jamiT da ara qonebis saerTo RirebulebiT
ganisazRvreboda, vinaidan kreditorTa dakmayofilebis movaleoba gamyidvels
ekisreboda. wesisamebr, qonebis saaqciono gayidva `CaquCiT~ (venditio ad hasta) _ Ria
auqcionis formiT xorcieldeboda. gamarjvebulad cxaddeboda is myidveli,
romelic yvelaze met fass SesTavazebda. Tumca, Tu myidveli CaTvlida, rom
aqtivebis odenoba arasakmarisi iyo, mas SeeZlo valis mxolod nawilis gadaxda,
Tanac privilegirebuli kreditorebisaTvis, romlebic (aseT pirobebSi) kanoniT
dadgenili rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT kmayofildebodnen.

mevalis qonebis gayidvis Taobaze (bonorum venditio) garigeba ideboda saukeTeso

winadadebis avtorTan, rac gamyidvelis samoqalaqo sikvdilis tolfasi iyo.
gamocxadebuli fasis gadaxda ar xdeboda, vinaidan, faqtobrivad, qonebis gamyidveli
ar arsebobda, xolo myidveli mflobelobas, sakonkurso qonebis mmarTvelisagan
iZenda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu auqcionis wesiT gayiduli qonebis myidveli (bonorum
emptor) nivTze mflobelobis uflebas dakargavda, igi sakuTar uflebas actio
Publiciana-Ti icavda.

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mevalis universaluri uflebamonacvle xdeboda bonorum emptor-i, romlis
winaaRmdegac kreditorTa sarCelebi iyo mimarTuli. am sarCelebs igi pasuxobda, mis
mier SeZenili nivTis Rirebulebis, Sesabamisi wilis moculobiT.

qonebis eqspropriacias (CamorTmeva) Tan sdevda pativis, Rirsebis ayra (infamia). unda
aRiniSnos, rom aseTi sasjelis mizezi ara valauvaloba iyo. Tu kreditorTa
moTxovnebis dakmayofileba mevales ar SeeZlo, igi lex iulia kanonis safuZvelze,
dasjisagan Tavis aridebis mizniT, mosarCeles sakuTar qonebas nebayoflobiT
gadascemda (cessio bonorum). Tu sasamarTlo procesis CaSla an sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis Seusrulebloba qmeduunaro piris (infans, furiosus, prodigus)
warmomadgenlis aryofnas ukavSirdaboda, iZulebiTi anazRaureba mxolod calkeuli
nivTebis mimarT (bonorum distractio) gamoiyeneboda da mas pativis ayra (infamia) ar
moyveboda.

da pirvelad, pretori, mxareebis mosmenis Semdeg, gascemda sarCelis formulas,

romelSic, modave mxareebis TxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setana. formula iyo pretoris mier mosamarTlisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, romliTac
pretori mas mouwodebda gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic
gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda miTiTebuli principebi; Tanac, mosamarTles, romelic
gaxldaT kerZo piri da sasamarTlo xelisuflebiT (iuris dictio) aRWurvili ar iyo,
aRniSnul saqmeze saWiro uflebamosileba eniWeboda. formulis Sedgenas Tan axlda
davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio). saqme gadaecemoda mosamarTles, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, pretoris moTxovnaTa Sesabamisad, faqtebs amowmebda da sasamarTlo
gadawyvetileba (iudicatum) gamohqonda.

formulis Sinaarsi winaswar iyo dadgenili (fiqsirebuli Sinaarsi _ concepta verba).

ediqtis principuli ganaxleba drois moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebis saSualebas
iZleoda, raTa axali urTierTobebisaTvis, pretoruli dacvis Sesabamisi
saSualebebi, miecaT. pretoris mier gacemuli procesualuri dacvis axali formebi
ganviTarebuli marTlSegnebis moTxovnebs asaxavda. formulis SedgenaSi orive mxare
monawileobda. pretoruli formebis safuZvelze, mxareebs ufleba hqondaT,
mowinaaRmdegis mier moyvanil faqtebze, formulaSi sakuTari SeniSvnebi SeetanaT.
Tumca, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebisadmi mkacri Sesabamisoba mTavar pirobad
rCeboda, rac, Tavis mxriv, konfliqtis specifikis moqnilobas xels sulac ar
uSlida.

I. formulis nawilebi
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Praeiudicium (winaswari sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec piris uflebis dadgena
xdeboda); bona fides (keTilsindisiereba); iudicium bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri
sarCelebi); formula arbitraria (gansakuTrebuli fraza, romelic iudicia arbitraria sarCelis
formulaSi iyo Setanili); arbitrum (iussum) de restituendo (mosamarTlis mier
mopasuxisadmi gacemuli brZaneba, raTa mas mosarCelis moTxovna sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis gamotanamde daakmayofilos); contumacia (sasamarTlosadmi
daumorCilebloba); litis aestimatio (davis Sefaseba).

cnobilia formulis Semdegi ZiriTadi nawilebi (partes formulae): demonstratio, intentio,

adiudicatio, condemnatio (Gai.,4,39).

1. Adiudicatio (miniWeba) gvxvdeba mxolod iseTi saxis sarCelebSi, romlebic

TanasakuTrebisa da sazRvrebis ganawilebis Taobaze dgeboda. sarCelis am nawiliT
mosamarTles amcnobdnen imis Taobaze, TanamesakuTreTagan Tu romels ra odenobis
wili ekuTvnoda.

2. Intentio-Si (intencia) Camoyalibebuli iyo mosarCeles moTxovna, anu pretenzia

(desiderium suum); es nawili iwyeba sityvebiT: `Tu gairkva, rom (dadasturda, rom). . .~
da dasaxelebuli iyo is ufleba, romelsac mosarCeles moTxovna efuZneba.

3. Demonstratio-Si (demonstracia) Camoyalibebuli iyo saqmis arsi (Semadgenloba),

hipoTeza. is iwyeboda kavSiriT `vinaidan~ (quod) da saxeldeboda is faqtebi da
garemoebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec mosarCeleTa uflebebi da mopasuxes movaleobebi
(garigebebi) ganisazRvreboda.

4. Condemnatio-Ti (kondemnacia) mosamarTles mopasuxis dasjis an gamarTlebis

uflebamosileba eniWeboda.

Per formulas procesiT wagebuls, mogebuli mxaris sasargeblod mxolod fuladi

Tanxis gadaxda evaleboda. dauSvebeli iyo mopasuxis mimarT iseTi gadawyvetilebis
gamotana, romliTac mas garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba an sadavo nivTis naturiT
gadacema evaleboda. aRniSnuli saxis moTxovnis wamoyeneba subieqtis
avtonomiurobas da uSualod romis ius privatum-is principebs ewinaaRmdegeboda.
fuladi Tanxis miniWebis gansakuTrebuli principi – condemnatio pecuniaria, romelic
sasamarTlo procesis pretoruli formiT damkvidrda, mxareTa formaluri
Tanasworobis principis uSualo Sedegi iyo da samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas yvelaze
naTlad asaxavda. Condemnatio sintaqsurad ukavSirdeboda intentio-s da mis gareSe
Zala ar hqonda; xolo intentio, piriqiT, formulis sruliad damoukidebeli nawili
iyo da uflebis konstatacias (praeiudicium) ukavSirdeboda; es ukanaskneli
sasamarTlo ganxilvebze dasturdeboda; swored intentio asaxelebda faqts, romelzec
sasamarTlos sabraldeboda gadawyvetilebis gamotana iyo damokidebuli. amasTanave,
mxedvelobaSi miiReboda is garemoebac, rom swored aRniSnuli faqtis arsebobasTan
iyo dakavSirebuli garkveuli Sedegis dadgoma da mxareTa Soris iuridiuli
xasiaTis urTierTobis mogvareba. intenciis mTavar normatiul wyarod pretoruli
ediqti miiCneoda. Tumca, formulis Sedgenac swored faqtis safuZvleze xdeboda
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(formula in factum concepta), anu Tu intentio-Si ius civile-s mier aRiarebuli faqti iyo
moyvanili, formula samarTlis safuZvelze (formula in ius concepta) iqmneboda.

Inactum conceptae formulebi asaxavda pretoruli dacvis ganviTarebaSi uZvelesi

stadiis Taviseburebas, roca pretori, sakuTari imperium-iT, mosamarTlisagan
iTxovda mxedvelobaSi mieRo is faqtic, romelsac ius civile ar aRiarebda. amaTan
mimarTebiT, araferia naTqvami im ius-is Sesaxeb, romelzec actor-i sakuTar moTxovnas
afuZnebda da arc civiluri movaleobaa (reus oportere) miTiTebuli.

sarCels mxolod maSin hqonda in ius consepta formulis saxe, roca mosarCeles
moTxovna ius civile-s efuZneba. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi (iudicia bonae fidei) saocari
moqnilobiTa da mosamarTlis Zalze farTo uflebamosilebiT gamoirCeoda. aseTi
sarCelis meSveobiT mosarCele garigebidan iTxovda ara marto dadebiTi interesis
dakmayofilebas, aramed im Sedegis dadgomasac, romelic damatebiT SeTanxmebebs
efuZneboda. am ukanasknelTa dadeba SesaZlebeli iyo rogorc xelSekrulebis
dadebisas, ise mogvianebiTac. amave dros, mosarCeles, xelSekrulebis dadebisas,
nebelobiTi xarvezebis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, amis Sesaxeb miTiTeba SeeZlo, Tanac
specialuri sasarCelo uaryofis (exceptio pacti, doli, metus) gamouyenebladac. aRniSnuli
sarCelebi konsesualuri da realuri kontraqtebidan warmoSobil uflebebs,
sameurveo piris (actio tutelae) da, qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, colis samziTvo
uflebebs (iucactio rei uxoriae) icavdnen.

Iudicia arbitraria-s SemTxvevaSi mosamarTle farTo uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda.

Iudicia arbitraria sarCelis is saxeobaa, romlis formula mocemuli iyo sagangebo
fraziT, romelsac, intentio-s Semdeg, condemnatio-s win urTavdnen xolme. formulis
teqstSi aseTi fraza yvela sanivTo sarCelSi (D.4.2.10.1; 6.1.68; 7.6.5,4a) da zogierT
pirad sarCelSic (actio aqua pluviae arcendae, actio Fabiana, actio Calviciana)
gvxvdeba.

aRniSnuli sagangebo frazis safuZvelze, Tavdapirvelad, mosamarTle arkvevda

hqonda Tu ara mosarCele mxares miTiTebuli ufleba – pronuntiatio de iure. uflebis
Sesaxeb dadebiTi mtkicebis SemTxvevaSi, brZanebis Semcveli fraziT, dadgenil
vadamde mopasuxes mosarCelisaTvis nivTis gadacema – iussum de restituendo _
evaleboda. mopasuxis Tanxmoba aTavisuflebda mas pasuxismgeblobisagan. formulis
Sesabamisad, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli gadawyvetileba gamoetana.
xolo, Tu mopasuxe uars acxadebda (an braldebad ar miiCnevda sadavo faqts), misi
qmedeba sasamarTlosadmi daumorCleblobad (contumacia) ganixileboda da imiT
isjeboda, rom davis Sefaseba (litis aestimatio) xdeboda sadao nivTis RirebulebiT.
nivTis Rirebulebas, TavisTavad, mosarCele acxadebda daficebiT.

II. Condemnatio saSualebebi

Condemnatio certa (gansazRvruli kondemnacia); condemnatio incerta (ganusazRvreli

kondemnacia);

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kondemnacioSi (condemnatio) miTiTebuli miniWebis moculoba unda Seesabamebodes
intentio-Si mocemul formulirebas. imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli
dasaxelebuli Tanxa, ganasxvavebdnen condemnatio certa-s (gansazRvrul) da condemnatio
incerta-s (ganusazRvrel) kondemnacias. Condemnatio mxolod maSin iyo gansazRvruli,
Tu intentio-Si fulis garkveuli odenoba (mxolod gansakuTrebiT kondiqciur
sarCelSi – condictio certae pecuniae) iyo miTiTebuli. aseTi formulirebas adgendnen im
SemTxvevaSi, roca mosarCeles ufleba hqonda mopasuxisaTvis fuladi anazRaureba
moeTxova. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi es iyo condemnatio incerta. formulis am nawilis
ganusazRvreloba ori saxisa iyo: 1. zogjer mosamarTlesagan iTxoven mopasuxis
mimarT gamoetana iseTi gadawyvetileba, romliTac am ukanasknels garkveul
odenobaze meti Tanxa ar unda gadaexada. mosamarTle uflebamosili iyo gamoetana
iseTi gadawyvetileba, romelSic mopasuxes naklebi Tanxis gadaxdas avaldebulebda;
2. Tumca, ufro xSirad mosamarTles aseTi zusti SezRudvis gansazRvra ar
moeTxoveba. mas mxolod mopasuxisaTvis gadasaxdeli Tanxis odenoba unda daedgina.

III. moTxovnis gadameteba (iuris petitio)

Intentio incerta (ganusazRvreli intencia); pluris petitio re (moTxovnis gadameteba obieqtis

mimarT); pluris petitio tempore (moTxovnis gadameteba drois mimarT); pluris petitio loco
(moTxovnis gadameteba adgilis mimarT); pluris petitio causa (moTxovnis gadameteba
safuZvlis mimarT); intentio certa (gansazRvruli intencia); actio certi an condictio (sarCeli
gansazRvrulis Sesaxeb an kondiqciuri sarCeli); lis dividua (ganawilebuli dava); falsa
demonstratio (cru demonstracia).

fiqsirebuli xasiaTi moTxovnisa, romliTac mosamarTles mimarTavdnen,

ganapirobebda imas, rom Tu CamoTvlili faqtebiT ver dadasturdeboda mopasuxes
marTlac marTebda Tu ara is, rasac misgan mosarCele iTxovda; mosamarTle
valdebuli iyo gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoetana. samarTliT dadgenilze (pluris
petitio) metis moTxovna uflebis dakargvas iwvevda, vinaidan erTsa da imave saqmeze
ganmeorebiTi sarCelis Setana dauSvebeli iyo. ganusazRvreli intenciis (intentio
incerta) SemTxvevaSi, gadametebuli moTxovnis wardgena SeuZlebeli iyo, miT ufro, Tu
misaniWebeli obieqtis odenoba gansazRvruli ar iyo.

Pluris petitio gamoiyeneboda obieqtis, vadis, adgilisa da samarTlebrivi safuZvlisa

mimarT: re, tempore, loco, causa.

1. Pluris petitio re _ dasaSvebze meti Tanxis odenobis nivTis moTxovnisas; 2. Pluris petitio
tempore _ dadgenil vadamde moiTxoveboda is, risi gadaxdac savaldebulo iyo; 3.
Pluris petitio loco _ danapirebis Sesruleba sxva adgilze moiTxoveboda; 4. Pluris petitio
causa gamoiyeneboda alternatiuli valdebulebis (alternatio) SemTxvevaSi, anu
rodesac, struqturiT gaTvaliswinebuli, valdebulebis arCevanis uflebas (ius
variandi), kreditori mevales arTmevda. (Gai.,4,53d).

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Tu garkveuli intenciis (intentio certa) mqone sarCelis formuliT miTiTebuli iyo
imaze naklebi moTxovna, risi uflebamosilebac mosarCeles hqonda, meore wels mas
procesis sxva pretorTan ganmeoreba SeeZlo, romlis drosac is danarCens iTxovda.
am SemTxvevaSi procesi ara ganmeorebiTi, aramed gayofili (lis dividua) iyo. Tu
condementio-Si warmodgenili moTxovnis gadameteba mxolod pretoris miTiTebebze
iyo damokidebuli, mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mopasuxisaTvis imaze metis gadaxda
daekisrebina, vidre amas mosarCele intentio-Ti iTxovda. am SemTxvevaSi, pretori
mopasuxes exmareboda, mosarCele ki _ pirvandeli mdgomareobis mdgomareobis
aRdgenis moTxovniT (in integrum restitutio) gamodioda, raTa amis Semdeg mainc miemarTa
sasamarTlosaTvis marTebuli kondemnaciiT.

Fi in demonstratione plus aut minus positum sit, nihil in iudicium deducitur, et ideo res in integro manet: et hoc
est quod dictur falsa demonstratione rem non perimi – Tu demonstraciaSi miTiTebulia
(saWiroze) meti an naklebi moTxovna, sasamarTlo ganxilvis usagnobis gamo, saqme
pirvandel mdgomareobaSi rCeba; swored aseT SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba: cru
demonstraciis gamo saqme uqmdeba. (Gai.,4,58). Tumca, labeonis azriT, Tu
demonstracioTi moTxovnis nawili miTiTebuli iyo, is cru demostraciad ar
miiCneoda, (Gai.,4.59; D.19.1.3; 3.3.78.1; 13.6.17.4).

IV. Formulae ficticiae (fiqciis Semcveli formula) da pirTa monacvleobiT Sedgenili

formula

Fictio (fiqcia); fictio iuris (civiluri statusis mqone fiqcia).

Intentio-Ti pretors SeeZlo mosamarTlisagan moeTxova iseTi qmedebebis Sesruleba,

romelTa arsebiTi iuridiuli faqti, TiTqosda, realurad ar arsebobda, an piriqiT
_ aseTi faqti namdvilad arsebobda. pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiqcia pozitiuri iyo,
meore SemTxvevaSi _ negatiuri.

pozitiuri samarTlis srulyofis TvalsazrisiT (adiuvare ius civile), fiqcia (fictio)

pretoris umniSvnelovanesi instrumenti iyo. zogjer fiqcia pretoruli sarCelis
(actio Publiciana-s msgavsad) Seqmnis mizniT gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, rogorc wesi, fiqcia
tipuri sarCelis danamati iyo, raTa sasarCelo dacva mieniWebinaT im pirisaTvis,
romelsac mkacri samarTliT (ius strictum) amis ufleba ar gaaCnda, anda im piris
gasasamarTleblad, vinc, ius civile-s Tanaxmad, dasjas rom eqvemdebareboda.
magaliTad, pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze (bonorum possessor), samkvidros
misaRebad mowveuli piris dasacavad. pretori mas aZlevda sarCels, romliTac
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mosamarTle valdebuli iyo mosarCele memkvidred ecno. aRniSnuli fiqciis gareSe,
pretorul memkvidres samkvidros moTxovna ar SeeZlo, vinaidan, ius civile-Ti igi
memkvidre (heres) ar iyo (Gai.,4,34).

msgavsi formulis Sedgena moiTxoveboda umemkvidreod darCenili valauvali

mevalis uflebamonacvlis (bonorum emptor) mimarT, romelic aseTi mevalis memkvidred
fiqtiurad cxaddeboda (Gai.,4,35).

yvelaze Zveli civiluri sarCelis forma im SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda, Tu

samarTaldarRvevis (ex delicto) erT-erT mxare ucxoeli (peregrinus) iyo, romelzec
romis civiluri samarTali ar vrceldeboda.

aseT SemTxvevaSi, formulaSi iwereboda fiqcia: “Si civis Romanus esset – is, rom romis
moqalaqe yofiliyo”. (Gai.,4,37). savaraudod, aRniSnul praqtikas peregrinebis
pretoris sasamarTloTi mieca dasabami. sagulisxmoa, rom dasaxelebul SemTxvevebSi
statusis fiqcia (fictio iuris), rogorc urTierTobaTa dacvis procesualuri saSualeba
maSin gamoiyeneboda, roca pretori, materialuri samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, uZluri
iyo: ius civile Tanaxmad, mas ufleba ar hqonda piri memkvidred (heres) an romael
moqalaqed gamoecxadebina.

roca erTi pirisaTvis miniWebuli ufleba meore pirs gadaecemoda, an erTi piris
pasuxismgebloba meore pirs ekisreboda, gamoiyeneboda fiqciis gansakuTrebuli
forma _ pirTa monacvleoba. aRniSnul fiqcias im SemTxvevaSi mimarTavdnen, roca
iuridiuli aqti vrceldeboda iseTi piris winaaRmdeg, romelsac aRniSnuli qmedeba
Cadenili ar hqonda; magaliTad, rodesac garigeba dadebuli iyo xelisuflebaSi
myofi piris (persona alieni iuris) an meurvis (tutor) mier. aseT SemTxvevaSi, demonstratio-Si
an intentio-Si pretori uTiTebda erT pirs (persona alieni iuris an tutor), xolo condemnatio-
Si meores _ ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) an meurveobaSi myofs (pupillus).

V. eqscepcia (exceptio) da preskripcia (praescriptio)

Exceptiones peremptoriae (mudmivi eqscepciebi); exceptiones dilatioriae (droebiTi eqscepciebi);

replicatio (Sesagebeli uaryofa); praescrptio pro actore (uaryofiTi piroba, romelic
formulaSi intenciis win iwereba da davis sagans mosarCelis sasargeblod
zRudavs).

Praescriptio pro reo iyo uaryofiTi piroba, romelic formulis dasawyisSi, intenciis
win iwereboda da davis sagans mopasuxis sasargeblod zRudavda. Tu es piroba
namdvili aRmoCndeba, uqmdeboda davis safuZveli (litis contestatio), romelic,
procesualuri TvalsazrisiT, iyo sarCelze uaris Tqma (denegatio), im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
magistrati sarCels usafuZvlod miiCnevda. procesi Cerdeboda, Tumca mis qmedebas
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arc auqmebda da arc gamoricxavda. Exceptio iyo procesualuri daTqmis
gansakuTrebuli wesi, romliTac mopasuxe saerTod uaryofda mosarCelis uflebas
(mopasuxis dacva) an awmyo droSi raime qmedebis Sesrulebis Taobaze mopasuxis
valdebulebas.

garda formulis im ZiriTadi nawilebisa, romelTa gareSec formulas iuridiuli

Zala ar gaaCnda, arsebobda damatebiTi elementebic, romelTa meSveobiTac erT
sasamarTlo procesze mxareTa Sesagebeli moTxovnebis wamoyeneba an sarCelis
tipuri formuliT gaTvaliswinebuli garemoebebis miTiTeba daiSveboda.

formulis ZiriTad teqsts win uZRoda sasarCelo moTxovna (praescriptio).

Tavdapirvelad, praescriptio mopasuxis (reus) interesebis sasargeblod (praescriptio pro
reo) dgeboda da sasamarTlo procesis dawyeba garkveuli faqtebis gamovlenaze iyo
damokidebuli. Tu faqtebi ar dadasturdeboda, mosamarTlisagan litis contestatio-s
ararsebulad cnobas iTxovdnen; magaliTad, garigebis dadebisas, mopasuxis
interesebis sasargeblo moTxovna (sasarCelo uaryofis funqciiT), ganzraxvisagan
Tavis aridebis saSualebas iZleoda, anu es iyo e.w. exceptio doli (exceptio-s yvelaze
mniSvnelovani saxeoba), romelic interdiqtuli warmoebisas gamoiyeneboda. im axali
garemoebebis safuZvelze, exceptio-s savaldebulo Zalas rom erTmeoda, uaris Tqma
exceptio-ze mosarCelesac SeeZlo. Ea res agatur, extra quam si ita negotium gestium est, ut stari eo
non oporteat ex fide bona... dae, procesi am saqmeze dadgenilad mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
CaiTvalos, Tu garigeba keTili sindisis safuZvelze daido...

mogvianebiT, praescriptio pro reo Secvala exceptio-m, romelsac mopasuxis dacvis funqcia
daekisra. akvilius galusis droidan moyolebuli, mowinaaRmdegis dolus-ze
misaTiTeblad, mosarCele actio doli-s, xolo mopasuxe exceptio dolo-s iyenebda.

Praescriptio SenarCunebuli iqna rogorc mosarCeles (actor) interesebis dacvis

saSualeba – praescriptio pro actore. Intentio-s win exceptio-s CarTviT condemnatio-s
adgendnen.

dacvis aRniSnuli saSualeba, praescriptio pro reo-sagan gansxvavebiT, ufro qmediTi iyo,
vinaidan, aRniSnuli faqtis aRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gamamarTlebeli
ganaCeni saboloo iyo: litis contestatio imgvarad auqmebda mosarCelis sarCels, rom
sasamarTlo procesis ganmeorebiTi wamowyebis mcdeloba gamoricxuli iyo.

gaiusisa da ulpianes Tanaxmad, Sedaveba SeiZleba yofiliyo droebiTic da mudmivi:

exceptiones dilatoriae (temporales) et exceptiones peremptoriae (perpetuae) (D.44.1.3; 44.2.4).

Peremptoriae sunt quae perpetuo valent, nec evitari possunt, velut quod metus causa, aut dolo malo, aut quod
contra legem senatusve consultum factum est, aut quod res iudicata est vel in iudicium delicta est, item pacti
conventi quod factum est, ne omnino pecunia peteretur – mudmivia Sedaveba, romelsac yovelTvis
gaaCnia mniSvneloba da misgan Tavis daRweva SeuZlebelia; magaliTad, (Sedaveba) imis
Taobaze, rom garigeba daido daSinebiT, motyuebiT an kanonisa da senatis
dadgenilebis gverdis avliT, an imis Taobaze, rac ukve iyo ganaCenis an sasamarTlo

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ganxilvis sagani, aseve araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis Taobaze, rom gadaxda
saerTod ar iqneba moTxovnili (Gai.,4,121).

Exceptio peremptoria aris sarCelis gauqmebis piroba, romlis gamoyeneba yovelTvis da

nebismieri mosarCelis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda. Tu mopasuxe am pirobas formulaSi
ar Seataninebda, maSin procesis mimdinareobisas, mopasuxes SeeZlo sadavod eqcia
mxolod Tavad garigebis xarvezebi, xolo formulaSi gauTvaliwinebeli faqtis
gamo, yuradRebis gamaxvileba ar SeeZlo. Tu SecdomiT mopasuxe exceptio peremptoria-s
ar gamoiyenebda, am ukanasknels pretori, formulis sworad Sedgenis mizniT,
pirvandeli mdgomareobiT aRadgenda (in integrum restitutio), (Gai.,4.125). Tu droebiTi
uaryofa (exeptio dilatoria) gamoyenebuli ar iqneboda, msgavsi daxmareba mopasuxes veRar
gaeweoda.

Tu mosarCeles surda, rom mosamarTles mxedvelobaSi mieRo mopasuxis sasarCelo

Sedavebis sawinaaRmdego sxva faqti, pretori mas replicatio exceptio-ze Sedavebis
uflebas aniWebda. kerZod, sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenaze uaris saTqmelad,
mxareebi sapirispiro rameze Tanxmdebodnen. msgavsi paqtebis araformaluroba
miuRebels xdida zogad princips imis Sesaxeb, rom sapirispiro SeTanxmebiT
(conventio contraria) winamorbedi SeTanxmeba baTildeboda. amitom mopasuxis mxridan
warmodgenili exceptio pacti conventi sagangebo replicatio-Ti unda gaeuqmebinaT (Gai.,4,126):
`si non postea convenerit ut mihi eam pecuniam peteri liceret... Tu daTqmuli ar
iyo, rom mogvianebiT me gamoTxovis neba meZleva... Sesabamisad, mosarCelis replicatio-ze
mopasuxes SeeZlo axali SedavebiT _ duplicatio-Ti, epasuxa (Gai.,4.127), xolo
mosarCeles ki axali Sedavebis (triplicatio) ufleba hqonda (Gai.,4.128).

sarCeli praescriptio pro actore moTxovnis sagnis danawevrebis mizniT gamoiyeneboda.

aseTi danawevreba savaldebulo iyo perioduli xasiaTis miniWebaTa SemTxvevaSi,
mTlianis magivrad moTxovnis nawilis dros, aseve moTxovnis ramdenime safuZvlis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi.

Cveulebriv, valis nawilis gadaxdas iTxovdnen nawilobrivi gadaxdis vadis

dadgomis Sesabamisad (Gai.,4,131). Intentio incerta-s Semcveli sarCelis wardgeniT
kreditors, valis danarCeni nawilis mimarT, procesis ganmeorebis SesaZlebloba ar
eZleoda. Praescriptio: “Ea res agatur cuius rei dies fuit“ (dae, saqmis sagnad iTvlebodes
valdebulebis is nawili, romlis Sesrulebis vada ukve dadga). Praescriptio-s
aRniSnuli saxe erTsa da imave saqmeze sarCelis periodulad wardginis
SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

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$3. procesualuri warmomadgenloba

(procesualuri rwmunebulis ori saxe); dominus litis

Cognitor et procurator ad litem
(marwmunebeli piri procesSi); datio cognitori (rwmunebulis sasamarTlo procesSi
daniSvnis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli gancxadeba); actio iudicati utilis (analogiis wesze
dafuZnebuli sarCeli sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sasarCelo
moTxovniT); cautio de rato (prokuratoris mier mosarCelis mxareze moqmedebaTa
mowonebis sajarimo garantia); cautio iudicatum solvi (prokuratoris mier mopasuxis
mxareze sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis sajarimo garantia); procurator in rem
suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebulad myofi).

In iure tadiaze mxareebs SeeZloT warmomadgenlebis gamoyvana. Zvel romSi

procesualur warmomadgenelTa ori saxeoba iyo: cognitor et procurator ad litem. Cognitor
daniSvnis Sesaxeb mowinaaRmdege mxares atyobinebdnen calmxrivi aqtis _ datio
cognitori-iT. Cognitor-i saqmes sakuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, amitom gamoiyeneboda
formula, romliTac pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo: intentio-Si
marwmuneblis saxeli (dominus litis) aRiniSneboda, xolo condemnatio mimarTuli iyo
cognitor-isken. Tu cognitor mopasuxis mxareze iyo, intentio-Si aRiniSneboda dominus litis
saxeli, xolo condemnatio miniWebas eqvemdebareboda cognitor. Datio cognitoris meSveobiT
moTxovnis ganaxleba (novatio) xdeboda, amitom, Tu kognitori mosarCelis rwmunebuli
iyo, maSin misi moTxovna, litis contestatio (sarCelis gasaCivreba, sasamarTloSi
arabraleulobis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT) iqviTeboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaSi
aRniSneboda cognitor-is saxeli da actio iudicati an mis sasargeblod, an mis
sawinaaRmdegod (Tu is mopasuxes warmoadgenda) gaicemoda. Tumca, sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli sarCelis, analogiur sarCels _ actio iudicati ulitis.
pretori marwmunebeli mxaris sasargeblod (an sawinaaRmdegod) gascemda.

sasamarTlo procesSi prokuratoroba marwmuneblis mouravsac (procurator omnium

bonorum _ mTeli qonebis mmarTvels) SeeZlo. daSvebuli iyo, marwmuneblis (dominus
litis) nebiT, specialurad daniSnuli piris moadgilis (procurator ad lites) monawileoba,
brZanebis (iussum) an davalebis (mandatum) safuZvelze. Procurator ad litem-ad
iTvleboda is piric, romelic sasamarTlo procesSi monawileobis survils,
davalebis an brZanebis gareSe, keTili nebiT (bona fide) ganacxadebda. vinaidan aseT
SemTxvevaSi litis contestatio-Ti moTxovnis gaqviTva ar xdeboda, prokurators
nebayoflobiT unda mieca piroba, rom marwmunebeli piri xelaxla ar daiwyebda
process gansakuTrebuli cautio rem ratam dominum habiturum-iT (fici, rom marwmunebeli
moiwonebs mis moqmedebebs), romelsac cautio de rato-c ewodeboda. pretoruli dacvis
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aRniSnuli saSualeba, pirgasamtexlos Sesaxeb SeTanxmebis gansakuTrebul formas
warmoadgenda: im SemTxvevaSi, Tu rwmunebulis qmedebas ar moiwonebda dominus litis,
romelic xelaxla daiwyebda process (mas amaze sruli ufleba hqonda), arSemdgari
prokuratori dajarimdeboda mopasuxis sasargeblod, rac mTlianad gaabaTilebda im
danakargs, rasac mas saqmis wageba uqadda.

Tu prokuratori mopasuxes warmoadgenda, maSin prokuratori (mopasuxis Rirseul

moadgiled miCnevis mizniT) gansakuTrebuli cautio iudicatum solvi-is (sasamarTlo
gadawyvetilebis) aRsrulebis garantias iZleoda.

Cognitor-ad daniSvnis SemTxvevaSi, aseT cautio-s Tavad dominus litis (marwmunebeli piri)
iZleoda. logikuria, rom igi imavdroulad actio iudicati utilis-s gamoc (mis winaaRmdeg
an mis sasamrgeblod, sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis analogiuri sarCeliT) pasuxs
agebda.

prokuratori sakuTari saxeliT ebmeboda procesSi; aseT SemTxvevaSi, pretori

adgenda formulas, romelSic pirTa Tanmimdevroba gadaadgilebuli iyo. Tumca, am
SemTxvevaSi, marwmuneblis sasargeblod an sawinaarmdegod, actiones utilis-s pretori ar
gascemda.

prokuratorisa da dominus litis urTierTobebi davalebis xelSekrulebiT (mandatum)

an im urTierTobiT wesrigdeboda, romelTa safuZvelze procesSi monawile mxare
brZanebas (iussum) iZleoda.

warmomadgenlobis am saxeobis meSveobiT savalo moTxovnebis cesia (anu sxva pirze

sakuTari valis gadakisreba) miiRweoda. aseTi procesis dros prokuratori sakuTari
interesebis damcvelad _ procurator in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi rwmunebuli piri)
gamodioda. miuxedavad imisa, rom misi moTxovna sxvis uflebaze (an pasuxismgebloba
efuZneboda sxvis valdebulebas, Tu is mopasuxis rwmunebulad gamodioda) iyo
dafuZnebuli.

$4. dacvaze uaris Tqma (indefensio)

Bona (qoneba), missio in bona (pretoris mier sxva pirisaTvis qonebis mfarvelobis
uflebis miniWeba); indefensio (dacvaze uaris Tqma); translatio possessionis (mflobelobaSi
mxareTa mdgomareobis Secvla-monacvleoba).

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis savaldebulo monawileoba gulisxmobda

misi qmedebis iseT gansakuTrebul kvalifikacias, romelic konfliqtis gadawyvetis
sasamarTlo formis CaSlisaken iqneboda mimarTuli. mxareTa damoukidebloba, davis
procesualuri wesiT gadawyvetisas, samarTlis ZiriTadi principis umniSvnelovanes
gamovlinebad miiCneoda. sasamarTlo procesze monawileobaze uaris Tqma ki,
pirovnebis avtonomiurobis dakargvad im moculobiT aRiqmeboda, rogoric iyo
sasamarTlo ganxilvis sagani. ramdenadac mopasuxe mxare uars acxadebda sistemis im
pirobebze, romlebic, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis winaSe, mxareTa formalur
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Tanasworobas adgenen da icaven, igi sakuTar Tavs sazogadoebis miRma ayenebda im
zomiT, ra zomiTac samoqalaqo procesi mas TviTnebobisa da TviTgasworebisagan
icavda. am doneze piris monawileobas samoqalaqo brunvaSi ganasaxierebda misi
qoneba (bona), romelic, dacvaze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, individualurad
mizandakargulad aRiqmeba, radgan mis mepatrones aRniSnul qonebaze socialurad
aRiarebuli neba aRar gaaCnda.

yovelive zemoTqmulis logikur Sedegad mosarCelis im uflebis konstatacia iyo,

romelic mas am obieqtis gankargvis SesaZleblobas aniWebda, misive interesebis
farglebSi. aseTi qmedeba praqtikuliad administraciuli xerxebiT miiRweoda:
mosarCele mopasuxis qonebis nawilis _ missio in bona-s mflobeli xdeboda da
aRniSnuli qonebis auqcionze gatanisa da gayidvis ufleba eniWeboda.

sasamarTlo procesis dadgenaSi mopasuxis monawileoba savaldebulo iyo; masSi

monawileobaze uariT, socialuri normebiT aRiarebuli, misi uflebebi eWvqveS
dgeboda. dacvaze uaris Tqmad (indefensio) ara marto sasamarTloSi gamoucxadebloba
an litis contestatio (davis sagnis mimarT) uTanxmoeba kvalificirdeba, aramed
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebisadmi (iudicatum) daumorCileblobac. procesis SesaZlo
CaSlisagan Tavis daRwevis mizniT, procesis pirvel stadiaze mopasuxes
sTavazobdnen sakuTari rolis ganmtkicebas da sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi sanivTo
sarCelis wardgenas. am mizniT mopasuxes evaleboda: 1. rigi valdebulebebis
sakuTar Tavze aReba, stipulaciiT garantiebis micemis gziT _ sadisdatio (cautio)
iudicatum solvi (procesualuri garantiebi). aseve misTvis savaldebulo iyo
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis utyuari garantiis micema _ ob rem
iudicatum; 2. sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis miznT, mopasuxe pirobas
iZleoda, rom sasamarTlo pocesze misi monawileoba konstruqciuli iqneboda _ ob
rem bene defensam; 3. Tavis Sekaveba iseTi ganzraxi qmedebebisagan, romlebsac procesis
CaSla (ob dolo malo) SeeZloT.

Indefensus-ad miCneuli piris mimarT gamoiyeneba mkacri sanqciebi, romelTa

gamkacrebis safrTxe, dadgenili marTlwesrigis moTxovnaTa darRvevis simZimis
kvalobaze, matulobda. sanivTo sarCelebis dros pretori Segnebulad cvlida
mxareTa mdgomareobas mflobelobaSi e.w. translatio possessionis, radgan, msgavsi
sarCelis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, dacvaze uaris mTqmeli mopasuxe, samomavlod,
mtkicebis tvirTis (onus probandi) mTel simZimes sakuTar Tavze iRebda. Tu sadavo
uflebis sagani moZravi nivTi iyo, miznis miRweva mosarCelis mier aRniSnuli nivTis
waRebis Sesaxeb, brZanebiT an nivTis gacemis Sesaxeb sarCeliT (actio ad exibendum)
xdeboda (imis mixedviT, iyo Tu ara sadao nivTi warmodgenili sasamarTloSi). Tu
mopasuxe sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas ar emorCileboda da nivTs ar gadascemda,
pretori mosarCeles mopasuxis mTeli qonebis mflobelod (missio in bona) acxadeboda,
raTa mowyobiliyo mopasuxis qonebis auqcionis wesiT gayidva.

$5. davis sagnis dadgena (litis contestatio)

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Datio iudicii (sasamarTlo dacvis miniWeba); litis contestatio (sadao sagnis fiqsacia); iussum
iudicandi (brZaneba sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gamotanis Sesaxeb); iudicium legitimum,
iudicium imperium continens, ipso iure (TviT samarTlis ZaliT); ope exepticiones (eqscefciis
ZaliT); exceptio rei iudicatae vel in iudicium deductae (eqscefcia imis Sesaxeb, rom saqmeze
ukve iyo gamotanili sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba an ukve dadginda procesi).

formulis Sedgenis Semdeg, roca pretori mxareTa molodinis pasuxad, maT

procesualur saSualebebs (datio iudicii) mianiWebda, mosarCele da mopasuxe (dictare et
accipere iudicium (sasamarTlo ganxilvis SemoTavazeba da miReba) SemoTavazebuli
formulaze Tanxmobas acxadebdnen. sami mxaris aseT SeTanxmebas litis contestatio
ewodeboda; es iyo sasamarTlo procesis ganviTarebis is gansakuTrebuli momenti,
romlis Semdegac procesualur uflebebsa da movaleobebSi mosarCelisa da
mopasuxis interesebi adekvaturad asaxulad iTvleboda. vinaidan formula
mosamarTlisadmi (vis saxelzec Seadgines) gagzavnilad iTvleboda, datio iudicii -Si
mocemuli iyo brZaneba mosamarTlisadmi _ iussum iudicandi, raTa mas saqmeze
gadawyvetileba gamoetana. aseTi mosamarTle iyo kerZo piri, romelsac aRniSnul
saqmeze uflebamosileba eZleoda. Litis contestatio-Ti iqviTeboda mosarCelis moTxovnis
ufleba da gamoiricxeboda imave sagnis ganmeorebiTi sasamrTlo ganxilvis
SesaZlebloba (prekluziuri efeqti). prekluziuri efeqtis gamoyeneba damokidebuli
iyo sasamarTlo ganxilvis tipze. Lex iulia sasamarTlo ganxilvis or etaps adgenda: 1.
iudiciorum privatorum iudicia legitima-s da 2. iudicia imperia continentia-s.

Tu procesi imarTeboda romSi, romael moqalaqeTa Soris da erTi mosamarTlis

(iudex unus) winaSe mimdinareobda (Tu mosamarTlec romis moqalaqe iyo), sasamarTlo
ganxilva legitimum-ad iTvleboda.

sasamarTlo ganxilvis yvela danarCeni saxe, romelic romSi ar imarTeboda, magram

rekuperatorebis SuamavlobiT warimarTeboda da erTi monawile romis moqalaqe ar
iyo, iudicia imperia continentia-d iTvleboda. aseTi sasamarTlo ganxilva magistratis
xelisuflebaze (imperia continentia) iyo dafuZnebuli. cxadia, iudicia legitima nasesxebi
iyo per legis actiones procesis uZvelesi formidan.

uZveles droSi, litis contestatio prekluziuri qmedeba samarTlis ZaliT (ipso iure)
gamoyeneboda ius civiles safuZvelze. Per formulas procesis dros sarCelis ganmeorebiTi
Setana an ipso iure ZaliT, an sasarCelo uaryofiT (ope exceptionis) gamoiricxeboda,
radgan moTxovna litis contestatio-s sagani ukve iyo.

dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, sadavo sagnis ganadgureba mopasuxes

pasuxismgeblobisagan ar aTavisuflebda; piradi xasiaTis moTxovnebi: sajarimo
sarCelebi _ memkvidreobiTi xasiaTisaa da sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada
mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda. Litis contestatio-s damayovnebeli Sedegi mxareTa
materialuri uflebebis procesualur uflebebad gardaqmnas ukavSirdeboda. Litis
contestatio-s ganmaaxlebeli motivi valdebulebiT urTierTobebze vrceldeboda da
mxolod piradi sarCelis safuZvelze saqmis ganxilvis dros (actio in personam)

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gamoiyeneboda. samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) litis contestatio-s verbaluri saxis
xelSekrulebebTan aigivebdnen da misi Sedegis Sesaxeb davebs swored am safuZvelze
wyvetdnen. (D.45.1.83.1)

$6. sarCelebis konkurencia

pirTa alternatiuli konkurencia, sarCelebis alternatiuli da kumulaciuri

konkurencia; actiones in persecutoriae (qonebrivi sarCelebi); actiones poenales (sajarimo
sarCelebi); actions mixtae (Sereuli sarCelebi); infitiatio (valis uaryofa); in duplum
(ormagi anazRaurebiT); in simplum (martivi anazRaurebiT).

ganmeorebiTi procesis Catarebaze subieqturi da obieqturi SezRudvebis dadgena

Tavad moTxovnis tolfasi iyo. `erT saqmeze ori procesis Catareba dauSvelia _ bis
de eadem re ne sit actio~. es principi pirTa an sarCelTa konkurenciis cnebiT iyo
dakonkretebuli. Tu valdebulebis pasiuri mxare solidarulad, ramdenime mopasuxe
piris saxiT iyo warmodgenili, aseT saqmeze sarCelis Setana mxolod erT-erTi
movalis winaaRmdeg SeiZleboda: `rakiRa arCeulia erTi gza, meoris gamoyeneba
dauSvebelia _ electa una via, non datur recursus ad altem~. am princips pirTa alternatiuli
konkurencia ewodeboda. zog SemTxvevaSi erTi saxis urTierToba ramdenime sarCeliT
iyo daculi. yvela sarCelis paralelurad gamoyenebis SesaZleboba (sarCelebis
kumulaciuri konkurencia), an arCevanis mixedviT am saSualebebaTa gamoyenebis
aucilebloba (sarCelebis alternatiuli konkurencia) sarCelis xasiaTiT
ganisazRvreba.

Agimus autem interdum, ut rem tantum consequamur interdum ut poenam tantum, alias ut rem et poenam _
zogjer sarCeli mxolod interesis dasakmayofileblad, zogjer ki mxolod dasjis
mizniT Seitaneboda, sxva SemTxevvaSi _ saqmisa da dasjis gamoc.

Tavdapirvelad, sarCelebi mxolod qonebriv sarCelebad (actiones rei persecutoriae) da

sajarimo sarCelebad (actiones poenales) iyofoda. sarCelTa pirveli saxeoba
alternatiuli konkurenciis, meore ki kumulaciuri konkurenciis wess
eqvemdebareboda. kumulaciuri konkurenciis naTeli magaliTia qurdobis (furtum)
hipoTeza, roca dazaralebuls sajarimo sarCelic (actio furti) eniWeboda damnaSavis
dasasjelad da arasajarimo sarCelic (condictio ex causa furtiva) _ Tavad moparuli
nivTis gamoTxovisaTvis. nebadarTuli iyo ori sxvadasxva tipis sarCelis wardgena
TiToeuli damrRvevisaTvis. ase rom, sarCelebis kumulaciur konkurencias pirTa
kumulaciuri konkurenciac axlda. Tumca, nivTis gamoTxovisas piris winaaRmdeg
mxolod erTi _ arasajarimo sarCeli _ moparuli nivTis dabrunebis Sesaxeb
(condictio ex causa furtiva), an nivTis gamoTxovis Sesaxeb (rei vindicatio) miiReboda.
sajarimo sarCelebi mkacrad personaluri xasiaTisa iyo; memkvidreobiT isini ar
gadaicema da arc mopasuxe mraxis procesualuri warmomadegnloba daiSveboda,
radgan iTvleboda, rom damnaSavis dasasjelad dazaralebuls gansakuTrebuli
interesi amoZravebda.

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mogvianebiT, Sereuli xasiaTis sarCelebi _ actiones mixtae _ SeimuSaves. maTi mizani
erTdroulad piris dasjac iyo da zianis anazRaurebac. Tavis mxriv, sarCelebis es
saxeoba or jgufad iyofa: pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneboda is sarCelebi, romelTa
safuZvelzec nivTis Rirebulebis ormagi odenoba (in duplum) moiTxoveboda. im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu mevale sakuTar vals uaryofTa (infitiatio), sarCelis Semdegi saxeebi
gamoiyeneboda: 1. sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb (actio iudicati), 2. valis
gadaxdis Taobaze davalebis mimcemi pirisaTvis xarjebis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb (actio
depensi) da sxva. am tipis sarCelebi zianis martivi anazRaurebis (in simplum)
moTxovnis, anu arasajarimo sarCelebis msgavsi iyo. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kumulaciur
konkurenciaze saubari zedmeti iyo.

$7. eqstraordinaluri procesi (extra ordinem cognitio)

Extra ordinem (dadgenili wesrigis miRma); cognitio (mokvleva); denuntiatio (sasarCelo

gancxadeba); evocatio (sasamarTloSi gamocxadebis uwyeba); in ipsam rem (piris iZuleba
nivTis naturaluris saxiT gadasacemad); sumptus litis (sasamarTlo xarjebi); sportulae
(sasamarTlo baJi); appellatio (apelacia); iudex a quo (mosamarTle, romlis
gadawyvetilebis gasaCivreba dasaSvebia); iudex ad quem (mosamarTle, romelic
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebas saapelacio wesiT gadasinjavs); litterae dimissoriae
(saapelacio dokumentebi); pignus in causa iudicati captum (girao, romelic gamoiyeneba
sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelsayofad).

klasikuri periodis iuristebi mogviTxroben extra ordinem procesualuri

saSualebebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac isini per formulas procesis gansakuTrebuli
procedurisgan ganasxvavebdnen. qr. Sobamde 17 w. kanoni per formulas process
iTvaliswinebda rogorc ordo iudiciorum privatorum-s. klasikur periodSi sasamarTlo
ganxilvis axali formebi _ cognitiones _ sul ufro met mravalferovnebas iZenda,
Tumca maT hqondaT saerTo niSnebi, romelTa garkveuli unificirebac moxda
postklasikur periodSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca 342 wlidan per formulas warmoeba
gauqmda da mxolod cognitio procesis ordinalur saxeobad iqca. sasamarTlo
ganxilva mimdinareobda magistratis winaSe; aRar arsebobda mosamarTle _ kerZo
piri da in iure et apud iudicem stadiebi. mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba iZenda
saxelmwifo organos brZanebis Zalas da mas ukavSirdeboda (da ara litis contestatio-s)
procesis prekluziuri Sedegi. aseTi gadawyvetilebis Zala damokidebuli iyo
sasamarTlo instanciis ierarqiulobaze, romlis umaRles safexurzec imperatori
iyo. am periodSi qveda instanciis sasamarTlos mier gamotanil gadawyvetilebaze
umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTloSi apelaciis Setana daiSveboda. sasamarTlo
procesis daniSvnaSi mopasuxe ar monawileobda da, Tu igi gadawyvetilebas ar
daemorCileba, mis mimarT iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi gatardeboda. sasamarTlo
procesis dros administraciulma TviTnebobam imZlavra, ramac procesualuri
formis simkacre mniSvnelovnad Seasusta. imperiis epoqaSi, imperatoris absoluturi
xelisuflebis ganmtkiceba da kerZo saqmezec samarTalwarmoebis sajaro xasiaTi,
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uSualod piris avtonomiurobis TandaTanobiT degradaciaze mowmobda.

mokvlevis (cognitiones) warmoSoba avgustusis mmarTvelobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli,

romelmac jer kidev qr. Sobamde 30 w. xelT igdo uzenaesi saapelacio sasamarTlo
instanciis kompetencia, savaraudod im saqmeeebis mimarT, romlebsac magistratebi
ganixilebodnen. am periodSi lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-is miRebamde, extra ordinem-is
cneba saerTod ar gvxvdeba. pirveli instanciis mosamarTlis funqcia avgustusma qr.
Sobamde 23 w., imperium proconsulare maius et infinitum-Tan erTad miiRo. es iyo
uzenaesi prokonsularuli xelisufleba, romelic funqcionalur da teritoriul
SezRudvebs ar eqvemdebareboda; princefss sasamarTlo procesebis dadgena SeeZlo.
cxadia, lex Iulia iudiciorum privatorum-i princefsis sasamarTlo saqmianobis sferos
zRudavda, princefsi mxolod sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs ganixilavda da
sxvadasxva cognitiones-Ti, gamotanili ganaCanebis saapelacio instancia gaxldaT.
romSi cognitiones-i im sxvadasxva urTierTobaTa mosawesrigeblad SemoiRes, romlebic
per formulas procesis sistemas ar Seesabameboda. TandaTanobiT, samoqalaqo saqmeTa
didma nawilma _ maT Soris iseTebmac, romelTa formula ediqtiT iyo Seqmnili _
Tavi moiyara praefectus urbi-s sasamarTloSi, romelmac III s. dasasrulidan
ordinaluri sasamarTlo mTlianad gaauqma. klasikuri epoqis cognitiones
sasamarTloSi, mosamarTlis zepiri gancxadebis (denuntiatio) safuZvelze mopasuxis
gamoZaxebiT iwyeboda. mosarCele ayalibebda saqmis arss da magistratTan
gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. zogjer, mosarCelis TxovniT, sasamarTlo funqcias _
evocatio-s (an denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s) _ sajaro xelisuflebis organo asrulebda. Tu
mopasuxe cxovrobda sxva qalaqSi, am qalaqis xelisufalT sasamarTlo magistrati,
mopasuxis sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebis Taobaze (evocatio litteris), werilobiTi TxovniT
mimarTavda. Tu aRniSnul moTxovnas mopasuxe yurad ar iRebda, maSin mas sajaro
wesiT evocatio edictis-iT iZaxebdnen. aseTi formiT mopasuxes samjer iZaxebdnen; Tu es
saSualebac warumatebeli aRmoCndeboda, maSin magistrati edictum peremptorium-s
gamoscemda, riTac urC, mopasuxes mis dauswreblad, saqmis ganxilvis safrTxe
emuqreboda (D.5.1.70-71). is mopasuxe, romelic sasamarTlo magistratis brZanebis
daumorCileblobas gabedavda, mosamarTlis avtoritetis Seuracxmyoflad (contumax)
cxaddeboda. sasamarTloSi gamoucxadeblobiT sasamarTlosadmi upativcemuloba
(contumatia), Tavdapirvelad, procesis avtomatur wagebas iwvevda, mogvianebiT, ki
saqmis dauswrebeli warmoebis dadgenis ZiriTadi safuZveli gaxda. amave dros,
mosarCele mxolod maSin agebda sasamarTlo process, Tu misi qmeduunaroba
dadgindeboda an gansaxilveli saqmisadmi sasamarTlos arakompetenturoba
gamomJRavndeboda. mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetas
iwvevda. magistratis winaSe wardgenis Semdeg, mxareebi, saqmis arss Tavisufali
formiT ayalibebdnen. procesis am stadiaze mopasuxes SesaZlo uaris mizezi unda
moeyvana (exceptiones, praescriptiones), mosarCelis moTxovnis mimarT (petitum). amas
moyveboda litis contestatio, romelic damabrkolebel Sedegs iwvevda. Semdeg, igive
magistrati saqmes an TviTon ganixilavda, an gadascemda daniSnul mosamarTles
(iudex datus), romlis arCevazec mxareebi gavlenas ver axdendnen. ukve III saukuneSi
condemnatio pecuniaria-s principi, in rem tipis sasamarTlo ganxilvisas, dairRva da
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nivTis savaldebulo gadacemis in ipsam rem gadawyvetileba miiRes (C.3,34,5). mopasuxis
mimarT kidev erTi siaxle daadgines: sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamohqonda
sasamarTlo xarjebis (sumptus litis) dafarvis Sesaxeb, romelsac sajarimo xasiaTi
hqonda da sasamarTlo baJis (sportulae) saxiT, saxelmwifos sasargeblod gaiReboda;
aseTi praqtika gansakuTrebiT postklasikuri periodis sasamarTlo procesSi
ganviTarda.

Cognitio extra ordinem-Ti sasamarTlo procesis dros gamotanili gadawyvetileba

eqvemdebareboda apelacias (appellatio), romelic princefsis saxelze Setanili im
saCivrebis praqtikidan ganviTarda, romlebic sasamarTlos mier gamotanil
arasamarTlian gadawyvetilebebaze iwereboda. apelaciebis ganxilvas imperatori
qalaqis pretors (Tu ganaCeni romSi iyo gamotanili), an pretorianelTa prefeqts
(Tu saqme q. romis sazRvrebs iqiT ganixileboda) avalebda. apelaciis Setana
uSualod mosamarTlesTan ganaCenis gamotanisTanave zepiri formiT, an momdevno
dReebSi werilobiTi formiT xdeboda. mosamarTle magistrati, vis ganaCenzec
apelacia (iudex a quo) Sedioda, Tavad wyvetda (zogjer mdgomareobis borotad
gamoyenebiT) apelaciis sakiTxs. apelaciaze uaris Tqma motivirebuli iyo saCivris
formaluri xarvezebiT da mopasuxis ganzrax surviliT gaeWianurebina sasamarTlo
ganaCenis aRsruleba; Tu dadebiTi gadawyvetileba mainc gaicemoda, mopasuxe
mosamarTlisagan iRebda sasamarTlo uwyebas (litterae demissioriae (a postoli)),
romelic, garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, saqmis arsis dawvrilebiT Camoyalibebis
gareSe, saapelacio mosamarTles (iudex ad quem) egzavneboda. saapelacio instanciis
mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, apelaciiT ganaCenis ZalaSi Sesvlis gadavadeba
xdeboda. Tu apelaciaze uari ar iyo naTqvami, sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba
icvleboda. Tu gadawyvetileba miRebuli iyo umaRles sasamarTlo instanciaSi (TviT
princefsis mier), misi aRsruleba dauyovnebliv xdeboda. ZalaSi Sesul
gadawyvetilebas prekluziuri Sedegi hqonda. saaRsrulebo sasamarTlo procesis
warmoeba ordinaluri procesisagan mxolod wvrilmani detalebiT gansxvavdeboda.
Tu mopasuxes in ipsam rem miesajeboda, gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba Zalis gamoyenebiT
xdeboda. antoninus piusis mmarTvelobis periodSi mniSvnelovani siaxle SemoiRes:
magistrati sakuTari pignore capere uflebis ZaliT, epatroneboda msjavrdebelis
calkeul nivTebs (pignus in causa iudicati captum), romlebsaic mogvianebiT sasamarTlo
procesis mogebuli mxare sajaro auqcionis wesiT hyidda. Tu myidveli ar
gamoCndeboda, septimius severusisa da karakalas ediqtiT nivTebi (D.42.1.15.3),
sasamarTo procesis mogebul mxares gadaecemoda, oRond im pirobiT, Tu nivTebis
saerTo Rirebuleba valis odenobas ar aRemateboda.

$8. postklasikuri procesi

Litis denuntiatio (sasamarTlo organos avtoritetiT, sasamarTloSi gamoZaxeba);

principium litis (saqmis ganxilvis pirveli stadia); medium litis (saqmis ganxilvis meore
stadia); praesumptio (prezumfcia); praesumptio iuris tantum (SedarebiTi prezumfcia);

96
praesumptio iuris et de iure (absoluturi prezumfcia).

IV-V saukuneebSi werilobiTi formiT sasamarTloSi gamoZaxebas, mosarCele

sasamarTlo organos meSveobiT axorcielebda (litis denuntiatio klasikuri periodis
denuntiatio ex auctoritate-s analogia). reagirebis niSnad mopasuxe sasamarTloSi
gzavnida contradictorii libelii-s, romelic sasamarTlos kancelariaSi inaxeboda.
sasamarTloSi gamocxadeba gamoZaxebidan oTxi Tvis vadaSi unda momxdariyo. VI
saukunis meore naxevridan gamoZaxebis es forma libelus conventionus-iT Seicvala,
romelsac sasamarTlo mopasuxes mosarCelis iniciativiT ugzavnida. mosarCele
mimarTavda mosamarTles da mopasuxis gamoZaxebas iTxovda. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
gamoZaxeba xdeboda mosamarTlis mier, romelsac jer unda mieRo gadawyvetileba,
mieca Tu ara saqmisaTvis msvleloba da Semdeg sasamarTloSi mopasuxis
gamocxadebis vadas adgenda. mopasuxis mier sasamarTloSi gamocxadebaze uaris
SemTxvevaSi, gamoZaxeba samjer meordeboda (rogorc klasikuri cognatio), Semdeg
procesi mis gareSe tardeboda. V-VI saukuneebSi, sasamarTlo procesis dauswrebeli
warmoebis dros, mosarCelisagan sakuTari uflebebis damtkicebas iTxovdnen.
mosarCelis gamoucxadebloba procesis Sewyvetas iwvevda.

am epoqaSi sasamarTlo ganxilvis pirvel stadiaze, romelsac principium (an

primordium) litis ewodeboda, mxareebi sakuTar moTxovnebsa (narratio) da pretenzias
(contradictio an responsio) werilobiT ayalibebdnen. yvelaferTan erTad, mopasuxes
saqmeze sasamarTlos arakompetenturobaze miTiTebac an teritoriuli qvemdebarebis
(mopasuxes sasamarTloSi gamoiZaxebdnen mxolod misi sacxovrebeli adgilis
mixedviT) principis gaTvaliswinebis moTxovnac SeeZlo. Litis contestatio-s Semdeg uari
apelaciis saxes iZenda. iustinianes droidan moyolebuli uaris miReba procesis
meore stadiazec daiSveboda. amieridan, litis contestatio-s Sedegad, mkacrad piraduli
xasiaTis moTxovnebma, imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom maTi memkvidreobiT
gadaicemac SesaZlebeli gaxda. procesis meore stadiaze (medium litis) mxareebi
sakuTari moTxovnebis mtkicebulebebs waradgendnen. am epoqaSi mtkicebulebaTa
ierarqiis dadgenis tendenciam, romelic ukve klasikur cognationes-ad Camoyalibda,
apelacia SesaZlebeli gaxada da man imdenad srulyofili saxe miiRo, rom swored
postklasikur procesSi sabolood damkvidrda is principebi, Sua saukuneebis
iuristebma TavianT maqsimebSi rom Camoyalibes: actore non probante reus absolvitur (Tu
mosarCele sakuTar moTxovnebs ver daamtkicebs, mopasuxe gamarTldeba) da in
excepiendo reus fit actor (sasamarTlos uaris SemTxvevaSi, mopasuxe mosarCele xdeba), anu
mtkicebis mTeli tvirTi mas ekisreboda. am periodSi procesualuri wesebis
arsenalSi gaCnda prezumfciis (praesumptio) cneba, romelic mtkicebulebis tvirTis
(onus probandi) ganawilebas ukavSirdeboda. normatiuli wesis mixedviT, zogierTi
faqti mosamarTlis mier ararsebulad iTvleboda manamde, vidre dainteresebuli
mxare sapirispiro mosazrebas ar daamtkicebda. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aseTi faqti
damtkicdeboda, onus probandi mxareTa Soris gadanawildeboda. garda amgvari
SefardebiTi prezumfciisa (praesumptio iuris tantum), absoluturic (praesumptio iuris et
iure) arsebobda; vinaidan am epoqaSi werilobiT mtkicebulebebs eniWeba upiratesoba

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mowmis zepir CvenebebasTan SedarebiT. mowmis Cvenebebs garkveuli tendenciurobiT
ganixilavdnen, rac maqsimiT `erTi mowme, ara mowme~ (testus unus, testus nulus)
gamoixateboda. werilobiTi dokumentis gabaTilebis SemTxvevaSi, savaldebulo iyo
mowmeTa raodenobis gazrda. SemoiRes procesis oqmebis werilobiT (per litteras)
Sedgena, rac did dros iTxovda da saqmis ganxilvas uazrod aWianurebda. uwindeli
cognatio-sagan gansxvavebiT, postklasikuri procesis dros mkvdari procesis (mors litis)
forma damkvidrda. iustinianes dros daadgines sasamarTlo procesis Sewyvetis vada
_ litis contestatio-dan sami wlis Tavze. Tumca, mosarCeles SeeZlo procesis gameoreba.
am periodis sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaTa Sinaarsi meti mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdeboda. mas Semdeg, rac gauqmda litis contestatio-s prekluziuri Sedegi,
sasamarTlo procesis gameorebis SesaZlebloba damokidebuli iyo im
gadawyvetilebaze, romelic xSir SemTxvevaSi saqmis gadasinjvis SesaZleblobas
dasaSvebad miiCnevda.

da bolos, erTi sasamarTlo ganxilvis mimdinareobis dros (cognitio-Sic) ramdenime

gadawyvetilebis miReba saqmis calkeul sakiTxebzec SeiZleboda da mTel saqmazec.
saqmis ganxilvis TiToeuli forma apelaciis Setanas eqvemdebareboda, rac
sasamarTlo ganxilvis vadebs kidev ufro axangrZlivebda.

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi

samarTlis subieqtebi samarTlebriv urTierTobebSi abstarqtuli pirebis (personae)

saxiT gamodian. piris (persona) statuss gansazRvravda, samarTlis normebiT
regulirebuli, samarTlebriv TvisebaTa is erToblioba, romelic uSualod asaxavda
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis ama Tu im sferoSi subieqtis monawileobas.

rac ufro maRali iyo piris statusi, miT srulyofili iyo misi uflebaunarianoba _
uflebebisa da movaleobebis subieqtad yofnis SesaZlebloba; piris ufleba
moicavda klasifikaciis kriteriumebs, agreTve iuridiuli aqtebis realurad
ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas _ qmedunarianobas.

samarTlis sistemis arsebobisa da funqciobis TvalsazrisiT, am sakiTxebs fundamen-

turi mniSvneloba hqondaT.

piris ufleba mxolod ius civile-s moqmedebis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseTi SezRudva
pirdapir miuTiTebda kviritebis samoqalaqo Temze, romelic piris statusis
gansazRvrisas, sawyisi wertili iyo.

bunebiTi samarTliT (ius naturale) formalurad yvela adamiani Tanasworia;

`samoqalaqo samarTali ar miiCnevs monas samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtad,
magram bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela adamiani Tanasworia~ (D.50.17.32).

istoriulad gansazRvruli erovnuli samarTlebrivi sistemis (ius gentium)

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TvalsazrisiT,garkveuli SezRudvebi mainc moqmedebda: ius civile _ calkeuli
samoqalaqo Temis samarTali _ monebisa da ucxoelebis mimarT, mainc
privilegirebul samarTals warmoadgenda. am TvlasazrisiT, sruluflebian pirebad
mxolod civitas wevrebi (cives) miiCneodnen.

$1. monebi (servi)

Libertas (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); vindicatio in libertate (sarCeli Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb);

postliminium (tyveobidan dabrunebuli piris uflebebSi aRdgena); deditio (mtrisaTvis
moqalaqis gadacema); favor libertatis (TavisuflebisaTvis xelsayreli pirobebis Seqmna);
noxae deditio (sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi, deliqtis Camdeni, piris
mowinaaRmdegisaTvis gadacema); actio noxalis (noqsaluri sarCeli); peculium (pekuliumi);
manumissio vindicta (gaazateba kverTxis dadebiT); manumissio censu (gaazateba cenzSi
SetaniT); manumissio testamento (gaazateba anderZiT); manumissio inter amicos (gaazateba
megobrebis wreSi).

Tavisufali mdgomareobis (libertas) sapirispiro iyo monoba. monisa da Tavisufali

adamianis mdgomareoba maT socialur urTierTdapirispirebas gamoxatavda. romael-
TaTvis Tavisufleba aramonuri mdgomareoba, anu negatiuri mdgomareobis sawinaaRm-
dego pozitivi iyo. iustinianes institituciebSi monobis statusi Tavisufali
adamianis mdgomareobasTanaa Sepirispirebuli. kerZod, iustinianes instituciebSi
mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad: `ZiriTadi dayofis safuZvelze, romliTac pirTa uf-
lebebi ganisazRvreba, yoveli adamiani an Tavisufalia, an monaa~. (Inst. Iustin.,1).

1. sityvidan `Tavisufleba~ (libertas) warmodgeba saxelwodeba `Tavisufalni~ (liberti)

anu piris bunebrivi SesaZlebloba akeTebdes imas, rac surs, cxadia, Tu aseTi ram an
ZaliT, an samarTliT ar ikrZaleba.

2. xalxis samarTlis dawesebuleba monoba aris iseTi ram, rodesac bunebis

sapirispirod, erTi piri meore piris batonobas morCilebs.

3. Cveulebriv, imperatoris brZanebiT tyveebs yiddnen da ar klavdnen, sicocxles

unarCunebdnen (servare), aqedan mieca dasabami sityvas `mona~ (servus).

4. monebad an ibadebian, an (Semdeg) xdebian. monebad ibadebian Cvens mxevalTagan

Sobilni. tyved Cavardnilni monebad xdebian xalxis samarTliT, an civiluri
samarTliT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu oc wels gadacilebulma Tavisufalma adamianma,
gasayidi fasis garkveuli nawilis miRebis mizniT, sakuTari Tavis monad gayidvas
daTanxmda. monaTa orive tipis mdgomareoba identuri iyo, maT Soris sxvaoba ar
arsebobda.

sazogadoebis samoqalaqo organizaciiT ganisazRvreboda rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise

monobis institutis SesaZlebloba. monoba (servitus) aris ius gentium-is instituti,
romelic wminda romaul movlenad ar iTvleboda. monobas samoqalaqo Temis (civitas)

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warmoSoba ganapirobebda. mona (servus homo) politikuri sazogadoebis miRma idga, is
arc ius civile-s da arc ius gentium-s subieqti iyo. sxva antikuri samarTlebrivi sisteme-
bis msgavsad, romis samarTaliT mona nivTad (res) iTvleboda. romauli monobis spe-
cifika is iyo, rom mebatoneebs monebi ekuTvnodaT kvirituli sakuTrebis uflebis
safuZvelze (dominium ex iure Quiritium), romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeebisaTvis iyo
xelmisawvdomi. monobis wyaros anu monad qcevis Sesaxeb ZiriTadi cnobebi gaiusis
instituciebSia Semonaxuli: `monebi Cvens sakuTrebaSi gadadian an civiluri samarT-
lis, an xalxis samarTlis safuZvelze: civiluri samarTliT _ Tu, 25 wlis asaks ga-
dacilebuli nebismieri piri safasuris nawilis miRebis mizniT gayidvas
daeqvemdebareba; xalxis samarTliT Tamaxmad, Cveni monebi arian mtrebTan brZolaSi
tyved Cavardnilni an Cveni mona-qalebis mier Sobilni. monur mdgomareobaSi gadasv-
lis civilur xerxad miiCneoda is vTareba, roca myidvelis motyuebis mizniT,
mimdobi vinmes Seagulianebs, rom man sakuTari Tavi monad gayidos, raTa SemdgomSi
garigeba baTilad gamoacxadon~. Tumca, aRniSnuli garigeba Seuqcevadad cxaddeboda:
jer erTi, motyuebuli myidvelis mimarT pretori Tavisuflebis winaaRmdeg
gansakuTrebul sarCels _ exceptio vindicatio in libertatem gamoscemda; meore, kanonTan
gaTanabrebuli normatiuli aqtebiT, romelTa safuZvlezec piris statusi gansazRv-
reboda, motyuebuli piris pirvandel mdgomarebaSi aRdgena gamoiricxeboda. amis ga-
moc, motyuebiT sakuTari Tavis monad gamyidveli piri monobaSi rCeboda. am konkre-
tul SemTxvevaSi, piris statusi sxva piris sakuTrebaSi gadasvlisTanave
ganisazRvreboda.

ara marto samxedro mowinaaRmdegis (hostis), aramed romTan megobrobis an

stumarTmoyvareobis xelSekrulebis armqone nebismieri xalxis warmomadgeneli,
romelsac tyved Caigdebdnen, dampyroblis sakuTreba xdeboda (Gai,4,16). samxedro
gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi, senatTan SeTanxmebis Semdeg, romaeli mxedarTmTavari
tyvedCavardnilTa monad gayidvas sajarod marTavda (venditio ad hasta an sub corona).

tyvedCavardnili romaeli civitas-is wevrad aRar iricxeboda; igi ucxoeTSi gayidul

monad iTvleboda (`servus hostium~, Gai.,1,129). am hipoTeziT specifikuri instituti _
postliminium (sazRvris xelmeored gadalaxvis Semdeg damdgari viTareba)
ganisazRvreboda. dakargul status tyveobidan dabrunebuli romis moqalaqe kvlav
ibrunebda. piris yvela uflebamosileba mas srulad ubrundeboda, garda
mflobelobisa da qorwinebisa (D.49.15.12.49.15.8), vinaidan maTi aRdgena xelaxali nebis
gamovlenas iTxovda.

piradi Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis dakargva maSinac xdeboda, roca samxedro

mtrebs sakuTar moqalaqes (deditio) Tavad saxelmwifo gadascemda. am proceduras
eqvemdebareboda yvela is moqalaqe, romelmac Segnebulad Seuracxyo ucxoeli elCe-
bi.

Ius gentium-is mixedviT, kanonieri qorwineba (iustum matrimonium) mona qalTan dauSvebe-
li iyo. amitom misgan Sobili bavSvi monis statuss iRebda, anu bavSvi monad
ibadeboda. Tu bavSvis Casaxvis dros an orsulobis periodSi, deda mcire xniT Tavi-

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sufali iyo, bavSvi Tavisufal moqalaqed ibadeboda (D.1.5.5.3).

Tavisuflebisadmi aseTi keTilganwyoba (favor libertatis) klasikur periodSi dadginda.

romSi monad qcevis sxva civiluri wesebic arsebobda: 1. iudicium publicum-iT sikvdi-
liT dasjis an katorRuli samuSaoebis Sesrulebis sasjeli monad gayidviT (servus
poenae) icvleboda, anu sikvdilmisjil an katorRul samuSaoebze gamwesebul pirebs
sasjeli monad gayidviT ecvlebodaT. 535 w. iustinianem im pirebis monad qceva,
romelTac katorRuli samuSaoebi (in metalum) hqondaT misjili, gaauqma; 2. mona
xdeboda is moqalaqec, romelic ver gaivlida perioduli qonebriv cenzs (in census),
an romelic samxedro samsaxurs TaRliTurad aaridebda Tavs; 3. klavdiusis dros
miRebuli senatuskonsultis (SC) Tanaxmad, monasTan mruSobaSi mxilebuli Tavisufa-
li matrona, monis mebatonis samgzis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, masTan akrZalul
kavSirs Tu ar Sewyvetda, monis mebatonis mona-qali xdeboda. monadqceuli yofili
matronas Svilebi monebad ibadebodnen. Tumca, dedis monobis miuxedavad, aseTi
qalis mier kanonier qorwinebaSi Casaxuli bavSvi, Tavisufal adamianad ibadeboda.
sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulis (crimen) Camdeni mona, samarTlebriv dacvas ar
eqvemdebareboda da mas mxolod, magistratis imperium-is an sakuTari batonis
potestas-is gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze (sasamarTlos gareSe), gamotanili mZime
sasjeli efardeboda. Delictum-is Cadenis SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis kanonebis Sesabamisad,
monas dazaralebuls gadascemdnen (noxae deditio). Tu monis batoni monis dacvas saku-
Tar Tavze aiRebda, (riTac arsebiTad am monaze sakuTrebis uflebas icavda),
sasamarTlo procesis wagebis SemTxvevaSi, monis batons, TiTqosda aRniSnuli delic-
tum-is uSualod Camdenis msgavsad, pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda.

akviliusis kanoniT (lex Aquilia) actio noxalis-is wesi, monis mier sxva mesakuTrisaTvis
zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSic (damnum iniuria datum) igulisxmeboda. Tu mona, ganizra-
xavda qurdobas da mas danaSaulis adgilze daakavebdnen (furtum manifestum), XII
dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mas jer rozgavdnen (verberatio), Semdeg ki tarpeusis
kldidan agdebdnen (praecipitatio). monisaTvis sxeulebrivi zianis miyeneba iniuria-ad ga-
nixileboda da misi batonis sasargeblod jarimis gadaxdiT isjeboda. XII dafis
kanonebis Tanaxmad, sxeulis mZime zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi (os fractum), monisaTvis
gansazRvrul jarimis odenoba, Tavisufali adamianisaTvis dadgenil jarimaze,
orjer meti iyo.

monis mowmeobas, Tundac samoqalaqo davaze, mxolod im SeTxvevaSi hqonda Zala, Tu

gamoZiebis dros misi Cveneba wamebiT moipoveboda (quaestio). monas evaleboda sakuTa-
ri mebatonis usafrTxoebaze zrunva, radgan winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, verc erTi sax-
li misTvis usafrTxo ver iqneboda (D.29.5.1).

qr. Sobamde 10 w. miRebul SC Silanianum-iT dadgenda, rom batonis mkvlelobis

SemTxvevaSi, yvela mona, romelic moklulTan erT WerqveS cxovrobda, dakiTxvas
eqvemdebareba. Tu romelime mona sakuTar udanaSaulobas ver daamtkicebda
(magaliTad, Zalze sapatio mizeziT, ver daexmara sakuTar batons), sikvdiliT

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isjeboda. imave senatuskonsultis safuZvelze, Tu sakuTari batonis mkvlels, mona
xelisufalT warudgenda, is Tavisufali adamiani xdeboda (D.29.5.3.139; 35.2.39).

klasikuri periodis romis sazogadoebaSi, stoelTa filosofiis ideebis gavleniT,

monisadmi damokidebuleba Seicvala da es kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda. imperator
klavdiusis mmarTvelobis dros gamocemuli lex Petronia-Ti, batons monis TviTneburad
dasja (misi mxecebisaTvis migdeba) ekrZaleboda; dasabuTebuli braldebis SemTxveva-
Si, aRniSnuli sasjeli damnaSaves sasamarTloTi efardeboda. markus avreliusisa
da lucius verusis reskriptiT, mebatones ekrZaleboda monebis (msgavsi wesiT
dasjis mizniT) gayidva. sxvisi monis mkvleloba ara mxolod zianis miyenebad, ara-
med sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulad ganixileboda. imperator klavdiusis ediqtiT,
sakuTari monis dausabuTebeli mkvlelobac dasjadi iyo. batonis mier uyuradRebod
mitovebuli avadmyofi mona Tavisufldeboda da mas laTinTa moqalaqeoba eniWeboda
(D.40.8.2). cnobilia, rom imperatorma adrianem erT-erTi matrona romidan xuTi wliT
gaZevebiT dasaja imitom, rom igi sakuTari mona-qalebis usafuZvlo dasjaSi amxiles
(D.1.6.2). gansakuTrebuli SemwynareblobiT gamoirCeoda imperator antoninus piusis
mier gamocemuli reskripti (D.1.6.2; Gai.,1.53), romelic monaTa usafuZvlo
dasjamkvlelobisaTvis sastik sasjels awesebda. qristianul epoqaSi, antoninus
piusis reskriptis nawili imperator konstantines ediqtiT dadasturda, amave
reskriptis preambula moxseniebulia iustinianes institutebSi (Inst. Iustin.1,8,2). am
periodSi humanizmis ideebis progresulobaze metyvelebs monebisaTvis naTesaobisa
da ojaxis yolis uflebis micema. marTalia, monas araviTari qoneba ar gaaCnda,
magram, uZvelesi droidanve, meurneobis ganviTarebis mizniT, qonebis garkveuli
nawili (peculium) maT marTvis uflebiT gadaecemoda. pekuliumis Semavali nivTebis
Taobaze, monis mier dadebul garigebaze pasuxismgebloba monis batons ekisreboda.
aseTi viTareba mebatonisTvisac xelsayreli iyo, radgan Tu mona gaazatebas
moindomebda, monis mier mebatonisaTvis moparuli an gadamaluli Tanxebidan, mebato-
nes didi gamosasyidis miRebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. gamosasyidis Taobaze monasa
da mebatones Soris SeTanxmeba mesame pirebisaTvis iyo mniSvnelovani. Peculium-i meba-
tonis sakuTrebaSi rCeboda da mebatones nemismier dros SeeZlo misi CamoerTva
monisaTvis.

Tavisuflebis statusis Taobaze fiqtiuri sasamarTlo procesis dros, monis batoni

damcvelis gancxadebas (adsertor in libertatem) ar ewinaaRmdegeboda, riTac, faqtobrivad,
monis gaTavisuflebis procesSi Tanamonawileobda. aRniSnuli sasamarTlo procesi
monis gaazatebiT sruldeboda (manumissio vindicta). saritualo kverTxiT (festuca)
sagangebod aRWurvil nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo adsertor in libertatem-is funqciis
Sesruleba. monis mimarT, SeuzRudavi ganmkargvelis poziciis dakavebiT, damcveli,
faqtobrivad, monis batonis status (rogorc vindikaciis SemTxvevaSi) utoldeboda.
Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, vindikantis pretenzia sxva piris kerZo uflebis uaryofas ki
ar aRniSnavda, aramed sajaro samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda. aseT pirobebSi,
gaazatebis proceduris damswre magistratis mier warmoTqmuli Tavisufali
statusis dadastureba (addictio secundum libertatem) sabolood adgenda yofili monis
pirad statuss da misi gaazatebis sakiTxi gasaCivrebas aRar eqvemdebareboda.
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sajaro bunebis iyo monis gaazatebis sxva wesebic: 1. batonis brZanebiT monis Seyvana
sacenzo siebSi (manumissio censu), romelsac xuT weliwadSi erTxel adgendnen; 2. mo-
nis gaazateba anderZis safuZvelze (manumissio testamento), romelic Tavdapirvelad
komiciebSi mtkicdeboda an brZolisaTvis mzadmyofi jaris winaSe warmoiTqmeboda
(Gai., 1,77).

amgvarad, samoqalaqo erToba, mxolod piris statusis Secvlis, dasaSvebi formebis

dadgeniT ar ifargleboda. imavdroulad, is sajaro organoebis meSveobiT
akontrolebda moqalaqeTa rangSi im pirTa Seyvanas, romlebic manamde nivTebad
iTvlebodnen. mebatonis nebis gamovlineba, monis mesakuTreobaze uaris TqmiT ar
izRudeboda da, uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, piris statusis Secvlas isaxavda
miznad. es Tavisebureba Zalze naTlad gamoixata winaklasikur periodSi SemoRebul
gaazatebis wesSi _ gaTavisufleba megobrebis wreSi (manumissio inter amicos).
gaazatebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, zepiri an werilobiTi formiT, acxadebdnen,
raTa aRniSnuli aqti yru-munjebisaTvisac gasgebi yofiliyo. Semdeg, am
gadawyvetilebis Sesaxeb atyobinebdnen patronis megobrebs.

aRniSnuli aqtis struqturiT naTlad ikveTeba ori etapi: 1. batonis nebis gamovlena
da 2. amis Sesaxeb, megobrebisaTvis Setyobineba. Tumca mebatonesTan,
keTilSobilebis (fides) safuZvelze, dakavSirebuli megobrebis roli, mxolod faqtis
martivi dadastureba-damowmebiT rodi ifargleboda; mebatonis nebis Sesrulebis
garantiasa da gaazatebulis piradi statusis gansazRvris uzrunvelyofas isini
sakuTar Tavze iRebdnen. aRniSnuli aqtis kerZo xasiaTi monis statusis Secvlas ar
iwvevda, Tumca, ndobis faqtoriT, keTilSobilebisa (fides) da micemuli sityvisadmi
erTgulebis principebi, faqtobrivad, monis mdgomareobas Tavisufali piris
statusTan aTanabrebda (in libertate morari), ris gamoc es procesi Seuqcevadi iyo.
keTilsindisierebis (fides) darRvevis saSualebas pretori Tavidan icilebda, radgan
igi ar uSvebda yofili mebatonisagan gaazatebulis vindicatio in servitutem-s, romelic,
ius civle-Ti, amis SesaZleblobas iZleoda.

qr. Sobis 18 an 19 w. miRebuli lex Iunia Norbana-Ti, msgavsi wesiT gaazatebuli pirebi,
laTinur moqalaqeobas iRebdnen, ris gamoc kerZo xasiaTis manumisia, ius civile-s
Tanaxmad, namdvili da, maSasadame, savaldebulo Zalis mqone xdeboda. qr. Sobamde 2
w., avgustusis dros miRebuli lex Fufia Caninia-Ti, anderZis safuZvelze monaTa gaTavi-
suflebis kvota dadginda; kerZod, aTi monidan mxolod xuTis gaTavisufleba iyo
SesaZlebeli, xolo maqsimumi iyo _ 500-dan 100 mona (Gai.,1,42). qr. Sobis 4 w. lex Aelia
Sentia-Ti kreditorebis sazianod ganxorcielebuli (in fraudem creditoris) manumisia
baTilad cxaddeboda (Gai.,1,13;18,23). imave kanoniT, 20 wlamde piris gaazateba, mxolod
vindicta-Ti daiSveboda; Tanac batons, monis gaazatebis safuZvlianoba (iusta causa
manumissionis) xuTi senatorisa da xuTi mxedris (romSi) an oci romaeli moqalaqisa-
gan (provinciebSi) Semdgari krebis (consilium) winaSe unda daemtkicebina. aseTi
gaazatebis safuZvlad sisxlis naTesaoba, an batonis mier monis sakuTar pedagogad
aRiareba, an monis mebatonis meurneobis mmarTvelad daniSvna, an mona qalTan kano-
nieri qorwinebis dadeba miiCneoda (Gai.,1,19). es SezRudvebi vrceldeboda 30
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wlamde asakis gaazatebulebzec, romelTa manumisia, causa probatio-s gareSe, maT latini
coloniarii-ebad xdida xolme. elius senciusis kanonis Tanaxmad, danaSaulis Camdeni
damRadadebuli monebis gaazateba, iaraRiT dapyrobili ucxoelebis (peregrini dediticii)
statusis miniWebiT xdeboda. gaiusi aseT statuss `pessima libertas~ _ yvelaze cud
Tavisuflebas _ uwodebda, vinaidan misi mflobeli romis moqalaqeobas verasodes i-
Rebda.

klasikur periodSi gaazatebis erT-erT saSualebad fideikomisi (libertas

fideicommissaria) iqca _ saanderZo danakisris saSualebiT moanderZis mier
memkvidrisaTvis, monis gaazatebis moTxovna. gaazatebulis axali patroni moanderZis
memkvidre xdeboda. Tu memkvidre moanderZis nebas ar Seasrulebda, monas sakuTari
uflebis dacva, sagangebo pretorTan (praetor fideicommissarius) saCivris SetaniT
SeeZlo. qr. Sobis 103 w. gamocemuli SC Rubrianum-iT dadginda: Tu memkvidre sasa-
marTlo gadawyvetilebas ar daemorCileboda, mona, magistratis pronuntiatio ZaliT,
Tavisuflebas iRebda, rac ius honorarium-iT gansazRvruli iyo (D.40.5.26.7).

$2. gaazatebulebi (liberti)

Libertus, libertinus (gaazatebuli); patronus (patroni); obsequium (pativiscema); operae

libertorum (patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba); ingennus (Tavisuflad Sobili).

iustinianes instituciebis pirveli wignis III Tavis 5 punqti da V Tavi gaazatebul-

Ta statuss ganmartaven.

III Tavis 5 punqtis Tanaxmad: `TavisufalTa Soris ki mravali gansxvaveba arsebobs,

vinaidan isini an dabadebiT Tavisufalni arian, an _ gaazatebiT~. V Tavi mTlianad
gaazatebulTa statuss exeba: `gaazatebulni arian is pirebi, romlebic kanonieri
monobidan ganTavisufldnen. xolo gaazateba ki Tavisuflebis micemaa, vinaidan vid-
re vinme monobaSia, igi (sxvis) xelsa da xelisuflebas eqvemdebareba, xolo gaazate-
buli (am) xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeba. am viTarebas dasabami eZleva xalxis
samarTlidan, vinaidan bunebiTi samarTlis Tanaxmad, yvela Tavisufali ibadeba;
radgan monoba ar arsebobda, monis ganTavisuflebac (gaazatebac), ucnobi iyo... gaa-
zateba mravalnairad xdeboda: saxeldobr, an wminda konsituciiT wminda saxalxo
krebebze, an vindiqtiT, an megobrebis winaSe, an weriliT, an anderZiT, an sxva nebis-
mieri saxiT ukanaskneli nebis gamovleniT...

Tavisuflad Sobili romaeli moqalaqeebisagan, gaazatebulni (liberti, libertini), sajaro

uflebebis moculobiT gansxvavdebodnen. kerZo samrTlis mixedviT, maTi mdgomareo-
bis Taviseburebas, yofili batonis (patronus) da misi ojaxis mimarT, garkveuli damo-
kidebuleba ganapirobebda.

sakuTari patronis mimarT gaazatebulebs (libertis) pativiscema hmarTebdaT (obsequium),

rac sajaro saqmeebSi, TanadgomiT da momsaxurebis gaweviT (operae libertorum)
igulisxmeboda. cxadia, msgavsi SezRudvebi ar vrceldeboda im monebze, romelTac
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Tavisufleba anderZis safuZvelze hqondaT mopovebuli. rogorc wesi, obsequium
patronis daRmavali xazis naTesavebzec vrceldeboda. liberts ar SeeZlo: 1. sakuTa-
ri patronis an misi Svilebis crimen publicum CadenaSi dadanaSauleba (D.48,2,8); 2.
xolo patronis an misi memkvidreebis sasamarTloSi (in ius vocatio) gamoZaxeba mxolod
pretoris TanxmobiT SeiZleboda (D.2,4,4).

patronisaTvis gaweuli momsaxureba SromiTi saqmianobiT gamoixateboda: garkveuli

drois ganmavlobaSi, sazeimo ficis ZaliT, gaazatebuls, sakuTari ostatobis
farglebSi, batonisaTvis sasargeblo Sromis Sesruleba evaleboda. gaazatebulis
mimarT mebatonis mier Tavisi mdgomareobis borotad gamoyenebis faqtebma (uzomo
valdebulebebis dakisrebam, Tavisuflebis sanacvlod Zvirfasi saCuqrebis
moTxovnam) pretor rutiliusis ukmayofileba gamoiwvia, ris gamoc man qr. Sobamde
118 w. ediqtSi Seitana debuleba, romlis Tanaxmadac, normalur SemTxvevaSi,
samarTlebriv dacvas (iudicatum operarium) mxolod patronis ufleba operae-ze
(Tavisufali adamianebisaTvis Rirseuli, inteleqtualuri saqmianoba)
eqvemdebareboda. sasamarTlo dacva (actio societatis) safuZvelze, im garemoebebzec
vrceldeboda, roca gaazatebulsa da mis mepatrones Soris arsebuli obsequium-is
Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba irRveoda da maT Soris libertis mTeli qonebis momcveli
amxanagobis (societas) xelSekruleba warmoiSoboda. (D.38,2,1,1). mogvianebiT, pretori,
patronis sasargeblod, anderZis sawinaaRmdegod samkvidros floba (bonorum possessio
contra tabulas) daadgina im SemTxvevisTvis, Tu gaazatebuli uSvilod gadagvardeboda
an sakuTar Svilebs memkvidreobis uflebas CamoarTmevda. Tu liberti momsaxurebis
gawevis Taobaze, patronisaTvis sazeimod micemul fics darRvevda, yvela SemTxveva-
Si, gaazatebulis samkvidro qonebidan patroni naxevar wils iRebda.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze, pretoruli dadgenilebis gareSec,

uanderZod gardacvlili gaazatebulis qoneba patrons adgnatio-s uflebiT
gadaecemoda.

Lex Papia Poppea, mdidari gaazatebusli mimarT Semdeg moTxovnebs adgenda: 1. Tu

gaazatebuli (liberti) flobda 100 aTas sisterciis Rirebulebaze met qonebas (anu igi
Zalian mdidari iyo), patronis sasargeblod mas samkvidros naxevris gadacema evale-
boda (Tu mxolod erTi memkvidre hyavda, xolo ori da meti memkvidris yolis SemTx-
vevaSi _ qonebis 1/3). im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mas sami da meti Svili (memkvidre) rCeboda,
gaazatebuli am movaleobidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. Agnatio uflebis Tanaxmad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi, patroni sakuTari gaazatebuli qalis meurved da mis memkvidred xdebo-
da; 3. kanoni meurveobidan aTavisuflebda mxolod oTxi Svilis gaazatebul dedas.
patronatis urTierTobebi mamidan Svilze gadadioda, patronis Svilebs
gaazatebulis memkvidred yofna SeeZloT.

patronatis urTierTobebi samisdReSio xasiaTis iyo.

gaazatebulis (libertati) Svilebi TavsufladSobilebad (ingenui) iTvlebodnen. principa-

tis periodSi, imperatoris nebiT, TavisufladSobilis statusis miniWeba gaxSirda
(nalatium restitutio) (D.40,11,1).
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$3. ucxoelebi (peregrini)

Commercium (samoqalaqo brunva); ius commercii (civiluri garigebis dadebis ufleba);

ius migrandi (romSi gadasaxlebis ufleba); ius conubii (qorwinebaSi Sesvlis ufleba); ius
honorum (pasiuri saarCevno ufleba - Tanamdebobebze arCevis ufleba); ius suffragii
(aqtiuri saarCevno ufleba); Latini prisci (Zveli laTinebi); Latini coloniarii (koloniebis
laTinebi); Latini Iuniani (gaazatebuli, romelmac moqalaqeoba iunia norbanas kanoniT
moipova); peregrini nullius civitatis (ucxoelebi, romlebic samoqalaqo Temebs ar miekuTvne-
bian); iura peregrinorum (adgilobrivi araromauli samarTali); peregrini dediticii (iaraRiT
dapyrobili Temebi).

Ius civile samoqalaqo eqskluziuroba (rogorc mxolod romis moqalaqeebis ufleba)

aramoqalaqeTa (hostes, peregrini) gansakuTrebul samoqalaqo-samarTlebriv status gana-
pirobebda. maTTan dadebuli garigebebis namdviloba _ commercium _ specialuri
kanoniT iyo gansazRvruli. XII dafis kanonebiT ukve iyo gaTvaliswinebuli ramdeni-
me saxeobis iuridiuli aqti, romelTa gaformeba dasaSvebi iyo ucxoelTa im katego-
riasTan, romelic romael xalxTan megobrobis xelSekrulebas debda. maTve eniWebo-
daT sasamarTlo ganxilvebSi monawileobis miRebis ufleba. TandaTanobiT, maTi
statusis Sesabamisad, SemuSavebuli iqna ucxoelebis zogadi klasifikacia.

1. romis moqalaqeebTan yvelaze meti siaxloviT uZvelesi laTinebi (latini prisci) _

laciumis teritoriaze mdebare qalaqebis moqalaqeebi gamoirCeodnen. isini romis
egidiT Seqmnil laTinuri ligis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen, xolo qr. Sobamde 338 w.
misi daSlis Semdeg, maT yvela is ufleba SeinarCunes, romlebsac qr. Sobamde 493 w.
flobdnen: a) laTinebs (ligis nebismieri qalaqis mcxovrebs) romaelebTan ius civile-Ti
garigebebis dadeba (ius commercii), b) romis teritoriaze dasaxleba, g) romis moqala-
qed gaxdoma (ius migrandi) da d) romaelebTan kanonier qorwinebaSi Sesvla (ius
conubii) SeeZloT.

qr. Sobamde II saukunidan, romis respublikis periodSi, dapyrobil miwebze

romaelebma koloniebi Seqmnes, xolo kolonistebs laTini moqalaqeebis statusi
(colonii civium Latinorum) mianiWes. 338 wlis Semdeg, aRniSnuli koloniebis moqalaqeebma
gansakuTrebuli statusi _ latini coloniarii _ miiRes. am kategoriis pirebs miniWebuli
hqondaT ius migrandi da ius commercii, magram ius conubii-s ufleba maT ar gaaCndaT. amave
periodSi is laTinebi, romlebmac sakuTar TemebSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dakaveba
SeZles, romis moqalaqeobas iRebdnen da romSi politikuri karieris gakeTebis, anu
e.w. ius honorum-is uflebis mopovebis SesaZlebloba eZleodaT. aRniSnuli viTarebis
Sedegad, laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis politikurma elitam ormoqalaqeoba
miiRo; Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad es faqti aseTad ar miiCneoda,
radgan, Cveulebriv, latini coloniarii romauli warmomavlobisani iyvnen. Tu amasve davuma-
tebT romis saxalxo krebebze (daswrebis SemTxvevaSi) xmis micemis uflebas (ius
suffragii), romelic laTinuri qalaqebisa da koloniebis mosaxleobas hqonda miniWebu-

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li, cxadi gaxdeba, rom romaul da laTinur moqalaqeobas Soris sxvaoba araarsebi-
Ti iyo da Tavisuflad SeiZleboda erTi moqalaqeobis meoreTi Secvla.

gansxvavebis ZiriTadi kriteriumi iyo: 1. faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgili da aqedan

gamomdinare 2. garkveuli samoqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba. laTinur kolo-
niaSi gadasaxlebis Semdeg, romaeli laTini moqalaqe xdeboda, Tumca romSi dabru-
neba Tavisuflad SeeZlo.

ori statusis siaxloveze naTlad metyvelebs is wesic, romelic gaazatebulis samo-

qalaqo statuss gansazRvravda: 1. kanonieri qorwinebis Semdeg, laTinuri statusis
mqone gaazatebuli (Latini Aeliani), romis moqalaqeobas Tavisuflad iZenda (elius
senciusis kanoniT _ 30 wlamde axalgazrdebi, xolo vespasianes droidan _ ukleb-
liv yvela); 2. Tu laTini romis moqalaqeze iqorwinebda, adrianes dros miRebuli
senatuskonlustiT, am qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvi romis moqalaqe xdeboda; 3.
klavdiusidan moyolebuli traianemde, laTinebis mier romis moqalaqeobis miReba
princefsebis konstituciebiT wesrigdeboda.

axal laTinur TemebSi sabazo samarTls sistemad ius civile iTvleboda (lex irnitana, 93),
maSin, roca politikuri sistemisa da sasamarTlo organizaciis specifika erTnairi
municipaluri kanoniT gansazRvreboda. romis moqalaqeebsa da laTinebs Soris
warmoqmnili qonebrivi da piradi urTierTobebi romauli samarTlebrivi institute-
bis Tanaxmad regulirdeboda.

Lex Iunia Norbana safuZvelze gaazatebuli pirebis (Latini Iuniani) samarTlebrivi

statusi mniSvnelovani TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeboda. am kategorias ganekuTvnebodnen
is pirebi, romlebic arc erT laTinur Tems ar miekuTvnebodnen da amrigad,
samoqalaqo kavSirebis sistemaSi, maTi laTinuri statusi erTgvar defeqtur
mdgomareobaze metyvelebda. romis moqalaqeTa mimarT, latini Iiniani arc ius conubii-iT da
arc aqtiuri an pasiuri anderZis datovebis an anderZiT qonebis miRebis (testamenti
factio), uflebas flobdnen. danarCen SemTxvevaSi, sruli uflebaunarianoba gaaCndaT
(universaluri fideikomisebis mixedviT, romis moqalaqeebidan samkvidros miRebis
uflebac ki hqondaT); laTinebis mimarT, romis samarTliT daculi maTi statusi
araviTar SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis an laTinuri moqalaqeobis uflebebs
provinciebis ZiriTadi mosaxleoba (samokavSireo omamde italiac) ar flobda.
provinciebis samoqalaqo Temebs romTan xelSekrulebebi hqondaT dadebuli,
romlebiTac maTi avtonomiis xarisxi ganisazRvreboda.

erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen: 1. formalurad damoukidebel Temebs _ civitates

peregrinae liberae et foeredatae; 2. damokidebul Temebs _ civitates nostro iure obstictae,
romlebic, Tavis mxriv, iyofodnen: a) avtonomiis uflebebis mqoned; b) dapyrobil
Temebad _ peregrini dediticii, romlebic uSualod romis provinciuli administraciis
gamgeblobaSi Sediodnen. avtonomiuri Temebis moqalaqeebze maTive, adgilobrivi
samarTali vrceldeboda.

dapyrobili Temebis mosaxleoba, anu samoqalaqo Temis miRma myofi, ucxoelebi

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(peregrini nullius civitatis) eqvemdebareboda romaeli nacvlis xelisuflebas, romlis
imperium-ze formaluri SezRudvebic ki ar vrceldeboda. Tumca, praqtikulad, maT
mimarT mainc adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs (iura peregrinum) iyenebdnen. nebismier
peregrins SeeZlo moeTxova romaeli provinciuli magistratis sasamarTlos iuris-
diqcia da misi saqme am provinciaSi moqmedi, ius gentium, an ius honorarium samarTlis
normebis mixedviT ganixileboda.

212 wels imperator karakalas ediqtis (constitutio Antoniniana) miRebis Semdeg, pirTa
statusis TvalsazrisiT, mdgomareoba radikalurad Seicvala. aRniSnuli ediqtiT,
imperiis mTel mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba mieniWa. yvela saxis civitates peregrinae
gauqmda da ius civile xmelTaSuazRvis auzis samarTlis ZiriTad sistemad iqca. Tumca,
aRmosavleTis provinciebSi, sadac maRalganviTarebuli adgilobrivi samarTlebrivi
kultura hqondaT, jer kidev adgilobrivi samarTlis normebs iyenebdnen. romis mo-
qalaqeoba eniWeboda soflis im mosaxleobas, romelic arc erT TemSi ar Sedoda. am
dromde gavrcelebuli T. momzenis azri, TiTqos Constitutio Antoniniana ar vrceldebo-
da peregrini nullius civitatis (peregrini dediticii)-ze, mTlad safuZvliani ver iqneba, vinaidan,
am kategoriidan dediticii Aeliani da latini Iuniani gamoiricxebodnen.

$4. sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi (personae alieni iuris)

Personae in potestate (daqvemdebarebaSi myofi piri); in manu (xelisuflebaSi yofna); in

mancipio (sxva pirisaTvis mancipirebuli, xelqveiTi piri); paterfamilias (ojaxis
ufrosi); persona aliena iurus (sxvisi xelqveiTi piri); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisuflebis
piri); filius familias (ojaxis vaJiSvili); filiae familias (ojaxis qaliSvili); filiae loco (cum
manu tipis qorwinebisas cols ojaxis ufrosTan mimarTebiT SviliSvilis statusi
hqonda, xolo qmarTan mimarTebiT _ qaliSvilis).

Sequitur de iure personarum alia divisio. Nam quaedam personae sui iuris sunt, quaedam alieno iuri subiectae
sunt _ pirTa uflebebis sferoSi sxva dayofac arsebobs. vinaidan zogierTi piri
TviTxelisuflebis, zogic sxvisi uflebis xelqveiTia.

Rursus earum personarum, quae alieno iur, subiectae sunt, aliae in potestate, aliae in manu, aliae in mancipio
sunt _ Semdeg, im pirTa Soris, vinc sxvisi xelisuflebis morCilia, erTni ojaxis
ufrosis xelisuflebaSi, meoreni qmris xelisuflebaSi, sxvebi ki gankargviT xeli-
suflebaSi imyofebian (Gai,1,48-49).

iustinianes institutebis pirveli wignis VIII TavSi ganmartebulia damoukidebeli

da sxvebze damokidebuli pirebis mdgomareoba: `pirTa uflebebis sxvagvar dayofas
iyenebdnen. vinaidan zogi piri sakuTari uflebis mqone (e.i. Tavisufali) iyo, zogic
sxvis uflebas eqvemdebareboda; meore mxriv, maTgan, vinc sxvis uflebas eqvemdebare-
boda, zogi mSoblis xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda, zogi ki _ batonebisa (monaTmflo-
belobis)~.

monebi sxvis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) imyofebodnen; monaze batonis xelisufleba

xalxis samarTals (potestas iuris gentium) miekuTvneba. ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi

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(liberi) _ vaJiSvilebi (filii familias) da qaliSvilebi (filiae familias), daRmavali xaziT sxva
naTesavebi, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi imyofebodnen; bavSvebze
xelisufleba (patria potestas) ius civile-s instituti iyo (ius proprium civium Romanorum
(Gai.,1.55).

kanonieri meuRle, romelmac conventio in manu ganaxorciela, qmris xelisuflebaSi (in

manu) imyofeboda. Tu misi qmari sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in
potestate) iyo, maSin coli, erTdroulad, sakuTari qmrisa (in manu mariti) da misi
ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (in potestate) Sedioda; amiT mas ojaxSi qmris
qaliSvilisa da ojaxis ufrosis SviliSvilis adgili hqonda mikuTvnebuli (filiae
loco).

qmris xelisuflebaSi gadasvliT qali sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebidan

Tavisufldeboda da sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. Tu qali
TviTxelisufali piri iyo, qorwinebis Semdeg sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri
xdeboda.

In mancipio imyofeba sxva ojaxis ufrosisadmi mancipirebuli xelqveiTi piri

(Cveulebriv, miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis mizniT _ Gai.,1,140). aseTi piris
Svilebi sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis _ papis _ xelisuflebaSi imyofebian, anu
xelisuflebaSi myofi (in mancipio) piri, imavdroulad, potenciurad sakuTari ojaxis
ufrosis in potestate-Si imyofeba. mancipacia (mancipium) da mamis xelisufleba (patria
potestats) erTmaneTs brunvadi (samoqalaqo brunvisadmi mikuTvnebuli) da statikuri
uflebamosilebis saxiT Seefardeboda. sxvis xelisuflebaSi yofna piris sajaro
uflebebze gavlenas ver axdenda (D.1.6.9), Tumca, kerZo samarTlis sferoSi mis ufle-
bauunarobis ganmsazRvreli iyo.

sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi myof pirebs sakuTreba ar gaaCniaT, maT mier SeZenili raime
nivTi, ojaxis ufrosis sasargeblod SeZenilad iTvleboda. aseT pirebs
damoukideblad ar SeeZloT iseTi iuridiuli garigebis dadeba, romelic maT
mdgomareobas daamZimebda (magaliTad, gasxviseba, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis aRe-
ba). aseTi aqtebis namdvilobisaTvis savaldebulo iyo ojaxis ufrosis nebis gamov-
lena (auctoritas). xelisuflebaSi myofi piri qorwinebaSi mxolod ojaxis ufrosis
(paterfamilias) Tanxmobis Semdeg Sedioda. ojaxis ufrosi avtomaturad xdeboda mis
xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisuflis an monis) mier, xandazmulobiT SeZenili
qonebis (usucapio) mflobeli.

romis samarTalSi uflebaunarianobis aRniSnuli SezRudva mxolod kerZo sawyiss

efuZneboda da winasaxelmwifoebrivi epoqis socialuri organizaciis _
patriarqaluri ojaxis (familia) _ xaziT Camoyalibebis principebisaTvis iyo
damaxasiaTebeli. adamians, geneologiurad, sakuTari Tavi garkveuli jgufis nawi-
lad miaCnda da sakuTari moqmedebebisa da gadawyvetilebebis siswores winaparTa
nebas usadagebda. winaparTa sulebsa da cocxlad myofTa Soris mediatorad, ojaxis
yvelaze uxucesi da, Sesabamisad, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos myofi _ ojaxis
ufrosi (paterfamilias) iyo. winaparTa kultisa da saojaxo siwmindeTa (sacra familiares)
109
mcveli, Sesabamisad, winapris saqmeebisa da ojaxis wevrTa saqmianobaze
pasuxismgebeli piri iyo. Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi am patara lideris
avtoriteti ojaxze (familia) mis pirad Zalauflebad _ patria potestas _ aRiqmeboda;
ojaxis wevrebs, ojaxis ufrosis mimarT, morCileba da pativiscema hmarTebdaT.
igives iTxovda dadgenili marTlwesrigic.

klasikuri gagebiT, ojaxis (familia) wevrebi _ sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad

(personae in aliena potestate), an iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebul
pirebad (personae alieno iuri subiectae), an xelqveiT pirebad (personae alieni iuris)
moixsenebian.

Sidasaojaxo socialur sivrceSi ojaxis ufrosi TviTxelisufal pirad _ persona sui

iuris-ad warmogvidgeboda. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) sakuTar xelisuflebasa da
uflebas morCilebda, imavdroulad, sakuTari Tavis baton-patroni da damoukidebeli
pirovneba iyo. xelisuflebaSi myofTa statusi, maTi TviTRirebuleba SefardebiTi
iyo da mxolod ojaxis ufrosis samarTalsubieqtobis anarekls warmoadgenda.

ulpianes azriT, potestatis verbum communiter accipiendum est tam in filio quam in servo _ sityva
`potestas~ (xelisufleba) ganzogadebuli mniSvnelobiT unda gavigoT rogorc xeli-
suflebaSi myofi vaJiSvilis, ise monasTan mimarTebiT (D.15.1.1.5).

Svilebis mimarT gamoyenebuli sityva _ liberi _ asaxavda im pirvandel viTarebas,

roca isini, xelisuflebis (potestas) saerTo safuZvelze, monebis msgavsad
ganixilebodnen; maT Soris sxvaoba mxolod sajaro samarTliT dasturdeboda,
romlis Tanaxmadac, liberi anu Svilebi, sityvasityviT Tavisufals niSnavda.

saojaxo erTeulis _ potestas _ cneba saojaxo struqturis yvela doneze vrcelde-

boda, anu es iyo zogadi cneba, romelic xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa yvela saxis
mdgomareobasa da garemoebas moicavda. In potestas-ad yofna ara mxolod morCilebas,
aramed, garkveuli damoukideblobis mqone, socialuri erTeulisadmi kuTvnilebasac
niSnavda. In potestate an cum potestate pirebs romaelebi upirispirebdnen imaT, vinc
potestate-dan gamoricxuli an, saerTod, mis miRma iyo. es viTareba iuridiul
konstruqciaSic aisaxa da Semdegs gulisxmeboda: ojaxidan gasvlas Tan sdevda
TviTxelisuflebis SeZena da uflebaunarianobis Semcireba (capitis deminutio minima).

Sui iuris pirad qcevis Semdeg (Tumca, sakuTari familia-s miRma) piri ara imdenad saku-
Tari ojaxis ufrosis (patesfamilias) mimarT damoukideblobas iZenda, ramdenadac
mfarvelobasa da socialur stabilurobas kargavda, romelic pirdapir da
uSualod, garkveuli avtonomiuri erTeulisadmi, kuTvnilebis princips
ukavSirdeboda.

$5. uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio)

Status libertatis (Tavisufali mdgomareoba); status civitatis (moqalaqeoba); status familiae (oja-
110
xisadmi kuTvnileba); capitis deminutio maxima, media, minima (uflebaunarianobis sruli,
nawilobrivi, minimaluri damcroba); peculium castrense (sabanako pekuliumi); bona materna
(dedis qoneba).

romis samarTali piris sam statuss ganasxvavebda: status libertatis, status civitatis, status
familiae, anu romis moqalaqeebi, romlebic im ojaxs (familia) ekuTvnodnen, romelSic
daibadnen da samive statuss flobdnen; sakuTari ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)
xelisuflebidan gasuli da ojaxis miRma myofi pirebi or status, xolo Tavisufa-
li ucxoelebi (peregrini) _ mxolod erT statuss flobdnen. Patria potestas da patriar-
qaluri ojaxi _ familia _ wminda romauli institutebia.

iustinianes instituciebis I wignis IV TavSi mocemuli ganmartebis Tanaxmad,

`Tavisuflad (Tavisufal pirad) dabadebulia is, vinc dabadebisTanave Tavisufalia,
gind igi ori Tavisuflad dabadebuli [piris] qorwinebisgan daibados, gindac _ ori-
ve gaazatebulis da gindac _ erTi Tavisuflad dabadebulis da meore gaazatebu-
lis. xolo Tu vinme Tavisufali dedisa da mona mamisgan ibadeba, igi mainc Tavisu-
fal [pirad] ibadeba, zustad iseve, rogorc is, vinc Tavisufali dedisa da ucnobi
mamisgan daibada, radgan igi [kanonieri] qorwinebis gareSe Caisaxa. meore mxriv, sakma-
risia, rom deda Tavisufali iyos im dros, rodesac [bavSvi] ibadeba, Tundac [igi man]
mxevlad yofnisas Casaxos, da piriqiT, Tu Tavisufalma Casaxa da Semdeg mxvlad
gamxdarma dabada, dadgenilia, rom is, vinc ibadeba, Tavisufali daibados, vinaidan
dedis ubedurebam ar unda avnos mas, vinc muclad aris...

1. xolo Tavisuflad dabadebuls ar avnebs is [garemoeba], rom igi monobaSi iyo da

Semdeg iqna ganTavisuflebuli (gaazatebuli), radgan mravaljer daadgines, rom gaa-
zateba dabadebis mdgomareobas ar vnebs~.

piris sami statusis Tanadroulad, arsebobda uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xa-

risxic: capitis deminutio maxima, media et minima (Gai.,1,158-162). D.4.5.11 digestebSi uflebau-
narianobis damcrobis aRniSnuli xarisxebis Sesaxeb weria: `im sami mdgomareobis _
Tavisufleba, moqalaqeoba, ojaxi _ mixedviT, romelTac Cven vflobT, arsebobs
uflebaunarianobis damcrobis sami xarisxi: sruli, nawilobrivi da minimaluri. yve-
la maTganis, anu Tavisuflebis, moqalaqeobisa da ojaxis statusis dakargviT, ufle-
baunarianobis yvelaze didi damcroba xdeba; moqalaqeobis dakargvisas radgan
Tavisufleba SenarCunebulia, uflebaunarianobis saSualo damcroba xdeba; xolo
Tavisuflebisa da moqalaqeobis SenarCunebisas, Tu mxolod saojaxo statusi
ikargeba, maSin uflebaunarianobis damcroba minimalurad iTvleba~.

`Caput~ _ uflebaunarianobas niSnavda da uSualod adamianis erTiani koleqtivis

wevrobaze miuTiTebda. Tavdapirvelad, capitis deminutio-s mxolod or safexurs ganasx-
vavebdnen: maxima da minima, rac uSualod Tavisuflebisa (libertas) da moqalaqeobis
(civitas) institucionaluri urTierTkavSiris pirobebs Seesabameboda. termini `capitis
deminutio~ iTargmneba, rogorc `erTi TaviT Semcireba~, da sazogadoebrivi kavSiris
wevrobis Sewyvetaze miuTiTebda (cvlilebis arsi swored es iyo).

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piri, romelic gamovidoda jgufidan, statuss icvlida, radgan masze jgufuri privi-
legiebi veRar gavrceldeboda. sazogadoebrivi kavSirebidan gamodevna ki, pirs jgu-
fSi dadgenili normebis moqmedebis miRma tovebda da mis daucvelobas
ganapirobebda. uflebauunarobis ori xarisxis arseboba or socialur kavSirze _
Temsa (civitas) da ojaxze (familia) miuTiTebda. maTdami kuTvnileba piris samarTlebri-
vi statusis sisrules uzrunvelyofda, statusTa ierarqia ki samoqalaqo Temisadmi
ojaxis morCilebaze metyvelebda.

imavdroulad, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg, statusis Secvla

capitis deminutio minima-s gareSec SeiZleboda; ojaxis ufrosis daRmavali xazis naTe-
savebi (Svilebi, cum manu qorwinebaSi myofi meuRle), TviTxelisufalni (persona sui
iuris) xdebodnen da aRniSnul ojaxSi yvela uflebas inarCunebdnen. Tu ojaxis erTi
wevri meore ojaxSi qmris xelisuflebaSi (conventio in manum mariti) gadasvliT, an
Svilad ayvanis (adoptio) gziT, piri kvlav xelisuflebaSi myofad (alieni iuris) rCeboda,
rac misi statusis ucvlelobaze metyvelebda. Tumca, ojaxis Secvla Zvel ojaxTan
uSualod dakavSirebuli uflebebis _ memkvidreobiTi, sameurveo da sxva uflebebi _
dakargvas niSnavda. sxva ojaxSi analogiuri uflebebis mopoveba mxedvelobaSi ar
miiReboda. ojaxisadmi kuTvnileba ara marto dadebiT uflebamosilebebs
uzrunvelyofda, aramed piris statussac adgenda praqikulad, es Semdegs niSnavda:
saojaxo solidarobas, erTi ojaxis yvela wevrTa urTierTpasuxismgeblobasa da
samarTalsubieqtobis erTobliobas.

$6. piri (persona)

romis samarTalSi `piris~ (`persona~) cnebiT, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis subieqtis

tipuri, universaluri idea aRiniSneboda. yvela SemTxvevaSi, piri (persona) urTierTo-
bebis monawile piris iuridiul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebda.

adamianuri arseba fizikur pirad (persona) mas Semdeg miiCneoda, rac: 1. Cvili dedis
sxeuls gamoeyofoda, 2. daibadeboda cocxali, 3. adamianis ier-saxiT da 4.
fizikurad sakmarisad Camoyalibebuli.

dedis saSoSi myofi bavSvi (nasciturus, venter, partus nondum editus) ara fizikur pirad,
aramed dedis sxeulis nawilad miiCneoda. axali drois iuristebis formulirebis
Tanaxmad, igi iyo dedis saSoSi myofi Cvili, romelsac hqonda yvela is ufleba
(socialuri statusi, memkvidred yofna), rac dabadebisTanave eniWeboda (nasciturus pro
iam nato habetur, quoties de commodis eius agitur). aRniSnuli uflebebis dasacavad, jer
kidev ardabadebul bavSvs qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator ventris)
eniSneboda. amis gamo, SesaZloa Svili gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagani gamxdariyo.
magaliTad, fexmZimobis periodSi dedas mis sakvebad sarCo (alimenta) eniSneboda.
iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, dedis sxeulisagan Svilis gancalkevebas mniSvneloba ar
hqonda Semdeg viTarebaTa gamo: 1. iustinianes Tanaxmad, Cvilis
sicocxlisunarianobis dasadgenad sakmarisad iTvleboda axalSobilis dayvireba.

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piris cnebis dasadgenad sicocxlis xangrZlivoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda;
2. umniSvnelo gadaxra normalurad miCneuli adamianis sxeulisagan (sxeulis
nawilebis uCveulo raodenoba, siamis tyupebi da sxva) axalSobilisaTvis piris
statusis CamorTmevis safuZvlad ar miiCneoda. Zvel romaelebs sagagebod ar
daudgeniaT is naklovanebebi, romelTa safuZvelzec adamiani maxinjad (monstrum)
unda miCneuliyo. zogierTi iuristis azriT, uCveulo Tavis formis mqone Cvili
maxinjad (monstrum) iTvleboda; 3. axalSobilis samarTlis subieqtad miCnevis
TvalsazrisiT, iyo sadavo viTareba, roca bavSvis saTanado ganviTarebis done
eqspertTa daskvnas saWiroebda. ase magaliTad, muclis mowyvetis Sedegad
cocxladSobili bavSvi pirad (persona) ver CaiTvleboda; samagierod, dRenakluli,
magram saTanadod ganviTarebuli Cvili, pirad (persona) iTvleboda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, dadgenili iyo iuridiuli mniSvnelobis mqone arsebiTi

xasiaTis sxvaobebi piris mimarT; kerZod, es iyo: sqesi, asaki, janmrTelobis
mdgomareoba, naTesauri kavSiri, samoqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli
adgili.

1). sqesi (sexus)

romis samarTali mxolod or sapirispiro sqess _ mamrobiT da mdedrobiT _

aRiarebda. Sesabamisad, arasrulyofili sqesobrivi monacemebis mqone pirebs
(hermaphroditae) im sqess akuTvnebdnen, romlisadmi midrekilebac individSi ufro
Warbobda. sajaro samarTlisagan gansxvavebiT (saidanac momdinareobda qalis
uunaroba sameurveo saqmianobis TvalsazrisiT), adamianTa sqesobriv sxvaobas kerZo
samarTali did mniSvnelobas ar aniWebda. romis samarTali mxedvelobaSi iRebda
qalis, SedarebiT swarf mowifulobas da aqedan gamomdinare, qalis srulwovanebis
asakad 12 wlis asaks adgenda. imavdroulad, romis samarTlis qals SedarebiT
naklebi damoukidebloba eniWeboda, radgan, sayovelTado miRebuli azris Tanaxmad,
mamakacisagan gansxvavebiT, qali naklebad icnobda samarTals, rac mas xels uSlida
sakuTari uflebebis dacvaSi. amis gamo, zogjer, qals samudamo meurveobasac ki
uwesebdnen.

2). asaki (aetas)

romis samarTliT, adamianis qmedunarianoba, ZiriTadad, asakis safuZvelze

ganisazRvreboda. Cveulebriv, nebis gamovlenis unari adamianSi TandaTanobiT
viTardeboda da yoveli adamiani am viTarebas gansxvavebulad ganicdida. amitom,
samarTliT dadginda is ori, tipuri da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli asakobrivi etapi,
SeZlebisdagvarad rom asaxavda adamianis gonebrivi da fizikuri ganviTarebis dones
anu arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) da srulwlovanebis asaki
(puberes). Tavis mxriv, TiToeuli maTgani kidev or periodad dayves:

1. arasrulwlovanebis asaki (impuberes anu pupilli) iyofoda: a) Svid wlamde asakis

(infantes, qui fari non possunt) bavSvebi, romlebic sruliad qmeduunaroni iyvnen; b) vaJebi
14 wlis asakamde da gogonebi 12 wlis asakamde (qui fari possunt, e.w. infantia maiores,

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prokulianes Tanaxmad, rasac iustinianec daeTanxma). aRniSnuli asakis orive piri
raimes SesaZenad qmedunarianad, magram valdebulebebis dasadebad, qonebis
gasasxviseblad, anderZiT memkvidreobis gansakargavad qmeduunarod miiCneoda.

2. srulwlovanebis asaki (puberes) miiCneoda vaJebisaTvis 14, xolo gogonebisaTvis 12

wlis asaki. Zveli romauli samarTliT, srulwlovani mamakacebi srulad
qmedunarianni, qalebi ki _ nawilobriv qmedunarianni iyvnen da amitom mancipaciis
(mantipatio) damoukideblad ganxorcielebisa da anderZis datovebis ufleba ar
hqondaT. mogvianebiT, 25 wlamde srulwlovanebs (minores viginti quinque annis) zogi
upiratesoba miecaT. magaliTad, restitutio in integrum. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)
xelisuflebaSi armyof arasrulovnebs (minores) ki garkveuli saxis meurveoba (cura)
an mzrunveloba (tutela) eniSneboda.

sqesis ganurCevlad ganasxvavebdnen srulwlovanebis or periods: a) arasrulyofil

srulwlovnebs (puberes minores), romlebic mamis xelisuflebaSi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi
srulad uflebauunaroTa (infantia maiores) mdgomareobas iZendnen da SeZenis,
valdebulebis aRebis, marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebaze pasuxisgebis ufleba ar
hqondaT. Tumca, pirTa aRniSnuli kategoria (impuberes infantia-sa da maiores-gan
gansxvavebiT) anderZiT memkvidreobiT gadacemisa da ficis dadebis upiratesobiT
sargeblobda. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi, 20 wels gadacilebuli vaJebi da 18 wels
gadacilebuli qaliSvilebi, imperatoris reskriptiT, srulwlovanebas iZendnen
(veniam aetatis impetrare).

b) 25 wels gadacilebuli pirebi (puberes maiores legitimae aetatis) sruli moculobiT

srulwlovanebad iTvlebodnen. zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, kanoniT maT sruli
qmedunarianoba eniWebodaT.

3). janmrTeloba (sanitas)

piris qmedunarianobaze uSualo gavlenas axdenda daavadeba (farTo gagebiT, gadaxra

adamianis sxeulis normaluri ganviTarebidan). ganasxvavebdnen fizikur da sulier
daavadebas: a) fizikur daavadebad miiCneoda sxeulis aranormaluri mdgomareoba an
raime fizikuri nakli (vitium: yru-munji, brma, kastrati, an calkeul organoTa
daavadeba (morbus), uSviloba (spadones)). qmedunarianobis TvalsazrisiT, aRniSnul
pirTa mimarT, garkveuli SezRudvebi arsebobda; magaliTad, yru-munji ver dadebda
iseT garigebas, romlis drosac aucilebeli iyo sakuTari nebis sityvieri gacxadeba
an meore mxaris pirobis mosmena; kastrats ar SeeZlo qorwineba da Svileba. b)
fsiqikur daavadebad miiCneoda Wkuasustoba (dementes), Seuracxadoba (furiosi). suliT
avadmyofi anu Seuracxadi sruliad qmeduunaro iyo. ramdenadac sulier daavadebas
axasiTebda gamonaTebis periodebi (lucida intervalla), maTi qmedunarianoba SeiZleba
aRdgebiliyo.

romis samarTliT SezRuduli qmedunarianobis kategorias miekuTvnebodnen

ugunurebi (stulti) da gulubryviloebi (simplices). aseTi pirebi savsebiT qmedunarianni
iyvnen, magram ar SeeZloT sakuTari ugunuri qmedebiT miRebuli zianis anazRaurebis

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moTxovna. aqedan mieca dasabami gamoTqmas stultis non succurritur _ ugunurebas
gamarTleba ara aqvs.

4). naTesaoba (gentilitas)

romis samarTali ganasxvavebda naTesaobis or saxes: bunebriv, sisxlismiersa da

wmina iuridiul naTesaobas.

1. bunebrivi naTesaobiT (naturalis cognatio an, ubralod, cognatio) igulisxmeboda

sisxliT naTesaoba, romelic warmoiSoboda sqesobrivi kavSiris Sedegad da
moyveboda STamomavloba. gansxvavebuli tipis sqesobrivi kavSiris (saqorwino,
naturaluri, konkubinati da a.S.) Sedegebic gansxvavebuli iyo. a) romis samarTali
ganasxvavebda kanonier qorwinebas (matrimonium iustum an iustae nuptiae), romlis
drosac, ius civile-Ti orive mxares kanonieri qorwinebis (ius connubii) ufleba
moeTxoveboda. kanonieri qorwinebis Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi (filii legitimi) mamis
xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen da iuridiulad sxvis xelisuflebaSi myof pirebad
(persona alieni iuris) miiCneodnen; b) zemoaRniSnul moTxovnaTa daucvelad
dadebul qorwinebas, naturaluri qorwineba (matrimonium non legitimum) ewodeboda;
Sesabamisad, aseTi tipis qorwineba, kanonieri qorwinebisagan SedegebiTac
gansxvavdeboda. iustinianes kanonmdebloba orive tipis qorwinebas aRiarebda.

daqorwinebul meuRleTa naTesavebs (affinitas) Soris, vidre maTi naTesavi wyvili

qorwinebaSi imyofeboda, yovelgvari sqesobrivi urTierToba ikrZaleboda,; maTi
ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, aseTi akrZalva uqmdeboda.

2. qalsa da mamakacs Soris mudmivi Tanacxovrebis saxiT sqesobrivi kavSiris

SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeboda, rom mamakacs daqorwineba surda (affectio maritalis), xolo
qals daqorwineba qmris xelisuflebaSi Seusvlelad (dignitas uxoris), anu konkubinatis
pirobad iTvleboda wyvilis iseTi kavSiri, romlis drosac coli da Svilebi (liberi
naturales) qmris ojaxSi (familia) ar Sediodnen. romis samarTliT aseTi kavSiri
dasaSvebad miiCneoda.

3. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, sqesobrivi kavSiri monasa da Tavisufal qals Soris

(contubernium) imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom aRniSnuli kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi
romis moqalaqeebi xdebodnen, Tu qali ar iqneboda monad dasjili, imis gamo, rom
is sajer iyo gafrTxilebuli Seewyvita ukanono kavSiri monasTan.

4. mamakacsa da Tavisufal gasaTxovar qals (stuprum) Soris droebiTi sqesobrivi

kavSiris Sedegad Sobili bavSvebi mouwesrigebeli sqesobrivi urTierTobis Sedegad
Sobilebad miiCneodnen (spurii, vulgo concepti, vulgo quaesiti), ris gamoc, maTi mamis dadgena
SeuZlebeli iyo. Liberi naturalis-gan gansxvavebiT, meZavis ukanono Svilebs mamis
memkvidred yofnis ufleba ar hqondaT.

5. mamakacsa da sxvis meuRlesTan sqesobrivi kavSiris, mruSobis (adulterium) Sedegad

Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, arasrulyofilni, arasrulfasovanni
(adulterini) ewodebodaT.
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6. sqesobrivi kavSiri pirdapiri xazis naTesavebsa da moyvrebs Soris, sisxlaRreviTi
sqesobrivi kavSiri aRmavali da daRmavali xazis naTesavebs (incestus iure gentium,
incestae ac nefariae nuptiae, damnatus coitus), yvela drosa da yvela qveyanaSi ikrZaleboda.

7. naTesaoba ganisazRvreboda Semdegi pirobebis safuZvelze: a) bavSvebi sakuTari

dedisa da misi naTesavebis mimarT, sisxlismier naTesavebad iTvlebodnen, mSoblebs
Soris sqesobrivi kavSiris iuridiuli formis (anu qorwinebis Tu qorwinebis gareSe)
miuxedavad. gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo bavSvebsa da maT mamas Soris naTesauri
kavSiris dadgenisas. kerZod, maT Soris naTesaobis dasadgenad savaldebulo
pirobad bavSvebis kanonier qorwinebaSi dabadeba da mamis mier maTi aRiareba
miiCneoda. bavSvebi filii legitimi-s statuss, mxolod aRniSnul pirobaTa dakmayofilebis
SemTxvevaSi iZendnen, ase rom, qorwinebis gareSe Sobil bavSvebs, iuridiuli
TvalsazrisiT, mama da mamis mxridan naTesaoba, ar hyavdaT. Tumca, romis samarTliT,
konkubinatis Sedegad Sobil bavSvebs (liberi naturales) mamis mimarT alimenta da
kanonismieri sagangebo memkvidreobis ufleba eniWebodaT.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, naTesaobis ramdenime saxes ganasxvavebdnen: 1. aRmavali

(linea superior, ascendens) da daRmavali (linea inferior, descendes) xazis naTesaobas, anu
naTesaoba im pirTa Soris, romelTaganac erTni warmoiSobodnen meoreTagan.
naTesaobis aRmniSvneli xazisagan ganasxvavebdnen 2. gverdiTi xazis (linea transversa)
naTesaobas, anu naTesaur kavSirs saerTo mesame pirisagan CamomavalTa Soris.
gverdiTi xazis naTesavebs or jgufad yofdnen: a) srulyofil (RviZli da-Zma _
germani consangvinei) da b) arasrulyofil (naxevari da-Zma, romelTaganac mamiT erTni
consangvinei-ebad, xolo dediT erTni uterini-ebad iwodebodnen) naTesavebad. 2. rTuli
da martivi naTesaoba. rTul naTesavebad miiCneodnen is pirebi, romlebic ori Zmis
or daze qorwinebis Sedegad iyvnen Sobilni.

axla ganvixiloT ara bunebrivi, aramed wminda iuridiuli naTesaoba, anu naTesaobis
meore didi safuZveli.

wminda iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT, naTesaobad miiCneoda im pirTa erToba (agnatio),

romelnic saerTo mamis _ paterfamilias _ xelisuflebas eqvemdebarebodnen. aseTi
naTesaoba erTian civilur ojaxs (familia) efuZneboda. Paterfamialia-s mis
xelisuflebaSi myof pirebTan erTad (persona alieni iuris) hqmnida ojaxs, viwro gagebiT,
(familia proprio iure), xolo misi gardacvalebis Semdeg (posthumi) ojaxis wevrebi,
mogvianebiT Sobil pirebTan erTad, warmoadgendnen ojaxs, am sityvis farTo gagebiT
(familia communi iure, familia agnatorum). agnaturi naTesaoba SeiZleba dakavSirebuli
dakavSirebuli yofiliyo kognatur naTesaobasTan (kanonier qorwinebaSi Sobili da
legitimuri Svili). Tumca, zogjer, aseTi kavSiris arseboba ar SeiniSeneboda
(magaliTad, agnatio-d miiCneoda Svilad ayvana mSvilebesa (arrogator) da Svilad
ayvanils (arrogatus) Soris; aseve cognatio _ paterfamilias da mis emancipirebul vaJiSvils
Soris). aRniSnuli magaliTi eWvqveS ayenebs prof. baronis ganmartebas: sunt agnati,
qui per virilis sexus personas cognatione iuncti sunt, quasi a parte cognatis.
naTesaobis orive saxes Tanabari iuridiuli mniSvneloba mxolod iustinianes

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kanonmdeblobiT mieniWa, ris Sedegadac dadginda Tanabari samemkvidreo uflebebeli
da meurved yofnis movaleoba. uZveles ius civile-Ti martiv cognatio-s araviTari
iuridiuli Sedegi ar mohyveboda. gviandeli respublikis periodidan cognatio
naTesaobas samarTlebrivi Sedegebis dadgomis ufleba mieca, xolo aRniSnuli
naTesauri samarTlebrivi aRiareba uSualod aisaxa pretorul ediqtebSi,
imperatoris kanonebsa da gansakuTrebiT, iustinianes kanonmdeblobaSi. Cognati
naTesavebi igive uflebebs iZendnen, rac, ius civile-Ti agnat naTesavebs hqondaT. aqedan
mieca dasabami Semdeg iuridiul debulebas: Tu agnatia, maSin kognaticaa _ qui est
agnatus, et cognatus est.

5). saqalaqo Temisadmi (civitas) kuTvnileba da sacxovrebeli adgili (loco habitare)

apeninis naxevarkunZulis teritoria gansazRvruli raodenobis saqalaqo Temebad

(civitates respublicae) iyofoda. qalaqi da mis garSemo mdebare sasoflo arsebuli
sasoflo dasaxlebebi politikur kavSirs qmnida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi
imave principiT ganixilavdnen romis imperiaSi Semaval provinciebsac. amrigad, erTi
saxelmwifos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali xalxi, Cveulebriv, romelime saqalaqo Temis
wevric iyo.

1. saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba eguZnebod: a) saqalaqo Temis moqalaqeobis

uflebas (origos, domus - samSoblo). aRniSnuli ufleba SeiZineboda: moqalaqesTan
kanonier qorwinebaSi myofi piris mier bavSvis gaCeniT an moqalaqis mier bavSvis
gaCeniT (origo, nativitas), saqalaqo Temis wevris mier piris SvilebiT (adoptio), piris
saqalaqo Temis wevrad miRebiT (allectio) da monis gaazatebiT (manumissio); b)
sacxovrebel adgils (domicilium) piri irCebda raime saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad
da sxva pirebTan urTierTobebis dasamyareblad. Tumca, SerCeul adgilze mudmivad
yofna savaldebulo ar iyo. sacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT, qalaqisadmi
kuTvnilebas incolae ewodeboda, xolo sacxovrebeli adgilis sakuTari nebiT
SerCeveas domicilium voluntarium. Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis arCevas samarTlis norma
adgenda, mas domicilium necesarium ewodeboda. jariskacebis, moxeleebis, colebis, mamis
xelisuflebaSi myofi Svilebis sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla damokidebuli iyo
piris Tavisufal nebaze an samarTlebriv normaze. kanoniT daSvebuli iyo ramdenime
sacxovrebeli adgilis qona an, saerTod, misi uqonloba _ aseTi cxovrebis wesi
moxetiale adamianebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.

2. gansazRvruli saqalaqo Temisadmi kuTvnileba adgenda: a) saqalaqo valdebulebis

Sesrulebis movaleobas (munera); b) saqalaqo xelisfulebis moTxovnebisadmi
(sasamarTlo qvemdebareobis principis dacva); g) konkretul qalaqSi moqmedi
samarTlisadmi piris morCilebas (lex originis, lex domicilii).

$7. koloni (colonus)

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Colonus (koloni); servi terra (miwis monebi); coloni adscripticii (sagadasaxado reestrSi Seta-
nili kolonebi); dominus fundi (miwis nakveTis batoni).

III saukuneSi, ekonomikuri krizisis gaRrmavebis pirobebSi, damokidebuli mosaxleo-

bis gansakuTrebuli kategoria _ miwaze mimagrebuli glexoba (coloni) warmoiSva.

Tavdapirvelad, miwaze mimagrebis procesi mxolod imperatoris miwaze monebis,

gaazatebulebisa da moijareTa (coloni) Sromis gamoyenebas iTvaliswinebda; amiT maT
sakuTari nebiT sadme wasvla ekrZalebodaT. kolonatis institutis iuridiuli
fgaformeba IV saukunis bolos dasrulda. aRniSnuli institutis farglebSi moxda,
profesiul kavSirebsa (collegia, corpora) da adgilobriv sabWoebSi (curia),
memkvidreobiTi wevrobis zogadi principis damkvidreba da aseT gaerTianebaTa
kuTvnili qonebis aRwera funqciis mixedviT. amave dros imperatorebis Teodosius I-
is, arkadiusisa da honoriusis konstituciam coloni-s statusi miwis monad (servi terrae)
gansazRvra: `Licet conditione videantur ingenui, servi tamen terrae ipsius cui nati sunt aestimentur _
miuxedavad imisa, rom isini TavisufladSobilni arian, isini im miwis monebad
ganixilebian sadac daibadnen. kolonis qonebas ewodeboda peculium-i, romelis
gasxviseba, memamulis Tanxmobis gareSe, dauSvebeli iyo. imperiis aRmosvleT nawilSi
kolonebs, sagadasaxado reestrSi (coloni adscripticii), miwasTan erTad aRnusxavdnen.
V saukunis II naxevarSi gamwvavebuli ekonomikuri krizisis pirobebSi, kolonebis am
kategoriis mdgomareoba, praqtikulad monobisagan ar gansxvavdeboda. kolons ekrZa-
leboda mamulis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) Tanxmobis gareSe miwis nakveTis mitoveba,
mesakuTres ki am miwebidan kolonebis gandevna; mesakuTres mxolod kolonebis erTi
mamulidan meoreSi gadayvanis ufleba hqonda. statusis SezRudva administraciuli
mizniT iyo ganpirobebuli: samoqalaqo samarTlis TvalsazrisiT, kolonsa da mamu-
lis mesakuTres Soris urTierTobebi qiravnobis xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio
operarum) an saijaro xelSekrulebiT (locatio conductio rei) wesrigdeboda. Tu maT Soris
dadebuli xelSekrulebis pirobebi sagadasaxado reestrSi iyo gatarebuli, am
urTierTobebis TviTneburi, an Tundac, urTierTSeTanxmebiTi moSla, mxareebs ar
SeeZloT. mesakuTris mxridan xelSekrulebis pirobebis darRveva sasamarTlo wesiT
isjeboda, vinaidan sasamarTlo procesze koloni damoukidebel mxared gamodioda.
kolonis mdgomareoba memkvidreobiTi iyo.

a) kolonatis warmoSobis safuZvlebi iyo: 1. Tu erT-erTi mSobeli koloni iyo, bavS-

vi dedis mdgomareobas iRebda; 2. Tu piri 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi koloni iyo,
xandazmulobis vadis ZaliT, igi miwaze mimargebas eqvemdebareboda.

b) kolonatis Sewyvetis pirobebi iyo: 1. memamules kolonisadmi sakuTar uflebaze

uaris Tqma, mxolod miwaze uariT (peculium-is gadacemasTan erTad monis gaazatebis
msgavsad) SeeZlo. es iyo kolonatis urTierTobis Sewyvetis mTavari piroba; 2. Tu
koloni, 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi, Tavisufali piris statusiT cxovrobda, misi
ganTavisufleba xandazmulobiT xdeboda; 3. Tu koloni 30 wlis ganmavlobaSi
xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organos wevri _ dekurioni _ iyo, kolonati wydeboda;
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4. Tu miwis mesakuTris (dominus fundi) TanxmobiT koloni episkoposobas miiRebda an
monazoni gaxdeboda, kolonati wydeboda.

$8. iuridiuli pirebi (universitates)

Pagus (sasoflo Temi); Sodales (TanamesufreTa kavSiri); collegium (profesiuli gaerTia-

neba); lex collegii (gaerTianebis wesdeba); actor (kolegiis warmomadgeneli); arca (kole-
giis xazina); universitas (adgilobrivi Temi); municipium (municipaliteti); persona certa
(ganszRvruli piri); fiscus (saimperatoro xazina); aerarium populi Romani (romaeli
xalxis xazina); ius fisci (fiskaluri (sagadasaxado) samarTali); beneficium (beneficiumi,
saeklesio (sataZro) qoneba); piae causae (samlocvelo)

samarTlebrivi urTierTobis monawiled _ subieqtad _ SeiZleba iyos ara marto fi-

zikuri piri, anu calkeuli adamiani, aramed adamianTa gaerTianeba, romelic
samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi erTveboda rogorc erTiani mTeli da am ukanasknelis
Semadgeneli calkeuli subieqtebisagan, Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeboda. kerZo pirTa
uflebebiT aRWurvili, socialuri erTeulis saxiT, romis samarTlis subieqtebad
gamodiodnen: profesiuli da religiuri kavSirebi (collegia, sodalicia, societates, corpora),
TviTmmarTvelobis mqone adgilobrivi samoqalaqo Temebi (municipia, coloniae),
saxelmwifo xazina (fiscus).

kerZo asociaciebis Tavisufleba XII dafis kanonebiT iyo dadgenili, romelic maT
wesdebebs (lex collegii) Sidasavaldebulo Zalas aniWebda, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom isini
kanonis moTxovnas ar ewinaaRmdegebodnen. am normis wyarod miiCnevdnen solonis ka-
nons, romlis teqstSic CamoTvlili iyo rogorc Zveli, ise klasikuri epoqis cnobi-
li kolegiebis saxeobebi: sasoflo Temi (pagi), meomarTa da TanamesufreTa gaerTiane-
ba (curiales, sodales), religiuri da damkrZalavi kavSirebi, romelTa umravlesobac Ra-
rib mosaxleobaSi arsebobda, vinaidan glexebs dakrZalvisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi ar
hqondaT; maT ricxvs aseve miekuTvneboda sawarmoo da savaWro korporaciebi.

mogvianebiT, kanonmdeblobiT kerZo gaerTianebebis Tavisufleba araerTgzis

SeizRuda, vidre avgustusis kanoniT (lex Iulia de collegiis) kolegiaTa dasaSvebi saxeebis
CamonaTvali ar dadginda. amgvari gaerTianebebis Seqmnis SezRudva saimperatoro
konstituciebiTa da senatuskonsultebiTac gagrZelda. korporaciebs ufleba
hqondaT sasamarTloSi gamosuliyvnen. am mizniT iniSneboda korporaciaTa
warmomadgeneli (actor), romlis kompetencias kolegiis gadawyvetileba
gansazRvravda. kolegiis pasuxismgebloba samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqtis
saerTo qonebisa da xazinis (arca) moculobiT ganisazRvreboda.

TiTqmis msgavsi sistema gamoiyeneboda adgilobrivi Temebis mimarTac, romlebic, ase-

ve korporaciis (universitas) saerTo qonebis subieqtad gamodiodnen, magram maTi qone-
ba korporaciaSi Semavali calkeuli piris kerZo qonebisagan gansxvavdeba.
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TanasakuTrebis uflebis Sesabamisad, Temis kuTvnili mona Temis moqalaqeTa mona ar
iyo; igi ganixileboda mTeli Temis saerTo sakuTrebad; kerZod, misTvis SeeZloT
moeTxovaT Cvenebis micema Temis calkeuli moqalaqis winaaRmdeg.

Temis mier gaazatebuls, magistratis Tanxmobis gareSe, calkeuli moqalaqis sasa-

marTloSi gamoZaxeba SeeZlo, vinaidan misi patroni mTlianad Temi iyo da ara Temis
calkeuli moqalaqe. Tavdapirvelad, adgilobriv samoqalaqo Tems pativs miagebdnen
rogorc koleqtivs, rac terminologiaSic aisaxa: municipium nacvlad, mas, rogorc
kerZo samarTlis subieqts, xSirad municipes (municipali) ewodeboda, rac piris certa
persona-ad dadgenis proceduras arTulebda da Temis memkvidred (heres) daniSvnas
SeuZlebels xdida.

iuridiuli piris gansakuTrebul saxeobas saimperatoro xazina (fiscus) warmoadgenda,

xolo mogvianebiT _ mTeli saxelmwifo qoneba. romaeli xalxis qonebas princefsis
sakuTrebaSi arsebuli saxelmwifo qonebisagan ganasxvavebdnen; romaeli xalxis
qoneba (populus Romanus) iuridiuli piri ar iyo da samoqalaqo brunvaSi ar
monawileobda. samagierod, sxva subieqtebis msgavsad, princefss SeeZlo
kerZosamarTlebriv urTierTobebSi Cabma, garigebis dadeba, mosarCeled an mopasuxed
gamosvla ara mxolod rogorc piradi sakuTrebis mqone kerZo pirs (patrimonium
principis), aramed rogorc romis saxelmwifos warmomadgenel sajaro pirsac.
arsobrivad, xazina (fiscus) gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi formis saxelmwifo sakuT-
reba iyo da kerZo sakuTrebis specialuri reJimiT regulirgeboda, riTac mTeli
romaeli xalxis sakuTrebas emijneboda. dominantis damyarebisTanave aRniSnuli
gansxvaveba gauqmda, radgan saerTo-saxalxo xazina (aerarium populi Romani) saimperato-
ro xazinas (fiscus) Seerwya.

princefsis gardacvalebis Semdeg, res fiscales romis saxelmwifos saTaveSi myof

princefsis memkvidres (monacvles) gadaecemoda, xolo princefsis piradi qoneba _
mis pirad memkvidreebs (ojaxis wevrebs) ekuTvnoda. saxazino qonebis mmarTvelad
specialuri piri _ procuratores _ iniSneboda. mogvianebiT, xazina (fiscus) ganixileboda
samarTlis damoukidebel subieqtad, iuridiuli pirad, romlis Tavisebureba
administraciuli xasiaTis upiratesobad ganixileboda.

xazinis (fiscus) samarTlebrivi reJimi samarTlis gansakuTrebul dargad _ ius fisci

(D.49,14) Camoyalibda; im sasamarTlo ganxilvas, romelSic xazina (fiscus) erT-erT
mxared gamodioda (causae fiscales), specialuri sasamarTlo magistrati,
eqstraordinaluri sasamarTlo procesis wesiT warmarTavda.

313 w. miRebuli, milanis (mediolanis) ediqtis Semdeg, gansakuTrebul iuridiul pi-

rad iqca qristianuli eklesia, romelsac mis morwmuneTagan damoukidebel
subieqtad ganixilavdnen. TandaTanobiT, saeklesio qoneba damoukidebeli iuridiuli
piris niSnebs iZenda, romelic, sabolood, Sua saukuneebSi regulirebis sagangebo
subieqtad (beneficium) Camoyalibda. garda amisa, arsebobda saeklesio qonebis gansa-
kuTrebuli saxeoba _ samwysos mier saqvelmoqmedo mizniT Sewiruli qoneba _ piae
causae, romlis marTva saeklesio qonebis marTvisagan gansxvavdeboda da samoqalaqo
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brunvaSi uflebaunarian da qmedunarian pirad gamodioda. aRniSnuli qoneba arafriT
gansxvavdeboda, Tanamedrove kerZo samarTliT gansazRvruli, fondebis samarTleb-
rivi reJimisagan.

$9. warmomadgenloba

Dominus negotii (marwmunebeli); procurator (rwmunebuli); actiones adiecticial qualitatis (damate-

biTi Tvisebis sarCelebi); actio de peculio (pretoruli sarCeli pekuliumis Sesaxeb); actio
de in rem verso (ojaxis ufrosis mimarT Setanili sarCeli, Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi
piris mier SeZenili qoneba paterfamilias qonebad CaiTvala); excercitor (xomaldis
mepatrone); institor (mmarTveli); actio excercitoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili
sarCeli, romelic xomaldis meTaurad myofi misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrule-
bas exeba); actio institoria (mepatronis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic, meurneo-
bis mouravad myofi, misi monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); actio quod iussu
(kreditoris mier mebatonis winaaRmdeg Setanili sarCeli, romelic sakuTari
batonis saxeliT, monis mier dadebul xelSekrulebas exeba); par condicium creditorum
(kreditorebis Tanabari mdgomareoba); ratihabitio (rwmunebulis qmedebis mowoneba).

garigebis dadeba samarTlis subieqts uSualod yovelTvis ar SeeZlo. zogjer mas

sxva piris sakuTar warmomadgenlad gamoyeneba esaWiroeboda. aseTi viTareba Semdeg
SemTxvevebSi warmoiSoboda: 1. roca samarTlis subieqti daTqmul adgilze ar
imyofeboda (Tumca, saqme saswrafod unda gadawyvetiliyo) an 2. roca viTareba
statusis xarvezs _ qmeduunarobas _ ukavSireboda da uflebamosil subieqts
nebelobiTi qmedebiT misi ganxorcieleba ar SeeZlo. pirvel SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi
exeboda nebayoflobiT warmomadgenlobas, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ aucilebel an
kanoner warmomadgenlobas. kerZod, Wkuasusti (furiosus) mzrunvelobas iZulebiTi
wesiT, xolo mcirewlovani bavSvi da qali _ meurveobas (tutela) eqvemdebarebodnen.

warmomadgenlobis cnebiT igulisxmeboda: marwmuneblis saxeliTa da mis sasargeb-

lod (dominus negotii), rwmunebulis mier dadebuli garigebis Sedegi uSualod marwmu-
nebels exeboda. am garigebidan warmoSobili uflebebi da movaleobebi marwmunebls,
da ara rwmunebuls, ekuTvnoda. aRniSnuli instituti romis samarTlisaTvis ucxo
iyo. pirdapiri warmomadgenlobisagan gansxvavebiT, brunvis (obieqturad arsebuli)
moTxovnis dakmayofileba moadgileobis meSveobiT SeiZleboda. moadgile saqmes sa-
kuTari saxeliT awarmoebda, garigebis dadebiT uflebebs da movaleobebs iZenda,
Tumca, imavdroulad, maTi sxva pirisaTvis gadacema evaleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, saq-
me irib warmomadgenlobas (an moadgileobas) exeboda, romelic warmomadgenloba
arc iyo, am sityvis pirdapiri gagebiT. romis samarTalSi moadgilisa da
marwmuneblis urTierTobas davalebis xelSekruleba (mandatum) an davalebis gareSe
sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba (negotiorum gestio) SeiZleba ewodos. romis samarTliT aseTi
urTierTobebi, roca erTi piris mier dadebuli garigeba Sedegs meore piris
sasargeblod iZleoda, warmomadgenlobis instituts saeTod ar ukavSirdeboda.
warmomadgenlobad aseve ver iqneba miCneuli ojaxis ufrosisa (paterfamilias) da
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daqvemdebarebuli pirebis (in potestate) urTerTobebi, vinaidan am ukanasknelTa mier
SeZenili uflebebi da movaleobebi uSualod maTi ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias)
exeboda, maSinac ki, roca xelisuflebaSi myofni sakuTari saxeliT an ojaxis ufro-
sis nebarTvis gareSe moqmedebdnen.

pekuliumi (peculium) iyo mebatonis mier monisaTvis, an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)

mier mis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirisaTvis gamoyofili qoneba, romlis farglebSic,
xelisuflebaSi myof (in potestate) pirs sakuTari saxeliT garigebebis dadebis ufleba
hqonda. pekuliumis Sesaxeb mecnierTa mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebebis mizani qonebis
am saxeobis raobis formaluri gansazRvra iyo. ojaxis biujeti ojaxis ufross
unda gaeyo da amis Sesaxeb mesame pirebisaTvis ecnobebina. pekuliumis dadgena Wkua-
sustsa da mcirewlovans ar SeeZloT, vinaidan pekuliumis gamoyofa ganixileboda
iseT iuridiul aqtad, romelsac realuri Sedegi mohyveboda. pekuliumis dadgenisas
savaldebulo iyo nivTebis materialurad gadacema (traditio) an, Tundac, gadacemis
ceremoniis imitireba. pekuliumis odenobis gaangariSebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReboda,
ojaxis ufrosis mimarT xelisuflebaSi myof pirTa valebi.

ulpianes Tanaxmad, `Peculium autem Tubero quidem sic definit, ut Celsus libro sexto digestorum refert,
quod servus domini permissu separatim a rationibus dominicis habet, deducto inde si quid domino debetur _
pekuliums tuberoni iseve ganmartavs, rogorc celsusi digestebis VI wignSi:
pekuliumi aris is, rasac mona, batonis nebarTviT flobs, mebatonis Semosavlebis
garda da im valis gamoklebiT, rac monas mebatonisagan marTebs~.

respublikis periodis bolos pekuliumis aRniSnuli cneba ganxilvis sagnad iqca.

cnobilia, rom serviusi pekuliumis am cnebas Semdegs umatebda: monis vali, monis
batonis xelisuflebaSi myofTa mimarT, TviT monis batonis mimarT vals utoldeba,
da aseve pekuliumis moculobis gansazRvrisas gamoklebuli unda iqnes.

principatis epoqaSi, garigebis dadebisas, ojaxis vaJiSvili (filius familias in potestate)

piradad xdeboda pasuxismgebeli. Tumca, valis gadaxdaze uaris (indebensio) SemTxveva-
Si, kreditorebs ufleba ar hqondaT valis asanazRaureblad moeTxovaT is qoneba,
romelsac ius civile-Ti alieni iuris piri ar flobda.

mevalis mier valis individualurad gadaxdis SesaZlebloba ojaxis ufrosis

ukmayofilebas iwvevda, radgan igi uflebamosili iyo Tavad gadaexada mis
xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali da igi kvlav Tavis xelisuflebaSi daetovebina.

aRniSnulis miRweva jer kidev winaklasikur epoqaSi, pekuliumis Sesaxeb pretoruli

sarCeliT (actio de peculio) iyo SesaZlebeli. am sarCelis formulis safuZvelze (in
factum concepta formula), xelisuflebaSi myofi piris (Tavisufalis an monis) mier
dadebul garigebebze, pekuliumis moculobis gaTvaliswinebiT, pasuxs ojaxis
ufrosi (paterfamilias) agebda; pasuxismgeblobas Tan axlda ojaxis ufrosis
winaaRmdeg sarCeli _ actio iudicati de peculio, im sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
aRsrulebis Taobaze, romelic gamotanili iyo misi xelisuflebaSi myofi piris
winaaRmdeg; es iyo pasiuri uflebamosileba. Tu sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri,

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batonis Tanxmobis gareSe, raime qonebas SeiZenda, aRniSnuli SenaZeni im SemTxvevaSi
CaiTvleboda pekuliumad, Tu amas ojaxis ufrosi moiwonebda. Tu SeZenili qoneba am
ukanasknelis sakuTreba xdeboda, sarCeliT actio de in rem verso, SenaZenze
pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. analogiur SemTxvevad ganixileboda, Tu sxvis
xelisuflebaSi (in poteste) myofi piri xomaldis meTauri an misi mepatrone (exercitor)
xdeboda; aseve, Tu mas sawarmos mouravoba-mmarTveloba (institor) evaleba. garigebebis
safuZvelze miRebuli sargebeli ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) angariSze iricxeba.
amgvari garigebis Tanaxmad, kreditorebs, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis
mimarT, ufleba hqondaT ojaxis ufrosis winaaRmdeg mTeli valis farglebSi
sarCeli _ actio exercitoria da actio institoria _ SeetanaT. aseTive pasuxismgebloba
ekisreba paterfamilias-s Tu in potestas piri misi brZanebiT (iussum) moqmedebda; aseT
SemTxvevaSi, igi pasuxs actio quod iussu-Tu agebda. Tumca, am urTierTobis arsi
principulad gansxvavdeba pirdapiri warmomadgenlobis cnebisagan: roca sxvis
xelisuflebaSi myofi (in potesta) piri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) saxeliT ar
moqmedebda, maSin SeZena maT Soris arsebul daqvemdebarebiT urTierTobebs
Seesabameboda; ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) pasuxismgebloba ki pretoris Carevis
Semdeg dgeboda.

pekuliumis SemTxvevaSi, sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri garigebas ojaxis ufrosis

xarjze ar debda, rac warmomadgenlobis ideas gamoricxavda. dabolos, pekuliumiT
(peculium) ojaxis ufrosis pasuxismgeblobis moculoba ganisazRvreba im valis
gamoklebiT, romelic, mis xelisuflebaSi myofs, paterfamilias-gan emarTa; aqedan
gamomdinare, ojaxis ufrosi, in potestas piris pekuliumis mimarT, privilegirebul
kreditorad xdeboda. danarCeni kreditorebis moTxovnaTa dakmayofileba pretenziis
wayenebis rigiTobis gaTvaliswinebiT anu prior tempore, prior iure (vinc ufro adre;
visac meti ufleba aqvs) xdeboda. gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva, roca savaWro
saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad, ojaxis ufrosi pekuliums uSualod
iTvaliswinebda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, kreditorebi iZendnen actio tributoria-s uflebas,
romlis meSveobiT, paterfamilias-s valis gadaxdas, sakuTari moTxovnebis
proporciulad, Tanabar pirobebSi _ par condicium creditorum _ aiZuleben.

Tavi VI. Zveli romis saojaxo samarTali

$1. ojaxi da naTesaoba (familia et gentilitas)

Familia (ojaxi); paterfamilias (ojaxi mama, ojaxis ufrosi,); adgnatio (ojaxis ufrosis
xelisuflebaSi myofi naTesavi); adgnatus proximus (uaxloesi agnati naTesavi); patria
potestas (mamis xelisufleba); cognatio (sisxliT naTesaoba);

cnobili frangi filosofosis J.J. rusos TqmiT, ojaxi aris .`sazogadoebaTa Soris
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uZveles da erTaderT bunebrivi sazogadoeba~.

Tanamedrove gagebiT, ojaxi (familia) iseTi socialuri institutia, romliTac qalsa

da mamakacs Soris saqorwino kavSiri, mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris sisxliT
naTesaoba, maT urTierTsanacvlo uflebebi da movaleobebi igulisxmeba.

amrigad, ojaxi aris naTesauri kavSiriT an qorwinebiT dakavSirebul pirTa

erToblioba.

romis samarTalSi qorwinebis ori oficialuri gansazRvreba iyo. kerZod, 1. `Nuptiae

sunt coniunctio maris et feminae et consortium omnis vitae, divini et humani iuris communicatio _
qorwineba aris mamakacisa da qalis kavSiri, mTeli cxovrebis erTianoba, RvTiuri da
adamianuri samarTlis erToba~ (D.23.2.1) da 2. `Nuptiae autem sive matrimonium est viri et
mulieris coniunctio, individuam consuetudinem vitae continens _ ...qorwineba (nuptiae) anu
colqmroba (matrimonium) aris mamakacis da qalis kavSiri, romlis arsi erTobliv
cxovrebaSi mdgomareobs~. (Iust. Inst.1.9.1)

m. bartoSeki naSromSi `romis samarTali~ ojaxis sakmaod vrcel ganmartebasa da

daxasiaTebas iZleva. misi TqmiT, ojaxi aris mTeli saojaxo qonebisa da aseve
ojaxis wevrebis gaerTianeba. ojaxi es aris romauli ojaxis meurneobis ZiriTadi
qoneba, romelic Tavdapirvelad ojaxis yvela Tavisufal wevrs Tanabrad ekuTvnoda,
mogvianebiT ki _ mxolod ojaxis ufross, mamasaxliss (paterfamilias). romauli ojaxi
iyo yvela is piri da mTeli is qoneba, rac romis saojaxo meurneobas qmnida. ojaxi
aseve iyo monebis erToblioba, romelic ojaxis ufross ekuTvnoda da saojaxo-
sameurneo saqmianobas asrulebda.

romis samarTlis erT-erTi mkvlevaris r. zomis Tanaxmad, `romis civiluri

samarTlis gagebiT, ojaxi aris agnaturi kavSiri, anu erToblioba pirebisa,
romlebic urTierTdakavSirebulni arian patria potestas-iT.

Ius civile-Ti agnaturi ojaxi iyo saojaxo Temi, romlis ganmsazRvreli da erTianobis
ganmapirobebeli iyo naTesaoba mamis mxridan, xolo formaluri safuZveli _
xelovnurad Seqmnili iuridiuli urTierToba (patria potestas), romlis gauqmebac aseve
xelovnurad SeiZleboda.

Ius gentium-iT ojaxi gansxvavebulad ganimarteboda. kerZod, ojaxi iyo kognaturi

kavSiri, anu naTesaoba, romelic sisxlismier kavSirs efuZneba. ojaxis safuZveli
bunebrivi da ara iuridiuli urTierToba iyo.

Zveli romauli civiluri samarTali mxolod agnatur naTesaobas iTvaliswinebda;

mogvianebiT, kognaturi naTesaoba, imperatoris kanonmdeblobis wyalobiT, pretormac
aRiara da, sabolood, urTierTobis kognaturma principma gaimarjva.

romis saojaxo samarTali aRiarebda Semdegi saxis naTesaur kavSirebs: 1. agnatur

naTesaobas (adgnatio) anu rodesac ojaxis yvela wevri (coli, Svilebi, SviliSvilebi,
rZlebi da a.S.) ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi iyo; 2. kognaturi

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anu sisxliT naTesaoba (cognatio), romelSic, garda zemoCamoTvli pirebisa, ojaxis
winaprebTan naTesauri kavSiriT yvelaze axlos mdgomi mamrobiTi sqesis agnati
naTesavic _ adgnatus proximus _ moiazreboda.

naTesaobis ori _ kanonieri da bunebrivi _ saxis urTierTSeTanxmeba `genus _ species~

sagangebo sqemas efuZneboda. digestebis Tanaxmad, `Svilad ayvanili naTesaobiT aris
dakavSirebuli im ojaxis wevrebTan, romelSic is Sevida da ara imaTTan, romlebic
am ojaxis wevrebi arian. vinaidan Svilad ayvana iZleva ara sisxlis naTesaobas,
aramed agnatobis uflebas~.

$2. niSnoba da qorwineba (sponsalia et nuptia)

Ius conubii (qorwinebis ufleba); persona sui iuris (TviTxelisufali); persona aliena iuris
(sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri); cum manus mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebiT);
sine manu mariti (qorwineba qmris xelisuflebis gareSe); confarreatio (qorwinebis sazeimo
rituali); sponsalia (niSnoba); nuptiae (qorwineba); deductio domum (qalis `saxlSi
Seyvana~); matrona (romaeli gaTxovili qalbatoni); uxor (meuRle, coli); struptum
(sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal mamakacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris); contubernium
(mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba).

ojaxis instituts romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen. saojaxo

urTierTobebs romaeli iuristebi kanonmdeblobiT awesrigbdnen, riTac romael
moqalaqeebis waxalisebas cdilobdnen da maT, erTgvarad, ojaxis Sesaqmnelad
ganawyobdnen.

r. zomi sami saxis saojaxo xelisuflebas ganasxvavebs, romelTac sami saxis

qonebrivi urTierToba Seesabameba. esenia: 1. meuRleTa urTierToba (saojaxo-
qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali), 2. mamisa da Svilebis urTierToba (mamis
qonebrivi urTierTobebis samarTali) da 3. meurvisa da sameurveo piris urTierToba
(sameurveo urTierTobebis samarTali). Sesabamisad, saojaxo samarTali sam nawilad
iyofa: 1. saqorwino samarTali, 2. mamis xelisuflebis samarTali da 3.
sameurveo samarTali.

romaelebma qorwinebasa da bavSvebis raodenobas igive prerogativebi mianiWes, rac

moxucebulobas ekuTvnoda. daqorwinebulebs, romlebsac yvelaze meti Svili
hyavdaT, pativTa miRebisas da am pativTa gamoyenebisasac upiratesoba eZleodaT;
konsuli, romelsac meti Svili hyavda, pirveli Rebulobda sapatio niSnebs, SeeZlo
provinciis arCeva; senatori, romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavda, pirveli
iwereboda senatorTa siaSi, pirveli gamoTqvamda Tavis azrs senatSi. “dekurions,
romelsac yvelaze meti Svili hyavs, privilegiis Tanaxmad, pativi eZleva sakuTari
azri gamoTqvas pirvelma”. qali, romelic oTx an met Svils gaaCenda, daqvrivebis
SemTxvevaSi meurveobisagan Tavisufldeboda. Tumca, arsebobda iZulebiTi
RonisZiebebic; ase magaliTad, qr.Sobamde 18 wels miRebuli kanonis lex Iulia et
Poppea-s Tanaxmad, `romaelebi valdebulni arian 25-dan 60 wlamde qorwinebaSi
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cxovrobdnen [qalebi 20-dan 50 wlamde] da iyolion aranakleb 3 Svili
[gaazatebulebma 4 Svili]; qvrivebi da ganqorwilebulebi xelmeored unda
daqorwindnen: qvrivebi 2 wlis, xolo ganqorwinebulebi 18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi~.
dauojaxeblobis SemTxvevaSi, 65 wels miRweul mamakacs da 50 wels miRweul qals,
sasjeli saxiT, kanoniT jarima ekisreboda. ojaxis Sesaqmnelad dadgenili iyo
garkveuli winapiroba. kerZod:

1. qorwinebis ufleba. dasaqorwinebel pirebs romauli samarTliT aRiarebuli

qorwinebis ufleba anu ius conubii unda hqonodaT; am uflebiT mxolod romaeli
moqalaqeebi sargeblobdnen, xolo ucxoelebi (peregrini) amgvari uflebiT mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi sargeblobdnen, Tu maT mas sagangebod mianiWebdnen; 2. naTesauri
(rogorc agnaturi, ise kognaturi) kavSiris arqona. qorwineba ekrZalebodaT: a. erTi
ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebaSi Semaval pirebs da b. meurvesa da
meurveobaSi myof pirebs; 3. meqorwineTa asaki. romSi qorwinebebi Zalian adreul
asakSi xdeboda. Cveulebriv, qaliSvilebisaTvis saqorwino asakad 12 weli, xolo
vaJebisaTvis 14 weli iyo dadgenili.

romaelebi qorwinebis or saxes _ sruluflebian da arasruluflebian _ qorwinebas

ganasxavavebdnen. sruluflebiani qorwineba mxolod romael moqalaqeTaTvis iyo
nebadarTuli; aRniSnuli tipis qorwineba ori saxisa iyo: 1. Tu coli qmris
xelisuflebaSi gadadioda, mas `ojaxis deda~, qalbatoni (matrona) ewodeboda; 2. Tu
igi mamis xelisuflebaSi rCeboda, mas `coli~, `meuRle~ (uxor) ewodeboda.

Zveli romauli tradiciis Tanaxmad, qorwineba ramdenime saxis ritualis dacviT

tardeboda. uZvelesi periodis romSi arsebobda sazeimo religiuri rituali _
confarreatio, romelsac aTi qurumi aRasrulebda da mxolod patriciebisaTvis iyo
nebadarTuli. ritualis dros sapatarZlo da saqmro wminda purs texdnen da
qurumebis miTiTebebs asrulebdnen. respublikis periodisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo
sapatarZlos simboluri yidva (coemptio), rasac win uswrebda an mosdevda
qorwinebaze Tanxmoba. sxva SemTxvevebSi saqorwino ritualebis dacva, garda qalis
`saxlSi Seyvanisa~ (deductio domum), savaldebulo ar iyo.

tradiciulad, qorwinebamde imarTeboda niSnoba (sponsalia). florentinusis Tanaxmad,

`Sponsalia sunt mentio et repromissio nuptiarum futurarum _ niSnoba aris momavali qorwinebis
daTqma (xseneba) da ormxrivi dapireba.~ (D.23.1.1)

Tavdapirvelad, niSnoba TiToeuli dasaqorwinebeli piris ojaxis ufrosebis

(paterfamilii) SeTanxmebiT xdeboda; mogvinebiT ki, Tavad meqorwineTa TanxmobiT _
`Nuptiae consistere non possunt nisi consentiant omnes, id est qui coeunt quorumque in potestate sunt _ ar
SeiZleba [da]qoriwneba, Tu ar aris Tanxmoba yvela im [mxarisa], e.i. im pirebisa,
romlebic qorwindebidan da aseve im pirebisa, romelTa xelisuflebis qveS isini
imyofebian~ (D.23.2.2).

kanonmdebloba uSvebda erT gamonakliss, roca qaliSvlis SeeZlo ar

damorCileboda mamis gadawyvetilebas. kerZod, _ `Tunc autem solum dissentiendi a patre

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licentia filiae conceditur, si indignum moribus vel turpem sponsum ei pater eligat _ ...mamis
SewinaaRmdegeba qaliSvils mxolod maSin eZleva, rodesac mama mas uRirsi znis an
saxelgatexil saqmros aurCevs~ (D.23.1.12$1)

niSnobis dros saqmros mxare sapatarZlos mxares niSnobis beWeds (patriciebi _

oqros, sxva socialuri fenis wevrebi SedarebiT dabali xarisxis liTonis, xolo
monebs rkinis beWeds) da sxvadasxva saxis moZrav nivTs gadascemda.

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT ekidebodnen qorwinebis TariRs, radgan

zogi dRe Tu Tve (magaliTad, maisi, ivnisis pirveli naxevari) ubedurebis momtanad
miaCndaT. qorwinebis dRes tardeboda auspicia (auspicia _ frinvelebsa da bunebaze
dakvireveba, rogorc RmerTisagan gamogzavnil miniSnebze). qorwilis dRes patarZali
qaliSvilobis droindel togas ixdida da mas bednierebis qalRmerTs swiravda;
Semdeg patarZals grZel TeTr tunikas acmevdnen, welze sartyels akravdnen da
Tavze mkveTri wiTeli feris Tavsaburavs afarebdnen. saqmros mosvlis Semdeg,
stumrebis TandaswrebiT, saqorwino rituali tardeboda: saojaxo keriaze msxverpls
swiravdnen, ris Semdegac lxini iwyeboda. imave dRes patarZali qmris saxlSi
Sedioda.

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis ori tipi _ 1. qmris xeliT (cum manu mariti) da
2. qmris xelis gareSe (sine manu mariti) _ arsebobda.

Tavdapirvelad, iyo cum manu mariti tipis qorwineba, romlis Tanaxmadac, qali,
gaTxovebis Semdeg, mSoblebis ojaxTan iuridiul kavSirs kargavda da qmris
xelisuflebaSi gadadoda. Tuki qmari aravis xelisuflebaSi myofi piri (persona sui
iuris) iyo, maSin coli, Svilebis msgavsad, qmris daqvemdebarebaSi eqceoda. am tipis
qorwinebisas qmris xelisufleba colze, faqtiurad, ganusazRvreli iyo. qmars
colis monad gayidva, misi mokvlac SeeZlo. qonebrivi urTierTobebis TvalsazrisiT,
monebisa da Svilebis msgavsad, cols araviTari uflebaunarianoba ar gaaCnda.
yvelaferi, rac qorwinebamde cols (Tu igi persona sui iuris iyo) ekuTvnoda, qmris
sakuTreba xdeboda. qorwinebis periodSi colis saCuqari (magaliTad, mamisagan
miRebuli saCuqari) qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. Tu qmari sxvas daqvemdebarebuli
piri (persona aliena iuris) iyo, maSin coli, qmarTan erTad, qmris ojaxis ufross
(paterfamilias) eqvemdebareboda.

iuridiulad colis aseT uuflebo mdgomareobas is awonasworebda, rom coli qmris

memkvidre _ heres sua iyo, Tuki mas kanonieri STamomavlebi ar hyavda; Svilebis yolis
SemTxvevaSi, isic, maT msgavsad, memkvidre iyo.

Cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros qmris upiratesoba imdenad didi iyo, rom
mziTevi qmris qonebas erwymoda da mis sakuTrebad iTvleboda. cols sakuTrebis
ufleba ar gaaCnda da mziTevze aranairi samarTlebrivi ufleba ar hqonda.
digestebis Tanaxmad: `Constante matrimonio dotem in bonis mariti esse _ qorwinebis
ganmavlobaSi mziTevi qmris qonebaSi aris~.

colis qoneba qmris an ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) sakuTreba iyo. amitom qmars
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(an ojaxis ufross) xelSekrulebis dadeba da sasamarTlo procesze gamosvla
colisagan damoukideblad SeeZloT. colis cxovreba saojaxo meurneobis gaZRoliT
ifargleboda. colis pirovnebaze qmris xelisufleba ara samarTliT, aramed
sazogadoebrivi azriT izRudeboda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom realurad
romaeli moqalaqeebis colebi didi pativiscemiT sargeblobdnen.

colqmruli erTgulebis dacva mkacrad moeTxoveboda qals. colis Ralati qmars

ganqorwinebis moTxovnis safuZvels da mis sasargeblod mziTevis datovebis
uflebas aZlevda. am SemTxvevaSi, Ralati (qonebrivi mdgomareobis TvalsazrisiT)
colisaTvis ufro mZime iyo, vidre qmrisaTvis. colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi, mziTevis qalisaTvis datoveba jarimis tolfasi iyo.

respubilikis bolos, cum manu mariti qorwineba sine manu miriti tipis qorwinebiT
Seicvala, ramac, Sesabamisad, gavlena moaxdina meuRleTa qonebriv uflebebze da
romauli ojaxis wevrTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad Secvala. ojaxis
ufrosis xelisuflebisagan TavdaRweuli coli iuridiulad ara qmris, aramed
mSoblebis ojaxis (familias) wevrad iTvleboda. am periodSi qmris Zalauflebac
sagrZnoblad SeizRuda.

qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros, qmars colis
pirovnebasa da mis qonebaze ufleba aRar hqonda, vinaidan coli qmris
xelisuflebaSi aRar imyofeboda. Tu gaTxovili qali damoukidebeli piri (persona sui
iuris) iyo, e.i. mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebareboda da qorwinebamde sakuTari
qoneba hqonda, gaTxovebis Semdeg Tavis qonebaze sakuTrebis uflebas inarCunebda.

amgvari saxis qorwinebis periodSi meuRleTa qoneba gancalkevebulad rCeboda.

qorwinebis dros mziTevi, rogorc qmrisaTvis gadacemuli qoneba, gansakuTrebuli
samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda. colis qonebis marTvis ufleba qmars
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi hqonda, Tu amas Tavad coli gadascemda. „Quamvis in bonis mariti
dos sit, mulieris tamen est _ Tumca mziTevi qmris qonebaSi Sedis, is mainc cols ekuTvnis~.
(D.23.3.75)

respublikis periodSi, rodesac saojaxo instituti mniSvnelovnad Seirya, mziTeviT

manipulirebis erTgvari kanonieri safuZveli Seiqmna. kerZod, mamakacs SeeZlo
daqorwinebuliyo mxolod mziTevis miRebis mizniT, raTa igi sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr ganekarga da ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi TavisTvis daetovebina. am
arasasurveli faqtis Tavidan asacileblad, coli da mziTevis damdgenlebi qmars
pirobas arTmevdnen, rom ganqorwinebis an qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi
cols daubrundeboda.

mogvianebiT, qmris uflebebis SezRudvis mizniT, romis imperatorma avgustusma

gamosca kanoni `iuliusis kanoni samziTvo miwis nakveTebis Sesaxeb~ (lex Iulia de fundo
dotali). am kanoniT, romelmac mniSvnelovnad SezRuda qmris uflebebi,
imperatori or mizans isaxavda: jer erTi, gasxvisebisagan daecva italiis
teritoriis Semadgeneli miwis nakveTebi da meorec, igi imedovnebda, rom amiT qalis

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uflebebis dacvas SeZlebda. isic aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli kanoni uSualod
italiis teritoriaze arsebul samziTvo miwis nakveTebze vrceldeboda.

digestebSi ulpiane samziTvo miwis nakveTs Semdegnairad ganmartavs: „Dotale praedium

accipere debemus tam urbanum quam rusticum: ad omne enim aedificium lex Iulia pertinebit _ [termin]
`samziTvo miwis nakveTSi“ unda vigulisxmoT, rogorc qalaqis miwis nakveTebi [e. i.
saxlebi], aseve – soflis, radgan iuliusis kanoni yvela nagebobas exeba. (D.23.5.13)

kanonSi araferi iyo naTqvami arc mziTvad gacemul moZrav qonebaze da arc italiis
sazRvrebs miRma mdebare miwis nakveTebze. amrigad, aRniSnuli kanonis Tanaxmad,
colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars ekrZaleboda mziTevis rogorc mTliani, ise
nawilobrivi gasxviseba. am akrZalvam mziTevis, rogorc qonebis _ manamde arsebuli
gankargvis formaSi, arsebiTi gardatexa Seitana, da mziTevis samarTlebrivi
institutis raobis TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula. mogvianebiT, igive
akrZalva imperatorma iustinianem provinciaSi mdebare samziTvo miwis nakveTebzec
ganavrco.

rogorc aRvniSneT, colis Tanxmobis gareSe, qmars mziTevis gasxvisebis ufleba

aRar hqonda; Tu samziTvo qoneba qmris samkvidro qonebas erwymoda da qmari
sakuTari Tavis gaSvilebaze Tanxmobas ganacxadebda, maSin mziTevi gasxvisebas
eqvemdebareboda; aseve, Tu mziTevi Seadgenda meuRleTa saerTo qonebas, romelsac
qmarTan erTad kidev ramdenime Tanamflobeli hyavda da Tu es ukanasknelni qonebis
gasxvisebas moiTxovdnen, maSin qmars uaris Tqmis ufleba ar hqonda.

amrigad, romaeli iuristebis mier zustad iyo gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc

kerZo sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxe; qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi aseve sagangebo
samarTlebrivi reJimiT regulirdeboda col-qmris damokidebuleba mziTevisadmi.

unda aRiniSnos, rom romSi, `xelis gareSe~ (sine manu) qorwinebis gavrcelebis
paralelurad, ganqorwinebebic gaxSirda. bunebrivia, sazogadoebaSi gaCnda qalis
interesebis dacvis moTxovnilebac. am viTarebis Sedegi iyo is, rom VI saukunidan
moyolebuli sacole an misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) saqmrosTan an misi ojaxis
ufrosTan (paterfamilias) aformebda stipulacias (xelSekrulebas), romlis ZaliTac,
qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, qmars mziTevis dabruneba. aRniSnul
xelSekrulebas cautio rei uxoriae ewodeboda.

aqedan mieca dasabami mziTevis dabrunebis Sesaxeb sarCelsac, romelsac actio ex

stipulatu ewodeboda. mogvianebiT, mziTevis gamosaTxovad kidev erTi saxis sarCeli
gaCnda.

romauli samarTali qalsa da mamakacs Soris erTaderT kanonier kavSirad

qorwinebas aRiarebda. Tumca, Zvel romSi qalisa da mamakacis kanonieri
qorwinebisagan gansxvavebuli sxva saxis urTierTobebic iyo cnobili.

$3. konkubinati (concubonatus)

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Concubinatus (qalisa da mamakacis ukanono Tanacxovreba); contubernium (mona-mamakacisa
da mona-qalis Tanacxovreba); liberi naturales (`bunebis Svilebi~, bastardebi).

romSi arsebobda qorwinebis gansakuTrebuli saxe konkubinati (concubinatus), anu

bunebiTi qorwineba, romlis Sedegadac Sobil pirebs bastardebi anu bunebis
Svilebi ewodebodaT. es iyo ara SemTxveviTi kavSiri, aramed qalisa da mamakacis
xangrZlivi Tanacxovreba, romelic ar pasuxobda qorwinebis kanonier moTxovnebs
anu rodesac maT raime kanonieri damabrkolebeli garemoebis gamo daqorwineba ar
SeeZloT. magaliTad, qorwinebis uflebis (ius conubii) arqona, socialuri
uTanasworoba (magaliTad, qorwineba senatorsa da gaazatebuls Soris, lex Iulia et
Poppaea-s kanonis Tanaxmad, Tavisufal romael moqalaqes `uRirsi saqcielis~ qalze
daqorwineba ekrZaleboda) da sxva.

konkubinatis dros mamakacis socialuri mdgomareoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda;

konkubinatis Sedegad dabadebuli bavSvebi _ liberi naturales _ mamis kanonier Svilebad
ar iTvlebodnen da mamis xelisuflebas ar eqvemdebarebodnen; konkubinatSi qali
kanonieri colis uflebebiT ar sargeblobda. miuxedavad imisa, rom romauli ojaxi
monogamiuri iyo, adreuli respublikis periodSi qmars, kanonieri ojaxis
paralelurad, sxva qalTan konkubinatSi Tanacxovrebis uflebac hqonda, xolo
qals, qmris garda sxva mamakacTan Tanacxovrebis ufleba ar gaaCnda.

postklasikuri periodis romSi konkubinatSi dabadebuli bavSvebis dakanoneba gaxda

dasaSvebi; maT alimentis miRebisa da SezRuduli memkvidreobiTi uflebac hqondaT.

kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis akrZaluli iyo struptum, adulterium da incestum. Struptum iyo
sqesobrivi kavSiri Tavisufal kacsa da gauTxovar qals Soris; Adulterium-is
SemTxvevSi erT-erTi mxare qorwinebaSi imyofeboda; Incestum-i iyo kavSiri im
naTesavebs Soris, romelTac erTmaneTze daqorwineba kanoniT ekrZalebodaT.
SemTxveviTi da droebiTi kavSirebi monebTan, meZavebTan da msubuqi yofaqcevis
qalebTan, rogorc wesi, sasjels ar iTvaliswinebda.

Contubernium iyo mona-mamakacisa da mona-qalis kavSiri, romelic faqtobriv, Tumca

iuridiulad akrZalul Tanacxovrebad ganixileboda. postklasikur periodSi
amgvari kavSiri garkveulwilad mowesrigebuli iqna samarTlebrivad, roca separatio
dura anu contubernium-Si myofi monebisa da maTi Svilebis sxvadasxva adgilsa da
sxvadasxva patronisaTvis miyidva aikrZala.

$4. mziTevi (dos)

Dos (mziTevi); dos profecticia (ojaxis ufrosisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos adventicia
(mesame pirisagan miRebuli mziTevi); dos aestimata (Sefasebuli mziTevi); actio rei uxoriae
(colisaTvis micemuli sarCeli); dos necessaria (savaldebulo mziTevi); pactum dotalis

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(samziTvo SeTanxmeba); dotis promissio (mziTevis dapireba); dotis dictio (mziTevis daTqma);
dotis datio (mziTevis micema); donatio (Cuqeba); donatio ante nuptias (qorwinebamdeli saCuqari);
donatio propter nuptias (saqorwino saCuqari, qorwinebis Semdgomi saCuqari); traditio
(gadacema); stipulatio (dapireba); parapherna (mziTevs garda).

Zvel romaelTa yofaSi mziTevs imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen, rom igi
saxelmwifo interesis sagans Seadgenda da mziTevTan mimarTebiT saojaxo
urTierTobebis garkveul reglamentacias adgenda. iustinianes digestebis Tanaxmad:
`Rei publicae interest mulieres dotes salvas habere, propter quas nubere possunt _ saxelmwifosaTvis
mniSvnelovania, rom qalebi uzrunvelyofilni iyvnen mziTviT, romlis meSveobiT maT
gaTxoveba SeuZliaT~. (D.23.3.2)

qr.Sobamde III saukunidan mziTevis gacema moralur valdebulebaSi gadaizarda da

savaldebulo xasiaTi SeiZina. erTi mxriv, ekonomikis ganviTarebis kvalobaze am
periodSi conventio in manum-is gareSe qorwinebebma imata, meore mxriv, mkveTrad
gaizarda ganqorwinebaTa ricxvic. aseT viTarebaSi mziTevis gacemis aucileblobas
sazogadoeba sul ufro da ufro uWerda mxars, radgan mziTevi ojaxis materialuri
safuZvlis garanti iyo. kanonmdebelmac ar daayovna da mziTevi, rogorc sakuTrebis
erT-erTi saxeoba, kanoniT gansazRvra.

mziTevi _ qorwinebis SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis gadacemuli rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi

qoneba _ Cuqeba ar iyo da amitom masze Cuqebis (donatio) wesebi ar vrceldeboda.

iuridiul literaturaSi mziTevis cneba TiTqmis yvela mecnieris mier identuradaa

definicirebuli.

ase magaliTad, n. bogolepovis Tanaxmad, mziTevi, rogorc sayofacxovrebo

instituti, odiTganve arsebobda romSi; Cveulebriv, mama Rirsebis saqmed miiCnevda
qaliSvili mziTevis gareSe ar gaeTxovebina. magram Cven ar mogvepoveba cnoba imis
Sesaxeb, samarTliT iyo Tu ara gansazRvruli mziTevis, rogorc qonebis raoba.

i. baronis ganmartebiT, mziTevi aris yovelive is, rac qmars (an mis mamas Tu igi
kvlav mamis xelisuflebaSia) colisagan an mis nacvlad sxva pirisagan, saojaxo
cxovrebis xarjebis Sesamsubuqeblad gadaecema.

d. grimis azriT, mziTevi ewodeba qonebas, romelic qmars colisagan an mesame

pirisagan saerTo meurneobis xarjebis nawilis dasafaravad gadaecema

istoriulad, mziTevis instituti alimentaciur valdebulebaTa ganviTarebis

safuZvelze dawesda. mSoblebi an maTi uflebis monacvleebi, ojaxidan gareT
gaTxovil qals, romelic, Tavis mxriv, axal ojaxs qmnida, mziTevis saxiT garkveul
qonebas aZlevdnen.

i. novickis Tanaxmad, am terminiT aRiniSneba nivTebi an sxva raime qonebis nawili,

romelic gadaeca qmars colisagan, misi ojaxis ufrosis an mesame pirisagan saojaxo
cxovrebis materialuri sirTuleebis Sesamsubuqeblad.

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v. xvostovis azriT, mziTevi gulisxmobs qmrisaTvis qonebis gadacemas, raTa mas
saojaxo cxovrebis simZime Seumsubuqdes.

m. bartoSekis naSromSi `romis samarTali~ terminebi `mziTevi~ (dos) da `colis

qoneba~ (res uxoriae) sinonimuri rigis cnebebadaa warmodgenili.

zemoaRniSnul ganmartebebs Tu SevajerebiT, mziTevis met-naklebad amomwurav

definicias miviRebT. amrigad, mziTevi es aris qoneba, romelic, saojaxo xarjebis
Semsubuqebis mizniT, qmars colis an mesame piris mier gadaecemoda.

sakuTriv romaul wyaroebSi mziTevi ganmartebulia Semdegnairad: `Dos est donatio mariti
delata ad onera, matrimonii ustinenda _ mziTevi aris meuRlis saCuqari qorwinebis periodSi
xarjebis asanazRaureblad~.

mziTevis institutis istorias sam ZiriTad etapad yofen; aseTi dayofa, romis
samarTlis Tanaxmad, uSualod qorwinebaSi myofi qalis socialuri da
samarTlebrivi statusiTaa ganpirobebuli.

v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, ,,mziTevis instituti jer kidev uZveles romis samarTalSi

cum manu mariti tipis qorwinebis dros arsebobda. Tu conventio manum-s axdenda sui
iuris coli, maSin manus mariti-s safuZvelze, colis mTeli qoneba qmris sakuTrebaSi
gadadioda da mziTevs cvlida.~

im epoqaSi, rodesac ojaxi agnaturi naTesaobis princips emyareboda da jer kidev

arsebobda qonebrivi damokidebuleba ojaxis ufrossa da sxvis daqvemdebarebaSi
myof (aliena iuris) pirebs Soris, mas Semdeg, rac ojaxi momxmarebelTa kavSirad iqca,
gansazRvruli odenobis qonebis Setanis movaleoba (meuRleTa Tanacxovrebis
materialuri mdgomareobis Sesamsubuqeblad) mxolod cols ekisreboda. Zvel romSi
mziTevi qmris srul sakuTrebaSi gadadioda, xolo ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mis
dasabruneblad araviTari iuridiuli norma ar arsebobda.

qmris xelisuflebiT (cum manus mariti) qorwinebis dros saqmros da sacolis ojaxis
ufrosebs (paterfamilias) Soris winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze coli qmris
xelisuflebaSi gadadioda. marTalia, mziTevi colis qoneba iyo, magram
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, es viTareba qorwinebaSi myof qals aranair uflebas
ar aniWebda mziTevze, vinaidan samarTlebrivad igi uuflebo iyo.

Tu patarZali sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi (aliena iuris) iyo, maSin, Cveulebis Tanaxmad,
mas mziTevs ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) aZlevda. marTalia, es tradicia
materialurad axalisebda qalis Sesvlas qmris ojaxSi, magram imavdroulad igi
kargavda memkvidreobis kanonier uflebas mamis ojaxSi; meore mxriv, es
ganamtkicebda qalis pozicias qmris ojaxSi.

Tavdapirvelad, coli iuridiulad xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli piri (in manu)

iyo da amdenad, mas qonebis gankargvis ufleba ar hqonda; amitom colis mziTevi
qmris sakuTrebaSi gadadioda da mis qonebas erwymoda. qmris ufleba mziTevze

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imdenad didi iyo, rom mziTevis dabruneba qmars araviTar, Tundac ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi (rac im dros Zalze iSviaTi iyo) ar evaleboda. Tu qorwineba wydeboda
qmris gardacvalebiT; in manu coli Svilebis msgavsad iRebda memkvidreobas, riTac
mas mziTevi unazRaurdeboda.

romSi samziTvo sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo nebismieri ram, rasac qonebirvi

Rirebuleba gaaCnda, anu es iyo rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri qonebrivi
sikeTe; kerZod, mancipirebuli Tu amancipirebuli, sxeulebrivi Tu usxeulo, moZravi
Tu uZravi nivTi. magaliTad, miwa, fuli, pirutyvi, mona da sxva.

d. grimis Tanaxmad, mziTevis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo Rirebulebis mqone

nebismieri sikeTe. mziTevis gamcem pirs mziTvad SeeZlo daedgina sakuTrebis
ufleba, dotis causa-s mimarT savaldebulo moTxovnebi ganesazRvra, vali epatiebina da
sxva.

i. baronis TqmiT, mziTevis dadgena SeiZleboda sxvadasxva saxis garigebiT:

gadacemiT, dapirebiT an saanderZo danakisriT.

1. mziTvis gadacema gulisxmobda winaswari dapirebis gareSe samziTvo qonebis

qmrisaTvis dauyovnebliv gadacemas: a) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo sxeulebrivi nivTebi,
romlebze sakuTrebis uflebac qmars unda moepovebina, maSin gadacema (traditio) unda
gamoeyenebinaT;

b) qmrisaTvis mziTevad aseve SeiZleboda servitutis, emfiTevzisisa da

superficiumis gadacema; g) qmrisaTvis mziTevad SeiZleboda gadaecaT moTxovna
mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg cesiis an delegaciis saxiT; Tu mevale Tavad qmari iyo,
maSin vali unda epatiebinaT; d) Tu mziTevis sagani iyo raime erTi, mTliani
qoneba, maSin misi Semadgeneli nawilebis mimarT gansxvavebuli garigebebi
gamoiyeneboda; e) Tu mziTevis dadgeniT memkvidreobisagan gandgoma an memkvidreobaze
uari unda gaeTvaliswinebinaT, maSin, amgvari nebis ubralo gamovlinebac kmaroda.

2. mogvianebiT, klasikur periodSi samziTvo dapireba (stipulatio) mziTevis dapirebis

(dotis promissio) an mziTevis daTqmis (dotis dictio) saxiT gaicemoda; iustinianes
samarTaliT mziTevis daTqma (dotis dictio) gauqmda, samagierod, dadginda
araformaluri xelSekruleba.

3. saanderZo danakisri. legati colisaTvis imis gansazRvriT, rom gasces

uarnaTqvami qoneba mziTevad, ar iqneba mziTevis dadgena, aramed mxolod sababi mis
dasadgenad.

digestebis Tanaxmad, mziTevis dadgenis ramdenime saSualeba arsebobda: dos aut datur
aut dicitur aut promittitur Ulp. Reg., 6,1], anu dotis promissio, dotis dictio da dotis datio.

Dotis promissio (igive stipulatio dotis), stipulaciuri formiT qmrisaTvis mziTevis

dapireba.

Dotis dictio _ es iyo calmxrivi sityvieri valdebulebis gansakuTrebuli forma,

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romliTac ganmcxadebeli saqmros winaSe kisrulobda valdebulebas Semdegi
formulis warmoTqmiT _ mziTevad gadmogecema (dotis tibi erunt) _ da samziTvo
obieqtebs asaxelebda. es forma nebadarTuli iyo patarZlisaTvis, misi mamasaxlisisa
da mevalisaTvis, vinc uSualod saqmrosaTvis valis gadaxdis _ delegatio solvendi _
pirobas debda. amgvari SeTanxmeba qorwinebis dadebis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

Dotis datio realuri SeTanxmeba iyo. Tu qorwineba ar moxdeboda, maSin qmars condictio
ob rem dati causa non secuta-iT pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda. Tu gadacema (datio)
mancipaciiT an uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio) xdeboda, mziTevad dasaxelebuli
nivTebi qmars dauyovnebliv gadaecemoda. gadacemis (traditio), rogorc kazualuri
garigebis, realur Sedegs, qorwineba ganpirobebda: Tu qorwineba ar Sedgeboda, maSin
mziTevi rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT ukan gamoiTxoveboda.

isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mziTevad gaRebuli Secvladi nivTebi Tanabari odenobiTa
da saTanado xarisxiT dabrunebas eqvemdebareboda. digestebSi gaiusi sagangebod
aRniSnavs: `Res in dotem datae, quae pondere numero mensura constant, mariti periculo sunt, quia in hoc
dantur, ut eas maritus ad arbitrium suum distrahat et quandoquo soluto matrimonio eiusdem generis et qualitatis
alias restituat vel ipse vel heres eius _ mziTevad micemuli is nivTebi, romlebic woniT,
raodenobiTa da zomiT ganisazRvreba, qmris risks warmoadgens, radgan maT im mizniT
aZleven, rom qmarma isini Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr gankargos da ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi Tavad an misma memkvidreebma imave saxisa da Tvisebebis (xarisxis) sxva
nivTebi daabrunos.~ (D.23.3.42)

xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli qmris daintereseba imiT, rom
mziTevad gacemuli nivTebi _ gansakuTrebiT ki pirutyvi an tansacmeli _ ar
Sefasebuliyo, aRniSnuli nivTebis mziTevad gacemisas qmris gansakuTrebuli
sifrTxile imiT aixsneboda, rom, ganqorwinebis albaTobis SemTxvevaSi, mas zedmeti
xarji da maTze pasuxismgebloba ar dakisreboda. amis Taobaze ulpianec sagangebod
miuTiTebs digestebSi: `umravles SemTxvevaSi qmrisaTvis mniSvneloba aqvs imas, rom
[mziTevad micemuli] nivTebi ar iqnes Sefasebuli, raTa am nivTebis [dakargvis,
dazianebis] riski masze ar gavrceldes. gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac igi mziTevad
pirutyvs an im tansacmels iRebs, romelsac coli xmarobs. vinaidan, Tu nivTebi (e.i.
tansacmeli) Sefasebulia, da Tu colma is gacviTa, ise xdeba, rom qmarma [mziTevis
dabrunebis SemTxvevaSi] [tansacmlis] fasi mainc unda warmoadginos. da ramdenadac
mziTevad Seufasebel nivTebs iZlevian, amdenad maTi gaumjobesebac da gauaresebac
colis [angariSSi] iTvleba~.

Zvel romSi Sefasebuli nivTebi mziTevis gansakuTrebul saxes warmoadgenda da maT

Sefasebul samziTvo nivTebs (dos aestimata) uwodebdnen. mziTevis Sefaseba ori
mosazrebiT xdeboda: 1. daedginaT is maqsimaluri Rirebuleba (taxationis causa),
romlis farglebSic qmars, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevi unda daebrunebina da
2. ganesazRvraT gasayidi fasi (venditionis causa), anu fuliT SeefasebinaT im
SemTxvevisaTvis, Tu qmari colis mevale iyo.

romauli kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, mziTevad gaRebuli nivTidan yovelgvari namati –

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pirutyvis, monis, produqtis Tu sxva sargeblis saxiT – qmris qonebas erwymoda.
sizustis moyvarul romaelebs yoveli aseTi SemTxveva kanoniT hqondaT
regulirebuli. ase magaliTad, digestebSi araerTgzisaa aRniSnuli Semdegi: `magram
[mziTevad micemuli] pirutyvis namati qmars ekuTvnis...~ aseve: `Tu qorwinebamde
mziTevad micemuli mona aseve qorwinebamde naCuqrobiT an legatiT rames SeiZens,
mziTevi gaizrdeba iseve rogorc izrdeba nayofiT is miwis nakveTi, romelic [qmars]
qorwinebamde gadaeca.~ `Tu [mziTevad micemul] monebs bavSvebi gauCndaT es [bavSvebi]
qmris mogeba ar aris.~

mogvianebiT, roca qaliSvilis gamziTveba dedasac daevala, mas garkveuli moZravi

qonebis gadacema SeeZlo. amis Taobaze digestebSi vkiTxulobT Semdegs: `Tu dedam
[Tavis] qaliSvils sargeblobis uflebiT oqrouloba gadasca, mamam ki es
oqrouloba momaval qmars mziTvad misca...~

romaelebi gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT ekidebodnen im SemTxvevebs, rodesac `cols

mziTevSi miwis nakveTi hqonda...~. digestebis Tanaxmad: `Tu mama keTilsindisierad
nayid miwis nakveTs mziTevad gascems, maSin es [mziTevi] Tavad misgan warmoqmnil
mziTevad ganixileba.~

faqtobrivad, mziTevad gaRebuli miwis nakveTi saxelmwifo zrunvis gansakuTrebul

sagans Seadgenda. swored amitom, qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi samziTvo miwis nakveTebis
gasxvisebis wess saxelmwifo aregulirebda. Tavdapirvelad, qmars samziTvo miwis
nakveTis gasxvisebis sruli ufleba hqonda. mogvianebiT ki, samziTvo miwis nakveTTan
dakavSirebiT qmris aRniSnuli ufleba mniSvnelovnad SeizRuda, xolo lex Iulia de
fundo dotali-s Tanaxmad, samziTvo miwis nakveTebis gasxviseba saerTod aikrZala. amis
Taobaze digestebSi pavlusi sagangebod aRniSnavs: `xolo miwis nakveTis gasxviseba
arc erT SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba, rodesac qals (cols) samziTvo sarCeli ekuTvnis
an aucilebelad unda miekuTvnos.~

mziTevad gaRebuli fulis Taobaze sagangebodaa aRniSnuli iustinianes digestebSi.

ase magaliTad, `...romelmac qmars mziTvad fuli gadasca~ an kidev `Tu vinmem mamas
gansazRvruli Tanxa aCuqa, raTa mamas es qaliSvilisaTvis (mziTvad) mieca, maSin,
rogorc amas „digestebis“ meCvidmete wignSi iuliane wers, ar iqneba „profeqticia“…es
mziTevi aris „adventicia“.

xSiri iyo iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac samziTvo nivTi fuliT icvleboda an piruku.

`Cven vambobT, rom qorwinebis arsebobis dros mziTvis Secvla [im SemTxvevaSi]
SeiZleba, Tu es qalisaTvis sasargebloa, Tu [magaliTad], fuli icvleba nivTiT, an
nivTi – fuliT. da es [wesi] miRebulia.~

garda amisa, mziTevad aramaterialuri qonebrivi sikeTec gaicemoda. romSi aseTad

miCneuli iyo, magaliTad, legati anu `rodesac mama [Tavisi] qaliSvilisaTvis [qmars]
mziTevs hpirdeba da [Semdeg] am mziTevs legatis saxiT tovebs...~, an aseTi saxis
dapireba: `rodesac [movale valis sanacvlod] mziTevis dapirebas iZleva, misi
saxeliT valdebuleba am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT daniSnul fideiusors ekisreba.~

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romSi arsebobda mziTevis gansakuTrebuli saxe e.w. parapherna. termini parapherna
berZnuli warmoSobis sityvaa da niSnavs „garda mziTevisa“ anu igulisxmeba
gaTxovili qalis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba. mziTvis es saxeoba mogvianebiT
qmris xelisuflebis gareSe (sine manu mariti) qorwinebis dros Seiqmna da mas, rogorc
qonebis kerZo saxes, gaTxovili qali Tavisuflad gankargavda. romis samarTalSi
parapherna-s sinonimebad m. bartoSeki bona recepticia-sa da res extra dotem-s miiCnevs da
wers: `ceterum si res dentur in ea, quae Graeci paraferua dicunt quaeque Galli peculium appellant… _
amrigad, Tu [mziTevad] aZleven im nivTebs, romlebsac berZnebi `paraferna~-s (paraferua)
uwodeben, xolo galebi – `pekulium~-s...~ (D.23.3.9.3)

Pecullium-is, rogorc qonebis saxiT, wvrilfexa saqonlis jogi moiazreboda;

mogvianebiT pecullium-ad miiCneoda nebismieri saxis qoneba, romelsac meurneobis
gaZRolis mizniT ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) gadascemda pirs, romelic alieni iuris
iyo da romelsac amis Semdeg meurneobis damoukideblad marTva SeeZlo.

qalis mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT, romaelma iuristebma SeimuSaves

samarTlis normaTa mTeli sistema, romlis mixedviTac Zalze kargad iqna
damuSavebuli mziTevis institutis arsi rogorc qorwinebis periodSi, ise
qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi. mogvianebiT, samarTlis normaTa aRniSnul
sistemas romis samziTvo samarTali ewoda. swored mis ZiriTad debulebebzea
efuZneba Tanamedrove evropis mravali qveynis (safrangeTi, belgia, italia da a.S.)
samziTvo samarTali.

Tavis mxriv, i. baroni aRniSnavs, rom amgvari saxeldeba Seuferebelia; marTebuli

iqneba, Tu vityviT `qonebis gayofis sistema~.

amrigad, moxmobili iuridiuli da istoriuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, naTlad

dasturdeba is faqti, Tu iuristebis mier raoden zustad iyo gansazRvruli da
regulirebuli mziTevis, rogorc kerZo sakuTrebis erT-erTi saxeobis, raoba da
sagani romis samarTalSi.

$5. Svileba (adoptio)

Adrogatio (Svileba); adoptio (Svileba); filius familia (ojaxis Svili); legitimatio (dakanoneba).

rogorc iustinianes digestebidan irkveva, romSi Svilad ayvanis ori saxe arsebobda:
1. adoptio (araTavisufali piris Svilad ayvana) da 2. adrogatio (Tavisufali piris
Svilad ayvana).

Adoptio niSnavda ojaxis Svilis (filius familia) Svilad ayvanas, xolo adrogatio
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Tavisufali piris Svilebas. gaiusis Tanaxmad, adrogatio-Ti princefsisa da
magistratis nebarTviT mSoblis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebis Svileba xdeboda.

Svilad ayvanis dros aucilebeli iyo ramdenime pirobis dacva. magaliTad, ar

SeiZleboda erTze meti piris, sxvis mier gaazatebulis Svileba, aseve samoc wlamde
asakis pirs an meurves Svilebis ufleba ar hqondaT, akrZaluli iyo, rom asakiT
umcross asakiT ufrosi eSvila, sxvagan myofis an im piris Svileba, vinc Svilebaze
Tanaxma ar iyo. Svilebis dros agnati naTesavebis Tanxmoba aucilebeli ar iyo;
obolis Svilebis dros misi kognati naTesavebis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro, agreTve,
daiSveboda Tavisufali qalis da brma piris Svileba.

Svilebis Zveli forma iyo adrogatio, romlis drosac ojaxis mama sxva ojaxis mamis
xelisuflebaSi gadadioda da misi uflebamosilebac srulad xvdeboda mSvileblis
xelSi.

Svilad ayvana kuriis komiciebSi tardeboda da mTeli Semadgenlobis mier

mtkicdeboda.

Adoptio magistratebis nebarTviT daiSveboda da sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi piris

erTi ojaxidan meoreSi gadasvla gulisxmobda. aRniSnuli procedura
pontifikosebis mier dadgenili wesebis mixedviT tardeboda da mesame pirisaTvis
sammagi mancipaciis principidan momdinareobda.

i. pereterski aRniSnavs, klasikur periodSi Svilad ayvana imperatoris reskriptis

safuZvelze xdeboda. amisaTvis saWiro iyo, rom `mSvilebeli 60 wlis yofiliyo da
sakuTari Svilebi ar hyoloda.~

ukve klasikuri periodis romSi Svilad ayvanis paralelurad moqmedebda dakanoneba

(legitimatio), anu qorwinebis gareSe dabadebuli bavSvisaTvis kanonieri Svilis
uflebebis miniWeba.

$6. qorwinebis Sewyveta (divortium)

Divortium (ganqorwineba ormxrivi nebiT); repudium (ganqorwineba calmxrivi nebiT);

divortium sine causa (usafuZvlo ganqorwineba); antipherna (mziTevis sapirispiro).

istoriulad romis saxelmwifos evoluciis yvela etapze, qorwineba erTi da imave

safuZvliYwydeboda. digestebis 24-e wignSi sagangebodaa miTiTebiuli qorwinebis
Sewyvetis sami kanonieri safuZveli: ganqorwineba, erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvaleba
da erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargva. Tumca, zogierTi teqstis
Tanaxmad, romelTa auTenturoba saeWvoa, dasaSvebad miiCneva qorwinebis SenarCunebas
gaZevevis (interdictio aquae et ignis) an gadasaxlebis (deportacio in insulam) SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac piri moqalaqeobas kargavda. mTavari iyo, rom meuRleebs affectio maritali
SeenarCunebiTaT.

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rogorc v. xvostovi aRniSnavs, Tavdapirvelad, romis samarTaliT ganqorwinebis
moTxovnis uflebas mxolod qmars, da isic gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi, eZleoda.
kerZod, Tu coli Caidenda iseT mZime danaSauls, rogoric iyo Svilebis mowamvla,
Rvinis sacavis gasaRebis aslis damzadeba an mruSoba.

plutarqes cnobiT, `romulusma ramdenime kanoni miiRo, romelTagan erTi

gansakuTrebuli simkacriT gamoirCeva, cols ukrZalavda qmris mitovebas, magram
qmars ufleba aZlevda mowamvlaSi, bavSvebis Secvlasa da mruSobaSi mxilebuli
coli gaegdo. Tu vinme [qmari] sxva mizeziT ganqorwindeboda, maSin kanoni mas
avalebda qonebis erTi nawili colisaTvis mieca, xolo meore nawili [qalRmerT]
cererasTvis mieZRvna saCuqrad. xolo colis gamyidveli [qmari] qvesknelis
RmerTebisaTvis unda SeewiraT~...

romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, qorwinebis Sewyveta daiSveboda meuRleTa

urTierTSeTanxmebiT da mas divortium ewodeboda. Tumca, Tavdapirvelad, mxolod
calmxrivad daiSveboda.

ganqorwineba gacxadeba xdeboda am macnis meSveobiT, an werilis gagzavniT, an

qr.Sobamde 18 w. miRebuli avgustusis kanoniT lex Iulia de adulteriis. aRniSnuli kanoni
ganqorwinebas mxolod colis Ralatis SemTxvevaSi iTvaliswinebda; Tu moRalate
colTa qmari Tanacxovreba ganagrZobda, qmars sasjeli emuqreboda. zogjer
ganqorwineba xdeboda obieqturi mizeziTac xdeboda. ase magaliTad, qmris qurumad
gaxdomis, samxedro samsaxuris an mZime daavadebis SemTxvevaSi, normalur viTarebaSi
colqmruli Tanacxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. ganqorwinebis bunebriv safuZvlad
miiCneoda qalis uSvilobac.

romSi zneobis dacemis kvalobaze, gaxSirda ganqorwinebebi araseriozuli mizezebiT.

praqtikaSi damkvidrda cautiones rei uxoriae, romlis Tanaxmadac, ganqorwinebis
SemTxvevaSi, qmari mziTevis ukan dabrunebis valdebulebas kisrulobda. mogvianebiT,
pretorma Tavisi ediqtiT sarCeli actio rei uxoriae cols misca. Tavdapirvelad,
ganqorwinebis, Semdeg qmris gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSic. pretoris mier
daniSnuli mosamarTle (arbiter) sakuTar Tavze iRebda im funqcias, romelsac adre
qmris saojaxo sabWo asrulebda. saqme isaa, rom sasarCelo formula qmars
avaldebulebda colisaTvis mziTevidan mieca is, rac cols samarTlianad
ekuTvnoda. mosamarTle (arbiter) am saqmes cenzoris msgavsad, Tavisi nebis
Tavisufali gadawyvetilebiT (arbitrium) ganixilavda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, sarCelis
ufleba mxolod colis kerZo piradi ufleba iyo.

qorwinebis periodSi colis mziTevad dadgenili rogorc moZravi, ise uZravi qoneba,
qorwinebis Sewyvetis Semdeg, qmris sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, magram Tu qmari
ganqorwinebas sapatio mizezTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi moiTxovda, i. baronis TqmiT,
kanoni mas avaldebulebda Tavisi qonebis erTi naxevari ganqorwinebuli colisaTvis
mieca, xolo meore naxevari miwaTmoqmedebis qalRmerT cererasaTvis Seewira.

mogvianebiT, respublikis periodSi ganqorwineba SesaZlebeli gaxda ormxrivi da

calmxrivi moTxovniT rogorc colis, ise qmris mier. ganqorwinebas ormxrivi nebiT
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divortium-i ewodeboda, xolo calmxrivi nebiT _ repudium-i. (repidium niSnobis
calmxrivad CaSlasac niSnavda). digestebis ormocdameaTe wignSi es ori termini
asea ganmartebuli: `ganqorwinebasa~ da `repudiacias~ Soris is sxvaobaa, rom
`repudiacia~ SesaZlebelia rogorc qorwinebamde, ise mis Semdeg, magram sityviT
`ganqorwineba~ igulisxmeba gaTxovili qali, radgan `ganqorwineba~ niSnavs qonebrivi
kavSiris Sewyvetas meuRleebs Soris, ris Semdegac TiToeul meuRles sruli
ufleba aqvs wavides iq, sadac surs.~ (D.50.16.191)

calmxrivi nebiT ganqorwinebisas moqmedebda mziTevis gankargvis Semdegi wesi: Tu

coli iyo TviTxelisufali piri (persona sui iuris) (imis miuxedavad, mziTevi mamis,
mSoblebisagan miRebuli iyo (profecticia) Tu gareSe, mesame pirisagan miRebuli
(adventicia) da repudiacias iTxovda qmari, es ukanaskneli qorwinebis calmxrivi nebiT
Sewyvetis mizezi iyo, mziTevi mxolod rCeboda cols; Tu coli kvlav mamis
xelisuflebaSi imyofeboda anu persona aliena iuris iyo, maSin mziTevi, misi
warmomavlobis miuxedava (anu profecticia iyo Tu adventicia), repudirebul colsa da
mamamiss rCeboda; Tu ganqorwineba colis iniciativiT an misi saqcieliT xdeboda,
maSin mziTevi qmars rCeboda.

iustinianemdeli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis

SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad mziTevis dabruneba-ardabrunebis pirobis daTqmaze iyo
damokidebuli. aseTi daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mziTevs dos recepticia
ewodeboda da qorwinebis SewyvetisTanave qmars mziTevis dabruneba (aucilebeli
xarjebis gamoklebiT) evaleboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, aRniSnuli daTqmis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi ki mziTevs dos non

recepticia ewodeboda, ris gamoc qmars mziTevis dabruneba ar evaleboda; magram Tu
qorwinebis Sewyveta gamowveuli iyo colis gardacvalebiT, maSin mziTevi _ dos
adventicia _ qmars rCeboda, xolo mziTevi _ dos profecticia _ (Tu misi damdgeni
cocxali aRar iyo) qmars rCeboda, xolo Tu mziTevis damdgeni cocxali iyo, maSin
TiToeul Svilze qmars mziTevis 1/5 wilis gamoqviTva SeeZlo.

imperiis periodSi Zalze gaxSirda qorwinebis Sewyveta rogorc divortium-i, ise

repudium-i. ganqorwineba did zneobriv zians ayenebda saxelmwifos, magram Tu
qorwinebis Sewyveta mainc garduvali iyo, saimperatoro kanoni ganqorwinebisaTvis
seriozul safuZvels iTxovda. Tu ganqorwineba am pirobas ar akmayofilebda, mas
usafuZvlo ganqorwineba anu divortium sine causa ewodeboda da ganqorwinebis
iniciators mkacri qonebrivi sasjeli ekisreboda.

i. baronis Tanaxmad, amiTve iyo ganpirobebuli iustinianes mier gatarebuli

RonisZiebebic. kerZod, imperatoris gankargulebiT ganqorwineba ormxrivi
SeTanxmebiT (divortium communi consensu) aikrZala; gamonaklisi iyo is SemTxveva,
rodesac, xorcieli siyvarulisagan TavSekavebis mizniT, meuRleebi sakuTari
surviliT Sordebodnen erTmaneTs; magram Tu am pirobas meuRleTagan romelime
daarRvevda, mas mTeli qoneba Svilebis sasargeblod CamoerTmeoda; Svilebis ar
yolis SemTxvevaSi ki qoneba xazinis gankargulebaSi gadadioda.
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erT-erTi meuRlis gardacvalebiT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, mamis mier
dadgenili mziTevi (dos profecticia), kanoniT qmars rCeboda; Tu qorwineba qmris
gardacvalebiT wydeboda, maSin mziTevi mxolod cols, an colsa da mamamiss orives
erTad ubrundeboda. pavlusis Tanaxmad, `Tu mamam misca da SeTanxmeba dado, rom
qorwinebis ganmavlobaSi qaliSvilis sikvdilis SemTxvevaSi mziTevi qmars rCeba,
maSin, Cemi azriT, SeTanxmeba daculi unda iqnes, Tundac bavSvebi ar arsebobdnen~.

aseTi gaxldaT qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi romaeli xalxis sxvadasxvagvari

dadgenileba mziTevis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT. mziTevze qmris uflebebi Tavad
samziTvo sagnis raobaze da mxareTa nebaze iyo damokidebuli.

yvelaze xSirad qmars sakuTrebaSi sxeulebrivi nivTebi eZleoda da imavdroulad,

samziTvo saganTan dakavSirebiT, misi uflebebi ganisazRvreboda.

imperiis meore naxevarSi mziTevis (dos) paralelurad axali instituti saqorwino

saCuqari (donatio propter nuptias) damkvidrda. ase ewoda manamde arsebul qorwinebis
Semdgom saCuqars (donatio ante nuptias). qmari an mis magier sxva (kanoniT aseTi ram
mamas ar evaleboda) piri, mziTevis sanacvlod colisaTvis gansazRvruli
raodenobis qonebas (antipherna) adgenda. saqorwino saCuqari (donatio propter nuptias)
mziTevis (dos) tolfasi unda yofiliyo. aseTi samziTvo qonebidan qmris wils coli
winasawar gansazRvravda da qmars im SemTxvevaSi eZleoda, Tu coli qmarze adre
gardaicvleboda; Tavis mxriv, qmaric gansazRvravda samziTvi qonebis wils, romelic
cols im SemTxvevaSi gadaecemoda, Tu qmari masze adre gardaicvleboda.

colis mizeziT ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, igi samziTvo qonebas kargavda. aseve

kargavda ganqorwinebis iniciatori qmari saqorwino saCuqars (donatio propter nuptias).
Tu qorwinebidan meuRleebs Svilebi ar hyavdaT, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis
SemTxvevaSi, kanoniT cols saqorwino saCuqarze (donatio propter nuptias) aranairi
ufleba ar hqonda; Tu qorwinebidan maT hyavdaT Svilebi, maSin qorwinebis Sewyvetis
SemTxvevaSi, coli aRniSnul qonebaze coli uzufruqts iRebda, xolo qonebaze
sakuTrebis uflebas _ SvilebTan erTad inawilebda.

rac Seexeba erT-erTi meuRlis mier Tavisuflebis dakargvis mizeziT qorwinebis

Sewyvetas, (magaliTad, Tu meuRle Cavardeboda tyved da misi bedi _ gardacvlili
iyo Tu cocxali _ ucnobi iyo), xuTi wlis gasvlis Semdeg qorwineba Sewyvetilad
iTvleboda da cols kvlav daqoriwnebis ufleba eZleoda. am SemTxvevaSi, qonebrivi
zaralis anazRaureba meuRleTagan arc erTs ar ekisreboda; Tu gaazatebuli qali
Tavis patronze gaTxovdeboda, maSin mas ganqorwinebis moTxovna ekrZaleboda da
amdenad, arc mziTevis moTxovnis ufleba hqonda.

qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi, ZiriTadad aseTi gaxldaT is sxvadasxvagvari

dadgenileba, riTac romaeli xalxi xelmZRvanelobda.

$7. ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias)

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Ius vitae necis (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba); potestas (mamasaxlisis
et
xelisufleba); emancipatio (mamis xelisuflebidan gaTavisufleba); patria potestas (mamis
xelisufleba).

romis samarTali erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebda pirTa or kategorias: araxelqveiT

(sui iuris) da xelqveiT (aliena iuris) pirebs. Zvel romSi mTeli samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
wyoba pirTa aRniSnul dayofas efuZneboda.

romauli ojaxis saTaveSi idga ojaxis ufrosi, mamasaxlisi, romelsac romaelebi

paterfamilias-s uwodebdnen. mis daqvemdebarebaSi Sedioda yvela alieni iuris piri: coli
(romelsac qaliSvilis mdgomareoba hqonda _ loco filiae), vaJiSvilebi da maTi colebi,
romlebic qmris xelisuflebaSi iyvnen (isini SviliSvilis statusiT sargeblodbnen
loco nuptis), qaliSvilebi da monebi. Tavdapirvelad, ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba
SeuzRudavi iyo da colze, Svilebze, monebze Tu nivTebze erTnair xelisuflebas
(manus) axorcielebda; droTa ganmavlobaSi mamasaxlisis xelisufleba (potestas)
daixvewa da ramdenime ZiriTadi saxe gamoikveTa. 1. xelisufleba colze (manus); 2.
xelisufleba Svilebze (patria potestas); 3. xelisufleba monebze (dominica potestas).
Sesabamisad, TandaTanobiT, aRniSnulma xelisuflebam, diferenciaciis Sedegad,
gansxvavebuli saxeldebebi miiRo: manus mariti (xelisufleba colze), patria potestas
(xelisufleba Svilze), dominica potestas (xelisufleba monebze) da a.S. mogvianebiT,
imperator iustinianes samarTliT mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) xelisufleba SeizRuda.
roca misi, rogorc ojaxis ufrosis uflebamosileba mxolod monebsa da mis
xelqveiT myof Svilebze vrceldeboda.

romaul ojaxSi qveynis umaRles xelisufals ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) cvlida.

misi Zalaufleba sakmaod farTo iyo: igi gankargavda ojaxis mTel qonebas,
ganagebda ojaxis wevrTa beds da a.S.

1. gayidvis ufleba (ius vendendi). ojaxis vaJiSvilis sxva qveynis teritoriaze monad
gayidva. aRniSnuls XII dafis kanonebis Tanaxmad, mesame gayidvis Semdeg Svili mamis
xelisuflebidan Tavisufldeboda; 2. zaralis asanazRaureblad gadacema (ius noxae
dandi). mamas ufleba hqonda xelqveiTi vaJiSvili miyenebuli zaralis
asanazRaureblad gadaeca dazaralebulisaTvis da Tavad zaralis anazraurebis
pasuxismgeblobisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. aRniSnuli ufleba iustinianes
kanonmdeblobiT aikrZala; 3. Cvilis gadagdebis ufleba. klavdiusis epoqaSi
daiSveboda, rom mamas axalSobilze uari eTqva da gadaegdo. es qristianTa mxridan
kritikis safuZveli gaxda da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi daiSveboda, Tu Cvili maxinji
daibadeboda.

aRniSnuli Zalaufleba imdenad didi iyo, rom mas ojaxis wevris sikvdiliT dasjis
uflebas ki hqonda (sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae et necis). yvelaferi,
rasac Svilebi iZendnen, mamas ekuTvnoda. h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, iuridiuli
TvalsazrisiT, ojaxis mama erTaderTi da SeuzRudavi mesakuTre iyo im qonebisa,
romelsac is da misi xelqveiTni SromiT, memkvidreobiT an raime sxva xelsayreli
SemTxvevis wyalobiT iZendnen.
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aRniSnuli wesis paralelurad sazogadoebaSi arsebobda xalxis erTgvari
Sexeduleba, romelic sagangebod aRniSna iurist pavlusma. am TvalsazrisiT, mTeli
qoneba mamisa da misi Svilebis saerTo qonebad iTvleboda. TavisTavad, iuridiuli
gankargvis wesze aRniSnul Sexedulebas araviTari gavlena ar hqonda (am
SemTxvevaSi, mamis `fiducialuri~ uflebis Sesaxeb saubari iseve umarTebulo iyo,
rogorc qmris fiducialuri sakuTrebis aRiareba colis mziTevze, romelic, xalxis
azriT, colis kuTvnileba iyo. mziTevis (dos) gankargvis wesis Tanadroulad,
arsebobda e.w. naturalisturi mosazrebac, romelic, Tavis mxriv, pozitiuri
samarTlis ganmartebis safuZveli SeiZleba gamxdariyo).

iustinianes samarTlis mixedviT, mama da Svilebi iZendnen yovelive imas, rac maT
xelSi a parte an ex re partis ar gadadioda. srulwlovanebis Semdeg, mamis xelqveiT
Svilebs SeeZloT sakuTar Tavze valdebulebebis damoukideblad miReba.

klasikur periodSi xelqveiTi Svilebis winaaRmdeg saCivris aRZvra da valauvalobis

gamo maTi dasja SeiZleboda. amasTan dakavSirebiT ismis kiTxva, SeiZleboda ki
realurad am daTqmis ganxorcieleba, radgam xelqveiTi Svilebs qoneba ar gaaCndaT.
SC Macedonianum-is Tanaxmad, xelqveiT Svils sesxis rom aeRo, mas mamis Tanxmoba
esaWiroeboda.

m. bartoSeki termins patria potestas Semdegnairad ganmartavs: ojaxis ufrosis

samisdReSio da absoluturi xelisufleba rogorc sisxlismier, ise ayvanil
Svilebze, maTi asakis miuxedavad.

romaeli iuristebi mamis xelisuflebas romis moqalaqeTa wminda erovnul

instituts _ ius proprium civium Romanorum-s uwodebdnen. germaneli mecnieri e.
Staermani ambobs, rom `is rkiniseburi disciplina da saxlis uflis Zalaufleba,
rac arsebobda familias-Si, saerTod iSviaTobas warmoadgenda msoflio istoriaSi.
romaeli didkacis ojaxi, garda jalabobisa, Sedgeboda monebisa da
mosamsaxureebisagan. . . . aseve laTinuri familia niSnavda ojaxs, jalabsa, da
nawilobriv, gvarsac.

iustinianes instituciebSi naTqvamia: ` Ius autem potestas, quod in liberos habemus, proprium est
ciuium Romanuorum: nulli enim alii sunt homines, qui talem in liberos habeant potestatem, qualem nos
habemus _ mamis xelisufleba, romelic bavSvebze gvaqvs, mxolod romaeli
moqalaqeebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli; rameTu ar arsebobs sxva xalxi, romelsac
iseTive xelisufleba hqondes Svilebze, rogoric Cven, romaelebs gvaqvs~.

ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias) SeiZleba yofiliyo ojaxis mamrobiTi sqesis aRmavali

xazis asakiT uxucesi wevri, romelic romauli ojaxis erTaderTi TviTxelisufali
(persona sui iuris) iyo, romlis gardacvalebis Semdeg misi vaJebi, (manamde paterfamilias-is
daqvemdebarebaSi myofni) paterfamiliae-s Tavad xdebodnen.

Tavdapirvelad, paterfamilias-is TiTqmis absoluturi Zalaufleba ojaxis yvela wevrsa

da mTel saojaxo qonebaze upirobod vrceldeboda. sicocxlis ganmavlobaSi igi
mxolod Cveulebisa (regimen morum) da zneobis (leges regiae) normebiT izRudeboda.
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mogvianebiT kanoniTac da cxovrebis wesiTac mamis Zalaufleba Sesustda.

ojaxis yvela Tavisufali wevri ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas

eqvemdebareboda, xolo colis daqvemdebareba ormagi xasiaTisa iyo; erTi mxriv, igi
qmris xelisuflebas (manus mariti), meore mxriv ki, ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias)
xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda.

amgvari xelisuflebis arsi Tavad misi bunebiT aixsneboda da ojaxis ufrosis

pasuxismgeblobas ukavSirdeboda, raTa mas modgmis gagrZeleba uzrunveleyo.

mamis xelisuflebis warmoiSoboda: 1. kanonier qorwinebaSi myof meuRleTa

vaJiSvilis an qaliSvilis dabadebiT; 2. dakanonebiT; 3. SvilebiT.

mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) absoluturi xelisuflebis (patria potestas) ramdenime saxe

arsebobda: 1. piris sicocxlisa da sikvdilis ufleba (ius vitae ac necis) mamasaxlisis
umTavresi ufleba iyo, romelic man klasikur periodamde SeinarCuna. aRniSnuli
ufleba Zalze ulmobeli ufleba iyo; es ufleba dionise halikarnaselis Tanaxmad,
`sxva Zveli xalxebis mier tiranulad iyo miCneuli~. romaelebis am uflebis
realurad gamoyenebisaTvis aucilebelad miiCnevdne saojaxo sabWos (iudicium
domesticum) mowvevas. cenzors ufleba hqonda Careuli mamis gadawyvetilebaSi. ojaxis
ufrosisadmi daqvemdebarebul pirTa sasikvdilod gameteba uSualod misi funqcia
iyo da sajaro xelisuflebas exeba, roca ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias)
daqvemdebarebul pirs sjida, am dros mas disciplinaruli mosazrebebi amoZravebda.

konstantines dros mamasaxlisis zemoxsenebuli ufleba (vitae necisque potestas)

SeizRuda; 395 wlidan ki mas TviTneburad umizezod daqvemdebarebuli pirebis
sikvdiliT dasja aekrZala. mkacri RonisZiebebis gamoyeneba mas aekrZala. Vitae
necisque potestas akrZalva iustinianes kodeqsiT dasturdeba.

ojaxis mamas (paterfamilias) ufleba hqonda axalSobili Svilad ar eRiarebina.

saerTod, ojaxis wevrad da mamis ZalauflebaSi myof pirad mxolod mamasaxlisis
mier aRiarebuli Svilis xdeboda. sxva SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, aSkara simaxinjisas)
bavSvs Tavidan icilebdnen _ expositio filii. rogorc XII dafis kanonebisa da ciceronis
Tanaxmad, ...“cito necatus tamquam ex XII tabulis insignis ad deformitatem puer _ rogorc XII dafis
kanonebidan Cans, Cvils, romelic gamoirCeoda gansakuTrebuli simaxijniT, aseve
iolad gamoasalmebdnen sicocxles.~ Tavdapirvelad, mamasaxlisis aRniSnul
uflebas mezoblebi da naTesavebi akontrolebdnen.

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebi ojaxis ufross SeeZlo zaralis anazRaurebis an

ubralod, muSa xelis gaqiravebis mizniT, mesame pirebisaTvis mancipaciiT gadaeca
(mancipio dare). es praqtika romSi odiTganve iyo cnobili. dionise halikarnaselis
gadmogvcemiT, romulusma miiRo kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, `romaelma
kanonmdebelma... neba darTo mamas vaJiSvili ise gaeyida, rom yuradRebas ar aqcevda
imas, Tu romelime mama arajansaR da miT ufro damamZimebeli an bunebiT miuRebeli
gadawyvetilebis miRebaSi eWvmitanili iqneboda... igi mamas nebas rTavda vaJiSvilis
samgzis gayidviT gamdidrebuliyo; amiT mamas gacilebiT ufro didi Zalaufleba
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eniWeboda, vidre batons monasTan mimarTebaSi... magram samgzis gayidvis Semdeg
vaJiSvili Tavisufldeboda mamis Zalauflebisagan/~ aRniSnuli norma mocemulia XII
dafis kanonebSi ` Si pater filium ter venum du[it], filius a petre liber esto _ Tu mama samjer
gayidis Svils, Svili mamisagan Tavisufali iyos.~

dionise halikarnaselis cnobiT, romelic romis meore reqs numa pompiliuss

periods ekuTvnis, ambobs: `Tu mama vaJiSvils nebas darTavs moiyvanos coli,
romelic wminda saqmeebisa da qonebis monawile gaxda, kanonis Tanaxmad, mamas ar
eqneba ufleba gayidos vaJiSvili~.

XII dafis kanonebis interpretaciis safuZvelze pontifikosebma dadgines, rom

kanonSi, romelSic mocemulia sityva `filius” mamrobiTi sqesis xelqveiTi pirebi
igulisxmebian, da ara daRmavali xazis calkeuli pirebi da qalebi, romlebic
paterfamilias xelisuflebisgan erTjeradi mancipaciiT Tavisufldebodnen.

rogorc wyaroebidan irkveeva, romSi daiSveboda vaJiSvilis mancipireba; rac Seexeba

qaliSvils, erTgvarad, rCevis saxiT, kanonmdebeli acxadebda, rom jobda
qaliSvilis mancipaciisagan ojaxis ufross Tavis Seekavebina, raTa momavalSi misi
gaTxoveba ar gaZneleboda.

amrigad, praqtikulad ojaxis ufrosis mier mancipaciis gamoyeneba postklasikuri

periodis wyaroebSi noxae dedilio aRar ixsenieboda, xolo iustinianes instituciebiT
igi gauqmebulad cxaddeboda.

kanoniT pontifikosebma daaregulires mamis xelisuflebidan samjeradi mancipaciis

gziT, Tavdaxsnili Svilebis saboloo ganTavisufleba emancipatio-Ti. emancipacia iyo
winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, Svilebis an SviliSvilebis gaTavisufleba mamis
xelisuflebidan. vaJiSvilis SemxvevaSi, emancipacia samjer gamoiyeneboda,
qaliSvilis mimarT mxolod erTxel. vaJiSvilis mesame emancipaciis Semdeg, ndobis
aRWurvili piris mier mamisaTvis Svilis dabrunebis Sedegad, mama parens manumissor-i
(Svils an SviliSvils Tavis xelisuflebidan ganmaTavisuflebeli mSobeli)
xdeboda. emancipaciis Sedegad, emancipirebuli piri sui iuris xdeboda, magram mis
Svilebze emancipatio ar vrceldeboda. kanonis Tanaxmad, emancipacias qonebis
danawevreba ar unda gamoewvia, Sesabamisad, igi mxolod erT vaJiSvilze
vrceldeboda. aqedan gamomdinare, mama cdilobda, rom emancipaciis meSveobiT sxva
SvilebisaTvis damoukideblad arsebobis pirobebis Seeqmna (ZiriTadad, maTTvis
pekuliumis micemiT).

konstantines periodidan moyolebuli, Svilebis umadurobis SemTxvevaSi, mamas

SeeZlo uari eTqva Svilebis emancripacioze. qr.Sobis VI saukunidan, imperatoris
reskriptiT (e. Anastasiana) armyofi Svilebis mimarT emancipaciis gamartivebuli
forma an saTanado organoebSi registrirebuli mamis ubralo gancxadeba (e.
Iustiniana) gamoiyeneboda. CveulebiTi samarTliT, vaJiSvilis mier sakuTari
meurneobis Seqmna am qaliSvilis gaTxoveba (e. Saxonica, e. iuris germanici) mamis
xelisuflebis Sewyvetis erT-erTi forma iyo.

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Emancipatio iyo winaswari SeTanxmebis safuZvelze nacnobisaTvis daqvemdebarebuli
piris gadacema, romelic kanoniT, mas aTavisuflebda (manumissio vindicta). pirveli da
meore mancipaciis Semdeg, mancipirebuli piri kvlav mamasaxlisis xelisuflebaSi
brundeboda. mesame mancipaciis Semdeg vaJiSvilsa da mamas Soris urTierToba in causa
mancipi-s efuZneboda. manumisiis Sedegad vaJiSvli Tavisufldeboda mamis
xelisuflebisagan, xdeboda persona sui iuris da mSobel mamasTan kvazipatronatis
urTierTobaSi imyofeboda.

postklasikur periodSi emancipaciis aRniSnuli forma mniSvnelovnad gamartivda:

dasavleT romis imperiaSi arsebuli wesis Tanaxmad, kuriis winaSe, Svidi mowmis
TandaswrebiT, mamam acxadebda vaJis gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb, xolo aRmosavleT
romis imperiaSi imperatoris reskripti gamoicemoda, vidre 531 wels es arafris
mTqmeli da miuRebeli rTuli wesi imperatorma iustinianem sabolood ar gaauqma da
Sesabamis Tanamdebobis pirebTan gancxadebis gakeTeba sakmarisad scno.

ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) daqvemdebarebaSi myofi pirebis gafarToebuli

uflebaunarianoba da cognatio-si agnatio-ze damkvidrebuli primati mamis
xelisuflebidan gaTavisuflebis mniSvnelobas amcirebda, rac, praqtikulad,
aRniSnuli aqtis arss cvlida. postklasikur periodSi damkvidrebuli principis
Tanaxmad, mancipirebulis piris Tanxmobis gareSe misi gaTavisufleba ar daiSveboda.

amrigad, Zvel romSi mamis xelisuflebis Sewyvetas Semdegi safuZvlebi

ganapirobebda:

1. ojaxis ufrosis gardacvaleba. Tu mis xelisuflebaSi Svili da SviliSvili iyo,

maSin mamis xelisufleba SvilTan da ara SviliSvilTan mimarTebaSi wydeboda;
2. daqvemdebarebuli Svilis gardacvaleba; 3. mamis mier garkveuli saxis danaSaulis
Cadena: bavSvis migdeba, uzneo cxovrebisaken qaliSvilis biZgeba, sisxlisaRreviTi
qorwinebis dadeba; 4. xelqveiTi piris mier garkveuli sasuliero Tu saero wodebis
miReba;

5. emancipacia.

$8. mzrunveloba da meurveoba (tutela et cura)

Tutela (mzrunveloba); cura (meurveoba); tutela mulierum (mzrunveloba qalebze); tutela

impuberum (mzrunveloba bavSvebze); auctoritas (gankargvis Zalaufleba, qmedunarianoba);
fraus (mzakvroba, veragoba); actio tutelae (sarCeli mzrunvelobaze); munus publicum
(sazogadoebrivi valdebuleba); tutela legitima (kanonismieri mzurveloba); tutela
testamentaria (anderZismieri mzruneloba); tutela dativa (mzrunveloba magistratis
gadawyvetilebiT); cura furiosi (meurveoba Wkuasustze); cura prodigi (mzrunveloba
mflangvelze); bonorum interdictio (qonebis marTvis akrZlava).

Zveli romauli samarTliT, saojaxo samarTlis sferos ganekuTvneboda

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mzrunvelobisa da meurveobis institutebi. meurveoba iyo mzrunveloba da
warmomadgenloba, romelic samarTliT uwesdeboda im pirs, romelsac saerTod an
jerovnad ar SeeZlo zrunva sakuTar pirovnebasa Tu qonebaze.

Tutor da curator _ orive am institutiT gulisxmoboda yuradRdeba, mzrunveloba

rogorc pirovnebis, ise qonebis mimarT.

Tutela arasrulwlovnebsa da qalebze (imperiis Sua periodamde) wesdeboda, xolo

cura suliT avadmyofebze, mflangvelebze, mcirewlovnebze, avadmyofebze, zogjer
arasrulwlovnebzec(imperiis periodamde).

aRniSnuli institutebi ganpirobebuli iyo qmedunarianobiT. uflebaunariani pirebi,

romelTa sazogadoebriv urTierTobaSi monawileobisaTvis samarTali
iTvaliswinebda nebis formirebis zogad defeqts, (dakavSirebuls pirovnebis
fiziologiur da fsiqologur TaviseburebebTan) da Sesabamisi gankargvis
SeuZleblobas (auctoritas _ SesaZlebloba, auctor _ iuridiuli qmedebis subieqti);
aseTi piri qmedunariani piris mzurnvelobaSi an meurveobaSi gadadioda, riTac mis
samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis SesaZleblobas xels uwyoda da aRniSnuli
xarvezi aRmoifxvreboda.

fizikuri piris uflebaunarianoba misi dabadebis momentidan warmoiSoboda da

empiriulad dgindeboda. cnobili romaeli iuristis labeonis mimdevrebi fizikuri
piris uflebaunarianobis warmoSobis aucilebel, savaldebulo momentad bavSvis
yvirils (emittere vocem) miiCnevdnen; maSin, rodesac meore skolis warmomadgenelTa
azriT, saamisod sicocxlis nebismieri niSnis gamovlinebac kmaroda. iuridiulad
maxinjis (monstrum, portentum, ostentum, prodigium, debilis) dabadeba mniSvnelovan
movlenad ar miiCneoda. pavlusi wers: `dabadebiT Tavisufal bavSvad ar iTvleba is,
vinc adamianTa modgmis Cveulebrivisagan gansxvavebuli garegnobiT ibadeba,
magaliTad, rodesac qali raRac gonjsa da maxinjs Sobs, magram nayofi, romelsac
sxeulis nawilebi gamravlebuli aqvs, ramdenadme srulyofilad iTvleba da amitom
mas dabadebiT TavisufalTa kategorias miakuTvneben.~ (D.1.5.14)

Tumca, Tu normidan gadaxra (contra formam humani generis) asatani iyo, maSin maxinji
persona-ad ganixileba. ulpiane wers: `SesaZloa daibados kiTxva: Tu qali amqveynad
moavlens maxinjs an dambladacemuls, romelic uCveulo saxis an xmis gamo cxovels
ufro Camohgavs, vidre adamians, CaiTvleba Tu ara igi mSobel dedad? ufro
gonivrulia sakiTxi gadawydes dadebiTad, radgan amis gamo verc mamas
daadanaSauleben da verc dedas, romlebic, TavianTi mxriv, SeZlebisdagvarad,
akmayofilebdnen sakuTar movaleobebs; xolo is, rac moxda, ubeduri SemTxvevis
gamo, amisaTvis pasuxi dedas ar moeTxoveba~. (D.50.16.135.)

marTalia, bavSvis Casaxvis moments misi statusis gasnsazRvris mizniT eqceoda

yuradReba, magram Tavad Canasaxi (conceptus, venter, uter) samarTlis subieqtad ar
miicneoda. Tu nayofis arseboba zogjer adamianis bunebriv arsebobas uTanabrdeboda
(trifoniusis Tanaxmad, `Qui in utero sunt, in toto paene iure civili intellegunrur in rerum natura esse _

146
is, vinc muclad aris, TiTqmis mTeli samoqalaqo samarTliT [ukve] dabadebulad
ganixileba~) (D.1.5.26) an kidev, `fraza: `bavSvi, romelic unda daibados uaxloes
droSi, iTvleba ukve am qveynad arsebulad~ _ sworia, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac sakiTxi exeba am bavSvis uflebebs. sxva SemTxvevaSi igi maSin CaiTvleba
dabadebulad, roca realurad moevlineba am qveyanas~ (D.50.16.231). Tumca, zogjer,
magaliTad, kanonismiT memkvdireobisas, nayofi socialur subieqtad miiCneoda.
fexmZime qalis moTxovniT, samemkvidreo uflebebis dacvis mizniT, pretori muclad
myof bavSvs uniSnavda mzurnvels (curator ventris), romlis funqcia iyo im qonebis
marTva (administractio), romelsac, dabadebis SemTxvevaSi, bavSvi miiRebda. muclad
myofis saxeliT, misive interesebidan gamomdinare, samemkvidreo qonebis
mflobelobaSi SeiZleboda dedis Seeyvanac, Tuki axaldabadebulis memkvidreobaze
anderZis sawinaaRmdegod (bonorum possessio contra tabulas) deda pretenzias acxadebda,
rogorc mxedvelobidan gamorCenili pirveli rigis memkvidre.

h. dernburgis Tanaxmad, markus avreliusis droidan arasrulwlovnebs aiZulebdnen,

rom qonebis ganmkargvelad mzrunveli (curator) moeTxovaT. mTel qonebas mzrunveli
zedamxedvelobda da mas faqtobrivad zaralisagan icavda.

Tavdapirvelad, mzrunvelis daniSvna arasrulwlovanebs qonebis gasxvisebisa da

xelSekrulebiT movaleobebis miRebis SesaZleblobas ar arTmevda; magram Tu isini
zarals ganicdidnen, maSin uwindeburad maT restitucia eZleodaT.

dabolos, mzrunvelobas daqvemdebarebuli arasrulwlovnebi diokletianem sakuTari

qonebis gasxvisebis uflebauunarod gamoacxada. aqedan gamomdinare, qonebaze
xelSekrulebis dadeba maT mxolos im pirobiT SeeZloT, Tu amiT maTi qonebrivi
mdgomareoba ar uaresdeboda.

mcirewlovani persona sui iuris srulwlovanebamde qmeduunaro iyo. amis gamo,

garigebebSi monawileobisaTvis mas meurved zrdasruli mamakaci (tutela impuberum)
eniSneboda, xolo sui iuris qals (asakis miuxedavad) tutela mulierum eniSneboda.

respublikis periodis iuristebis Tanaxmad, aseTi dadgenileba Tavad qalebis

qarafSutobam (levitas animi) ganapiroba.

imisTvis, rom meurveobaSi myof pirs iuridiuli mniSvnelobis raime qmedeba

ganexorcielebina, saWiro iyo meurvis Tanxmoba da mis mier damowmebuli aqti _
auctoritatis interpositio. Auctor (moqmedi piri) anu iuridiuli aqtis damdebi iyo meurve.

srulwovan qals meurve esaWiroeboda anderZis Sesadgenad, res mancipis

gasasxviseblad, uzufruqtis dasadgenad, aseve stipulatio-sa da acceptilatio-s
gansaxorcieleblad, xolo mcirewlovanis SemTxvevaSi, nebismieri aqtis dadeba
valdebulebis dadgenas ukavSirdeboda. mcirewlovanis mier auctoritas (meurvis)
gareSe dadeuli garigeba, rogorc obliogatio naturalis, gvian periods ganekuTvnebas da
marTalia, aseTi garigebis namdvilobas ar uaryofda, magram arc baTlad miiCnevda.

winaklasikur periodSi, Tu qalis meurve ara agnati naTesavi iyo, maSin, mas
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simboluri funqcia hqonda, rameTu igi, Tavisive nebis sapirispirod, SeiZleba
pretors eiZulebina auctoritas (auctor fieri) mieca. gaiusi akritikebda mosazrebas,
romlis Tanaxmadac, qalebi, maTTvis niSandobilivi qarafSutulobis gamo,
aucileblad saWiroebdnen meurves, raTa, mcirewlovanTa msgavsad, isinic ar
moetyuebinaT. realurad ki, qalebi, romelTac meurvis gareSe xeli ar miuwvdebodaT
civilur garigebebze, umal pragmatulad moqmedebdnen. ase magaliTad, liviusis
Tanaxmad, qr.Sobamde II saukuneSi, patronis gardacvalebis Semdeg, gaazatebuli qali
anderZis Sesadgenad magistratebs meurvis dasaniSnad TxovniT mimarTavda.

maSasadame, faqtobrivad, meurvis instituti qmedunarianobis xarvezis

aRmosafxvrelad gamoiyeneboda da ganisazRvreboda formalurad, xolo sameurveo
piris fsiqologiuri aspeqti meorexarisxovani iyo.

meurveobas mcirewlovans, Cvilis, infans da qalis qonebis (bonorum administratio)

mimarT meurve savaldebulo wesiT axorcielebda. am SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis
uflebis gaganawileba xdebdoa: qonebis statikuri da abstraqtuli mesakuTre
sameurveo piri iyo, xolo ganmkargveli da mmarTveli _ meurve. srulwlovanebis
miRwevis Semdeg, sameurveo piri meurveobisagan Tavisufldeba da yovelgvari
formaluri aqtis gareSe, sakuTari qonebis sruli mesakuTre xdeba.

pirovnebis iuridiuli statusis xarvezis Sesavsebad dadgenili meurveoba

winaklasikur periodSi moRvawe servius sulpicius rufusma Semdegnairad gansazRra:
`vis ac potestas in capite libero _ Zala da xelisufleba Tavisufal adamianTan mimarTebaSi~
(D.26,1,1). am formulis iuridiuli arsis Tanaxmad, meurve sameurveo piris (sui iuris)
Tanasworuflebiani iyo. meureobis instituti persona sui iuris-zec vrceldeboda.

Tavdapirvelad, meurveobis safuZveli iyo ndoba (fides) da piradi kavSirebi, rac

samoqalaqo brunvaSi erT mTlian pirad (persona) aRiqmeboda. meurve mflobelobasa
da sakuTrebas iZenda, xolo nivTebs uSualod sameurveo piris interesebidan
gamomdinare asxvisebda; Tu sameurveo piris qonebidan meurve raimes Tavis
sasargeblod SeiZenda, maSin igi analogiaze (actiones, utiles) dafuZnebuli pretoris
sarCeliT sakuTrebis an fulis dabrunebis Sesaxeb pasuxs agebs.

meurvisadmi wayenebuli moTxovnebi uZveles epoqas ganekuTvneba. meurvis mier ndobis

(fides) darRveva saTaves iRebs XII dafis kanonebidan da ius civile-s sferos
ganekuTvneba. `Atque iste dolus malus et legibus erat vindicatus, ut tutela XII tabulis… _ es boroti
ganzraxva eqvemdebareboda sasamarTlo ganxilvas da kanonis safuZvelze, rogorc
meurveoba XII dafis kanonebis mixedviT~.

meurvis mier ndobis (fides) darRveva mzakvrobad (fraus) ganixileba da XII dafis
kanonebiT isjeboda: `Si ... tutores rem pupilli furati sunt, videamus an ea actione, quae proponitur ex lege
XII tabularum adversus tutorem in duplum, singuli in solidum teneantur _ meurveebis mier sameurveod
gadacemul pirTa qonebis gaflanvis SemTxvevaSi, unda dadgindes, dasaSvebia Tu ara
TiToeuli meurvis mimarT cal-calke im sarCelis ormagi odenobiT Setana, romelic
gaTvaliswinebulia XII dafis kanonebSi meurveTa winaaRmdeg~.

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romaeli iuristi ulpiane meurvis pasuxismgeblobis (accusatio suspecti tutoris)
safuZvlad asaxelebs borot ganzraxvas (dolus), rac vlindeboda
arakeTilsindisierebiT, wuwuraqobiT, motyuebiT an misi nivTebis miTvisebiT, rac
sameurveo pirs gamanadgurebel zians ayenebda. (D. 26.10.1.2) terminebis dolus _ boroti
ganzraxva da fraus _ angareba, mzakvroba, paralelurad gamoiyeneboda termini
corrupta fides ndobadakarguli piri.

meurvisaTvis pasuxismgeblobis dakisreba (accusatio suspecti tutoris) xdeba cognitio-s

formiT. Accusatio suspecti tutoris meurvis winaaRmdeg nebismieri piris gancxadebis
safuZvelze sajaro, sisxlissamarTlebrivi saqmis aRZvra. meurve, romelic ganzrax
da TaRliTurad miayenebda zians sameurveo pirs da cognitio-s warmoebaSi misi
brali dadasturdeboda, magistrati meurves arasando pirad (tutor suspectus) acxadebda
da meurveobis uflebas arTemvda (remotio suspecti tutoris), yofili meurve pativayril
pirad (infamia) cxaddeeboda. postklasikur periodSi zemoaRniSnuli wesi
mzrunvelis mimarTac gamoiyeneboda.

savaraudod, arqaul periodSi sasamarTlo procesi legis actio sacramento in personam-is

formiT warimarTeboda. Accusatio suspecti tutoris-i anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis (tutor
testamentarius) mimarT gamoiyeneboda. meurveobis dasrulebis Semdeg, kanonier meurves
(tutor legitimus) boroti qmedebebisaTvis _ piradi gamdidirebis mizniT, sameurveo piris
qonebidan garkveuli wilis miTvisebis SemTxvevaSi _ sarCeliT actio rationibus
distrahendis-iT pasuxi moeTxoveboda. aRniSnuli sarCeli XII dafis kanonebs
efuZneboda. yofili meurve ormagad _ in duplum _ isjeboda. (D.27,3,2,2), meurvis
qmedeba ndobis, erTgulebis (fides) Ralatad miiCneoda da danaSaulis (crimen)
kvalifikacia eZleoda. aqedan gamodinare, arakeTilsindisieri meurve, aRniSnuli
sarCeliT, dasjas eqvemdebareboda.

winaklasikur periodSi dadginda bonae fidei-is erT-erT uZveles sarCelTagani _ actio

tutelae, romliTac meurveobasTan dakavSirebuli yvela SesaZlo zaralis anazRaureba
xdeboda; maT Soris, yofili sameurveo piris mier meurvisaTvis miyenebuli
zaralisac. am SemTxvevaSi, yofili meurve iRebda sarTels actio tutelae contraria
yofili sameurveo piris winaaRmdeg. uZveles princips _ uRalatobasa da pirad
erTgulebas (fides) gamdidrebis survili enacvleboda da sameurveo urTierTobas
ekonomikur xasiaTs sZenda. aseTma damokidebulebam civiluri xasiaTi miiRo da ise
rogorc yvela actiones bonae fidei, actio tutelae-sac in ius concepta formula hqonda.

meurveobis institutisadmi individualuri midgomis damkvidreba, `meurve~ _

`sameurveo~ pirebis urTierTobis tandemad garegnulad meurves warmoaCenda da misi
funqcia sazogadoebriv valdebulebad _ munus publicum _ aRiqmeboda. qr.Sobamde 210
w. atiliusis kanoniT (lex Atila), umeurveod darCenil pirebs, meurves magistrati
uniSnavda. iustinianes dros, magistratis gadawyvetilebiT daniSnuli meurve _ tutor
Atilianus, klasikuri periodis anderZiT daniSnuli meurvis msgavsad, tutor dativus-ad
iwodeboda. aRniSnuli sameurveo urTierTobebi regulirdeboda sarCeliT actio tutelae.

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winaklasikuri periodis iuristebi meurvis daniSvnis ramdenime safuZvels
asaxelebdnen. kvintus muciusi meurveobis xuT saxes ganasxvavebda, servius
sulpiciusi _ sams (1. tutela testamentaria, 2. tutela legitima da 3. tutela dativa), labeoni
mxolod ors (1. tutela impuberum da 2. tutela mulierum). gaiusis Tanaxmad,
meurveobis imdenive gvari iyo (genera), ramdenic saxe (species).

meurveobis uZvelesi forma iyo tutela legitima, romlis Tanaxmadac, ojaxis ufrosis
(paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg arasrulwlovnebi da qalebi sui iuris pirebi
xdebodnen da maT meurved uaxloesi agnati an kognati naTesavi eniSnebodaT.
Tavdapirvelad, qals ar SeeZlo persona sui iuris statusis miReba da amdenad, igi ara
meurveobaSi, aramed axali ojaxis ufrosis xelisuflebaSi (paterfamilias potestas)
gadadioda.

a) meurveobis Sewyvetis safuZvelebi iyo: 1. saerTo safuZveli iyo: sameurveo piri

gardacvleba, srulwlovnobis miRweva, perpsona sui iuris statuss mopoveba, avadmyofi
sameurveo piri gamojanmrTeleba, mflangvelis SemTxvevaSi ki _ misi gamosworeba;
2. meurvis gardacvaleba, meurvis uflebis dakargva (aseT SemTxvevaSi axali meurve
iniSneboda); 3. sameurveo piris gardacvaleba, meurvis uRirsi saqcieli (infamia).

romis samarTalSi, sameurveo insititutis msgavsad, arsebobda erTi institutic,

romelsac axali drois iuristebi protutor-is instituts uwodebdnen. Pro tutore, pro
curatore sameurveo piris qonebas gankargavd, misi aqtebis ganxilvis dros
mxedvelobaSi miiReboda protutor-is damokidebuleba sameurveo pirsa da mesame
pirebTan.

1. sameurveo pirTan mimarTebiT, protutor-i sakuTar Tavs avaldebulebda da uflebebs

iZenda negotiorum gestor-is saxiT; sameurveo pirsa da protutor-s Soris sarCels actio
protutelae directa da contraria ewodeba; 2. mesame pirebTan mimarTebiT, protutor-s sameurveo
pirad gamosvlis uflebamosili ar hqonda; amitom protutor-is mier dadebuli
garigebiT, mesame pirebis mimarT, sameurveo piri valdbuleba ar ekisreboda.
sasamarTlo procesis dros, SecdomaSi Seyvanis Sedegad, mesame pirs SeeZlo
moeTxova in integrum restitutio. Tu protutori saziano (dolo) garigebas dadebda, maSin
mesame pirisaTvis zaralia anazRaureba ekisreboda.; protutoris winaaRmdeg
wardgenil sarCels sagangebo saxeli ar hqonda; es iyo sarCeli actio in factum,
romelsac erTi wliT (anuus utilis) da memkvidreebs pasuxismgebloba ar ekisrebodaT.

serviusis ganmarteba aRniSnuli institutis pirvandel struqturasa da

daniSnulebas asaxavda. arqauli periodis samarTlis Tanaxmad, Tavisufali pirebi
(personae sui iuris), romlebic flobdnen qonebas, magram misi damoukideblad marTva ar
SeeZloT, yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, dacvas saWiroebdnen. aseT pirebad miCneulni
iyvnen: asakis gamo _ arasrulwlovanebi, sqesis gamo _ qalebi, qmeduunarobis gamo _
Wkuasustebi da mflangvelebi. ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) gardacvalebis Semdeg,
arasrulwlovani da qali meurveobas, xolo Wkuasusti da mflangveli, maTi
qmeduunarobis aRiarebisTanave, mzrunvelis meTvalyureobas eqvemdebarebodnen.

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Tavdapirvelad, meurveobas mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) uzanaesi ZalauflebaSi mTeli
saojaxo qonebis TavmoyriT ganapirobebda. misi aryofnis dros aucilebeli iyo sxva
piris daniSvna, im pirTa dasacavad da mfarvelobis gasawevad, visac saojaxo qonebis
marTvis ufleba ar hqonda.

amrigad, meurve iyo anderZiT daniSnuli piri, an axlo naTesavi (agnatus proximus),
romelic memkvidreobis marTvas Tavis Tavze iRebda. rogorc irkveva, Tavdapirvelad,
sameurveo piris qoneba ojaxSi iyo da meurvis mier, sakuTari qonebis msgavsad,
imarTeboda. XII dafis kanonebiT, sameurveo piris qonebis mimTvisebeli meurvis
winaaRmdeg sarCeli gaicemoba.

rodesac agnaturi ojaxis uwindeli raoba daikarga, meurveobam da mzrunvelobam

sameurveo piris dacviTi xasiaTi SeiZina da sazogadoebrivi movaleobad
ganixileboda; qalebze meurveobis gauqmebis Semdeg, ori instituti _ meurveoba da
mzrunveloba _ sabolood Seerwya erTmaneTs.

Tavi VII. Zveli romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali

Mortis causa (gardacvalebis momenti); de cuius (mamkvidrebeli); successio (monacvleoba);

successio legitima (universaluri monacveloba kanonis ZaliT); successio per universitatem,
successio in universum ius (universaluri monacvleoba); successio in singulas res (singularuli
monacvleoba).

samarTlis subieqtis gardacvalebis Semdeg, misi qoneba memkvidreobiTi samarTliT

regulirdeboda. samarTlis am dargis ZiriTadi cnebiT igulisxmeboda piris
sikvdilis Semdeg (mortis causa), misi samarTlebrivi viTarebis sxva piriT (de cuius)
monacvleoba (successio). ganasxvaveben 1. universalur memkvidreobas (successio per
universitatem, in universum ius), roca winamorbedi piris samarTlebrivi viTareba
mTlianad sxva pirze gadadioda da 2. singularul memkvidreobas (successio
singularis, in singulas res), roca memkvidreobis subieqti iZenda mxolod im uflebebis
nawils, romelic manamde mis winamorbeds ekuTvnoda.

$1. kanoniT memkvidreoba

Heres (memkvidre); hereditas (memkvidreoba, samkvidro); hereditatis (mesame pirisaTvis mTeli

samkvidros gadacemis Sesaxeb); bonorum possessio (pretoruli ediqtiT gansazRvruli
samkvidro); legatum (legati) ; fideicommissum (fideikomisi); restitutio universum ius defuncti
(gardacvlili piris erToblivi samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba); sacra familares (saojaxo
religiuri ritualebi); familiam habere (ojaxis ufrosis wodebis miReba); pecunia et bona
(qoneba); ius patroni (patronatuli samarTali);

universalur memkvidreebad (monacvleebad) iTvlebodnen: in manu colis qmari (an

misi ojaxis ufrosi (paterfamilias), mSvilebeli sui iuris (adrogatio-s Sedegad) Svilad
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ayvanilis mimarT.

piris gardacvalebis Semdeg (mortis causa), universaluri memkvidreoba ius honorarium-is

safuZvelze, ius civile-sa da bonorum possessio-is mixedviT xorcieldeboda, rasac
memkvidreoba (hereditas) ewodeboda. Mortis causa-s singularuli memkvidreobis
hipoteziT igulisxmeboda anderZze uari (legatum) da fideikomisebis (fideicommissum)
memkvidrisaTvis mamkvidreblis sando danakisri. periodi, roca fideikomisi
universaluri memkvidreobis saSualebad gamoiyeneboda, (roca mamkvidrebeli
memkvidres akisrebda samkvidros gadacemas mesame pirisaTvis (restitutio hereditatis)
xanmokle droiT grZeldeboda. Mortis causa-s universaluri memkvidreobis obieqti iyo
mamkvidreblis (de cuius) samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba sruli moculobiT;
memkvidreobiT, mxolod mamkvidreblis valdebulebidan warmoSobili wminda, piradi
xasiaTis moTxovnebi da sajarimo sarCelebiT daculi samarTaldarRvevebi (actiones
poenales) ar gadaicemoda.

kerZo samarTliT regulirebul erTobliv obieqts samkvidro masa (universitas,

universum ius) ewodeboda. Tumca romis samarTalSi memkvidreobis cneba ufro vrceli
iyo, vidre gardacvlilis uflebebisa da movaleobebis memkvidreobiT gadasvla; am
cnebiT, aseve, igulisxmeboda iseTi urTierTobebic, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis
obieqti (res in commercii) ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo; (magaliTad, saojaxo wminda
adgilebi da sakulto nagebobebi (sacra familiares).

universaluri urTierToba (civiluri da pretoruli samarTlis safuZvelze)

xorcieldeboda: 1. anderZiT (ex testamento), 2. anderZis gareSe (ab intestato), 3. aseve
(pretoruli samarTliT) anderZis gareSe (bonorum possessio contra tabulas).

anderZis gareSe memkvidreobis miRebis ufleba memkvidreebisaTvis iyo samarTlebrivi

molodini, romelsac mamkvidreblis (de cuius) sicocxleSive mniSvneloba hqonda
mesame pirebisaTvis, upirvelesyovlisa, TviT mamkvidreblisaTvis, romlis nebasac
(gardacvalebis (mortis causa) Semdeg) sakuTari qonebis gankargvasTan dakavSirebiT,
aseTi memkvidreebis uflebebi zRudavda. kerZod, anderZSi mas ar SeeZlo, misdami
uSualod daqvemdebarebuli, memkvidreebis (sui heredes) ugulebelyofa. samkvidros
gaxsnisa da samemkvidreos misaRebad memkvidreebis mowvevis momentidan,
memkvidreobaze ufleba SeZenil samarTlebriv moTxovnad (ius successionis)
ganixileboda.

samkvidros gaxsna (deletio hereditatis) iyo iuridiuli faqti, romliTac memkvidres

samkvidros miReba SeeZlo. iqmneba Taviseburi iuridiuli viTareba, rodesac
mamkvidreblis (de cuius) uflebebs realuri subieqti ar hyavda, Tumca, arsebobda
potenciuri memkvidre (heres), romlis sasargeblod samkvidro ixsneboda.

amrigad, memkvidred mowveva samkvidros gaxsnis erT-erTi aucilebeli piroba iyo. Tu

anderZiT memkvidreebi, samkvidros misaRebad, garkveuli pirobiT moiwveodnen, aseT
SemaTxvevaSi, samkvidro, aRniSnuli pirobebis realizaciis momentidan, gaxsnilad
iTvleboda.
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Ius civile-s Tanaxmad, pirebs, romlebic memkvidreobis miRebis upiratesi uflebiT
sargeblobdnen, anu daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes), erTdroulad
memkvidreobis miRebis uflebac hqondaT da memkvidred yofnis movaleobac:
memkvidreobaze uaris Tqmis ufleba maT ar SeeZloT. amrigad, isini aucilelebl,
savaldebulo memkvidrebad (heredes sui et necessarii) miiCneodnen. es is SemTxveva iyo,
rodesac anderZiT memkvidres memkvidreoba savaldebulo wesiT gadaecemoda.

memkvidreoba garkveuli pirebis sasargeblod ixsneboda. maTi moqmedeba, samkvidros

miRebis mizniT (aditio hereditatis) Semdegs ganapirobebda: mamkvidreblis uflebebi axal
subieqts iZenda, riTac, faqtobrivad, memkvidreobis viTareba amowurulad
iTvleboda. Tanamemkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidros umemkvidrod darCenili wili
sxva memkvidreebze nawildeboda. postklasikur periodSi, gamonaklisis saxiT,
samkvidros transmisia dauSves: anu im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT wlamde asakis (Cvilobis
asaki) memkvidre, samkivdros miRebamde gardaicvleboda, maSin misi samkvidro wilis
miRebis ufleba mamamis gadaecemoda, rasac samkvidros transmisia ewodeboda. sxva
pirisaTvis memkvidreobis uflebis daTmoba magistratis winaSe daTmobis sagangebo
formiTac (in iure cessio hereditatis) SeiZleboda. am SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro (hereditatis),
samemkvidreo uflebis (ius successionis), saxiT gasxvisdeboda da misi SemZeni memkvidre
xdeboda. samkvidros miRebamde, aucilebel memkvidreebsa da anderZiT memkvidreebs,
samkvidros (hereditatis) daTmobis ufleba ar hqondaT.

civiluri samarTliT, memkvidreobis misaRebad memkvidris uflebebi daculi iyo

civiluri sarCeliT (vindicatio hereditatis), romelsac hereditatis petitio ewodeboda.
moTxovna unda Camoyalibebuliyo agere in rem per sponsionem formiT da amis Taobaze
gadawyvetilebas centumvirebis sasamarTlo iRebda, romlis drosac procesi legis
actio sacramento in personam formiT mimdinareobda.

memkvidris uflebebis dacvis problematikam pretoruli memkvidreobis institutis

Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.

qr. Sobamde I saukunis Suaxanebidan, sisxlis naTesaobis (cognatio) mniSvnelobis

zrdis kvalobaze, pretorma samkvidro qonebis mflobelobaSi Seiyvana is pirebic,
visac ius civile-s mixedviT, samkvidro uflebebi ar gaaCnda. pretoris dasmuli
SekiTxvis pasuxad, mosarCeleni pretoruli memkvidreobas uanderZod (quorum
bonorum) iRebdnen interdiqtiT, romliTac sxva, mesame pirebisagan memkvidreobis
gamoTxova SeeZloT. mflobelobis moZiebis (interdicta ad ipiscendae possessionis) aseTi
interdiqti samkvidro qonebis mflobels eZleoda.

samemkvidreo monacvleobis uZvelesi forma, memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe (ab intestato)

iyo, romelic XII dafis kanonebiT regulirdeboda, ris gamoc kanonieri monacvleoba
(successio legitima) ewodeboda.

TavisufladSobil romael moqalaqeebs (ingenui) Soris, Tu ojaxis ufrosis

(paterfamilias) anderZiT, memkvidreoba ar rCebodaT, an Tu anderZi baTili iyo,
samkvidro ixsneboda agnatebis, xolo maTi ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mogvareebis
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(gentiles) sasargeblod.

agnatebs Soris upiratesobiT sargeblobda ojaxis winaparTa sulebTan yvelaze

axlos mdgomi piri (adgnatus proximus). Tavdapirvelad, aseTad moiazreboda imave
Taobis piri rogorc mamkvidrebeli (de cuius) iyo (anu misi Zma), magram mamis statusis
ganmtkicebis kvalobaze, naTesauri kavSiris sawyisad realuri mamasaxlisi
(paterfamilias) (da ara saerTo winapari) miiCneoda, aseTebad ki mamkvidreblis
uaxloesi agnati misive vaJiSvili iyo. Tu ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) mis
daqvemdebarebaSi aravin hyavda da ise gardaicvleboda, rom anderZs ar datovebda,
memkvidreebad sxva agnatebs (familia communi iure) iwvevdnen.

Cuus-isa da adgnatus proximus-is cnebaTa Tanxvedris gamo, pontifikosebma XII dafis

kanonebi, masSi cvlilebis gareSe, ganavrces; Tu mamkvidrebeli anderZSi memkvidred
Tavis daqvemdebarebuls ar ixseniebda, gardacvalebis Semdeg, ojaxis ufrosi misi
vaJiSvili xdeboda.

XII dafis kanonebiT, daRmavali xazis uSualo naTesavebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi,

memkvidris adgils ikavebda mamkvidreblis (de cuius) gverdiTi xazis naTesavi.
naTesaobis siaxlove konkretuli mamkvidreblisgan (de cuius) aiTvleboda. Tu mas
RviZli Zma (meore rigis naTesaoba) hyavda, maSin imave Taobis biZaSvili, rogorc
ufro Soreuli naTesavi (mesame rigis naTesavi) memkvidred ar moiwveoda.

meore rigis naTesavebi (mamkvidreblis gverdiTi agnati naTesavebi), kanonis Tanaxmad,

aucilebeli memkvidreeebi ar iyvnen; amitom memkvidreobis miReba sagangebo aqts
saWiroebda. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom maTTvis memkvidreobis transmisia mainc
ar daiSveboda. Tu mamkvidreblis uaxloesi gverdiTi xazis naTesavi samkvidroze
uars amobobda an ise gardaicvleboda, rom mis sasargeblod gaxsnil samkvidros
miRebas ver moaswrebda, maSin momdevno rigis agnatebi samkvidros misaRebad ar
daiuSvebodnen. armyof memkvidreTa wili danarCenebis wils emateboda, xolo aseT
pirTa ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, samkvidro sxva mogvareebs (gentiles) gadaecemoda.
Tumca, civiluri samarTliT gaTvaliswineuli mesame rigis memkvidreebis (gentiles)
monacvleobis wesi adreve gauqmda da naklebad cnobilia.

amrigad, ius civile mixedviT, anderZis gareSe memkvidreoba agnatur kavSirs efuZneboda
da is pirebi, romelTa mimarTac minimaluri statusuri damcroba (capitis deminutio
minima) ganxorcielda, memkvidreebad ar daiSvebodnen. civiluri samarTlis (ius
strictum) aseTma simkacrem, romelic sisxliTi naTesaobis (cognatio) Sesaxeb
sazogadoebriv azrs ar Seesabameboda, mravali problema warmoSva. amitom, agnaturi
kavSirebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, pretorma uaxloesi naTesavebis memkvidreebad
mowveva dauSva da anderZis gareSe memkvidreTa Svidi rigi daadgina.

memkvidreebis pirvel rigs gardacvlilis rogorc sui Svilebi (liberi), aseve

emancipirebuli RviZli Svilebi ganekuTvnebodnen, aseve isini, vinc, dabadebis Semdeg,
romis moqalaqeoba imperatoris gadawyvetilebiT moipova. gamonakliss warmoadgenda
sxva ojaxSi (familia) Sesuli pirebi (Svilad ayvanili da qalebi in manu). pirveli

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rigis pretoruli memkvidreebi konkurencias uSualod sui heredes uwevdnen, romelTa
upirates uflebas memkvidreobaze ius civile iTvaliswinebda.

memkvidreTa meore rigs legitimi ewodeboda; ius civile-s mixedviT, maTi ufleba agnatebis
memkvidreobis tolfasi iyo

mesame rigis memkvidreebs ganekuTvnebodnen RviZli naTesavebi (cognati) meSvide Taobis

naTesaobamde. Unde cognati-s memkvidreobaze pretenziis gacxadeba sxva ojaxSi
gaSvilebul Svilebsac SeeZloT. Cognatio-s aRiareba qorwinebis kanonierebaze
damokidebuli ar iyo. Svilebs dedis qonebis memkvidreobac SeeZloT da piruku.
Tumca, agnatebTan SedarebiT, maTi memkvidreoba ufro dabali xarisxis iyo.

pretoruli samarTliT memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs ganekuTvnebodnen gaazatebulis

patronis meuRle da misi Svilebi (maT Soris emancipirebulebic). Tavad patrons
gaazatebulis (liberti) memkvidred mowvevis ufleba, agnatobis safuZvelze hqonda da
amiT is mxolod gaazatebulis daqvemdebarebul memkvidreebs (sui heredes) Tu
CammorCeboda.

mexuTe rigis memkvidreobas miekuTvneboda gaazatebulebis (liberti) memkvidreoba

bonorum possessio, romelsac patronis patroni (Tu ki aseTi piri arsebobda) iRebda.

memkvidreebis meeqvse rigs cocxlad darCenili meuRle ganekuTvneboda.

pretoruli memkvidreebis meSvide rigs Seadgendnen patronis naTesavebi, romlebsac

ufleba hqondaT gaazatebulis beiTalman qonebaze.

postklasikur periodSi, ius civile yvela SezRudvis TandaTanobiTi SemsubuqebiT,

kanoniT memkvidreobis miRebis procesi gamartivda. cvlilebebi Seexo im
SezRudvebsac, romlebic pretorul samarTalSi aisaxa da iustinianes samarTliT
sabolood gauqmda adgnatio-s upiratesoba cognatio-s winaSe, xolo mdedrobiTi xazis
naTesavebis memkvidreobiTi uflebebi sabolood gauTanabres mamrobiTi xazis
memkvidreebs. 543 wels 118 noveliT, kanonT memkvidreTa (ab intestato) oTxi rigi
dadginda: memkvidreTa pirvel rigs Svilebi da maTi daRmavali xazis naTesavebi
(naTesaobis rigiTobis miuxedavad) ganekuTvnebodnen, memkvidred wardgenis ufleba
SeuzRudavi iyo; meore rigSi aRmavali xazis naTesavebi (mSoblebi), RviZli da-Zma
(maTi Svilebi) moiazrebodnen. Tavis mxriv, aRmavali xaziT memkvidreoba mamisa da
dedis mxridan naTesaobis mixedviT iyofoda; erT-erTi mSoblis arseboba sxva pirTa
memkvidreobas gamoricxavda. Tu gverdiTi xazis memkvidreebi mSoblebis
konkurentebad gamodiodnen, maSin samkvidro suladobis mixedviT iyofoda;
memkvidreTa mesame rigiT moiazreboda naxevari da-Zma da maTi Svilebi, romelTac,
maTi mSoblebis cocxlad aryofnis SemTxvevaSi, memkvidreebad iwvevdnen; kanoniT
memkvidreTa meoTxe rigs sxva sisxlismieri naTesavebi ganekuTvnebodnen.

$2. anderZiT memkvidreoba (successio testamentaria)

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Ex testamento (anderZiT memkvidreoba); ab intestato (kanoniT memkvidreoba); ius successionis
(samemkvidreo monacvleobis ufleba); delatio hereditatis (samkvidros gaxsna); heres
(memkvidre); sui heredes (xelisuflebaSi myof pirTagan dasaxelebuli memkvidreebi);
hereditatis (samkvidros miReba); transmissio (samkvidros transmisia); in iure cessio hereditatis
(samkvidros cesia); hereditas iacens (`dadebuli~ samkvidro); cretio (samkvidros sazeimo
miReba); pro herede gestio (memkvidris Sesabamisi qmedeba); bonorom possessio sine tabulis
(pretoruli memkvidreoba anderZis gareSe); bonorum possessio contra tabulas (anderZis
sapirispiro pretoruli memkvidreoba); bonorum possessio edictalis (pretoruli
memkvidreoba ediqtis safuZvelze); bonorum possessio decretalis (pretoruli memkvidreoba
dekretiT); successio testmentaria (anderZiT memkvidreoba); testamentum (anderZi); ex heredatio
(samkvidros CamorTmeva); legata (saanderZo danakisri); codex (kodeqsi); codicillii (mcire
kodeqsi); petitio (persecutio) fideicommissi (sarCeli fideikomisis Sesaxeb).

anderZi iyo piris nebis samarTlebrivad dadgenili da sazeimo formiT Sedgenili

gadawyvetileba, romelsac savaldebulo Zala moanderZis gardacvalebis Semdeg
eniWeboda.

anderZis arsi mamkvidreblis (de cuius) monacvlis garkveva iyo. mamkvidreblis

gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi qoneba ara ubdalod sxvisdeboda, aramed is Tavis
magivrad asaxelebda sxva pirs, romelic, misi amqveynad aryofnisas, mas Secvlida.
amiT universaluri da singularuli monacvleoba arsebiTad gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan. samoqalaqo brunvaSi sakuTari poziciis gankargviT, mamkvidrebeli
ara mxolod misi, individualuri nebiT dadgenili, materialuri sagnebis
aRiarebuli mepatrone xdeboda, aramed sruli moculobiT, formalurad
gansazRvruli nebis, warmarTvelic _ anu sakuTari samarTlebrivi usafrTxoebis
subieqturi mxaris mepatronec iyo. individualuri Tavisuflebis aseTi xarisxi,
samarTlis ganviTarebis maRal doneze metyvelebda da subieqtur da formalurad
aRiarebul funqciaTa Soris sxvaobaze mowmobda. romis sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
sxvadasxva etapze, samarTlis subieqtis evolucia samemkvidreo monacvleobis arsisa
da memkvidris funqiaTa evoluciazec aisaxa, razec romauli anderZis istoriuli
formebic metyvelebda. arqaul periodSi, individualuri interesebis wina planze
wamoweva da sakuTari pirovnebis mniSvnelobis damkvidreba, uSualod ukavSirdeboda
Zveli mamasaxlisis (paterfamilias) swrafvas _ ojaxis ufrosoba sakuTari
vaJiSvilisaTvis daetovebina, da amiT, winaprebTan yvelaze axlos mdgomi, sxva
agnati naTesavi Camoecilebina. aseTi survili saxalxod gacxadebas (testamentus)
saWiroebda, rac kuriis wminda krebaze (comitia calata) formalur dadasturebasa da
damowmebas iTxovda. wminda krebaze, romelic weliwadSi orjer moiwveoda, ojaxis
ufross (paterfamilias), daRmavali xazis naTesavebis sasargeblod, gakeTebuli misi
arCevanis obieqturi mizezebi unda daesaxelebina (zustad ise, rogorc Svilad
ayvanis (adrogatio) dros xdeboda). romaeli xalxis sayovelTao azriT,
individualuri nebis aseTi formiT ganzogadeba, saomrad gamzadebuli jaris winaSe
gacxadebuli anderZis (testamentum in procinctu) analogi iyo.

anderZis mesame saxis _ anderZi libraluri ritualis (testamentum per aes et libram) _
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dasadebad saWiro iyo xuTi mowme da mesaswore. aRniSnuli ritualis
gansaxorcieleblad moanderZis is xelqveiTebi (potestas) an misi megobrebi, romlebic
ojaxs (familia) iRebdnen, mowmeebad ar daiSvebodnen, radgan es aqti uSualod
monawile pirTa interesebs exeboda. anderZi iuridiul Zalas iZenda, magram, teqstis
gacxadeba ar daiSveboda. anderZis teqstiani firfitebi erTad ikvreboda da maT
mowmeTa beWdebs artyamdnen. sul iyo Svidi beWedi: xuTi mowmeebis, erTi ojaxis
mimRebis da erTic magistratis. beWedTa am raodenobas iTxovda pretori, raTa
pretoruli samarTliT dacul sabuTs, anderZis forma mieRo. mogvianebiT, sabuTze
xelis mowerac savaldebulo gaxda. msgavsi formiT anderZi klasikur epoqaSi
dgeboda. anderZis mTavar arsobriv elements warmoadgenda memkvidreblis
dasaxeleba (heredis institutio), romelsac gaiusi, mTeli anderZis, dasawyisad da
dasasrulad miiCnevda. Tu memkvidris daniSvnas ar hqonda iuridiuli Zala, anderZi
mTlianad baTilad iTvleboda.

memkvidreis dasaxelebas (heredis institutio) globaluri mniSvneloba hqonda da im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu mamkvidrebeli samkvidros Tundac mcire nawils anderZiT memkvidres
utovebda, ab intestato memkvidreebis moiwveva aRar daiSveboda; garda amisa,
romis samarTalSi damkvidrda cneba `erTxel memkvidre, samudamod memkvidre _ semel
heres, semper heres~, ras Semdeg niSnavda: memkvidre arc rezoluciuri pirobiT da arc
raime vadiT ar iniSneneboda.

romis samarTalma daadgina, rom mamis gardacvalebidan mTvaris aTi Tvis

ganmavlobaSi dabadebuli bavSvi (postumus), mamis memkvidre (de ciuis) xdeboda.

anderZiT moanderZes samkvidrodan calkeuli nivTebis mesame pirebisaTvis gadacemac

SeeZlo. aseT gankargulebas saanderZo danakisri (legatam) ewodeboda. saanderZo
danakisris (legata) mizani legetariumisaTvis mogebis motana da ar memkvidris
mdgomareobis gaeuareseba iyo. Tu saanderZo danakisri (legatum) memkvidris dasja _
(legatum poenae nomine (causa) isaxavda, maSin is baTildeboda. amitom, savsebiT
marTalia modestinusi, romlis Tanaxmadac, `legati aris anderZiT Cuqeba _ legatum est
donatio testamento relicta~ (D.31.36) florentinusis azriT, `legati aris memkvidreobis
Semcireba, riTac moanderZes surs mesame pirs gadasces im qonebis nawili, rasac
memkvidre mTlianad miiRebs _ legatum est delibatio hereditatis, qua testator es eo, quod universum
heredis foret, alicui quid collatum velit~ (D.30,116 pr).

legatis gadacema mxolod memkvidreze SeiZleboda, xolo legatariumisaTvis

dakisrebuli valdebuleba baTilad iTvleboda. legatis ZalaSi Sesvla
ganisazRvreboda heres testamentarius-is sasargeblod, universaluri monacvelobis
ganxorcielebiT. memkvidreobis miRabaze memkvidris nebayoflobiTi uari,
legetariums molodins ucruebda. qr. Sobis II saukunemde moanderZes,
legatebis saxiT, mTeli samkvidros gankargva da memkvidrisaTvis mxolod pasivebis
datoveba SeeZlo. aseTi viTareba kreditorTa uflebebs mZime tvirTad awva da
mamkvidreblis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi (mortis causa), moTxovnaTa mTel brunvas
safrTxeSi agdebda. swored am dros gamoica lex Furia testamentaria, romliTac,

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Tu legatebis Rirebuleba 1 000 ass aRemateboda, legatebis datoveba im pirTa
sasargeblod, romlebic moanderZis meeqvse rigi kognati naTesavebi mainc ar iyvnen,
ikrZaleboda. kanonis gverdis avliT Sedgenili legati Zalas inarCunebda, magram
legatariumi, memvkidris sasargeblod, oTxmagi jarimis gadaxdas eqvemdebareboda.
aRniSnuma kanonma ver gaamarTla. mamkvidrebels SeeZlo gaeca uamravi legati,
romelic mTlianobaSi 1 000 ass ar aRemateboda, magram memkvidres usaxsrod
tovebda.

qr. Sobis 40 w. gamoica lex Falcidia, romliTac dadginda: nebismier SemTxvevaSi,

samkvidro masidan aqtivebis 1/4 mainc _ e.w. falcidiuri meoTxedis wili, memkvidres
unda darCenoda. am kanoniT, legatariumis moTxovnaTa obieqti mxolod legatis
garkveuli nawili iyo.

klasikuri romis samarTlis Tanaxmad, legatebis oTxi saxe arsebobda: 1. Legatum per
vindicationem (vindikaciis meSveobiT); 2. Legatum per damnationem (ganaCenis meSveobiT);
3. Legatum sinendi modo (nebarTvis gziT); 4. Legatum per praeceptionem (gamoyofis
meSveobiT).

legatebis uZvelesi saxis legatum per vindicationem meSveobiT, mamkvidreblis

gankargulebiT, legetariumis sakuTrebaSi samkvidros nawili gadadioda; legatum per
damnationem-iT, legatariumis sasargeblod, mamkvidrebeli memkvidres, uSualod,
anderZiT avalebda garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacemas (dare) an raime qmedebis
Sesrulebas (facere, non facere). pirvel SemTxvevaSi legatis obieqti SeiZleba
yofiliyo mxolod is nivTi, romelic, kvirituli samarTliT, gardacvalebamde
mamkvidrebels ekuTvnoda. uSualod am nivTze legatariumi sakuTrebas srulad im
momentSi iZenda, roca memkvidre samkvidros miiRebda da memkvidris winaaRmdeg
savindikacio sarCelis Setanac (Tu legatis moculobiT falcidiuri meoTxedis
wesi irRveoda, legatis nawili vindikacias eqvemdebareboda) SesaZlebeli iyo.
Legatum sinendi modo-sac valdebulebiTi Sedegi hqonda; moanderZis brZanebiT,
memkvidres, legatariumisaTvis mikuTvnebuli garkveuli nivTis waRebis neba eZleoda.
legatariumis uflebebi daculi iyo actio incerti ex testamento-Ti. Tu legatis obieqti
mamkvidreblis nivTze servituti an uzufruqti iyo, maSin memkvidres in non faciendo
(mesame pirisaTvis valis patieba an legetariumisaTvis mamkvidreblis mier ijariT
aRebuli nivTiT usasyidlod sargeblobis ufleba) eniWeboda.

Legatem per praeceptionem-s realuri Sedegi hqonda da samkvidrodan raime nivTis

winaswar gamoyofas gulisxmobda, magram memkvidreTa wilis gansazRvrisas legatis
es nairsaxeoba mxedvelobaSi ar miiReboda.

postklasikur periodSi legatebis sxvadasxva saxis TandaTanobiTi

urTierTSerwymiT singularuli monacvleoba (mortis causa) dadginda, rac
ganpirobebuli iyo formalur moTxovnaTa simkacris SesustebiT. 529 w. iustinianem
sabolood daadgina: formis miuxedavad, legats, mamkvidreblis nebis Sesabamisad,
hqonda Zala, rac legatebisa da fideikomisebis TiTqmis gaigivebas niSnavda. amis
Taobaze sagangebod aRiniSna iustinianes digestebSi `legatebisa da fideikomisebis
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Sesaxeb~ (D.30). faqtobrivad, legati da fideikomisi yovelmxriv gaTanabrda.

imperiis periodSi, gansakuTrebuli sityvieri an werilobiTi Txovnis safuZvelze,

ganviTarda saanderZo danakisris sxva forma _ fideikomisebi (fideicommissa)
sicocxlis bolo wuTebSi mamkvidrebeli memkvidres mimarTavda TxovniT, romlis
Tanaxmadac, memkvidres, romelime piris sasargeblod, raime qmedeba unda
Seesrulebina an misTvis raime nivTi unda gadaeca. Tavdapirvelad, aseTi Txovna
mxolod fides (memkvidris Rirsebaze) iyo damokidebuli da mas iuridiuli Zala ar
hqonda. Tumca, avgustusis droidan moyolebuli, eqstraordinaluri wesis
safuZvelze, fideikomisariusi uflebamosili Seiqna waredgina fideicommissi persecutio,
romelic, eqstraodinaluri sasamarTlo procesis damkvidrebiT, TiTqmis actio
testamenti-s Seerwya.

anderZs erTvoda ramdenime firfita an pergamentis furceli, romelic Seicavda

memkvidris mimarT moanderZis Txovnas, raTa mas mesame piris sasargeblod raime
gaekeTebina. aseTi mcire kodeqsi, romelsac mogvianebiT codicilli ewoda,
samarTlebrivad avgustusis dros aRiares.

mogvianebiT dadginda, rom Tu kodicilebSi gamovlenili neba anderZis sityvebiTac

(codicilii testamento confirmati) dasturdeboda, maSin es Tavad anderZiT datovebuli nebis
gamovlinebad iTvleboda. gamonaklisi iyo memkvidris da meurvis daniSvna, romlis
sisworec mxolod anderZis safuZvelze miiCneoda. dadasturebuli kodicilebis
iuridiuli Zala anderZis namdvilobaze iyo damokidebuli. Tu kodicilebi anderZiT
ar iyo dadasturebuli, maSin maT fideikomisebis mniSvneloba hqondaT. Tu anderZi
baTili iyo, kodicilebi ZalaSi rCeboda da masSi Camoyalibebuli Txovnebi da
brZanebebi, kanonis ZaliT, mamkvidrebels ekisreboda. fideikomisebTan dakavSirebul
saqmeebs, Tavdapivelad, konsulebi extra ordinem wesiT ganixiladvnen, xolo Semdeg
specialuri pretorebis _ praetor fideicommissarius-is iurisdiqcias dauqvemdebares.
sarCeli fideikomisebis Sesaxeb (persecutio fideicommissi) pirs piradi sarCelis saxiT
waredgineboda. fideikimisis obieqti iyo samkvidros nemismieri nivTi, aseve mesame
pirTa nivTebi. fideikomisi ar gansxvavdeboda legatum per damnationem-sgan. moanderZes
memkvidrisaTvis SeeZlo moeTxova, fideikomisariumisaTvis samkvidros nawilis an
mTeli samkvidros gadacema. am orive SemTxvevaSi universaluri fideikomisi
igulisxmeboda.

fideikomisis sagani SeiZleboda monisaTvis Tavisuflebis miniWebac (lebertas

fideicommissaria) yofiliyo. Tu mona mamkvidrebels ar ekuTvnoda, maSin fideikomisiT
datvirTul memkvidres monis gamosyidva da gaazateba evaleboda. magram Tu monis
batoni monis gayidvaze uars amobobda, an ararealurad did fass iTxovda, maSin
monis fideikomisi iqviTeboda.

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali

adamianebs Soris nivTebis Taobaze warmoqmnili urTierTobebi sanivTo samarTliT

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wesrigdeboda, romliTac calkeul pirTa an pirTa jgufebisaTvis nivTebis
kuTvnilebis forma da maTi sruli gankargvis dadgena xdeboda. nivTze sakuTrebis
uflebis (dominium) safuZvleze, nivTis mimarT nivTis mesakuTres absoluturi
samarTlebrivi pozicia hqonda. nivTze sakuTrebis uflebis Taobaze gamarTul
sasamarTlo procesze (in rem), mesakuTres, nebismier mesame pirze _ maT Soris, imave
nivTze raime sxva uflebis mqoneze, _ gacilebiT myari samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba
hqonda. amitom, sakuTrebis uflebiT, yovelgvari samarTlebrivi SezRudvis gareSe,
nivTze piris abstraqtuli kuTvnileba (proprietas) sruli moculobiT igulisxmeboda.
maSasadame, mxolod mesakuTres SeeZlo eTqva, rom nivTi mxolod mas ekuTvnoda
(meum esse aio). Tumca, nivTze uflebas da nivTis uSualo flobas, romaeli
samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes) yvela SemTxvevaSi rodi ganasxvevabdnen
erTmaneTisagan. faqtia, rom nivTis kuTvnilebis formebi mxolod sakuTrebis
uflebiT ar amoiwureboda. nebismieri nivTi mTeli rigi iseTi TvisebebiT
xasiaTdeboda, romelTa gamoyeneba sxva pirebs, _ aramesakuTreebsac SeeZloT.
aRniSnuli uflebebi uSualo obieqts ukavSirdeboda da sruliad realuri,
nebisieri sxva pirisaTvis savaldebulo da mniSvnelovani iyo.

sanivTo samarTliT nivTze subieqtis piradi neba da misi gankargvis SesaZlebloba

dgindeboda. yvelaze srulyofilad nebis avtonomiuroba, pirTa romelime
jgufisadmi individis kuTvnilebis miuxedavad, nivTis gamo realur samarTlebriv
urTierTobebSi, piris individualur subieqtad CabmiT vlindeboda. aqedan
gamodinare, sanivTo urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba xels uwyobda,
socialuri urTierTobis TvlasazrisiT, individis poziciis ganmtkicebas da misi
nebis avtonomiurobis aRiarebas.

I. qoneba

romaelebi TandaTanobiT mividnen im azramde, rom arsebobda sameurneo

daniSnulebis erTiani qonebrivi kompleqsebi. moqalaqeTa qonebis yvelaze Zveli
gansazRvreba (monebisa da saqonlis erToblioba _ familia pecuniaque) XII dafis
kanonebSia mocemuli; mogvinebiT, familia-d, mTeli qoneba aRiniSneboda. civiluri
samarTliT damkvidrda qonebis cneba, romelic mopovebuli iyo ojaxis ufrosis
(paterfamilias) SromiT da mas ewodeboda patrimonium _ mamuli, romelic, Sesabamisi
sakulto movaleobebis gaTvaliswinebiT, memkvidreebs gadaecemoda.

pretorul samarTalSi zogjer gvxvdeba termini `mamis~ da `papis~ qoneba. Tumca,

qonebiT igulisxmeboda yovelive is, rac aRniSnuli piris kuTvnileba iyo,
miuxedavad imisa, qoneba misi SeZenili iyo Tu memkvidreobiT miRebuli. mesakuTris
sicocxleSi misi sikeTe (bona) kreditorisaTvis valis gadaxdis garanti iyo.

II. nivTebi

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digestebis Tanaxmad, garda qonebisa, arsebobda iseTi nivTic, romelic aseve
moicavda iuridiul urTierTobebsa da uflebebs.

Gai., 2,2. Summa itaque rerum diviso in duos articulos diducitur: nam aliae sint divini iuris, aliae humani _
amrigad, nivTebi ZiriTadad or kategoriad iyofoda: RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebad
(res divini iuris) da adamianTa samarTlis nivTebad (res humani iuris). RvTaebiT, bunebrivi
ZalebiT, mTeli sazogadoebis mier aRiarebuli Sexedulebebi moiazreboda; amdenad,
TiToeuli individis neba mis nebas eqvemdebareboda. ama Tu im nivTis RvTis
kuTvnilebad aRiarebiT, aRniSnuli nivTi Tavisufali nebis qmedebis sferos aRar
ganekuTvneboda da samoqalaqo brunvidan amoiReboda. brunvaSi arsebuli nivTebis
saxiT, aRniSnuli nivTebi aravis ekuTvnoda:

Quod autem divini iuris est, id nullius in bonis est _ is, rac RvTaebriv samarTals miekuTvneba,
ar SeiZleba vinmes qonebaSi imyofebodes Gai., 2,9: (Gai, 2,3; D.1,8.1.pr). romaelebi
ganasxvavebdnen wminda nivTebs (res sacrae) da saTayvanebel nivTebs (res religiosae).
sajaro gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze, nivTebis pirveli kategoria RvTaebis
kuTvnilad miiCneoda (D.1,8,6,3; 1,8,9,pr.1), xolo meore kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi
nivTebi, romlebic, adamianis saqmianobiT, saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus locus)
miiCneoda, anu es iyo winaparTa saflavebi. (Gai. 2,6; D.1,8,6,4). nivTis wminda (sacra)
nivTad aRiarebisaTvis mxolod kerZo iniciativa ar kmaroda, xolo nivTis
saTayvaneblad (religiosae) aRiareba ki mxolod kviritul mesakuTres (dominus) SeeZlo
(Gai., 2,7; D.1,8,6,4). RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis (res divini iuris) mxolod sakraluri
samarTliT (ius sacrum) regulirebas eqvemdebareboda, samoqalaqo samarTlis normebi
masze ar vrceldeboda. amitom, provinciebSi, sadac miwa dominium ex iure Quiritium-is
obieqti ar iyo, sasaflaoebi saTayvanebel adgilebad (religiosus loco) ar miiCneoda,
Tumca, fiqtiurad, mainc aseTebad iTvleboda (Gai, 2,7).

Hae autem quae humani iuris sunt, aut publicae sunt aut privatae _ xolo is nivTebi, romlebic
adamianTa samarTals ganekuTvneba, sajaro an kerZo nivTebad iyofa Gai, 2,10.

nivTebis am kategoriaTa paralelurad arsebobda res privata, anu is nivTebi,

romelTac sazogadoebis wevrebi kerZo pirTa saxiT flobdnen.

Privatae sunt quae singulorum hominum sunt _ kerZoa is nivTebi, romlebic calkeul
adamianebs ekuTvnis. (Gai., 2,11.)

termini `singulus~ (termini `privatus~ uZvelesi ekvivalenti) am cnebis arss yvelaze

zustad asaxavda: es iyo indivi, danarCen subieqtTagan gancalkevebuli piri.
aRniSnuli cnebiT, yuradReba calkeuli subieqtis damoukidebel rolsa da mis
avtonomiurobazea gamaxvilebuli, rac samarTalze dafuZnebuli sazogadoebis,
sociumis, mTavar subieqtad Tavisufal individs amkivdrebda.

aRniSnuli mosazreba samoqalaqo brunvis, rogorc kavSirebis sistemis, axsna-

ganmartebaSi aisaxa. brunvaSi arsebuli qoneba (bona) is ekonomikurad mniSvnelovani
obieqti iyo, romlis individualurad gankargva xelisuflebis prerogativad iqca.

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Quae publicae sunt, nullius videnturin bonis esse, ipsius enim universitatis esse creduntur _ is nivTebi,
romlebic sajaroa, ver iqneba vinmes brunvadi qoneba, maT rogorc TviT Temis
sakuTrebas ganixilaven Gai.,2,11. cnebas `nullius in bonis~ (Gai.,2,9; D.1,8,1,pr.) gaiusi iyenebs
ara mxolod saRvTo samarTlis nivTebisa (res divini iuris) da sajaro nivTebis (res
publicae), aramed im kerZo nivTebis (res privata) aRsaniSnavad, romelTac aqtualuri
mesakuTre ar hqyavdaT (res nullius _ aravis nivTebi), anu samkvidro mis miRebamde.
Gai.,2,1 werda: …modo videamus de rebus: quae vel in nostro patrimonio sunt vel extra nobstrum
patrimonium habentur _ ...axla ganvixiloT nivTebi: isini an Cveni mflobelobis sferoSi
arian, an Cveni mflobelobis sferos miRma.

Tumca, cneba Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) gulisxmobda, res humanis iuris
kategoriis im nivTebsac, romlebic gansakuTrebuli wesiT gankargvas
eqvemdebareboda, anu brunvidan amoRebuli qoneba (in bonis esse).

nivTTa gamijvna Cvens qonebaSi (in nostro patrimonium) da Cveni qonebis miRma (extra
nostrum patrimonium) mxolod gaiusTan gvxvdeba, sxva samarTalmcodneebi (prudentes)
ganasxvavebdnen brunvaSi arsebul (res in commercio) da brunvidan amoRebul (res extra
commercium) nivTebs. romaeli iuristi celsusi (yidva-gayidvis konteqstSi) brunvidan
amoRebul nivTebs (res extra commercium) saTayvanebeli nivTebis (res religiosae)
sapirispirod miiCnevda. (D.18,1,6 pr): …ut sacra et religiosae loca aut quorum commercium no sit, ut
publicae, quae non in pecunia populi, sed in publico usu habeantur, ut est campus Martius _ rogorc
wminda da saTavyvanebeli miwebi an iseTi, romlebic brunvidan arian amoRebuli;
rogorc sajaro nivTebi, romlebic xalxis qonebas ar ganekuTvneba, marsis moednis
msgavsad, sajaro sargeblobas eqvemdebarebian.

sajaro sargeblobis nivTebi (res in usu publico) brunvidan amoRebul nivTebad (res extra
commercium) iTvleboda (maT rigs ganekuTvneboda, saxelmwifosa da kerZo pirebs
Soris garigebebis dadebisas gamoyenebuli, brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi _ res extra
commercium-s). Res publicae kategoriis nivTTa Soris arsebuli gansxvaveba, gaiusis
azris sapirispiroa, radgan yvela sajaro nivTs, RvTaebrivi samarTlis nivTebis
msgavsad (res divini iuris), aravis nivTebad (nullius in bonis) kategoriad miiCnevdnen.
sinamdvileSi, maT Soris sxvaoba ar arsebobda.

gaiusis mgavsad, romaeli iuristis marcianes Tanaxmad, RvTaebrivi samarTlis

nivTebi (res divini iuris) aravis brunvadi qoneba ar SeiZleba iyos (in nullius bonis sunt) da
kuTvnilebis subieqtebis mixedviT, (ierarqiuli sistemiT) nivTebs Semdeg jgufebad
yofda: Quaedem naturali iure communia sunt omnium, quaedem universitatis, quaedam nullius, pleraque
singulorum, quae variis ex causis cuique adquiruntur _ bunebiTi samarTlis mixedviT, zogierTi
nivTi aris yvelasTvis saerTo, zogierTi, rogorc mTliani, ganekuTvneba erTs,
zogierTi _ aravis, xolo nivTebis didi nawili ekuTvnis kerZo pirebs da am
nivTebis SeZena sxvadasxva safuZvlis mixedviT xdeba. (Marc., 3 Inst., D.1,8,2,pr). bunebiTi
samarTlis mixedviT, nivTebis pirvel kategorias ganekuTvneba haeri, zRva, zRvis
napiri, gamdinare wyali, xolo TviT mdinares marciane sajaro nivTad (res publicae)
miiCnevda (D.1,8,2,1). am kategoriis nivTebis sayovelTao kuTvnilebas, is calkeul
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pirTa sakuTrebis uflebas upirispirebda (Solum dominus - D.1,8,6,pr.).

$1. brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi (res extra commercium)

1. haeri, gamdinare wyali, zRva da mTeli simdidre; 2. sajaro nivTebi; am nivTebis

erT_erTi da ZiriTadi mepatrone iyo romaeli xalxi; 3. saerTo sazogadoebrivi
gamoyenebis nivTebi (gzebi, mdinareebi); 4. sakulto nivTebi (sacrum).

calkeuli samoqalaqo Temis nivTTa (res quae universitatis sunt) rigs ganekuTvneboda
Teatrebi da stadionebi _ samoqalaqo Temebis saerTo nivTebi (communia civitatum _
D.1,8,6,1), anu res in publico usu. nivTis individualur kuTvnilebas sazogadoebrivi
erTeulebis kuTvnilebisagan, gaiusis msgavsad, marcianec ganasxvavebda. gaiusis mier
SeTavazebuli nivTTa klasifikaciis kriteriumis universaluroba (in bonis esse),
Seesabameba imas, rom sistematizaciis safuZvelSi devs nivTis kuTvnilebis idea (am
ideis yvelaze adekvatur formaSi), anu individualuri sakuTreba.

romaeli iuristi celsusi, in pecunia populi-ze saubrisas, komerciuli saqmianobisaTvis

gankuTvnil sajaro nivTebs saxelmwifos individualizebuli sakuTrebis obieqtebad
ganixilavda.

$2. Familia et pecunia

uZvelesi romauli samarTliT, qoneba gamijnuli iyo or saxed _ familia da pecunia.

Familia-Ti ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) xelisuflebas daqvemdebarebuli qonebrivi
da araqonebrivi sikeTe moiazreboda. Pecunia-sagan gansxvavebiT, familia statikurobiT
xasiaTdeboda. kerZod, ojaxis Tavisufali wevrebi (liberi), anu ara-monebi (nullius sunt)
brunvis obieqtebi ar iyvnen, vinaidan isini nivTebad (res) ar miiCneodnen. Familia
sasaflaoebsa da saojaxo wminda adgilebs (res extra commercium) moicavda.

Pecunia (pecus _ pirutyvi) ganekuTvneboda nivTTa is kategoria, romelic

samarTlebrvi aqtebis obieqti iyo. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, `pecunia~ iyo familias-s
Semadgeneli is qoneba, romelic, sxva adamianebTan (sxva saojaxo jgufis wevrebTan)
nebayoflobiTi urTierTobis safuZvelze, sasaqonlo brunvaSi iyo CarTuli. kerZod,
mona im SemTxvevaSi iyo pecunia, Tu sakuTari batonis mamasaxlisTan (paterfamilias)
dadebuli garigebis obieqti xdeboda, xolo meurneobaSi dakavebuli monebi, familia-d
iwodebodnen. amrigad, familia-pecunia-s aRniSnuli variacia, sxvadasxva urTierTobis
gaTvaliswinebiT (rogorc in patria potestas da rogorc res), obieqtisaTvis niSandobliv
mraval funqciebze metyvelebda. Familia-s saxiT arsebuli saojaxo kompleqsi
gamoxatavda ojaxis ufrosis (paterfamilias) mdgomareobas (status) saojaxo
sturqturaSi, xolo pecunia miuTiTebda im gankargviT uflebamosilebaze, romelic
ojaxis ufross (paterfamilias) gaaCnda saojaxo cxovrebis ekonomikuri sakiTxebis
gadawyvetis dros.
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$3. mancipirebadi da aramancipirebadi nivTebi (res manicipi et res nec manicipi)

Res mancipi (mancipirebadi nivTebi); res nec mancipi (aramancipirebadi nivTebi); mancipium
(mancipacia).

romis samarTliT, nivTebis dayofas mancipirebul da aramancipirebul nivTebad

arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeboda, rac imas mowmobda, rom samarTlebrivi forma
individualuri nebis gamovlinebas iTvaliswinebda; maSinac ki, roca nebis
gamovlena, realurad, jgufis interess gamoxatavda.

terminiT res mancipi aRiniSneboda is nivTebi, romlebic mancipaciis aqts (mancipium)

eqvemdebareboda. es iyo uZvelesi rituali, romlis dros iyenebdnen spilenZis
natexsa da sasworis (per aes et libram). klasikur epoqaSi am rituals mancipacia
(mancipatio) ewoda. misi mizani iyo mancipirebadi nivTebis (res mancipi) gankargvisaTvis
(sakuTrebaSi gadasasvlelad), aucilebeli sagangebo sazeimo ritualis Catareba,
radgan aseTi nivTebis SemZeni mxolod romis moqalaqe (cives) SeiZleba yofiliyo da
aRniSnuli gziT, warmoSobili sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod romauli sakurTebis
uflebas (dominium ex iure Quiritium) gulisxmobda. kerZod, mancipacia (mancipatio) an
nivTis daTmoba magistratis winaSe (in iure cessio). rac Seexeba aramancipirebadi
nivTebs (res nec mancipi), maTi gasxviseba, maTze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis mizniT,
martivi mflobelobis gadacemiT (traditio) xdeboda. (Gai.,2,19;22). nivTebis aRniSnuli
klasifikacia maTi gasxvisebis wess ganapirobebda (Gai.,1,120). aseT nivTebs gaiusi
mancipaciasTan kavSirSi ganixilavda. ulpianesaTvis mikuTvnebul postklasikuri
periodis erT-erT teqstSi mancipirebad da aramancipirebad nivTTa TiTqmis sruli
CamonaTvalia mocemuli: Omnes res aut mancipi sun taut nec mancipi/ Mancipi res sunt praedia in Italico
solo, tam rustica, quails est fundus, quam urbana, qualis domus: item iura praediorum rusticorum, velut via iter
actus aquaedictus: item servi et quadrepedes, quae dorso collore domnatur, velut boves muli equi asini. Ceterae
res nec mancipii sunt. Elefanti et cameli, quamvis collo dordove domentur, nec mancipi sunt, quoniam
bestiarum numero sunt _ yvela nivTi mancipirebadi an aramancipirebadia. mancipirebadi
nivTebia: italiis miwaze arsebuli mamulebi, rogorc sasoflo mindvrebis saxiT, ise
saqalaqo, saxlis saxiT; aseve sasoflo mamulebze fexiT an satransporto
saSualebiT gavlis, pirutyvis gadarekis, wylis milebis gayvanis uflebebi; monebi
da is oTxfexa cxoveli, romelic moTvinierebulia da miCveuli unagiris dadgmas an
uRelSi Sebmas, kerZod, kameCi, viri, cxeni, jorcxeni. yvela danarCeni nivTi
aramancipirebadia. marTalia, aqlemi da spilo, moTvinierebasa da uRelSi Sebmas
eqvemdebareba, magram mainc aramancipirebadi nivTebia, vinaidan gareul cxovelebs
ganekuTvnebian.

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$4. Genus et species

Genus (gvarobiTi nivTebi), species (individualurad gansazrvruli nivTebi); res quae

(primo) usu consumuntur (moxmarebadi nivTebi); aramoxmarebadi nivTebi; individeus, indiviseus
(ganuyofeli nivTebi); martivi, rTuli da Sedgenili nivTebi; pars rei (nivTis nawili);
mTavari nivTi; aramTavari nivTi; accessio (sakuTvnebeli); fructus (nayofi).

aRniSnuli dayofis msgavs logikas eqvemdebareboda nivTebis Semdegi dayofac: 1.

species _ TavisTavad Rirebuli nivTebi (res mancipi da saavtoro nakeTobebi) da 2.
genera _ is nivTebi, romelTa Rirebuleba, maTi gvarisa da odenobis mixedviT
ganisazRvreboda (fuli, masobrivi warmoebis nivTebi, nedleuli). romis samarTalSi
nivTTa dayofis aRniSnuli sistema mkacrad gansazRvruli ar iyo; xSir SemTxvevaSi
nivTebi Secvladi da Seucvladi saxiT iyo warmodgenili. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
aRniSnuli terminologia jer kidev fon savinis droidan gvxvdeba, Tumca nivTebis
aRniSnuli dayofa konceptualurad gansxvavebul safuZvels emyareboda.
individualurad gansazRvruli nivTebi (species) maTi mepatronis pirovnul
Tvisebebze (niSnebze) miuTiTebda. samoqalaqo brunvaSi am nivTebis mTlianobis
SenarCunebis aucileblobas, pirovnuli interesi ganapirobebda, rac nivTebis
mepatrones, Tavad nivTis dabrunebis moTxovnis uflebas aniWebda; mepatronis nebis
gareSe nivTebis dayofa an maTi Secvla ar daiSveboda.

romaeli iuristi iulianusis Tanaxmad: In stipulationibus alias species, alias genera debecuntur. um
species stipularum, necesse est inter dominos et inter heredes ita dividi stipulationem, ut partes corporum cuique
debentur. Quotienes autem genera stipularum, numero fit inter eos divisio… _ zogjer stipulaciis
sagani SeiZleba iyos individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi, zogjer ki _ gvarobiTi
nivTi. roca individualurad gansazRvrul nivTebs gvpirdebian, stipulaciis sagani
ramdenime pirsa da ramdenime memkvidres Soris ise unda gaiyos, rom TiToeuls
stipulaciis sagnis nawili Sexvdes, xolo roca gvarovnul nivTebs gvpirdebian,
maTi gayofa raodenobis mixedviT moxdeba. (D.45,1,54pr.)

nivTebis gamo warmoSobili urTierTobis formalizaciis Sedegad, ori kriteriumis

gaigivebam, nebelobiTi kriteriumi TandaTanobiT obieqturma Secvala. aqedan
gamomdinare, nivTebze saubrisas, romaeli klasikosebi sul ufro xSirad
amaxvilebdnen yuradRebas iseT nivTebze, romelTa Rirebulebac woniT, ricxviTa da
zomiT ganisazRvreba _ `res quae pondere, numero, munsura consistent (an continentur, an valent)~
(Gai.,3,90; D.12,1,2,1; 23,3,42; 30,30pr.; 35,2,1,7; 44,7,1,2).

(D.12,1,2,1,) romaeli iuristi pavlusi werda: Mutui datio consistit in his rebus, quae pondere
numero mensura consistent, quoniam eorum datione possumus in creditum ire, quia in genere suo functionem
recipient per solutionem quam specie: man in ceteris rebus ideo in creditum ire non possumus, quia aliud pro
alio invito creditori solvi non potest _ sesxad gaicema mxolod is nivTebi, romlebic woniT,
zomiT an ricxviT ganisazRvreba; am nivTebis sakuTrebaSi gadacemiT, SesaZlebelia
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sakredito SeTanxmebis dadeba, vinaidan gadaxdis dros, am nivTebis sanacvlod imave
gvaris da ara saxeobis nivTebi gadaicema; sesxis garigebis amave wesiT dadeba sxva
nivTebis mimarT ar SeiZleba, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, kreditorisaTvis, misi nebis
sawinaaRmdegod, erTi nivTis nacvlad sxva nivTis gadaxda, SeuZlebeli iqneboda.

aRniSnuli teqstiT SesaZlebelia erTmaneTisagan ganvasxvavoT 1. Secvladi nivTi

(anu iseTi nivTi, romlis Secvlac imave nivTiT SesaZlebeli iqneba valdebulebis
Sesrulebisas) da 2. Seucvladi nivTi (romlis Secvlac, Cveulebriv, SeuZlebelia da
kvlav sakuTari gvarisa da saxeobis farglebSi rCeba). nivTebis am bolo kategorias
species ewodeboda. imave gvaris nivTebis dabrunebis SesaZlebloba aseTi nivTebis
gamoyenebis aucileblobas (fungi) mowmobda. aRniSnuli specifikuroba, nivTebis
axali klasifikaciis TvalsazrisiT, genera-species dapirispirebis Secvlis safuZvels
gansazRvravda. am klasifikaciiT, nivTebi iyofoda mosaxmar da mouxmar nivTebad.
Tumca, romaelebis azriT, gvarobiTi (fungibiles) nivTebis Sesanaxad (depositum)
gadacema, imave nivTis dabrunebis moTxovniT, SesaZlebeli iyo. (D.16.3.24). gvarovnuli
niSniT gansazRvruli nivTebi (genera), sameurneo mizniT gamoyenebisas,
individualuri niSniT gansazRvrul nivTebad (species), magram maTi _ rogorc
gvarobiTi nivTebis gamoyenebis moTxovna kvlav ZalaSi rCeboda.

aseTive obieqtur kriteriums efuZneboda nivTebis kidev erTi klasifikaciac:

gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi. bunebaSi yvela nivTi usasrulobamde gayofadia,
samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT ki, gayofadia mxolod is nivTi, romlis nawilebi,
nivTis gayofis Semdeg, nivTis Tvisebas da funqcias inarCuneben. individualurad
gansazRvruli nivTebi yovelTvis gauyofadia.

nivTebis aRniSnuli dayofa yovelTvis gansxvavdeboda nivTebis genera-species

dayofisagan, vinaidan is nivTis individualur gansazRvrulobas ugulebelyofda da
mxolod obieqtur kriteriums ganekuTvneboda. gayofad nivTebs romaelebi
aRniSnavdnen aRwerilobiT: res quae divisionem recipit (D.45,1,4,1), xolo ganuyofloba
aRiniSneboda ori terminiT: individuus et indivisus. bolo cneba nivTis aqtualur
mdgomareobaze miuTiTebda, xolo pirveli _ TviT nivTis dayofis SeuZleblobaze.

romaeli iuristis pomponiusis TxzulebaSi nivTebis klasifikaciis kidev erTi

kriteriumia mocemuli: Tria autem genera sunt corporum, unum, quod continetur uno spiritu et
Graecae…vocatur, ut homo tignum lapis et siila: alterum, quod ex contingentibus, hoc est pluribus inter se
cohaerentibus constat, ut aedificium navis armarium: tertium, quod ex distantibus constat, ut corpora plura
solute, sed uni nomini subiecta, veluti populus legio, grec _ arsebobs sxeulTa sami saxeoba:
pirveli gansazRvrulia mxolod suladobiT; berZnulad mas erToblioba ewodeba,
aseTTa ricxvs miekuTvneba mona, mori, qva da a.S; meore momijnave, anu erTmaneTTan
dakavSirebuli ramdenime nivTisagan Sedgeba da iwodeba naerTad, aseTia Senoba, gemi,
karada; mesame calkeuli nivTisagan Semdgari ramdenime gancalkevebuli sxeuli,
Tumca, erTi saxeldebis mqone, magaliTad, xalxi, legioni, jogi.

aRniSnul klasifikaciaSi, romaelebma nivTebis kidev sami _ martivi, rTuli da

Sedgenili nivTebi _ saxe gamoyves. romaelma samarTalmcodneebma (prudentes)
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sagangebod ganacalkeves pars rei, anu nivTis is nawili, romelic samarTlebrivad,
erTi mTelis iseTi elementi iyo, romlis gareSe nivTis mTlianobis raoba
ikargeboda; Tanac, aRniSnuli nawili materialurad mTelTan dakavSirebuli
SeiZleba ar yofiliyo da maT Soris mxolod funqciuri kavSiri arsebobda.
nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nawili mTelis kuTvnileba iyo da mTliani nivTis mimarT
dadebuli garigeba, aucileblad, nivTis nawilzec vrceldeboda. samarTlebrivad
Sedgenli an krebiTi nivTis nawili, SeiZleba mTeli nivTisagan gansxvavebuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis obieqti gamxdariyo. magaliTad, saketis gasaRebis
gasxviseba saketze uflebis gadatanas iwvevda, magram ara piruku. zog SemTxvevaSi
wilis an kvotisagan (pars, portio) unda ganvasxvavoT mTelis ganuyofeli nawili (pars
pro indiviso), romelic, samarTlebrivi aspeqtiT, wminda abstraqtuli cnebaa. saketi da
misi gasaRebi yovelTvis Senobis nawilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom isini konkretul
momentSi Senobisagan gancalkevebiT inaxeba. xolo, miwaSi Cafluli qvevrebi ara
saxlis nawili, aramed marnis nawilebia (D.18,1,76pr; 19,1,17pr). Tumca, niadagidan
amoRebuli miwa, qviSa, Tixa an moWrili nargavi nakveTis nawilebad ar iTvleba (D.
19,1,17,6; 18,1; 10,4,5,2; 50,16,241).

uZravi nivTebis kategoriis Sesaswavlad mniSvnelovania miwis nakveTis nawilisa

(pars fundi) da miwis dasamuSavebeli inventaris (instrumentum fundi)
urTierTSepirispireba, romelic, myarad nagebi Senobisagan gansxvavebiT,
stacionaluri samrewvelo uZravi qoneba ar iyo. miwis dasamuSavebeli inventari
(instrumentum fundi) damatebiTi nivTebis kategorias ganekuTvneboda, romlis marTvis
wesi ZiriTadi nivTis gankargvis wess arasodes emTxvevoda. aRniSnul kategorias
miekuTvneboda soflis meurneobaSi dasaqmebuli mona, mxvneli xarebi, guTani,
mosavlis asaRebi, mosavlis Sesanaxi da gadasamuSavebeli iaraRebi (D.39,7,9; 10,11,12pr;
16,1; 25pr; 26,1).

klasikur periodis romis samarTalSi nivTebis cneba farTo gagebiT gamoiyeneboda

da ara marto gare samyaros materialur sagnebs moicavda, aramed maTze iuridiul
uflebebsac.

$5. moZravi da uZravi nivTebi (res mobiles et res immobiles)

romis samarTliT nivTTa moZrav da uZrav nivTebad dayofas arsebiTi mniSvneloba

ar hqonda _ orive saxis nivTebi erTi da igive iuridiuli normebiT iyo daculi.
uZrav nivTebs ganekuTvneboda ara marto miwis nakveTi (praedia, fundi) da miwis wiaRi,
aramed miwis zedapirze sxvisi an mesakuTris SromiT Seqmnili sikeTe, romelic miwis
zedapiris xelovnur an bunebriv nawilad iTvleboda. am nivTebze vrceldeboda wesi
miwis zedapirze Seqmnilis superficies soli Taobaze, romelic miwis zedapirisagan iseve
ganuyofeli iyo, rogorc miwis zedapiris sahaero sivrce moiazreboda mis nawilad.

moZravi nivTebi (res mobiles an per re moventis) aveji, sayofacxovrebo sagnebi, monebi,
cxovelebi iyo. principatis periodSi nivTebis aseTma dayofam ufro farTo, aSkara

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saxe da mkveTri xasiaTi miiRo. am droisaTvis uZrav nivTebzec sabolood
Camoyalibda gansakuTrebuli uflebebi, kerZod: superficiumi, emfiTevzisi.
uflebebis SeZena mflobelobis xandazmulobis vadis gansazRvriT (2 weli uZrav
nivTebze, 1 weli moZrav nivTebze) xdeboda. Tanac yvela uZrav nivTze erTnairi
samarTlebrivi reglamentacia rodi iyo dadgenili. kerZod, miwis nakveTebi
adgilmdebareobisa da sameurneo daniSnulebis mixedviT, gansxvavebulad
regulirdeboda. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen qalaqis ganaSenianobasa (praedia
urbana) da soflad mdebare sameurneo miwis nakveTebs (praedia rustica): mindori,
saZovari, tye, sasoflo qoxebi, aseve italiisa da provinciis miwis nakveTebi

$6. gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi

ganasxvavebdnen gayofad da gauyofad nivTebs. gayofadi iyo iseTi nivTebi, romelTa

gayofis Sedegad maTi gvari (gens) da faseuloba ar icvleboda. aseTi nivTis
TiToeuli nawili erT mTlians warmoadgenda, Tumca, uwindel nivTTan SedarebiT,
naklebi zomis iyo: pro parte divisa. materialuri dayofis garda, romis samarTali
aseve icnobda nivTze uflebis gayofas, e.w. idealur wils. aseT SemTxvevaSi,
materialurad gauyofad nivTze ufleba ramdenime pirs, nivTis safasuris wilis
Sesabamisad, erTdroulad ekuTvnoda. kerZod, 1/2, 1/3 da a.S. TanasakuTrebis (anu erT
nivTze ramdenime piris Tanadrouli sakuTrebis ufleba) uflebis Sewyvetisas didi
mniSvneloba hqonda nivTis iuridiul gayofadoba-gauyofadobas: mxolod
samarTlebrivi gayofis SesaZleblobisas daiSveboda nivTis naturaluri gayofa
yofil TanamesakuTreTa Soris. meore SemTxvevaSi nivTi erT-erT maTganis
sakuTrebaSi rCeboda, xolo danarCeni pirebi fulad kompensacias iRebdnen.

$7. gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebadi nivTebi

gamoyenebadi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic, misi daniSnulebidan gamomdinare, pirvelive

materialuri gamoyenebis Semdeg nadgurdeboda. magaliTad, fuli; angariSis
gasworebis Semdeg fuli mesakuTrisaTvis dakargulad miiCneoda. gamouyenebadi iyo
iseTi nivTi, romelic gamoyenebis Sedegad ar nadgurdeba. (magaliTad, Zvirfasi qva).
amave kategorias ganekuTvneboda iseTi nivTebi, romlebic TandaTanobiTi
ganadgurdebiT, fass kargavda da daniSnulebiT aRar gamoiyeneboda.

$8. martivi da rTuli nivTebi

martivi iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic materialurad erT mTlianobas qmnida. magaliTad,
mona, qva, mori. rTuli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic Sedgeba erTmaneTTan materialurad
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva elementisagan, romelTac erTi mTliani nivTis saxeli
hqondaT. magaliTad, nageboba, xomaldi, aveji. rTuli nivTebis nawilebi erT mTlian
nivTSi ar ikargeboda, radgan erT mTlianobad Seqmnamde, calkeuli nivTebis saxiT,
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sxvadasxva piris kuTvnilebac ki SeiZleba yofiliyo.

calke ganixileboda materialurad erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli sxvadasxva

calkeuli nivTis erToblioba, romelTac, saerTo daniSnulebis safuZvelze, erTi
saxelwodeba hqondaT; magaliTad, jogi, legioni. es iyo nivTebis droebiTi
sameurneo an korporaciuli gaerTianeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivi
urTierTobis sagani mxolod erTi mTelis Semadgeneli calkeuli nivTebi iyo;
magram brunvis moTxovnidan gamomdinare, am nivTebze sruli uflebis damkvidrebac
daiSveboda. magaliTad, jogis mesakuTres SeeZlo moeTxova ufleba mTel jogze, Tu
igi jogis udides nawilze sakuTrebis uflebas daamtkicebda.

$10. ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi

damatebiT nivTad (res accessorium) iTvleboda iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTze
garkveuli wesiT damokidebuli da misgan iuridiulad damoukidebuli iyo.
damatebiTi nivTis yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxe iyo nayofi, nivTis nawili da
sakuTvnebeli. iuridiulad nivTis nawili damoukideblad ar miiCneoda. Tu
iuridiuli garigebis sagani mTliani nivTi iyo, maSin garigebis Sedegebi mis yvela
nawilze vrceldeboda. nivTis nawili damoukidebeli garigebis sagani mxolod im
SemTxvevaSi xdeboda, Tu misi mTliani nivTisagan gancalkeveba SeiZleboda.

$11. sakuTvnebeli

Accessio (sakuTvnebeli).

sakuTvnebeli iyo iseTi nivTi, romelic ZiriTad nivTs ara materialurad, aramed
ekonomikurad ukavSirdeboda; ZiriTadi nivTi srulad ar miiCneoda, Tu misgan
sakuTvnebeli gancalkevebuli iyo. sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arsebobda, oRond
sameurneo (ekonomikuri) Sedegi orives erTad gamoyenebiT miiReboda (klite da
gasaRebi); vinaidan sakuTvnebeli damoukidebladac arseboboda, damoukidebuli
uflebis saganic SeiZleba gamxdariyo. Tumca, Tu dainteresebul pirTa Soris ar
arsebobda specialuri daTqma, ZiriTad nivTze gavrcelebuli samarTlebrivi
urTierTobebi sakuTvnebelzec moqmedebda, rasac Semdegi aforizmis gavrceleba
mohyva _ sakuTvnebli ZiriTadi nivTis beds iziarebs.

$12. Fructus (nayofi)

Fructus (nayofi); instrumnetum fundi (inventari).

cnebiT nayofi (fructus) nayofis momcemi nivTi igulisxmeboda, romlis eqspluataciis

Sedegadac materialuri sikeTe warmoiqmneboda (namati, mosavali). nayofze ufleba
nayofis momcemi nivTis uflebaze damokidebuli, magram misi identuri ar iyo.
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nayofis momcemi nivTis keTilsindisieri mflobeli nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda.
yovelTvis, nayofis momcemi nivTis gasxvisebisas nayofze sakuTrebis uflebis
SenarCuneba daiTqmeboda.

drois faqtoris gaTvaliswinebiT, nayofis cnebiT yovelTvis igulisxmeboda nayofis

Semdegi formebi: 1. Camokiduli nayofi (fructus pendentes); 2. gancalkevebuli nayofi
(fructus separati); 3. Segrovebuli da aTvisebuli nayofi (fructus percepti); 4. gamoyenebuli
nayofi (fructus consumpti).

yvela SemTxvevaSi, ganuyofeli nayofi `deda-nivTis~ nawili iyo. gancalkeveba

(separatio) miTvisebisagan (perceptio) SemdegiT gansxvavdeboda: nayofis momcemi nivTi
SeiZleba yofiliyo im aramesakuTris xelSi, romelsac nayofis mokrefis
uflebamosileba hqonda (moijare); im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mesame piri (qurdi) nayofs
ganacalkevebda (separatio), nivTis mesakuTre nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda (D.7,1,12,5),
xolo nayofis miTvisebiT (perceptio) nivTiT mosargeble nayofis mesakuTre xdeboda.

aseT eqstraordinalur RonisZiebebs magistratebi mimarTavdnen rogorc mxedarTa

TxovniT, ise sakuTari SexedulebiT.

III. sakuTreba

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba

uZveles romaul samarTalSi sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli specialuri termini ar

arsebobda. vinmes xelisuflebaSi arsebuli raime nivTis aRsaniSnavad, yvela
SemTxvevaSi, batonobis aRmniSvneli Zalze Zveli termini dominium (zmna
moTvinierebidan) gamoiyeneboda. civiluri, kvirituli sakuTrebis uZveles saxes
dominium ex iure Quiritium ewodeboda.

sakuTrebis uflebis matarebels SeuzRudavi ufleba hqonda da nivTis (gasxviseba,

datvirTva) gamoyenebisa da gankargvis SesaZleblobas aZlevda. nivTze kerZo
mesakuTris ufleba ucxo pirebis Carevas gamoricxavda. klasikurma iurisprudenciam
nivTze sakuTreba miiCnia piris SeuzRudav da gansakuTrebul uflebad, romelic,
arsobrivad, SezRudvas ar eqvemdebareboda da absolutur uflebad moiazreboda.
iustinianes samarTliT, nivTze sakuTrebas srul Zalauflebad (plena in re potestas)
miiCnevdnen. klasikosebis mier aRiarebuli da kanoniT ganmtkicebuli, nivTze
mesakuTris batonobis sruli ufleba, klasikosi iuristebis azriT, sakuTrebis
uflebis arss, mis Semadgenel nawilebad, Slida. kerZod, pavlusis Tanaxmad,
sakuTrebis uflebis arsebiTi nawili (pars dominii) sargeblobisa (usus) da nayofis
miRebis ufleba (ususfructus) iyo.

miwis kerZo sakuTrebis ufleba uZvelesi droidan izRudeboda. imperiis epoqaSi

iuristebma sakuTrebis cneba daazustes, radgan am uflebis gageba yovelTvis
gansakuTrebul safuZvels iTxovda da mniSvnelovan Sedegebs iwvevda. sakuTrebis
uflebis mtkiceba mesakuTres ar evaleboda da piruku, savaldebulo iyo sakuTrebis
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SezRudvis safuZvlebis mkacrad gansazRvra, kerZod: 1. yovel meore dRes, miwis
mesakuTre valdebuli iyo sakuTar miwis nakveTze SeeSva mezobeli, mezoblis ezoSi
darguli xidan Camovardnili nayofis asakrefad; 2. mesakuTres ar evaleboda eTmina
mezoblis Senobis nawili, Tu misi nakveTis sazRvars mezoblis Senobis nawili
gadmoyurebda, an Tu mezoblis kedeli naxevar futze metad iyo gaweuli mis
nakveTze; 3. garkveuli anazRaurebis sanacvlod, mesakuTres Tavis nakveTze unda
gaetarebina yvela is piri, vinc misi nakveTis mezoblad mdebare sasaflaoze
midioda.

$2. sakuTrebis uflebis Sinaarsi

sagulisxmoa, rom provinciaSi arsebul miwis nakveTebze, sakuTrebis uflebis

daxasiaTebisas, SesaZlebelia dadgindes is samarTlebrivi formula, romelic
asaxavs `sakuTrebis~ cnebis Sinaarss: uti, frui, habere, possidere. amrigad, sargebloba
nayofis miReba da gankargva warmoadgens nivTis gamoyenebis sam saSualebas.

Uti _ iyo nivTidan raime sargeblis miRebis ufleba, misi gacvlis an nivTis moxebis
ganzraxvis gareSe, rac mxolod im qonebis mimarTaa SesaZlebeli, romelic mouxmar
qonebas warmoadgenda.

Frui _ sargeblobis im aqtebs ganekuTvneboda, romlebic iseTi deda nivTis mier

periodulad Seqmnili nayofis moxmarebas gulisxmobda ZiriTadi nivTis arsis
Seucvlelad. Habere (zmna `viqonio~-dan warmoiSoba) da gagebuli unda iqnas, rogorc
realuri Sedegis mqone floba (Ulp., D.50,16. 164.2). `iTvleboda, rom flobs (habere)
raimes is, visac aRniSnulis mimarT sarCelis wardgena SeuZlia; vinaidan habetur
(floben) mxolod imas, risi gamoTxovac rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT aris SesaZlebeli~
(Ulp., D.50.16. 143). Possidere miekuTvneba passessio-s, anu nivTis faqtobrivi flobis
viTarebas, romelsac protori icavda, sakuTari interdiqtebis (brZaneba) meSveobiT

$3. Communio (condominium _ TanasakuTreba)

sakuTrebis uflebis gansakuTrebuloba, romael iuristebs aiZulebda erTsa da imave

nivTze ramdenime piris sakuTrebis ufleba daeSvaT. maT aRiares TanamesakuTreTa
Tanamflobelobis ufleba anu nivTis erToblivi mflobeloba da nivTiT
sargebloba. nayofic maT mier idealuri wilebiT SeiZineboda. Tu nivTiT
sargebloba dadgenili wesebis zRvars scildeboda, maSin yvela mflobelisa da
mosargeblis Tanxmoba iyo saWiro. TanasakuTrebas (communio) condominium-i
ewodeboda.

TanasakuTrebis (communio) viTareba nebayoflobiT an SemTxveviT warmoiSoboda.

TanasakuTrebis nebayoflobiTi warmoiSoba amxanagobis xelSekrulebis meSveobiT an
ramdenime piris nebayoflobiTi moqmedebiT xdeboda, kerZod, es ukanasknelni,
TanasakuTrebaSi proporciuli wilebis SetaniT, aerTianebdnen sakuTar qonebas.
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qonebis SemTxveviTi gaerTianeba (communio incidens) ramdenime piris mier erTi da
igive nivTis SeZenis Sedegad xdeboda(memkvidreoba an legati, an im ramdenime nivTis
fizikuri Serwymis Sedegad, romelTa gancalkevebac SeuZlebeli iyo. confusio _
Txevadi, xolo commixtio _ mkvrivi masalis dros).

TanasakuTrebis uZvele saxe iyo e.w. consortium ercto non cito, romelic gardacvlili
paterfamilias ramdenime memkvidres (adgnatus et cognatus) rCeboda.

TanasakuTrebidan TiToeul mesakuTres sakuTari wilis gasxviseba da datvirTva

SeeZlo. amave moculobiT TanamesakuTreebs, mesame piris winaSe, sakuTari uflebebis
dacvis uflebac hqondaT. TanasakuTrebis gayofisas, TanamesakuTreTa wilebi
mosamarTles sakuTari Sexedulebisamebr SeeZlo gamoeyo, magram gayofadi nivTi
samarTlian fasad (iusto preto aestimare) unda Seefasebina.

$4. sakuTrebis SeZenis saSualebebi

romis samarTliT gaTvaliswinebuli, nivTze civiluri sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis

formebis anu saSualebebis klasificireba, ramdenime kriteriumis mixedviT iyo
SesaZlebeli. Gai., `instituciebsa~ da Res cottidianal-Si, sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis
saSualebis klasifikacias bunebiTi samarTlis (ius naturale), civiluri samarTlis (ius
civile) da xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) safuZvelze axdenda. pirveli saSualeba, anu
_ ius naturale-Ti iyo is, romelsac xalxi iyenebda da romelic kacobriobasTan erTad
Seiqmna. aseT saSualebebs okupacia (occupatie), namati (nayofi) da nivTis gadamuSaveba
(specificatio) warmoadgenda sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis is saSualebebi, romlebic ius
civile-Ti iyo mowesrigebuli, mxolod romis moqalaqeTaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli:
mancipatio, in iure cessio da usucapio (xandazmulobis vadiT). SeZenis am gansakuTrebuli
saSualebebidan (moqmedebebidan) Gai gamohyofs erTobliv SeZenas, anu mTliani
moculobiT an samkvidro qonebidan ganxorcielebul SeZenas (adquirere per universitet);
SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebebs ganekuTvneba: 1) ius civile-sa da ius preatorium-is
safuZvelze samemkvidreo uflebebSi Sesvla; 2) sxvisi mamulis Sesyidva (emptio
bonorum); 3) Svilad ayvana.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis gansxvavebul saSualebebs gamoyofs Ulpianus; mancipatio,

traditio, in iure cessio, adiudicatio, lege.

romanistikis doqtrina yvelaze xSirad iyenebs sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis

klasifikacias, Tavdapirvel da nawarmoeb saSualebebad dayofis principidan
gamomdinare.

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis Tavdapirveli saSualebebi gulisxmobda, nivTis

dauflebis mizniT, iseTi moqmedebebis ganxorcielebas, romlebic ar iqneboda sxva
mesakuTris nebaze damokidebuli. xolo sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi
saSualebebiT, mxedvelobaSi is faqti miiReboda, rom nivTs manamde sxva
mesakuTresTan hqonda kavSiri. nivTis Tavdapirveli mesakuTre nivTze yvela uflebas
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kargavda mas Semdeg, rac aRniSnul nivTs sxva, axali mepatrone SeiZenda, anu
sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis nawarmoebi saSualebebiT nivTze erTi mesakuTris
uflebebi meore mesakuTres gadaecemoda, gamsxviseblisa da SemZenis
urTierTsanacvlo, nebelobiTi xasiaTis moqmedebis Sedegad (transferre dominio)

rodesac sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebze vsaubrobT, mizanSewonilia

gaviTvaliswinoT romaul Instituciones debulebebi da jer sakuTrebis uflebis
SeZenis is saSualebebi SeviswavloT, romlebsac ius gentium icnobda, Semdeg ki ius
civile-Ti dadgenili SeZenis saSualebebi.

a) okupacia (occupatio)

Occupatio iyo nivTebze sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis yvelaze Zveli da universaluri

saSualeba, romelsac romaeli iuristebi ius gentium-is institutad miiCnevdnen.

Occupatio Seicavda nadirobisa da TevzWeris Sedegad, SeZenil nivTebs da isini

Cveulebriv flobad (possessio naturales) iTvleboda (Nerva, D.41.2.1.1.).

garda am isa, occupatio mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iyo SesaZlebeli, Tu nivTi aravisi

kuTvnileba ar iyo (res nullius).

Occupatio Semdegi saSualebebiT xorcieldeboda: a) gareul mxecebze (venatio),

frinvelebze (aucupium), nadiroba da Tevzaoba (piscatio). pirutyvi SeiZleba
mitacebuli, Tumca veluri da, maSasadame, bunebrivad Tavisufali yofiliyo.
miTvisebis saSualebebidan gamomdinare, pirutyvi sam kategoriad iyofoda: 1)
gareuli mxecebi (feral bestiae), romlebic bunebrivad Tavisufalni iyvnen da romelTa
dapatroneba nebismier pirs SeeZlo; 2) moSinaurebuli, an moTvinierebuli cxovelebi
(mansuefactae), romlebsac bunebrivad Tavisufleba ki hqondaT, Tumca adamianis
kontrolis qveS imyofebodnen da, Tanac, adamianTan dabrunebis Cvevac gauCndaT
(animus revertendi); 3) Sinauri pirutyvi, romelzec mudmivad xorcieldeba adamianis
Zalaufleba. cxovelebze nadirobis ufleba adamianis Tavdapirvel da bunebiT
uflebad (ius hominis) iTvleba, vinaidan, vidre adamiani miwaTmoqmedi an mesaqonle
gaxdeboda, is nadirobiT irCenda Tavs.

b) mowinaamdegisaTvis warTmeuli samxedro nadavli; g) zRvasi amoziduli kunZuli

da zRvis mier napirze gamoriyuli nivTebi; d) uwindeli mesakuTris mier
gadagdebuli nivTebi (res derefuctae) _ beiTalman qoneba.

b) ganZi

Paul., (D. 41.1.31.1) azriT, `ganZi _ dafluli nivTebis garkveuli raodenobaa, romelTa
mimarT SeuZlebelia mesakuTris dadgena; ganZi imis sakuTreba xdeba, vinc mas
aRmoaCens, vinaidan is sxvas aravis ekuTvnis; da piruku, Tu vinme angarebiT an SiSiT
Sepyrobili, an nivTis uke Senaxvis mizniT, daflavs nivTs miwaSi, aRniSnuli nivTi
ganZad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos da, amrigad, SeiZleba qurdobis saganic ki gaxdes~.
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Tavdapirvelad ganZi im miwis nakveTis namatad iTvleboda, romelSic is iqna
aRmoCenili da misi aRmomCeni ganZis mesakuTre xdeboda; Tumca, imperator adrianes
reskriptiT (iustinianemac daadastura) dadginda ganZe arsebuli sakuTrebis
uflebis Tanabar wilad gayofa mis aRmomCen pirsa da im miwis nakveTis mesakuTres
Soris, sadac ganZi iqna aRmoCenili. Tu ganZi dafluli iyo wminda an religiur
adgilze, is mis aRmomCen pirs ekuTvnoda mTlianad. ganZis aRmoCena SemTxveviTi,
winaswar daugegmavi movlena iyo (data opera).

g) gadamuSaveba (specificatio)

Tu romelime piri qmnis axal formas an axal (adre ararsebul) nivTs (specium
aliquam), sxva pirisaTvis mikuTvnebuli masalisagan, glosatorTa azriT, adgili
hqonda nivTis gadamuSavebas (specificatio). Specificatio-s Taobaze azrTa sxvadasxvaoba
jer kidev sabinianelTa da prokurianelTa skolebis warmomadgenlebis mier
gamoiTqva. kerZod, sabinianelebs miaCndaT, rom axali nivTi im masalis mersakuTres
ekuTvnis, romlisganac es nivTi iyo damzadeb uli, xolo prokurianelebs miaCndaT,
rom nivTis mesakuTre misi Semqmneli iyo da swored mas aniWebdnen sarCelis
wardgenis uflebas, nivTis qurdobis SemTxvevaSi. `oqros Sualedad~ miCneuli iqna
is mosazreba, rom Tu SesaZlebeli iyo nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis micema (mag.
larnaki), is im masalis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda, romlisganac nivTi iyo damzadebuli
da, piruku, nivTi mis damamxzadebel xelosans ekuTvnis, Tu SesaZlebelia
nivTisaTvis sawyisi mdgomareobis dabruneba (Gai, Inst. 2.79.).

d) Tu raime nivTi mTlianad STanTqmulia sxva nivTis mier, pirveli nivTis

mesakuTre iZens im nivTsac, romelic mas SeuerTes. saWiroa erTmaneTisagan
ganvasxvavoT saboloo da droebiTi namati. droebiT namats maSin aqvs adgili, roca
mogvianebiT SesaZlebeli xdeba ori SeerTebuli nivTis gayofa. aRniSnul
viTarebaSi, damatebiTi nivTis mepatrone uflebamosilia waradginos sarCeli _ actio
ad exhibendum (wardgenis Sesaxeb; piradi sarCeli, romliTac mosarCele iTxovda, rom
mopasuxes sasamarTloSi warmoedgina sadao nivTi. Tu mopasuxe uars ambobda nivTis
warmodgenaze, is daisjeboda, TiTqosda namdvilo davaSi, wagebuli mxaris msgavsad),
im pirobiT, rom damatebiTi nivTis gamocalkevebiT ar daazianebda ZiriTad nivTs.
miwebis an sxva uZravi qonebis nazrdis viTarebaSi saWiroa gamovacalkevoT sxva
miwaze Tesvis, mcenareTa dargvis an mSeneblobis warmoebis SemTxvevebi. kerZod, am
viTarebaSi moqmedebda principi `superficies misdevs miwis nakveTs (mis statuss)~ _
superficies solo adit, anu yvelaferi, rac sxvis miwazea darguli, daTesili an aSenebuli,
miwis nakveTis mepatronis sakuTrebaSi Sedis.

moZravi qonebis namatis SemTxvevaSi unda gamoiyos: 1) liTonisgan damzadebuli

nivTebi, romlebic isea erTmaneTTan SeduRebuli, rom SeuZlebelia maTi
gamocalkeveba (ferruminatio); 2) sxvis qsovilSi Catanebuli Zafi (textura); 3) maJdis
tilos SesaRebad gamoyenebuli saRebavi (tinctura); 4) sxvis dafaze daxatuli
naxatisaTvis gamoyenebuli saRebavi (pinctura) (am bolo SemTxvevis Taobaze Paul.
ambobda, rom suraTi eqvemdebareba im dafas, romelzec is aris dawerili (D. 6.1.23.3).

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namatis (nazrdis) yvela SemTxvevaSi, sakuTrebis uflebis dakargvis gamo, romaeli
iuristebi iTxovdnen dazaralebuli mesakuTrisaTvis kompensaciis gadaxdas, kerZod:

1) Tu is, vinc aerTianebs nivTebs an gadaamuSavebs maT, aris damatebiTi nivTis

mesakuTre, maSin mas, nivTis dauflebis SemTxvevaSi, SeuZlia exceptio doli (maSin eZleva
mxares, roca jer kidev ar momxdara motyuebiT damZimebuli garigebis aRsruleba)
warudginos ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTres, mis mier wardgenili reivindicatio-s
sapasuxod, raTa moiTxovos kompensacia im nazrdis gamo, rac ZiriTadi nivTis
mesakuTrem miiRo damatebiTi nivTis mesakuTris Sromis Sedegad.

2) Tu is piri, vinc axorcielebda nivTebis gadamuSavebas an gazrdas, aris boroti

ganzraxviT moqmedi, ZiriTadi nivTis mesakuTre, an mesame piri, maT winaaRmdeg unda
gamoliyenon Semdegi saxis sarCelebi: a) actio furt, im motiviT, rom TiTqosda
mitacebuli iyo masala an damatebiTi nivTi; b) actio cognitio, im piris sasrgeblod,
visac CamoarTves nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba; g) Tu nivTebis gadamuSaveba an gazrda
SemTxveviT moxda an mesame piris mier iqna keTilsindisierad ganxorcielebuli
(bonae fidei), anazRaurebi moTxovna dauSvebelia.

$5. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT

sakuTrebis gadacema daiSveboda mxolod im pirebs Soris, romlebsac,

xelSekrulebebisa da garigebebis gziT, qonebis SeZenisa da gasxvisebis ufleba
hqondaT, aseve anderZis an kanonismieri memkvidreobis safuZvelze.

klasikuri periodis samarTliT sakuTrebis saxelSekrulebo SeZena sami wesiT iyo

dasaSvebi: mancipatio, in iure cessio, traditio. iustinianes samarTalSi mxolod traditio
iqna SenarCunebuli. saxelSekrulebo wesiT sakuTrebis uflebis gadasacemad,
aucilebeli iyo mxareTa SeTanxmeba sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenasa da gasxvisebaze.

a) mancipacia (mancipatio)

kvirituli sakuTrebis SeZenis uZvelesi wesi iyo mancipacia, romlis Tanaxmadac,

xuTi mowmisa da mesasworis TandaswrebiT, pirs, garkveuli safasuris sanacvlod,
nivTi realurad gadaecemoda. es iyo yidva-gayidvis erTdrouli aqti, nivTis
arasasamarTlo gziT gamoTxovis msgavsad. nivTis fasis sanacvlod, gamsxvisebels
gadaecemoda liTonis zodi, romlis asawonadac mesaswores uxmobdnen. aRniSnuli
wesi moqmedebda nebismieri nivTis SesaZenad, romlebic res mancipi-is kategorias
miekuTvneboda. Tavdapirvelad, gamyidvlis mier gadacemuli liToni realurad
iwoneboda, mogvianebiT, am ritualma simboluri xasiaTi miiRo; gaiusis dros
mancipacia fiqciur gayidvad – venditio imaginaria iqca.

mancipaciiT realurad SesaZlebeli iyo nivTebis gayidva ganvadebiT, aseve maTi

gaCuqeba da mziTevad gataneba, radgan garigebis momentSi gamyidvelisaTvis mxolod
Rirebulebis mcire nawilis gadaxda xdeboda. mancipaciiT igulisxmeboda, rom
mxareebs samoqalaqo brunvaSi Cabmis ufleba (ius commrecii) hqondaT. im SemTxvevaSi,
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Tu mancipirebadi nivTis gamsxvisebeli mesakuTre ar iyo, SemZenis sarCelis
safuZvelze, kanonieri mesakuTre SemZens nivTs sTxovda; gamsxvisebels nivTis ormagi
fasis, anu mancipaciis dros moTxovnil Tanxaze orjer metis gadaxda evaleboda
(qurdobis (furtum ) analogiurad).

b) in iure cessio

sakuTrebis uflebis gadatanis am wesiT moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesi

igulisxmeboda. sasamarTlo procesi, sakuTrebis uflebis Tanaxmad (gaiusi), SeZenis
mizans Seesabameboda. moCvenebiTi sasamarTlo procesis msgavsad, am wesiT procesze
mxolod is pirebi daiSvebodnen, visac romis sasamarTlo procesze daSvebis ufleba
hqonda. SemZeni iTxovda SesaZen nivTs, xolo gamsxvisebeli nivTze sakuTrebas
uaryofda an aRiarebda. pretori, romlis TandaswrebiTac in iure warmoebis dros
aseTi procesi tardeboda, mosarCelis uflebas adasturebda da mxareTa nebas
saTanado aqtiT adgenda.

g) gadacema (tradicio)

Tradicio _ sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis forma, romis samarTlis nawilma _ xalxis

samarTalmac (ius gentium) aRiara. Traditio-Ti igulisxmeboda SemZenisaTvis
gamsxviseblisagan nivTis faqtobriv mflobelobaSi gadacema. nivTis gadacemis aseTi
forma mxareTa Soris winaswar dadebuli SeTanxmebis aRsruleba iyo. klasikur
periodSi res mancipi-s mimarT tradicio ara kvirituli, aramed pretoruli,
bonitaruli sakuTrebis SesaZenad gamoiyeneboda. Tradicio-Ti nivTze sakuTrebis
uflebis SesaZenad savaldebulo iyo piroba _ iusta causa possessionis, romlis
safuZvelzec nivTi gadaicemoda, anu nivTis gasxviseba-SeZena orive mxaris neba iyo.
aRniSnuli neba gamoixateboda nivTis gadacemamde, ris Semdegac xdeboda nivTis
gadacema.

d) specifikacia (specificatio)

erTi an ramdenime nivTisgan axali nivTis Seqmna. iuridiuli TvalsazrisiT,

specifikuri viTareba iqmneboda, roca axali nivTis Sesaqmnelad erTi piri sxva
piris kuTvnil nivTebs iyenebda. sabinianuri skolis mimdevari iuristebi Tvlidnen,
rom Tu piri (specifikatori) axali formis materialur nivTs daamzadebda, maSin
nivTi mas ekuTvnoda. prokulianuli skolis mimdevrebis Tanaxmad, axal nivTze
sakuTrebis ufleba mis Semqmnels hqonda, xolo masalis mesakuTres
damamzadeblisadmi, qurdobis gamo, jarimis gadaxdis (actio furtis) da mflobelobis
dabrunebis (condictio furtiva) moTxovnis ufleba hqonda, xolo Tu masalas ver
daibrunebda, maSin gasamrjelos gadaxdis ufleba eZleoda.

iustinianes samarTliT, Tu specifikatori axali nivTis Seqmnisas sxvis masalas

nawilobriv sakuTar masalasac daumatebda, yvela SemTxvevaSi igi misi mesakuTre
xdeboda.

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$6. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi

a) kvirituli sakuTreba

kvirituli samarTlis mixedviT, sakuTrebis ufleba (dominium ex iure Quiritium)

hqondaT sruluflebian romael moqalaqeebsa da res commercii-is mqone pirebs.
romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, garda samarTalsubieqtobisa, saWiro iyo, rom
samoqalaqo brunvaSi monawileobis piroba hqonoda nivTsac. pirvel rigSi, aseTi
nivTebi iyo: res mancipi da, kvirituli sakuTrebis SesaZenad, xelSekrulebiT
dadgenili qonebis SeZenis iseTi specialuri saSualebebi, rogoric iyo mancipacia
(mancipatio). am uflebaTa obieqts ganekuTvneboda aseve res nec mancipi, romelTa SeZena
gansakuTrebul formalobebs ar iTxovda;

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba

araromaeli moqalaqeebi (laTinebi da peregrinebi) roms sakuTari samSoblos

uflebiT (origo) eqvemdebarebodnen. romauli samarTliT, ius gentium-is safuZvelze,
maT sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod moZravi nivTebis brunvis sferoSi hqondaT.
ucxoelebisaTvis sakuTrebis SeZenis ufleba mxolod peregrinebis pretoris
ediqtiT daiSveboda, `fiqtiuri” sarCeliT, romelic uflebis xSiri darRvevis
aRsakveTad, jarimas adgenda. savaraudod, ucxoelebi mxolod mflobelobiT
interdiqtebs sjerdebodnen. Dominium-is mflobeloba maT ar SeeZloT. Tumca,
ucxoelTa qoneba pretoris gansakuTrebuli sarCelebiT iyo daculi. im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu mesame piri pretenzias acxadebda im nivTebze, romlebsac ucxoelebi flobdnen
romSi, anda miwis im nakveTebze, romlebic italiis teritoriaze iyo, pretoris
sarCeli fiqcias (fictio) Seicavda da peregrinebis uflebebs icavda.

g) provinciuli sakuTreba

provinciuli miwaze romaeli xalxis sakuTreba dapyrobis uflebas efuZneboda. es

iyo sajaro-samarTlebrivi tipis sakuTreba _ res publicae. provinciuli sakuTreba,
romelzec sakuTrebis ufleba mtrisaTvis warTmeuli teritoriis (ager publicus)
mflobelobas (possessio) exeboda, mxolod populus Romanus gaaCnda. aseT miwas romaeli
ijariT gadascemda kerZo pirebs, romlebsac e.w. tributum an stipendium gadasaxadis
gadaxda evalebodaT. gaiusis Tanaxmad, provinciaSi mdebare miwis nakveTi romaeli
xalxis an keisris sakuTreba (dominium) iyo. kerZo pirebis faqtobrivi sakuTrebis
ufleba provinciebis mmarTvelTa dacvas eqvemdebareboda. postklasikur periodSi
provinciuli sakuTrebis uflebis wesi mflobelobis (possessio) instituts TiTqmis
Seerwya, rac ramdenime faqtorma ganapiroba: 1. civiluri da pretoruli
sarCelebis dualizmi aRar arsebobda; mas Semdeg, rac italiaSi arsebuli yvela
nakveTi tributiT (tributum) daibegra, romaeli moqalaqeebisa da provincielebis
sakuTrebis uflebaTa arsebuli sxvaobac mTlianad gauqmda; garda amisa, karakalam,
212 wlis ediqtiT, imperiis mTel Tavisufal mosaxleobas romis moqalaqeoba uboZa,
riTac romis moqalaqeebi da peregrinebi uflebrivad gaTanabrdnen; 2. am periodSi
moxda sakuTrebisa da mflobelobis Serwymac.

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d) bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba (res sua in bonis)

sakuTrebis aRniSnuli kategoria warmoiSoboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca pretori,

civiluri mesakuTris sarCelisagan, sakuTari sarCeliT icavda im pirs, romelmac
mancipirebadi nivTi SeiZina. Tumca, aRniSnuli nivTis gadacema mancipatio an in iure
cessio-s formebis daucvelad moxda. aseT SemTxvevaSi da im SemTxvevaSic, roca
pretoruli sarCeliT dacvas eqvemdebareboda iseTi piri, romelic ar iyo nivTis
mesakuTre, magram pretors Tavisi sarCeliT igi aseTad gamohyavda, pretori
TiTqosda mesakuTres, actio Publiciana ZaliT, mesame piris sasarCelo moTxovnisagan
icavda. aseTi sarCeli rei vindicatio sarCelis analogiuri iyo.

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTliT

miwis nakveTebis kviritul da provinciul sakuTrebad dayofis gauqmebis Semdeg,

yovelgvari garigebis mimarT, miwis erTiani sajaro registracia SemoiRes, romelsac
transcriptis ewoda. aqedan gamomdinare, iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, mxolod dominum ex
iure Quiritium aRadgines.

kuTvnilebis istoriuli niSnis mixedviT, romaelebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen,

sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenis saSualebebs civiluri samarTliT (ius civile) da xalxTa
samarTliT (ius gentium).

$7. SeZena xandazmulobiT (usucapio)

piri nivTze sakuTrebis uflebas maSinac iZenda, Tu igi garkveuli drois

ganmavlobaSi da garkveuli pirobebis dacviT flobda aRniSnul nivTs. sakuTrebis
uflebis SeZenis aRniSnul saSualebas xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ewodeboda.
Zveli civiluri samarTliT xandazmulobiT SeZeniT erT-erTi saxe iyo usucapio,
romlis SemTxvevaSi mflobelobis kanonieri safuZveli da keTilsindisieri
mflobeloba savaldebulo ar iyo. Tumca, ZvelTaganve es wesi naqurdal nivTebze ar
gavrcelda. maTi SeZena xandazmulobiT jer kidev XII dafis kanonebma, Semdeg
atiliusis (qr.Sobamde III s.), mogvianebiT ki plavtiusis (qr.Sobamde 70w.) kanonebiT
aikrZala.

nivTis xandazmulobiT SeZena SeeZloT mxolod romael moqalaqeebs; es wesi

mxolod italiur miwebze vrceldeboda. xandazmulobiT SeZena (usucapio) ar
daiSveboda res incorporales, res extra commercium da im nivTebze, romleTa xandazmulobT
SeZenas kanoni krZalavda. aseTebi iyo: naqurdali nivTebi (res furtivae), naalafari (res
vi possessae), nakveTebs Soris arsebuli sagnebi da servituti. XII dafis kanonebiT
ikrZaleboda qalis mier meurvis nebarTvis (auctoritas) gareSe, gasxvisebuli res mancipi
nivTebis xandazmulobiT SeZena. Usucapio-s erT-erTi maxasiaTebeli iyo nivTis
uwyvetad floba (possessio). xandazmulobis vada mflobelobisa da misi
samarTlebrivi safuZvlis darRvevisas Sewyvetilad miiCneoda. Usucapio-s meore
niSani iyo dro (tempus), riTac xandazmulobiT SeZeni kanoniT gnsazRvruli vada
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igulisxmeboda. kerZod, 2 weli uZrav da 1 weli moZrav nivTebze. (Gai.,2,42;54)
iustinianes samarTliT aRniSnuli vadebi Seicvala. kerZod, moZrav nivTze 3, xolo
uZrav nivTze 30 weli dadginda. principulad gansxvavdeboda e.w.
sasarCelo xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio), romliTac, kanoniT
dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg, nivTis vindicirebaze pretenziis mqone mesakuTres
uars uebnebodnen mflobelis mxridan Sesagebeli sarCelis wardgeniT. sasarCelo
xandazmulobis vada 10 wliT ganisazRvra, Tu modave mxareebi erT Tems (civitas)
ekuTvnodnen da 20 wliT Tu sxvadasxva Temis wevrebi iyvnen; garda amisa,
mflobeloba unda yofiliyo iusta causa-ze damyarebuli da keTilsindisierad
miCneuli.

$8. sakuTrebis uflebis marTlzomieri SezRudva

mesakuTres SeeZlo nebayoflobiT SeezRuda Tavisi sakuTrebis ufleba, Tu

servitutiT datvirTavda sakuTar qonebas. sakuTrebis uflebis sxvagvari SezRudvebi
ki samarTliT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli, sazogadoebrivi interesebidan gamomdinare.
Tunca, sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva ar iyo gaerTianebuli raime zogadi xasiaTis
debulebiT an gvarobiTi kategoriiT, rogorc amas Tanamedrove amarTali
iTvaliswinebs e.w. iZulebiTi eqspropriaciis saxiT. am periodis zenonis (C1.8.10.12) da
iustinianes (C1.8.10.13) konstituciebSi, agreTve darTul interpolaciebSi naxsenebi
(erT miwis nakveTze meoris sasrgeblod) dadebuli SezRudvebic servitutes saxeliT
iyo cnobili.

sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva xdeboda: 1. religiuri mosazrebiT. XII dafis

kanonebiT ikrZaleboda gvamebis dakrZalva da kremacia qalaqis teritoriaze da mis
irgvliv, Tu samarxsa da uaxloes Senobas Soris manZili 60 futze naklebi iyo,
aseve pontitikosebis Tanxmobis gareSe gvamebis eqsgumacia (D.11.7.8); 2. samSeneblo
normebis dacvis aucileblobiT. klasikuri samarTali Seicavda normebs, romlebic
gansazRvravdnen Senoba-nagebobaTa maqsimalur simaRles, Senobebs Soris manZilsa da
maT garegnul ier-saxes; 3. sazogadoebrivi gzebis gayvanis aucileblobiT. XII
dafis kanonebi iTvaliswinebda im miwis nakveTebis mesakuTreTa movaleobebs,
romlebic sazogadoebrivi gzebis gasswvriv iyo ganlagebuli. maT evalebodaT
gzebis saremonto samuSaoebSi monawileobis miReba. Tu sazogadoebrivi gza imdenad
dazianda, rom SeuZlebeli gaxda maszed Seuferxebeli gavla, mimdebare nakveTebis
daudevas mesakuTreebs evalebodaT, sakuTar miwaze, saWapane transportis gatareba;
4. zRvis napirze mdebare miwis nakveTebis mimarT dadgenili SezRudva gulisxmobda
misi mesakuTreebis movaleobas, Seuferxeblad gaetarebinaT sakuTar teritoriaze
mezRvaurebi da meTevzeebi, naosnobisa da meTevzeobis ganviTarebisaTvis
xelSewyobis mizniT; 5. miwis wiaRis sargeblobis motiviT. klasikuri samarTali
dasaSvebad miiCnevda materialuri resursebis mopovebas mxolod sazogadoebriv
teritoriebze da kategoriulad krZalavda sarewao saqmianobas kerZo pirebis
kuTvnil nivTebze; 6. sazogadoebrivi aucileblobiT ganpirobebuli eqspropriacia.
klasikuri samarTali ar iTvaliswinebda raime zogad princips, romlis
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safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli iqneboda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis usasyidlo CamorTmeva.
Tumca, magistrati sakuTari imperium-is ZaliT da senatis TanxmobiT rig konkretul
SemTxvevaSi mimarTavda moqalaqisaTvis qonebis CamorTmevas, konfiskaciis saxiT an
monis mier danaSaulis Cadenis gamo.

$9. sakuTrebis uflebis dacva

1. interdiqtebi

mflobelobis dacva sasamarTlos gziT ar xdeboda. mflobelobis dacvas pretori

sakuTari interdiqtiT (brZanebiT) axorcielebda. interdiqtebis meSveobiT pretori
mfarvelobda garkveul faqtobriv viTarebas (possessio ad interdicta). interdiqtebis
klasificireba ramdenime kriteriumiT xdeboda. kerZod, maTi miniWebis miznebidan
gamomdinare, interdiqtebi iyofoda: 1. gaqviTviTi interdiqti (retinendae possessionis) im
aqtebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, romlebic zians ayeneben an xels uSlian
mflobelobis ganxorcielebas; 2. aRdgeniTi interdiqti (recuperandae possessionis) im
piris sasargeblod, visi mflobelobac iqna xelyofili; 3. aRmWurveli interdiqti
(adipiscendae possessionis), romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda specailuri interdiqti
memkvidreobis Sesaxeb, quod legatum (legatis flobis gamoTxovis ufleba pirisagan,
romelic mas daeufla memkvidris nebis sawinaaRmdegod) interdiqti da quorum
bonorum (interdiqti aniWebs pretorul memkvidres, romelic moiTxovda samkvidro
nivTebis mflobelobaSi dabrunebas im nebismieri pirisagan, romelic qoneba
memkvidris saxiT flobda, Tumca samarTlebrivi safuZvlis gareSe) interdiqti.

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva sasarCelo gziT iyo uzrunvelyofili. kerZod,

sakuTrebis uflebis dacva xdeboda savindikacio (rei vindicatio), negatoruli (actio
negatoria), miniWebis Sesaxeb (actio exhibitoria) sarCelebiT da actio Publiciana-s meSveobiT.

a) Rei vindicatio-s meSveobiT xdeboda im cikluri mesakuTris mflobelobis uflebis

dacva, romelsac misi nebis sawinaaRmdegod, CamoarTves nivTis flobis ufleba.
civilur mesakuTres SeeZlo savindikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
moxdeboda mis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli nivTis flobis ufleba. civilur mesakuTres
SeeZlo savindikacio sarCelis wardgena im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moxdeboda mis
sakurebaSi arsebuli, nivTis flobis xelyofa. mosarCele sasarCelo moTxovnas im
mopasuxes uyenebda, romelic uSualod flobda sadao nivTs da, Tanac, pretoruli
interdiqtiT iyo daculi. savindikacio procesSi mopasuxes ukeTesi mdgomareoba
hqonda, vbinaidan swored mosarCeles awva mtkicebis tvirTi imis Taobaze, rom sadao
nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba mxolod mas ekuTvnoda.

rogorc wesi, amis damtkiceba Zalze rTulia, xSirad – Seulebelic iyo. amitom,
mtkicebis proceduris gamartivebis mizniT, sargeblobdnen usucapio-Ti (SeZeniTi xan
dazmulobiT). Tu mopasuxe moigebda process da mis mimarT mosamarTles
gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamohqonda, nivTi mis mflobelobaSi rCeboda, radgan
sasamrTlos gadawyvetileba mxolod uaryofda mosarCelis sakuTrebis uflebas
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nivTis mimarT.

amitom xSirad savindikacio process win uswrebda imis ganxilva, Tu ramdenad

marTlzomierad gaica pretoruli mflobelobiTi interdiqti.

Tu savindikacio procesis gamarjvebuli mosarCele xdeboda, sasamarTlo mas

ubrunebda sadao nivTs; aRniSnuli aqti mosamarTlis SuamavlobiT tardeboda.

nivTze mflobelobis aRdgenis sami aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT unda momxdariyo: 1.

nivTi nayofisa da damatebiTi nawilebis daangariSeba; 2. im xarjebis dacva,
rolmlebic nivTis mflobelma nivTis mimarT gaswia; 3. nivTisaTvis miyenebuli
zianis an zaralis Sedegebi. samive aspeqtis Sinaarsze gavlenas axdenda
mosamarTlis gadawyvetileba imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara nivTis faqtobrivi mflobeli
_ mopasuxe keTilsindisieri an arakeTilsindisieri (possessio icesta, possesssio inuista
(vitiosa)) SemZeni: a) nivTi mesakuTres ubrundeboda, nayofisa da namatis CaTvliT; b)
mflobelis mier nivTis mimarT gaweuli xarjebi sami kategoriiT iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli: 1) aucilebeli xarjebi, romelTa gaweva gardauvali iyo, nivTis
Senaxvis mizniT; 2) sasargeblo xarjebi, romlebmac xeli Seuwyves nivTis gadidebas
an gaumjobesebas; 3) TviTneburi an fuWi xarjebi, romelTa mizani ar iyo sameurneo
efeqtis miReba da, Sesabamisad, ar SeiZleboda maTi xarjebis safasurSi CaTvla.
klasikur samarTalSi, keTilsindisieri mflobelis mier gaweuli saWiro da
sasargeblo xarjebis anazRaureba nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda, Tu aseTi xarjebis
gaweva litis colntestatio-s dadgenamde moxdeboda.

g) keTilsindisieri mflobeli mxolod im zianis gamo agebda pasuxs, romelic nivTs

misi braleuli qmedebis edegad miadga, Tumca mxolod litis colntestatio-s dadgenamde da
araviTar SemTxvevaSi mis Semdgom. arakeTilsindisieri mflobeli ki pasuxismgebeli
iyo nebismier viTarebaSi.

b) Actio negatoria (negatoruli sarCeli). civiluri mesakuTre uflebamosili iyo

waredgina sanivTo sarCelebis mTeli seria, raTa uareyo im momijnave uflebebis
arseboba, romelTa mizani iyo nivTis mimarT misi sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudva.
aRniSnuli kategoriis sarCelebi erTiani saxeldebiT _ negatoruli sarCeli (Actio
negatoria) gaerTiandnen. mesakuTres awva mtkicebis movaleoba im faqtis mimarT, rom
nivTi swored misi sakuTreba iyo da adgili hqonda am sakuTrebis uflebis
SezRudvas an misi ganxorcielebisaTvis xelisSeSlas. mopasuxe, Tavis mxriv,
dasabuTebulad uaryofda mosarCel, is pretenzias da sapirispiros amtkiceb da.
mosamarTlis gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis Sedegebi gulisxmolbda: 1. sadavo nivTis
gaTavisuflebas raime saxis momijnave uflebebisagan; 2. nivTi uwindel
mdgomareobaSi unda aRdgeniliyo (anu aRdgeniliyo is viTareba, romelic mesakuTris
uflebebis darRvevamde moqmedebda); 3. ganarjvebuli iRebda iseT uzrunvelyofas,
romelic, samomavl,od, daicavda mas nivTis mimarT raime uflebis darRvevisagan.

c) sarCeli miniWebis Sesaxeb (Actio exhibitoria). pretoruli sarCeli, mopasuxes SeeZlo

uari eTqva sakuTari mflobelobis dacvaze, iseve rogorc im mflobels, romelmac
ganzrax daTmo mflobeloba nivTis mimarT. aRniSnul viTarebaSi mesakuTres,
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pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis ori sasualeba gaaCnda: 1. uZravi qonebis
mflobelobis moTxovnis Sesaxeb gacemuli pretoruli interdiqtum quem fundum
(aRdgeniTi interdiqti, romelic mosarCeles miecemoda rei vindicatio-s dros, im
faqtobrivi mflobelis winaaRmdeg, vinc ganzrax uars ambobs (miwis nakveTis gamo)
sasamarTlo davaSi monawileobaze an romelmac ganzrax moiSora arasasurve,li
mflobeloba); 2. Actio ad exhibendum _ miniWebis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romlis ZaliT
sasamarTloSi mopasuxe mxares unda warmoedgina sadao moZravi nivTi.

pretoris mier miniWebuli dacvis saSualebiT, mosarCele-mesakuTres SeeZlo

gamoeTxova sadao nivTi, rasac is sadamarTloSi ficis warmolTqmiT adasturebda
(iusiurandum in litem) da, damatebiT _ mopasuxis qonebis dayadaReba (mission in bona), Tu
mopasuxe uars ambobda sasamarTlo dacvaze.

d) actio Publiciana. sarCelis aRniSnuli nairsaxeoba rei vindicato-s msgavsi iyo da mis
paralelurad waredgineboda, radgan mas pretori bonotiJarul mesakuTres aniWebda,
dakarguli mflobelobis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb. pretori formulaSi
mosamarTlisgan moiTxovda fiqtiuri viTarebis Seqmnas, SeZeniTi xandazmulobis
vadis amowurvis Sesaxeb. Actio Publiciana icavda im pirs, vinc nivTi traditio-s meSveobiT
SeiZina da Semdeg jer kidev SesaZeni xandazmulobis vadis mflobelobis ufleba.

Actio Publiciana bonitarul mesakuTres nebismieri piris winaaRmdeg eniWeboda da

sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi Sedegi hqonda, imis mixedviT, Tu vin gamodioda mopasuxis
saxiT.

IV. mflobeloba

Possessio (mflobeloba); detentio (pyroba).

nivTze faqtobrivi batonoba mflobelobad (possessio) iwodeboda. es iyo

winaaRmdegobrivi xasiaTis instituti, vinaidan samarTlebriv da faqtobriv aspeqtebs
erTad moiazrebda.

mflobelobis obieqtad miiCneoda mxolod sxeulebrivi nivTebi (res corporales), xolo

sxva faqtobrivi SemTxvevebi, romlebic gansakuTrebuli interdiqtebiT _
servitutebisa da sxva sanivTo uflebebis (res incerporales-Ti) iyo daculi. romaeli
iuristebis ganmartebiT, es iyo TiTqos mflobeloba (quasi possessio).

uflebis msgavsad, mflobelobac pozitiuri samarTliT iyo aRiarebuli da daculi.

viwro gagebiT ganasxvavebdnen iuridiuli mflobelobasac, romlis safuZvelzec
mflobelobasa (possessio) da pyrobas (detentio) erTmaneTisagan mijnavdnen; sxeulebrivi
nivTis kuTvnilebis faqtobrivi viTareba individisaTvis oficialuri aRiarebisa da
dacvisagan damoukideblad miiReboda.

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mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis sagnisa da nivTis
faqtobriv materialur kuTvnilebaze dafuZnebul nivTisa da urTierTobis uSualo
kavSir-mflobeloba, rogorc iuridiuli viTarebis faqtobriv xasiaTs, romis
iuridiuli mecniereba gansazRvravda samarTlebrivi urTierTobis nebelobiTi
aspeqtis ganmartebiT anu corpus-iT. nivTTan piris materialuri, sxeulebrivi
kavSiris garda ganasxvavebdnen nivTis flobis gadawyvetilebas, survils (animus
possidendi). Animus – mflobelobis, rogorc faqtobrivi urTierTobis subieqturi
mxaris konceptualuri gancalkeveba ar uaryofda mflobelobis, rogorc
institutis samarTlebriv xasiaTs. Animus-ze gadatanili aqcenti am institutis
nebelobiT da samarTlebriv bunebas asaxavda.

ugunurs, mZinares, Cvils nivTTan kavSiris gacnobierebis unari ar SeswevdaT da

amitom mflobelis uflebis SeZena ar SeeZloT. nebelobiTi momentis arseboba
mflobels nivTTan materialuri kavSiris SenarCunebis aucileblobisa da
valdebulebisgan aTavisuflebda. mflobels SeeZlo, mesame piris meSveobiT,
sxeuliT (corpore) mflobeloba ganaxorcielebina, aseve SeenarCunebina mflobeloba
`SiSveli nebiT~ (solo animo) misi, anu mesame piri ararsebobis SemTxvevaSic.

romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen mflobelobis or saxeobas: marTlzomiers (possessio iusta)

da aramarTlzomiers (possessio in iusta (vitiosa)). aramarTlzomieri mflobeloba
SeiZineboda Zalis (vi) meSveobiT, farulad (clam) da faqtobrivad (precario).
marTlzomieri mflobeloba gansxvavdeboda keTilsindisieri mflobelobisagan
(possessio bonae fidei), rodesac mflobeli Tavs nivTis mesakuTred miiCnevda, Tumca,
realurad, ar uaryofda, rom nivTis mesakuTre ar iyo; misTvis safuZveli iyo is,
rom nivTis mflobelobiT igi zians aravis ayenebda. keTilsindisierad
mflobelobis gansazRvrebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda usucapio-sa da nayofis
SesaZenad separatio-s meSveobiT.

romaelebi ganasxvaveben possessio civitae, satitulo (romelsac win uZRoda iusta causa)
da utitulo mflobeloba, romelsac ewodeboda bunebrivi mflobeloba (possessio
naturalis), an pyroba (detentio). nivTis faqtobriv flobad mflobeloba (pyroba)
mxolod maSin miiCneoda, Tu warmoiSoboda im iuridiuli faqtis safuZvelze,
romelic sakmarisad miiCneoda mflobelobis SesaZenad. es faqti, rogorc wina
mflobelTan dadebuli garigeba, SeiZleba ecnoT marTlzomierad, an upatronod, an
mtris nivTis xelSi Cagdebad an nivTis aramarTlzomierad misakuTrebad, Tu mas,
uwindeli mflobelis nebis sapirispirod, igdebdnen xelSi. es iyo aramarTlzomieri
mflobelobis dasabami.

pyroba ar miiCneoda mflobelobad, roca nivTis flobis nebas ganapirobebda nivTis

mflobelTan dadebuli SeTanxmeba, an flobis neba damokidebuli im pirze, romlis
kavSiri nivTTan mflobelobis Sesazeb dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvlad miiCneoda.
amis gamo, romaelebi ganasxvavebdnen sakuTari saxeliT flobas (possessio suo nomine)
da sxvisi saxeliT mflobas (essere in possessione nomine alieno).

`In possessione (nomine alieno) esse~ formula Tan axlavs daqvemdebarebuli pirebis
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pyrobas, ijarasa da uzufruqts (anu im urTierTobebs, romleTa sagani ar aris TviT
nivTi, sakuTari funqcionaluri datvirTviT). sxvis xelifulaSi myofebis meSveobiT
ganxorcielebuli mflobeloba potestas-s efuZneba, ris gamoc, persona alieni iuris-is mier
dawyebuli mflobelobas, maT paterfamilias-is mier SeZenilad iTvleboda, miuxedavad
imisa, konkretul viTarebaSi, Tu vin flobda paterfamilias persona alieni iuris-s.

mflobelobis warmoSobisTvis (in iusta causa possessionis) samarTlebrivi safuZvlis

arseboba gansazRvravda sakuTrebaSi nivTis SeZenis marTlzomierebas an
xandazmulobas (usucapio), roca mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena
erTmaneTs Seesabameboda (possessio pro suo _ vmflob rogorc sakuTars).

mflobelobis, rogorc gansakuTrebuli sanivTo uflebis specifika, mflobelobis

dacvis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTiT vlindeboda, romlis dacva ara sasamarTlo
ganxilvis formiT, aramedDEpretoris brZanebiT _ interdiqtuli warmoebiT _
xorcieldeboda. mflobelobis, rogorc sanivTo uflebis dacvis Sesaxeb
administraciuli da sapolicio saSualebis erTobliobac mowmobda.

V. servituti (servitute)

mflobelobisa da sakuTrebis zemoCamoTvlili uflebebis garda, romis samarTliT,

nivTebis arsis garkveuli SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT, mTeli rigi uflebebi
Camoyalibda da dadginda. aRniSnul uflebaTa obieqti, cxadia, iyo, sxvisi nivTebi,
ris gamoc maT iure in re aliena ewodeboda. am uflebebs Zalze adre mieca dasabami. maTi
TandaTanobiTi ganviTarebis safuZvelze sxvadasxva Sinaarsis uflebamosilebaTa
garkveuli jgufi Seiqmna. klasikuri epoqis dasasruls, am jgufs daemata
servitutis, superficiumisa da emfiTevzisis institutebi da giravnoba.

$1. servitutis cneba

servituti ewodeboda sxvisi nivTiT sruli an nawilobrivi sargeblobis uflebas,

romelic uSualod konkretul miwis nakveTs an konkretul pirs ukavSirdeboda
sargeblis miRebis mizniT.

sityviT servitus `nivTis mona~, `nivTiT sargebloba~ anu iseTi urTierToba

aRiniSneboda, romlis drosac nivTiT, miwis nakveTiT sargebels (praedium serviens)
iRebda ara mxolod batoni, aramed mezobeli nakveTis mesakuTrec. mesakuTris
uflebas momsaxure nivTze aseve servituti ewodeboda. SemdgomSi termini servitus
mTel rig msgavs urTierTobebze gavrcelda. momsaxure nivTis mesakuTres evaleboda
Tavi Seekavebina nivTebze im garkveuli zemoqmedebisagan, romelsac is SeuzRudavad
ganaxorcielebda sakuTar nivTze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sxva piris sanivTo
uflebebisagan Tavisufali iqneboda. kerZod, servitutiT igulisxmeboda Tavis
Sekaveba garkveuli qmedebisagan: 1. miwis nakveTis mesakuTres ekrZaleboda dadgenil
simaRleze maRali Senobis ageba; 2. mas evaleboda sxva piris iseTi qmedebis Tmena,
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romelic mesakuTres SeeZlo aRekveTa, Tu nivTi servitutiT ar iqneboda
datvirTuli, rac, faqtobrivad, imaze miuTiTebda, rom mesakuTrem mezobels neba
darTo, raTa mas misi nivTiT esargeblda. magaliTad, wyalsatevamde saqonlis
gadasarekad. pozitiuri qmedebebis Sesrulebis davaldebuleba servitutiT ar
SeiZleboda, magram romis samarTliT arsebobda kidev erTi saxeoba, romliTac,
servitutiT datvirTuli miwis nakveTis mesakuTres, sayrdenebis ganaxleba-SekeTeba
evaleboda. servitutiT datvirTuli nakveTis mesakuTres mudmivad evaleboda karg
mdgomareobaSi hqonoda ara mxolod miwis nakveTi, aramed masze arsebuli nagebobac,
romelzedac servituti sxva pirs ekuTvnoda. nivTze sakuTrebis ufleba yvelas, maT
Soris servitutis uflebasac moicavda. aRniSnulis safuZvelze SeimuSaves Semdegi
debuleba _ sakuTari nivTi aravis ar emsaxureba (nemini res sua servit) anu sakuTar
nivTze servitutis ufleba dauSvebelia.

$2. servitutebis warmoSoba

I. servitutis SeZena xdeboda realuri Sedegis mqone aqtebiT.

1. Mancipatio-Ti, Tu servitutiT datvirTuli iyo sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis

mamuli da 2. in iure cessio-Ti, Tu servitutiT saqalaqo sa sasoflo miwebi iyo
datvirTuli. Tradicio aRniSnuli miznebisaTvis gamousadegari iyo, radgan servituti
usxeulo nivTebis (res incorporales) kategorias ganekuTvneboda.

II. servitutis dadgenis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba gamoiyeneboda maSin, roca miwis

nakveTis gansazRvruli nawilis mesakuTris Secvla xdeboda: gamsxvisebeli,
romelsac sakuTrebis ufleba miwis nakveTis meore nawilze rCeboda (riTac is,
faqtobrivad, zaraldeboda), Tavis sasargeblod servitutis dadgenas iTxovda
(exceptio (deductio) servitutis). am SemTxvevaSi, servitutis dadgena sagangebo daTqmiT _
mancipacia (mancipatio) an uflebis daTmoba (in iure cessio) _ xdeboda.

III. qr. Sobamde I saukuneSi servituti xandazmulobiT (usucapio) dgindeboda. Tumca,

aRniSnuli wesi lex Scribonia-Ti gauqmda. klasikur epoqaSi sargeblobis
xandazmulobas mxolod servitutis arsebobis mtkicebis mniSvnelba hqonda.
iustinianem servitutebze ganavrco xandazmulobis vada (longi temporis praescriptio),
romelic servitutis dadgenidan 10 an 20 wlis Semdeg Sedioda ZalaSi.

IV. servitutis miniWeba sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT, TanasakuTrebis gamoyofisas.

$3. servitutis saxeebi

uZvelesi romauli samarTlis Tanaxmad, mxolod sasoflo servituti arsebobda;

servitutis am saxiT, miwis erTi nakveTis mesakuTre miwis meore nakveTis
daqvemdebarebiT, gabatonebuli nakveTis sameurneo-ekonomikur mogebas Rebulobda.
wvrili miwaTmflobelebi meurneobas damoukideblad ver uZRvebodnen. mxolod
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sakuTari resursebiT aucilebeli sameurneo saWiroebis dakmayofileba maT ar
SeeZloT, axlomdebare nakveTebTan mudmivi kavSirisa da SemoerTebis gareSe.

Tavdapirvelad, miwis nakveTebi mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebiT

gamoiyeneboda da samarTlebrivad regulirdeboda. am mizniT, SemoiRes sasoflo
nakveTebis servituti – servitudes praediorum rusticorum. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda
miwis nakveTebi nagebobis gareSe an mxolod sasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis
sawarmoeblad damxmare nagebobebiT. mogvianebiT, roca q. romi uzarmazari imperiis
centrad iqca, ganaSenianebul miwis nakveTebTan dakavSirebiT, warmoiSva saqalaqo
servituti _ servitudes praediorum urbanorum. amis Semdeg, qalaqSic servitutis yvela
saxe sakmaod gavrcelda. gansxvavebul mosazrebas efuZneba piradi servitutebis
(servitutes personales irregulares) dadgena. Tu vinme, sxva pirisaTvis, Tavisi nivTis
samisdReSio gadacemas moisurvebda, es mas piradi servitutiT SeeZlo; am
SemTxvevaSi, nivTi aramesakuTris interesebs emsaxureboda. Tumca, piradi servituti
aucileblad gulisxmobda erTs _ nivTis mesakuTre yovelTvis rCeboda piradi
servitutis damdgeni piri an misi memkvidre.

$4. sasoflo (saadgilmamulo) servituti

yvela sasoflo servituti uSualod mTavar nivTs (praedium dominans) ukavSirdeboda.

sasoflo servitutiT miwis ori gancalkevebuli nakveTi igulisxmeboda – erTi
nakveTi emsaxureba meores (fundus servit funda). sasoflo servitutis arsi is iyo, rom
unda daekmayofilebina Semdegi ZiriTadi moTxovnebi: servituts unda daecva mTavari
nakveTi, raTa mas sargebeli moetana, Tumca ar iyo savaldebulo, rom servitutis
meSveobiT uSualod gaedidebina mTavari nakveTis Semosavali da gaezarda misi
Rirebuleba. mas unda daetvirTa mTavar nakveTTan dakavSirebuli nakveTi, raTa
SesaZlebeli yofiliyo misi momsaxureba; Tumca maT Soris uSualo Semxebloba unda
yofiliyo. am wesis arsis Tanaxmad, nakveTebi gverdigverd unda yofiliyo.

servitutis bunebriv resursebs mTavari nakveTis mesakuTris moTxovnilebebi unda

uzrunveleyo mudmivad, raTa TviTneburi da SemTvveviTi perpetua causa, utilitas perpetua
ar warmoqmniliyo; sanam aseTi mizani iyo, servituti arsebobda. sasoflo
urTierTobaTa subieqtebSi ra cvlilebebic ar unda momxdariyo (nakveTis
gasxvisebis an misi memkvidreobiT gadacemis miuxedavad), servituti ganuyofadi
rCeboda da mxolod saservituto uflebebi nawildeboda. Tu mTavari nakveTi
ramdenime memkvidreze gadavidoda, maSin TiToeul maTgans momsaxure nakveTis
Sesabamisi wiliT sargeblobis ufleba hqonda – servitus per partes retinetur, anu –
TiToeuli, misi navkeTis farTobis, Sesabamis wils iRebda.

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi

sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis Sesabamisad dadgenil servitutebs iura praediorum

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rusticorum ewodeboda. maT ricxvs ganekuTvneboda sagzao da wylis servitutebic, im
SemTxvevaSic ki, roca TiToeuli maTgani saqalaqo miwis nakveTebisaTvis iyo
gankuTvnili. sasoflo servitutis oTxi uZvelesi saxe arsebobda: 1. iter - qveiTad,
cxeniT gavlis ufleba; 2. actus – saqonlis gadarekis ufleba; 3. via – datvirTuli
urmiT an oTxTvalaTi gavlis ufleba;

4. aquaeductus – wylis gayvanis ufleba.

mogvianebiT, sasoflo servitutis ricxvs miakuTvnes wylis amoRebis ufleba,

wyalsacavamde saqonlis gadarekis ufleba, saqonlis saZovrad gadarekis ufleba.

$6. saqalaqo (saadgilmamulo) servitutebi

ganaSenianebuli nakveTebisaTvis Seqmnil servitutebs – saqalaqo servitutebi (iura

praediorum urbanorum) ewoda. maTi ZiriTadi saxeebi iyo: 1. servitus protegendi _ sxvis
nakveTze saxlis saxuravis gadawevis ufleba anu sxvis sahaero sivceSi SeWris
ufleba; 2. servitum tigni immittendi _ sxvis kedelze sayrdenebis damagrebis ufleba; 3.
servitus oneris ferendi _ sxvis kedelze nagebobis miSenebis an sxvis saZirkvelze
daSenebis ufleba.

mogvinebiT saqalaqo servitutebs miakuTvnes: 1. wvimis wylis Cadineba-gadinebis

ufleba; 2. wylis CaSvebis ufleba; 3. sakanalizacio arxebis mSenebloba-gayvanis
ufleba; 4. moTxovna, rom fanjrebi ar daefaraT da ar daerRviaT xedi,
dadgenil simaRleze maRali Senobis agebiT.

$7. piradi servitutebi

1. uzufruqti (usufructus)

sxvisi nivTiT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas piradi servituti ewodeboda.

piradi servitutebis ZiriTadi saxe iyo: uzufruqti, usus, habitatio, operae servorum vel
animalium. uzufruqti (usufructus) sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
ufleba iyo. pirs, romelsac aseTi uflebamosileba hqonda uzufruqtuari
ewodeboda; mas SeeZlo nivTiT sargeblobac (uti) da misi nayofiTac (frui), oRond
nivTi ar unda daezianebina da arc misi nayofiT sargeblobis ufleba ar unda
daerRvia (misi sameurneo daniSnuleba ar unda Selaxuliyo). aseTi uflebis mqones
ise unda esargebla nivTiT, rogorc es karg, yairaTian meurnes ekadreba, anu nivTiT
sargeblobis yvela wesis dacviT. bunebrivi nayofis mokrefis momentidan misi
mesakuTre-mosargeble (perceptio) xdeboda; vidre uzufruqti moqmedebda, mesakuTres,
nivTidan miRebul Semosavalze, ufleba ar hqonda, radgan misi sakuTreba mxolod
SiSveli sakuTrebis ufleba (nuda proprietas) iyo, anu mesakuTres SeeZlo Tavisi
sakuTrebis ufleba sxva pirisaTvis gadaeca, daetvirTa is sxva servitutiT, magram
amiT uzufruqti ar unda dazianebuliyo. uzufruqtis sagani SeiZleba yofiliyo
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nivTi, romliT sargeblobac SeiZleboda maTi dazianebis an ganadgurebis gareSe.
uzufruqtuars SeeZlo ekisra garkveuli movaleobebi, romlebic, formalurad,
zepiri formis xelSekrulebiT (stipulatio) iyo dadgenili. mas yovelTvis unda ezruna,
rom nivTs mudmivad sargebeli da Semosavali moetana, faqizi da yairaTiani
mopyrobiT daecva dazianebisagan. nivTze yvela xarjs uzufruqtuari ixdida, maT
Soris gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs. dabrunebisas, Semdgomi gamoyenebisa da
sargeblis mosatanad, nivTi vargisi unda yofiliyo. am movaleobaTa Sesrulebis
uzrunvelsayofad, anda uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqtis
dasabruneblad, stipulaciis meSveobiT (cautio usufructuaria), pretoruli
uzrunvelyofa daadgines. uzufruqti, idealuri wilis saxiT, ramdenime piris
kuTvnileba SeiZleba yofiliyo. sakuTrebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi (partes pro indiviso,
usufructus) sxva danarCen nawilebze, erTi romelime wiliT, sargeblobac dasaSvebi
iyo. es iyo erTaderTi servituti, romlis drosac aseTi dayofa SeiZleboda.
wmindad piradi servitutis saxiT, memkvidreobiT gadacemasa da gasxvisebas,
uzufruqti ar eqvemdebareboda. Tumca, piradi sargeblobis (magram ara uflebis)
gasxviseba dasaSvebi iyo. uzufruqtuaris gardacvalebis Semdeg, uzufruqti
wydeboda da sargeblobis sagani mis memkvidres mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina.

sxvisi nivTiT SezRuduli moculobiT sargeblobis uflebis formas usus ewodeboda.

aseT mosargebles nayofidan imdeni eZleoda, ramdenic mas esaWiroeboda sakuTari
moTxovnilebebis dasakmayofileblad. mosargebles arc Tavisi uflebis sxvisTvis
gadacema SeeZlo da arc am uflebis sxvisTvis gayofa. mosargebles ufleba hqonda
sargeblobis ufleba Tavisi axloblebisaTvis mieca. Tumca, usus SeiZleba ramdenime
piris kuTvnilebac yofiliyo, magram mosargeblis movaleobebi ar iyofoda.

sxvis saxlSi an saxlis nawilSi samisdReSio cxovrebis uflebas habitatio

ewodeboda. uflebamosil pirs SeeZlo Tavad ecxovra saxlSi an gaeqiravebina.
sxvisaTvis am uflebis usasyidlod daTmoba dauSvebeli iyo.

sxvisi miwiT an cxoveliT samisdReSio sargeblobis uflebas operae servorum vel

animalum ewodeboda. aRniSnulis gaqiraveba dasaSvebi iyo.

$8. servitutis Sewyveta

1. procesualuri formiT uflebamosili piris mier mesakuTrisaTvis sakuTari

uflebis daTmobiT (in iure cessio); 2. gaqviTviTi xandazmulobiT: piradi servituti _
misi Seusruleblobis (non usus) SemTxvevaSi; uZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 2 wlis
Semdeg iqviTeboda, xolo moZravi qonebis SemTxvevaSi _ 1 wlis Semdeg; iustinianes
samarTliT, Sesabamisad, 10 da 20 wlis Semdeg; 3. Tu momsaxure nakveTis mesakuTre
SeiZenda sakuTrebis uflebas mTavar nakveTze, ori uflebis SerwymiT (confusio)
servituti wydeboda (nemini (nulli) res sua servit). sasoflo servitutis msgavsad, piradi
servitutis SemTxvevaSi, erTi uflebamosili piris sakuTrebisa da samisdReSio
sargeblobis uflebis Serwymas iseTive Sedegi hqonda; 4. piradi servitutis obieqtze

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raime arsebiTi cvlilebebis Setanis SemTxvevaSi, rac piradi gamoyenebis arsebiT
Secvlas iwvevda, servituti wydeboda (magaliTad, Senobis dawva); 5. uflebamosili
piris gardacvaleba an misi uflebaunarianobis damcroba (capitis deminutio) pirad
servitutze igive gavlenas axdenda;

6. sanivTo servituti (rogorc nebismieri sanivTo ufleba) TviTmomsaxure nivTis

ganadgurebis SemTxvevaSi wydeboda, xolo piradi servituti _ misi arsebiTi
SecvliT.

$9. servitutis dacva

mesakuTris msgavsad, servitutze uflebamosil pirs, rogorc arsebuli, ise

samomavlo uflebebis darRvevisgan, Tavis dacva da warTmeuli servitutis _
usufructus – dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo; aseve misi uflebebis damrRvevi viTarebis
aRmofxvrac. Tavdapirvelad, mis sarCels vindicatio servitutis ewodeboda, mogvianebiT ki
_ actio confessoria. iustinianes samarTliT, aseTi sarCeli gaicemoda yvela im piris
winaaRmdeg, vinc uflebamosil pirs misi uflebebis ganxorcielebaSi xels uSlida,
imis miuxedavad, momsaxure nivTi damrRvevs ekuTvnoda Tu ara. Actio confessoria-s
mizani iyo mesakuTrisaTvis actio negatoria-s tolfasi uflebebi mieniWebina. sasarCelo
moTxovnis mizani sasoflo an piradi sargeblobis Sesabamisi mdgomareobis aRdgena
iyo, raTa samomavlod uzrunveleyo yovelgvari darRvevisa da zianis
anazRaurebisagan piris dacva.

$10. dacvis sxva saSualebebi

pretoruli ediqtiT sasoflo servitutis dacvis sxva, mflobelobiTi interdiqtis

analogiuri, saSualebebi _ interdicta utilita de aqua, de rivis, de fonte
aquaenaustu (wylis, sagzao da wylis dasalevad, wyalsatevze gasasvleli
interdiqti) dadginda. klasikur samarTalSi naxsenebia keTilsindisieri mflobelis
sarCeli (actio Publiciana), romelic actio confessoria-sagan gansxvavebiT, servitutebis
gamartivebuli dacvisas gamoiyeneboda. iustinianes samarTliT, konfesoruli
sarCeli gaicemoda im servitutebis dasacavad, romlebic nivTis gadacemiT (traditio),
sargeblobis pasiuri daSvebiT (pati-patientia) da mflobelobiTi xandazmulobiT (longe
possessio) iyo dadgenili.

VI. superficiumi da emfiTevzisi (surepficies et emphiteusis)

$1. superficiumi

superficiumi da emfiTevzisi, anu sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis samemkvidreo da

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gankargviTi uflebebi, adgenda, SenobasTan erTad, sxvisi miwiT sargeblobis
(superficiumi) da damuSavebis (emfiTevzisi) uflebas. orive institutis elementebi
romisa da provinciuli samarTliT erTdroulad yalibdeboda, xolo sxvis nivTze
uflebis Zala da mniSvneloba am instituyebma gacilebiT gvian, pretoruli
samarTlis gavleniT SeiZina. Usufrustus da habitatio servitutisagan (sxvisi nivTiT
sargeblobis ufleba) Zalze vrceli uflebebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo TiTqmis
sakuTrebis msgavsi ufleba da, rac gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, memkvidreobiT
gadaicemoda da gasxvisebac SeiZleboda. qiravnobisa da ijarisagan superficiumi da
emfiTevzisi yvela saxis darRvevisagan, am uflebebis daculobiT gansxvavdeboda,
radgan ijara da qiravnoba valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi iyo da maTi dacva
mxolod piradi xasiaTisa iyo.

farTo gagebiT superficiumiT (surepficies) aRiniSneboda yovelive is, rac adamianis

mier iyo Seqmnili, mdebareobda miwis zemoT an miwis qveS da uSualo kavSirSi iyo
miwis zedapirTan. es iyo gansakuTrebuli samarTlebrivi urTierToba, romliTac
igulisxmeboda sxvis miwaze aSenebuli nagebobis xangrZlivad sargeblobis ufleba;
am uflebis memkvidreobiT gadacema da gankargva kanoniT daiSveboda. miwis nakveTis
damqiravebeli (superficiari) Senobas Tavisi xarjiT agebda. nagebobaze sakuTrebis
ufleba miwis mesakuTres eniWeboda; wesis Tanaxmad, yvelaferi, rac miwis zedapirze
iyo da miwas ukavSirdeboda, miwis mesakuTres ekuTvnoda. Tumca superficialuri
xelSekrulebis moqmedebis vadaSi, SenobiT sargeblobis ufleba mxolod
superficiars eniWeboda. klasikosi iuristebi superficiums sxvis nivTze uflebad
(ius in re aliena) ganixilavdnen, misi gadacema erTi piridan meoreze daiSveboda, imis
miuxedavad, miwaze sakuTrebis ufleba uwindel mesakuTres hqonda SenarCunebuli,
Tu sxva pirze iyo gasxvisebuli. istoriulad, superficiumis Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba
warmoiSva saxelmwifos an qalaqis kuTvnili miwebis mimarT (loca publica), romelTa
gayidvac ar daiSveboda. es iyo sajaro-samarTlebrivi xasiaTis SeTanxmeba. nagebobis
asaSeneblad gacemuli miwis nakveTis safasurad, dadgenil vadaSi, damqiravebeli
saxelmwifos sasargeblod qiras – miwis gadasaxads (solarium) ixdida.

amrigad, es iyo valdeblebiTi xasiaTis urTierToba, romelic SemdegSi pretorma

ganaviTara da nivTze uflebis mniSvneloba (ius in re) SesZina. amis Semdeg
superficiumi ganixileboda, miwis zedapirisagan, iuridiulad gamocalkevebul
nivTad, romelic aseve gancalkevebul samarTlebriv wess eqvemdebareboda.
superficiumze interdiqti superficiars pretorma mianiWa (interdictum de siperficie), uti
possidentis interdiqtis msgavsad, mesame pirebisagan sargeblobis uflebis dacvis
mizniT. pretoris dapirebis Tanaxmad, superficiars (sakuTrebis dasacavad gacemuli
sarCelis msgavsad) nivTze sarCeli eZleoda. es sarCeli nagebobis mflobelobis
dakargvis SemTxvevaSi gaicemoda. superficiari valdebuli iyo, dadgenili vadis
ganmavlobaSi miwis mesakuTrisaTvis, miwis renta (solarium) gadaexada. aRniSnuli
gadasaxadi moicavda ara marto mimdinare, aramed yvela Zvel da wlebis manZilze
dagrovil gadauxdel gadasaxadebs. garda amisa, superficiari saxelmwifo
gadasaxadebsa da gamosaRebs ixdida. superficiarisaTvis uflebamosilebis
TviTneburad warTmeva mesakuTres ar SeeZlo; Tu igi droulad ar gadaixdida
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gadasaxadebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi mesakuTre, sakuTrebis uflebis dasacavad, sarCels
aRZravda.

$2. emfiTevzisi

iustinianes kompilaciebSi termini ager emphiteuticarius sxva cnebis ager vectigalis-is

sinonimad gamoiyeneboda. Tumca, klasikuri periodis iuristebma am cnebebs
sxvadasxva mniSvneloba mianiWes.

emfiTevzisi aris sxvisi miwis nakveTiT (gamonaklis SemTxvevaSi nagebobiT)

sargeblobis da am nakveTidan nayofis miRebis sruli sanivTo, samemkvidreo da
gasxvisebadi ufleba. emfiTevzisi, garkveuli saijaro gadasaxadis gadaxdis garda,
raime saxis SezRudvas ar awesebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu moijare miwis nakveTis
pirvandel mdgomareobas ar gaauaresebda.

a) Ager vectigalis. xSir SemTxvevaSi, italiis qalaqebs saxelmwifo da qurumTa

kolegiebi sakuTar nakveTebs ijariT gadascemdnen; maT kargad esmodaT, rom
sasoflo-sameurneo, vaWrobis an samrewvelo saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad
iuridiul pirebs naklebi SesaZleblobebi hqondaT. aseTi ijara sakmaod xangrZlivi
vadiT gaicemoda, zogjer, samudamodac, radgan moijares sakuTari valdebulebebis
gadacema memkvidreobiTac SeeZlo. ijaris mTavari piroba saijaro gadasaxadis
(vectigal) droulad da upirobod gadaxda iyo. mesame pirebisagan sakuTari uflebebis
dasacavad moijares, Suamavlobis gasawevad, nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda miemarTa,
vinaidan moijare sanivTo uflebebs ar flobda. iuridiuli piris mdgomareoba
gacilebiT mZime da araqmediTi iyo fizikur pirTan SedarebiT. aqedan gamodinare,
sanivTo uflebebis dacvad, ufro mizanSewonilad miiCnies, Tu dacvis uflebebs
moijare damoukideblad moipovebda da mepatronis Suamavlobaze damokidebuli ar
iqneboda. am mizniT, (savaraudod, responsa prudentum-iT da ara pretoruli ediqtis
safuZvelze), moijares mieniWa actio in rem (vectigalis actio), riTac misi saijaro uflebebi
sanivTo uflebad (ius in re aliena) iqca; garda amisa, mas warmoSobili mflobelobis
ganxorcielebac moeTxoveboda.

aRniSnulis safuZvelze, moijare saijaro nakveTidan miRebul nayofsac iZenda,

Tanac nayofis separatio-s momentidan. misi es ufleba gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo
gaxda. ramdenime uflebamosil pirs nakveTis realur nawilebad dayofa aRar
SeeZlo. mousavlian wlebSi moijares saijaro gadasaxadis Semcirebis moTxovnac
SeeZlo.

b) Ager emphyteuticarius. romis saxelmwifo moxeleTa mier dadgenili emfiTevzisis

instituti miznad isaxavda saSualo donis saglexo miwaTmflobelobis Seqmnas. am
mizniT, qr. Sobis II saukunidan moyolebuli, provinciaSi mdebare
auTvisebeli miwis is uzarmazari farTobi, romelsac mTlianad monarqia, an
imperatori _ kerZo sakuTrebiT, flobda, samemkvidreo-saijaro uflebiT moijareebs
gadaeca dasamuSaveblad. mogvianebiT, ijaris es forma saeklesio nakveTebis,
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provinciuli qalaqebisa da didgavrovanTa samflobeloebis mimarT gamoiyenes.
emfiTevtisa da italiis ager vectigalis moijaris uflebebi identuri iyo. emfitevts
sxvis nivTze sanivTo uflebebi (ius praedii) eniWeboda, Tumca, sxvisi nivTiT
sargeblobis am or kategorias Soris gansxvaveba mainc iyo: mousavlian wlebSi
emfiTevtas saijaro gadsaxadis Semcirebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. emfiTevtisaTvis
miniWebuli gayidvis ufleba upiratesi Sesyidvis uflebiT iyo SezRuduli.

drois kvalobaze, sabolood aRniSnuli sxvaobebi praqtikulad, aRmoifxvra.

iustinianes kanomdeblobiT ager vectigalis uSualod ager emphyteuticarius-Tan gaigivda.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom Cvenamde ar mouRwevia im kanons, romlis safuZvelzec maTi
gaigiveba moxda.

emfiTevtas miwis nakveTiT sargeblobisa da miwis nakveTidan miRebuli nayofis

SeuzRudavi ufleba (magram ara ganZis miTviseba) hqonda. nakveTidan nayofis an
namatis gamoyofis (separatio) Tanave, mas maTi miRebis ufleba gaaCnda. moijares
SeeZlo nivTis substanciis Secvla, magram ara misi gauareseba. raki es iyo
gasxvisebadi da samemkvidreo ufleba, nivTis gankargva emfiTevtas sicocxleSic
SeeZlo da gardacvalebis Semdeg; garda amisa, sakuTari uflebebiT sargeblobis
periodSi, nivTze servitutebis dadgena da datvirTvac (garda calmxrivi mitovebisa
(derelictio) iyo daSvebuli, anu nivTze uaris Tqma misi mitovebis mizniT). nebismieri
saxis darRvevisagan emfiTevtas uflebas icavs mosargeblisaTvis (utiliter) miniWebuli
mesakuTris yvela sarCeli: re vindicatio, negatoria, confessoria, Publiciana in rem actio. garda
amisa, emfiTevtasa da nivTis mepatrones Soris, samarTlebrivi urTierTobis
safuZvlidan _ garigebidan gamomdinare _ urTierTsanacvlo piradi sarCeli
warmoiSoboda.

$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi

1. emfitevtas movaleobis Tanaxmad, mas ar unda daeSva miwis nakveTis gauareseba;

winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, iustinianes kanoniT, mepatrone mas emfiTevziss arTmevda; 2.
mas unda gadaexada miwis nakveTze dadgenili gadasaxadi. Tu sami wlis ganmavlobaSi
aRniSnul gadasaxads ar gadaixdida, nakveTis mepatrones ufleba hqonda misTvis
emfiTevzisi CamoerTva; 3. emfiTevtas miwis nakveTis mepatronisaTvis unda gadaexada
yovelwliuri gadasaxadi, romlis odenobac emfiTevzisis dadgenisas ganisazRvreba.
am movaleobisagan emfiTevtas, imperator zenonis kanoniT, mxolod nakveTis mTliani
da ara nawilobrivi ganadgureba aTavisuflebda, radgan gadasaxadiT ara
sargeblobis uflebis anazRaureba, aramed mepatronis sakuTrebis uflebis aRiareba
igulisxmeboda. amitom, mousavlianobis da sxva stiqiuri ubedurebis SemTxvevaSi,
gadasaxadis Semcireba dauSvebeli iyo; 4. nebismieri saxis gasxvisebis SemTxvevaSi,
emfiTevtas mepatronis Tanxmobis miReba evaleboda. uaris Tqma mepatrones mxolod
sapatio mizezis SemTxvevaSi SeeZlo. emfiTevtaze dakisrebuli movaleobebis Secvla
mxareTa gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleboda.

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$4. emfiTevzisis warmoSoba

1. mesakuTresTan xelSekurlebis dadebiT da Tan nakveTis gadacema, savaldebulo ar

iyo. aseTi xelSekrulebis arsi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi sadao iyo: iuristTa nawili
mas saijaro xelSekrulebad, nawili ki nasyidobis xelSekrulebad miiCnevda.
imperatorma zenonma emfiTevzisi ar miiCnia gansakuTrebul xelSekrulebad _
contractus emphyteuticarius, romelic arc nasyidobis wesebs eqvemdebareboda da arc
qiravnobis wesebs; amitom emfiTevta, rogorc myidveli, pasuxs ar agebda, Tumca,
rogorc damqiravebeli nivTis gauaresebis riskisagan ar Tavisufledeboda; 2.
saanderZo danakisriT (legatiT), romelsac mesakuTre mortis causa-s SemTxvevaSi,
udgenda sakuTar memkvidres; 3. sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze; 4. sadao
iyo emfiTevzisis warmoSoba xandazmulobiT (usucapio).

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana

ukve arsebuli emfiTevzisi SeiZleba gadatanili yofiliyo: 1. emfiTevtas mxridan

nakveTis gadacemis (traditio) meSveobiT im ganzraxviT, rom nakveTis SemZeni iZenda
emfiTevzisis uflebasac iZenda; 2. emfiTevtas gardacvalebis Semdeg memkvidreobiT
an legatiT; 3. sasamarTlos gankargulebiT: nakveTis gayofis procesisas,
vinaidan, emfiTevziss daqvemdebarebuli nakveTis realur nawilebad gayofa,
mepatronis Tanxmobis gareSe ar daiSveboda. mTeli emfiTevzisi mosamarTles erT-
erT monawilisaTvis unda mieniWebina, raTa mas sxva monawileTaTvis Sesabamisi
anazRaureba gadaexada; 4. arsebuli emfiTevzisis SeZena arauflebamosil pirs
SeeZlo xandazmulobis vadiT, rac emfiTevzisis SeZenis pirvandeli saSualeba da
ara misi gadatana iyo.

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta

garemoebani, romelTa safuZvelzec SeiZleba Sewyvetiliyo yvela sanivTo ufleba da

ufleba sxvis nivTze, emfiTevzisis statuszec vrceldeboda; aseT garemoebad
miCneuli iyo:

1. mesame piris mier miwis nakveTze SeuzRudavi sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena

xandazmulobiT;

2. sakuTari movaleobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi emfiTevtasaTvis uflebis

CamorTmeva anu e.w. privatio, Tu emfiTevta sakuTar movaleobebs daarRvevda.

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Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali

Obligatio (valdebuleba); creditor (kreditori); debitor (movale); debitum (vali); vades

(rwmunebuli, garanti); praedes (garantis qoneba); nexum (valdebulebis dadgena
kreditorsa da movales Soris formaluri xelSekrulebis gziT, romlis ZaliT
xelSekrulebis pirobebis Sesrulebis garantad gamoiyeneboda movalis piradi
Tavisufleba); vindex (garanti, romelic icavda movalis interesebs); solutio per aes et
libram (movalis ganTavisufleba valdebulebs Sesrulebisagan im formaluri aqtis
meSveobiT, romelic valdebulebebis safuZvelis sapirispirod iqna
ganxorcielebuli); sponsio (per aes et libram _ spilenZisa da sasworis meSveobiT an
ficiT ganmtkicebuli ritualis ganxorcieleba); talio (talioni); sponsio (verbaluri
formiT valdebulebis dadgena, stipulaciis uZvelesi nairsaxeoba); Obligationes civiles
(civiluri valdebuleba); Obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); Obligationes
naturalis (bunebiTi valdebuleba); oportere (movalis movaleoba); ex contractu
(saxelSekrulebo valdebuleba); ex delicto (zianis miyenebidan warmoSobili –
deliqturi _ valdebuleba); contractus (xelSekruleba); quasi ex contractus (TiTqos
xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba); quasi ex delicto (TiTqos zianis
miyenebidan (deliqtidan) warmoSobili valdebuleba); stipulatio poenae (fuladi
jarimis Sesaxeb miRweuli gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmeba); dare (sakuTrebis gadatana);
facere (garkveuli moqmedebis Sesruleba); praestare (uzrunvelyofa, garantiis micema);
damnum emergens (aSkara ziani); lucrum cessans (xelidan gaSvebuli mogeba (sargebeli);
arbitrium boni viri (keTilsindisieri mesame piris mosazreba, romelic ar iwvevs eWvs);
arbitrium merum (subieqturi da, maSasadame, arc Tu sarwmuno mosazreba); dare cerfam
rem (garkveuli nivTis sakuTrebaSi gadacema); obligatio certi (Sesrulebis SeuZleblobis
dadgoma); alternatio (alternatiuli valdebuleba); ius variandi (movalis arCevanis
mixedviT); obligatio incerti (ganusazRvreli valdebuleba); cum facultate soolutionis
(Sesrulebis Secvlis SesaZlebloba); genus nusquam perit (gvarobiTi nivTebi arasodes
194
iRupeba); genus limitatum (gvarobiTi nivTis ukiduresi individualizacia); vis maior,
casus fortuitus, casus maior (dauZleveli Zalis, nebis gareSe, obieqturi faqtorebis
moqmedeba); periculum (sakontraqto riskis gadanawileba); dolus (ganzraxva); culpa
(brali); custodia (pasuxismgebloba nivTis Senaxvaze); factum debitoris (mopasuxe sakuTar
moqmedebaze pasuxs agebs ganzraxvis gareSec); deligentia (windauxedaoba); imprudentia
(jerovani yairaTianoba); negligentia (daudevroba); imperitia (gamoucdeloba); diligentiam
praestare (windaxedulobis uzrunvelyofa); culpa in abstracto (brali abstraqtuli
kriteriumebiT); culpa in concreto (brali konkretuli kriteriumebiT); diligentia diligentis
(yairaTiani meurnis yairaTianoba); culpa lata (uxeSi braleuloba); culpa levis (msubuqi
braleuloba); perpetuatio obligationes (valdebulebis mudmivoba); id quod interest (dadebiTi
interesi); mora (vadis gadacileba); mora solvendi (mora debendi) (Sesrulebis vadis
gadacileba); interpellatio (aRsrulebis moTxovna); purgatio morae (movalis
gadacilebis ganwmenda); mora accipiendi (kreditoris mier gadacileba); depositio in aldibus
sacris (Sesanaxad taZarSi mibareba); in fraudem creditorum (kreditorisaTvis saziano
moqmedeba); in integrum restitutio ob fraudem (valauvali movalis mier dadebuli garigebis
ukuqceviTi efeqtis miRweva uwindel mdgomareobaSi aRdgenis formiT); interdictum
fraudatorium (specialuri aRmdgeniTi interdiqti); actio Pauliana (iustinianes
iuristebis mier moxda in integrum restitutio ob fraudem-isa da intergictum fraudatorium-is
gansakuTrebul sarCelSi gaerTianeba, romelsac pauliusis sarCeli ewoda, iulius
paulusis sapativcemulod); ad promissio (mesame piris damatebiTi stipulacia,
romelic daideba ZiriTadi valdebulebis dadgenisTanave – piradi garantia); sponsio
(piradi garantiis pirveli istoriuli forma, romelic aris mesame piris damatebiTi
stipulacia urTierTobis pasiur mxareze); fideipromissio (paraleluri ad promissio,
romelic sponsio-sgan gansxvavebiT, keTili nebisaTvisac xelmisawvdomi iyo); beneficium
divisionis (ramdenime garantis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, TiToeuli pasuxs agebda
sakuTari wilis mixedviT); actio depensi (per formulas procesis farglebSi regresuli
moTxovnis ganxorcielebis saSualeba); praeiudicium ex lege Cicereia (gansakuTrebuli
winaswari sasamarTlo ganxilva, romlis meSveobiT daicveboda garantis uflebebi);
fideiussio (piradi garantiis mesame saxe, romliTac pasuxismgebloba memkvidreobiT
gadaecemoda); beneficium cedendarum actionem (sasarCelo moTxovnaTa daTmobis
privilegia); ius sequelae et ius praelationis (movalis nivTis xarjze dakmayofilebis
SesaZlebloba, imis miuxedavad, darCa Tu ara nivTi movalis mxridan kontrolis
sferoSi); fiducia cum creditore (kreditorTan dadebuli fiducialuri garigeba, romlis
dros movalis nivTi gadadioda kreditorTan in iure cessio an per aes et libram ritualis
meSveobiT, im mizniT, rom kreditori (fiduciari) nivTs TavisTan daitovebda
valdebulebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi an gadascemda movales (fiduciants)
mosalodneli Sesrulebis miRebis Semdeg – valdebulebis realuri garantiis
forma); nexum (nexi datio _ movalesa da mis kreditors Soris dadebuli formaluri
xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliT, movale valis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, pasuxs agebda
sakuTari TavisuflebiT); nexi liberatio (nexus _ gaTavisufleba am valdebulebisagan
SeiZleba momxdariyo sapirispiro aqtiT, romelic iTvaliswinebda imave
formalobebs, rac iyo nexum dros); pignus datum (datio pignoris _ realuri garantiis
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kidev erTi forma, romlis dros dadgindeba giravnobis realuri xelSekruleba anu
kreditoris mflobelobaSi, ZiriTadi valdebulebis ZaliT, gadadis movalis nivTi);
actio pigneraticia (in personam _ giravnobis urTierTobebze dafuZnebuli sarCeli); pignus
conventum (conventio pignoris); hypotheca (giravnobis dadgenis forma kreditoris xelSi
mflobelobis gadasvlis gareSe; Tavdapirvelad pignus et hypotheca Soris gansxvaveba
mxolod terminologiuri xasiaTis iyo da hupotheca rogorc realuri garantiis
konvencionaluri forma damkvidrda mxolod klasikur periodSi); interdictum Salvianum
(miwis nakveTis im moijaris nivTebis kreditoris mflobelobaSi gadacemis
interdiqti, romelmac gadaacila saijaro rentis gadaxda); solutio (aRsruleba);
solutio per aes et libram (movalis mier lreditoris mxridan piradi Tavisuflebis
mopoveba); contrarius consensus (mxareTa SeTanxmeba xelSekrulebis moSlis Sesaxeb);
beneficium competentiae (movale pasuxs agebs mxolod sakuTari qonebrivi aqtivebis
farglebSi anu sakuTari gadaxdisunarianobiT); locus solutionis (aRsruleba mosarCelis
arCeviT dadgenil adgilas unda moxdes); datio in solutum (aRsrulebis Secvla); pactum
de non petendo (SeTanxmeba moTxovnaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb); transactio (momrigebluri
garigeba); nudum pactum (SiSveli paqti), romelic ar sargeblobs sasarCelo dacviT);
exceptio pacti conventi (eqscepcia Semdgari SeTanxmebis Sesaxeb); pactum transactionis
(momrigebluri SeTanxmeba Sewyvetda valdebulebas ope exceptionis – TavdacviTi
mosazrebis meSveobiT); conpensatio (CaTvla); officio iudicis (mosamarTlis Tanamdebobrivi
movaleobani); argentarius (bankiri); cum compensatione (CaTvliT); cum deductione
(gamoklebiT); ex edem causa (mosarCelisa da mopasuxis urTierTmoTxovna erTgvarovani
garigebis mimarT); concursus causarum (safuZvelTa konkurencia); confusio (Serwyma);
novatio (novacia); idem debitum (valdebulebis sagnis identuroba); aliquid novi (Zvel
valdebulebaSi erT-erTi elementis Secvla); delegatio (delegacia); delegens (erTi
piri _ deleganti); delegatus (meore piri _ delegati); delegatarius (mesame mxare _
delegatariusi); debitum (vali); nomen (moTxovna); delegatio promittendi (valdebulebaTa
delegacia); delegatio dandi (SesrulebaTa delegacia); delegatio nominis (moTxovnaTa
delegacia); delegatio debiti (valis delegacia); causa solvendi (fuladi Tanxis gadaxda);
cessio (cesia – sxva pirze identuri moTxovnis gadatana); cessionarius (cedenti _
kreditori); cedens (cesionariusi – mesame piri, romelic cedentis davalebiT
procesSi mosarCeled gamodis); procurator (cognitor) in rem suam (sakuTar saqmeSi
rwmunebulad gamomsvleli – is saqmes awarmoebda sakuTari saxeliT da sakuTari
interesis gamo); denuntiatio (movalisaTvis Semdgari cesiis Sesaxeb gamocxadeba);
exceptio transacti negotii (efuZneba mxareebs Soris im momrigeblur garigebas, romelic
gamoricxavs sarCels).

$1. valdebulebis cneba

valdebuleba aris samarTlebrivi borkili, romlis ZaliT, Cven iZulebulni varT

raime SevasruloT Cveni saxelmwifos kanonebis Sesabamisad. Obligatio est iuris vinaelum,
quo necessitate adstringimur alicuius solvendae rei secundum nostrae civitatis iura” (Ins. lust. 3,13 Pap).

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es cneba istoriografiaSi gaxda arsebiTi diskusiis sagani, radgan masSi mkveTrad
aris gamoxatuli “samarTlebrivi borkilebis” mniSvneloba, romelic obligatio
uZveles xasiaTTan mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli. erTi piri nexum iuridiuli aqtis
safuZvelze moeqceoda xolme meore piris samarTlebriv borkilebSi an Sedioda am
piris xelisuflebaSi. es uZvelesi da naklebad cnobili aqti dakavSirebuli iyo
mancipatio, da warmoadgenda TviTmancipaciis proceduras anu erTi piris
xelisuflebaSi meoris Sesvlas im mizniT, rom moxdes sakuTari an sxvisi valis
gadaxdis garantireba. pasuxismgeblobis TiTqmis aseTive zoma, anu sakuTari sxeulis
sxva piris xelisuflebaSi gadacema “xelis dadebis” procedurisaTvis (manus iniectio)
iyo damaxasiaTebeli. qr. S-mde 326 w. lex Poetelia Papiria (peteliusis kanoni) auqmebs
nexum da movalis pirad morCilebas qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT cvlida, maSasadame,
piradi borkilebi icvleba qonebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT.

amrigad, valdebuleba da sarCeli – ori cneba, ori realoba iyo, romlebsac

romaelebi ganutofel movlenad miiCnevdnen. radgan arsebobs romelime piris mimarT
valdebuleba, kreditors, savaldebulo moTxovnis Sesrulebis mizniT sasamarTloSi
sarCelis wardgenis ufleba eniWeba. arqauli valdebulebis mixedviT, valis (debitum)
arseboba, am faqtis sasamarTloSi damtkicebis Semdeg, manus iniectio proceduris
Sesrulebas iwvevda. valdebulebis arqaul cnebaSi gabatonebuli iyo
materialisturi warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom nivTebi erTmaneTTan valdebulebis
ZaliT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. vinaidan, Tavdapirvelad TviT nivTi maszed sakuTrebis
uflebasTan mTlianad iyo Serwymuli, valdebulebis TviT marwuxebi Tavs exveoda,
nivTis materialisturi warmodgena valdebulebas ganixilavda ufro rogorc
kreditoris SesaZleblobas, vidre rogorc movalis vals. valdebulebis SeZena
(adquirere obligationem) niSnavs kreditorad da ara movaled yofnas. borkilebi anu or
pirs _ movalesa da kreditors Soris kavSiri warmoiSveba uZvelesi garigebis
sponsio dadebis Sedegad da ZaliT. urTierTgancxadebis Sedegad mxareebi erTmaneTs
an warmomadgenlebs boWaven miniWebis Sesrulebis valdebulebiT.

valdebuleba ewodeba subieqtur iuridiul viTarebas, romelic samoqalaqo brunvis

(mxareebi) konkretul monawileTa pirad kavSirebs efuZneba. mis sasargeblod
garkveuli qmedebis (miniWeba) Sesrulebis valdebulebis ZaliT urTierTobis erT-
erTi mxare (kreditori) aRWurvilia formaluri SesaZleblobiT meore mxares
(movales) sakuTari sargebelisaTvis mosTxovos garkveuli qmedebis (an miniWebis)
Sesruleba. kreditoris pretenziebs (moTxovnebs) Seesabameboda movalis movaleoba,
romelic ara kreditorisadmi (rogorc calkeuli pirisadmi), aramed mTlianobaSi
samarTlisadmi (rogorc qcevis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli normebis sistemis)
morCilebaSi mdgomareobs. movalis neba dakavSirebulia kreditoris mimarT
morCilebasTan da Tavisufalia im TvalsazrisiT rom aRiarebiT unda sargeblobdes
mxolod kreditoris normatiuli moTxovna da movalisagan SeuZlebelia imaze metis
moTxovna. rac qcevis im zogad standartebs aRemateba, romlebic msgavsi tipis
SemTxvevebisaTvis aris dadgenili. kreditoris konkretuli moTxovna aris mxolod
samarTlis im sayovelTaod aRiarebuli moTxovnebis Sesruleba, romlebic
moqmedeben konkretul sazogadoebaSi da romlebic TiToeul pirs kreditorad an
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movaled yofnis SesaZleblobas aZleven. movalis Tanamonawileoba kreditoris
moTxovnaTa dakmayofilebis saqmeSi ganpirobebuli misi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis
wevrobiT anu misi samarTalsubieqtobiT. kreditoris moTxovna, romelic mimarTulia
samarTlebrivi urTierTobis normaluri monawilisadmi, aris is samarTlebrivi
molodini, romlis sagans warmoadgens sxva piris mxridan miniWebis uzrunvelyofa.
valdebulebis meSveobiT sazogadoebaSi arsebuli ganawilebadi urTierTobebi
abstraqtul formas iZenen da amiT daZleulia brunvis naturaluri, uSualod
sagnobrivi xasiaTi. Sepirebuli miniWeba ara naklebi sikeTea, vidre aRsrulebis
garantia. valdebulebis samarTlebrivi buneba movalis formalur Tavisuflebas
warmoadgens, Tumca im pasuxismgeblobasac gulisxmobs, romelic kreditoris mier
SeZenili uflebis eqvivalenturi iqneba. kreditoris dakmayofileba movalis
Tavisufali Tanamonawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. movalis uari Seasrulos
savaldebulo qmedeba. aqcevs mas zogadi wesebis damrRvevad da kreditorisadmi
formalur morCilebas gamoiwvevs.

arqaul epoqaSi pasiuri mxaris araTavisufal mdgomareobas sayovelTao xasiaTi

eniWeboda magiisa da religiis meSveobiT. Per aes et libram (spilenZisa da sasworis) an
ficis meSveobiT ritualis Sesruleba, romelsac Tan sdevda msxverplis Sewirva
(sponsio), kreditorisagan potencialuri damokidebulebis Seqmnas uwyobda xels da
movalesa da garants erTmaneTSi aigivebda. Tu valdebuleba dadgenili iqneboda per
aes et libram (libraluri aqtis) meSveobiT, nexum - movale Sedioda kreditoris pirad
morCilebaSi, rac movalis mimarT gamoixateba xelis dadebis (manus iniectio) forma da
misi kreditoris saxlSi (secum ductio) wayvanaSi. Tavdapirvelad, arqaul periodSi
kreditori TvTneburad uswordeboda movales, xolo XII dafis kanonebis miRebis
Semdeg, piradi gasworeba ganpirobebuli iyo sasamarTlo magistratis addictio
(magistratis gadawyvetilebis erT-erTi saxeoba – mxareTa SeTanxmebis mowoneba),
romelic afiqsirebda, rom movalisaTvis damcvelis daniSvna (vindex) ar momxdara.
garda amisa, kreditori 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi valdebuli iyo movale sabazro
dReebSi gamoeyvana savaWro moedanze, raTa mas, SeZlebisdagvarad vinme
gamosarCleboda. Tu movales ar gamouCndeboda damcveli, kreditori maszed iZenda
srul Zalauflebas da amis Semdeg SesaZlebeli iyo movalis tibrosis napirebs
gaRma monad gayidva (trans Tiberim). Tu movales gamouCndeboda damcveli, is ixdida
movale pirs vals (iudicatum) da amis Semdeg damcvelis mdgomareoba utoldeboda
kreditoris statuss. gamosyiduli movale (depensus) Sedioda damcvelis
xelisuflebaSi da misi morCilebidan gaTavisufleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod
libraluri formis – solutio per aes et libram _ meSveobiT.

Sponsio _ es aris stipulaciis, valdebulebis verbalur formaSi dadgenis uZvelesi

forma. am dros vali da movaleoba erT pirs ekisreba. Tu es piri ar Seasrulebs
moTxovnas, miyenebuli zianis anazRaureba mimarTuli iqneba sponsorisaken –
garigebis mxare da amisaTvis gamoiyeneba legis actio per iudicis postulationem (Semoklebul
iqna mxolod actones in personam mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis ZaliT, verbaluri
kontraqtebidan aRmocenebuli sarCelebis mimarT (sponsio, stipulatio). Tu mopasuxe uars
ambobda mosarCelis moTxovnis dakmayofilebaze, maSin mosarCele (yovelgvari
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formalobebis gareSe) pretors SesTavazebs mosamarTlis daniSvnas (iudex, arbiter).

$2. valdebulebaTa klasifikacia

romis samarTalSi valdebulebaTa klasifikacia iyo imaze damokidebuli, Tu

rogori xasiTi eqneboda valdebulebis aRiarebas samarTlis sistemis mier. amis
Sesabamisad, valdebuleba iyofoda Semdeg jgufebad: 1) obligationes civiles (civiluri
valdebuleba); 2) obligationes honorariae (pretoruli valdebuleba); 3) obligationes
naturales (naturaluri valdebuleba) (D. 20,1,5).

sawyis stadiaze arsebobda mxolod is valdebulebebi, romlebic civiluri

sarCelebiT iyo uzrunvelyofili. gaiusi Tvlida, rom “sarCeli aris piradi, Tu Cven
warvudgenT mas im pirs, romelic Cvens winaSe movalea raime kontraqtis deliqtis
ZaliT; anu roca Cven moviTxovT imas, rac unda mogvcen, gagvikeTon an mogvaniWon
(dare, facere, praestare oportare). termini oportere, civiluri samarTlis mixedviT, yoveTvis
valis mimarT gamoiyeneba.

im urTierTobebSi, romlebsac icavs pretori, saubaria im pasuxismgeblobaze,

romelic dadgeba actiones teneri-is safuZvelze. klasikuri samarTlis periodSi,
iurisprudenciis gamoyenebis farglebis gafarToebam, valdebulebad miiCnia pirebs
Soris warmoSobili is urTierTobebic, romlebsac pretoruli sarCelebi icavdnen.
qr. S-mde I s-dan moyolebuli, pretorebma SeimuSaves in factum sarCelebis mTeli
sistema im pirTa dasjis mizniT, romlebic boroti ganzraxviT moqmedebdnen.
ZiriTadad, aRniSnuli sarCelebi sajarimo xasiaTis iyo; maTi erTi nawili unda
ganvixiloT rogorc validan warmoSobili sarCeli, meore nawili – rogorc keTili
sindisis sarCeli, an sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebis Sesaxeb, an
rogorc depozitis gamo aRrmocenebuli sarCeli. Tumca, ar arsebobs valdebuleba,
romelsac raime piradi sarCeli ar Seesabamebodes. naturaluri valdebuleba
daideboda monebis mier, mogvianebiT ki, im pirebis mier, romlebic paterfamilias
xelisuflebaSi Sediodnen. am sarCelebs ar gaaCndaT sasarCelo dacva, ris gamoc
warmoiSoboda iuridiuli Sedegebi: Tu xelisuflebaSi myofi piris vali
ukvegadaxdili iyo, maSin dauSvebeli iyo valis Tanxis ukan dabruneba
arasavaldebulo qmedebis Sesrulebis motiviT (solutio retentio: gadaxdilis dakaveba).
SesaZloa, “obligatio naturales” cneba iulianusis dros damkvidrda, da momdevno
periodis iuristebi axseneben mas, rogorc iseT valdebulebas, romelmac sakuTari
saxelwodeba SeiZina sayofacxovrebo enaSi misi, garkveulwilad, boroti gamoyenebis
Sedegad.

iseTi mniSvnelovani efeqtis garda, rogorc miRebuli anazRaurebis TavisTan

datoveba, naturalur valdebulebas sxva Sedegic gaaCnda: 1) naturaluri

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valdebulebis Sedegad warmoSobili vali civiluri valdebulebis mimarT
SeiZleboda CaTvliliyo; 2) es vali SeiZleboda novaciis obieqti gamxdariyo, da
maSin maTi civilur valdebulebaSi konvertireba moxdeboda; 3) es vali delegatio et
constitunem obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo; 4) am valis garantireba SeiZleba momxdariyo
marwmuneblis mier, an giraosa da ipotekis meSveobiT; 5) naturaluri valdebulebis
gaTvaliswineba savaldebulo iyo pekuliumis moculobis gazrdis an Semcirebis
dros; 6) monis an xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier Sesrulebuli SenaZeni kanonier
safuZvlad CaiTvleba sakuTrebis uflebis xandazmulobis vadiT (usucapio) SeZenis
dros. iustinianes dros, naTesaur kavSirebsa da moralur principebze damtarebuli
valdebulebebi, romlebsac sasarCelo dacva gaaCndaT, araCveulebriv naturalur
valdebulebad iTvleboda. mas is efeqtic gaaCndaT, rom gadaxdilis ukan dabrunebis
moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo. maT ricxvSi Sedioda iseTi Sesasruleblad
arasavaldebulo moTxovnebi, rogoric iyo: zogierTi naTesavisaTvis saarsebo
sarCos micema; partniorisaTvis momsaxurebis gaweva, Tu gaazatebulma amis Sesaxeb
specialuri fici ar dado; colisaTvis mziTvis dadgena, agreTve kanonieri
memkvidrisaTvis samkvidrodan kanonieri wilis (legitima) gamoyofis valdebuleba,
naTesavTa dakrZalvis xarjebis gaweva.

$3. valdebulebis Sinaarsi

valdebuleba gadacemis (dare), Sesrulebis (facere) da miniWebis (praestare) movaleobaSi

(oportere) mdgomareobs.

1) gadacema (dare) niSnavs: raime nivTis mesakuTred qceva an sanivTo uflebis dadgena,
agreTve raime momsaxurebis gaweva; 2) Sesruleba (facere) niSnavs: yvela moqmedebas,
romelic garkveuli moqmedebis Sesrulebas gamoxatavs an moqmedebaze uaris Tqmas
(facere an non facere), an nivTis misi mesakuTrisaTvis gadacemas (reddare); 3) miniWeba
(praestare) niSnavs: raimes garantirebas an uzrunvelyofas da amisaTvis sakuTar
Tavze pasuxismgeblobis aRebas (marwmunebels (praedes) Seexeba). roca saubaria
valdebulebis saganze, iminiWeba, romelic xasiaTdeba Semdegi rekvizitebiT: miniWeba
unda iyos Sesrulebadi, kanonieri, zustad gansazRvruli da qonebrivi xasiaTis
matarebeli.

valdebuleba SeiZleba iyos gayofadi da ganuyofeli: 1) gayofadia iseTi

valdebuleba, romelic nawil-nawil an proporciulad SeiZleba Sesruldes da am
dros ar icvleba misi ekonomikuri daniSnuleba. gayofadi valdebuleba SeiZleba
ramdenime kreditorsa da movales Soris gadanawildes; 2) Tu valdebulebis gayofa
SeuZlebelia mas ganuyofeli valdebuleba ewodeba. Cveulebriv, gayofadia iseTi
valdebuleba, romlis mixedviT SesaZlebelia raimes gadacema (dare), vinaidan
sakuTreba da sanivTo iflebaTa didi nawili swored gayofadi xasiaTisaa. raimes
Sesrulebis valdebuleba (facere) yovelTgvis ganuyofelia. ganuyofeli nivTis
miniWebis valdebulebas solidaruli xasiaTi aqvs (in solidum), vinaidan valdebulebis
subieqtTa simravlis SemTxvevaSi (ramdenime kreditori da movale), valdebulebis
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Sesrulebis moTxovnis ufleba TiToeul kreditors gaaCnia, iseve rogorc nebismier
movales evaleba misi Sesruleba.

$4. valdebulebis wyaro

Obligatio rogorc civiluri sarCeliT daculi subieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis

Tavdapirveli mniSvneloba, aisaxa valdebulebaTa klasifikaciaSi, maTi warmoSobis
(wyaros) mixedviT (causa obligationum) _ piradi (valdebulebiTi) efeqtis mqone
iuridiuli faqtebi. amis Sesabamisad, valdebulebaTa wyaro iyofa: sakontraqto
valdebulebad (ex contractu) da deliqtur valdebulebad (ex delicto). gaiusis
azriT, aseTi klasifikacia aris summa divisio (valdebulebaTa mTavaris dayofa).
Tumca, es klasifikacia piradi xasiaTis sibieqturi iuridiuli viTarebis tipizaciis
garkveul etaps asaxavs da amitom ver iqneba amomwuravi.

Contractus et delictum, rogorc valdebulebis modeluri wyaroebis gamoyofa

dakavSirebuli interesTa im formalizaciasTan, romelsac adgili qr.S-mde I
saukuneSi hqonda. valdebulebaTa or nairsaxeobad (species) dayofas Seesabameba
actiones in personam qonebriv (rei persecutoriae) da sajarimo (poenales) sarCelebad
dayofa.

valdebulebaTa orwevriani klasifikaciis konservaciam ganapiroba misi SesaZlo

srulyofa. aRmosavluri iuridiuli skolis profesorebma ganavrces valdebulebis
wyaroTa CamonaTvali da miuTiTes, rom kontraqtebisa da deliqtebis garda
arsebobdnen kvazi kontraqtcneba (quasi ex contractu) da kvazi deliqtebi (quasi ex delicto).
amrigad, gaiusisa da iustinianes SexedulebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, romis samarTalSi
valdebulebaTa oTxwevriani dayofa damkvidrda, maTi warmoSobis safuZvlis
mixedviT; kerZod, Semdegi principis gaTvaliswinebiT: aut obligationes ex contractu suntaux
quasiex contractu aut ex maleficio aut quasi ex maleficio.

ganasxvaveben: 1. kontraqtebs; 2. kvazi kontraqtebs; 3. deliqtebs; 4. kvazi deliqtebs.

1) kontraqti aris valdebulebiTi xelSekruleba, romelic ukve uZveles ius civile

arsebobda. kontraqtebi oTxi saxis iyo. kontraqtebis damaxasiaTebeli niSani – e. w.
causa civilis _ imaSi mdgomareobda, rom an unda warmoTqmuliyo garkveuli sityvebi
(verba), an unda gamoyenebuliyo werilobiTi forma (literae), an kreditoris mier
garkveuli qmedeba unda Sesrulebuliyo (res), kontragentebs Soris araformaluri
SeTanxmeba (consensus) unda momxdariyo. amitom, ganasxvaveben oTxi saxis
xelSekrulebas: 1) verbaluri – zepiri formis; 2) literaluri – dawerili formis;
3) realuri – garkveuli moqmedebis (res) Sesrulebis aucileblobiT; 4)
konsesualuri – SeTanxmebiTi kontraqtebi.

kontraqtebis pirveli ori saxeoba formalur xelSekrulebebs, bolo ori –

araformalur anu materialur xelSekrulebebs ganekuTvneba.

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I. verbaluri kontraqti ideboda im pirobiT, rom kontrahentebs SeeZloT saubari da
mosmena anu ar iqnebodnen yru-munjebi da isini erT adgilas – xelSekrulebis
dadebis dros – iqnebodnen. klasikur samarTalSi cnobilia verbaluri kontraqtis
sami nairsaxeoba: a) stipulatio, b) dotis dictio da g) operarum iurata promissio.

a) Stipulatio zepiri formis ideboda. stipulatori, reus stipulatori (erTi kontrhagenti),

uSualod, zepirad usvamda SekiTxvas meore pirs _ promissor, reus promittendi
(kontrhagents), romelic aseve zepirad scemda pasuxs. Tavdapirvelad, sityvaTa
warmoTqma samarTliT iyo gansazRvruli, Tumca, mogvianebiT mxareebs, sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr, SeeZloT sityvebis SerCeva. stipulaciis Sinaarsi iseTive
mravalferovani iyo, rogorc saerTod valdebulebis Sinaarsi. stipulacias SeeZlo
nebismieri saxelSekrulebo valdebulebis asaxva, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom es
calmxrivi qonebrivi faseulobis mqone xelSekruleba iqneboda: fulis gadaxda, sxva
nivTebis gadacema, samuSaos Sesruleba da sxva amgvari ram.

b) Dotis dictio iyo dos zepiri dadgena sityvebiT dot nurami tibi doti sunt;

g) Sponsio, stipulatio;

Sponsio – Tavisi arsiT aris sazeimo viTarebaSi dadebuli garideba, romelic Seicavs
dapirebasa da gulisxmobs formalur SekiTxvas (erTi mxriv) da pasuxs (meore mxriv).
mecnierebaSi kvlav mimdinareobs dava sponsio-s warmoSobisa da misi stipulatio – sTan
kavSiris Sesaxeb.

Stipulatio, rogorc abstraqtuli aqti gamoiyeneboda sxvadasxva saxis komerciuli

garigebis dasadebad da amave dros es instituti SeiZleba CaiTvalos romauli
iuridiuli azris udides aRmoCenad. gaiusis mier SemoTavazebul, valdebulebis
didaqtikuri klasifikacia cdilobda gaeTanabrebina kontraqtebis yvela
konkretuli tipi da Seerwya isini zogad formebTan – stipulaciasTan, romelic
yvela saxis SeTanxmebis mimarT formis miniWebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda.

iuristebi mowmoben, rom uZvelesi sponsio gamoiyeneboda yvela saxis aRTqmisaTvis anu
RvTaebisaTvis msxverplSewirvis dapirebisas, sponsalia – anu qorwinebis dadebis
sazeimo dapirebisas, agreTve saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis dadebisas. Sponsio aris
votum umniSvnelovanesi nawili, anu is formula, romlis meSveobiT

pirveli, sponsio – iuris civilis aqtia, romelic mxolod romis moqalaqeTa (cives) wreSi
gamoiyeneboda, maSin roca stipulatio – ius gentium institutia da misi gamoyeneba
xdeboda romis moqalaqeTa da ucxoelebs Soris garigebis dadebis dros, ris gamoc
man garigebis struqturasa da mniSvnelobaze didi gavlena iqonia.

meore, Tu sponsio-s iuridiuli formalizmi axasiaTebda, xolo misi rekvizitebi

yovelTvis mkacrad daicveboda (iqamdec ki, rom Tu ramdenime saritualo frazas ar
warmoTqvamdnen an maT sxva frazebiT Secvlidnen aqti baTilad cxaddeboda),
stipulatio-s istoriuli evoluciis Sedegad, iuridiul-religiuri formalizmi ganze
dgeboda da gzas uTmobda axal, SedarebiT moqnil formebs.
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garda amisa, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s
sazeimo struqturebs, isini ganixileba rogorc conceptio verborum (sityvebis
erToblioba) da abstraqtuli aqti; orive saxis garigeba obligatio verbis (zepiri
valdebulebis) kategorias ganekuTvneba. savaraudod, stipulacia jer pretorma
aRiara, xolo Semdeg civiluri samarTlis sferoSi gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba
stipulaciis mier warmoSobil sarCelebs, legis actiones (legisaqciuri sarCelis)
epoqaSi spitulatio certi (gansazRvruli fuladi Tanxa, an gansazRvruli nivTebis
simravle) legis actio per condictionem (abstraqtuli civiluri moTxovnebis
dakmayofilebis gaadvileba, romlis dros mosarCele ubralod sTavazobs mopasuxes,
romelic mis moTxovnas uaryofs, 30 dRis vadaSi (die condicto – aqedan warmoiSva
sarCelis saxelwodeba) kvlav pretorTan gamoczaddes, raTa man mosamarTle
daniSnos) da sarCeliT iqneboda daculi. maSin, roca stipulatio in certi –
ganusazRvreli valdebuleba) gulisxmobda legis actio per iudicis postulationem (SemoRebul
iqna mxolod zogierTi saxis piradi sarCelis mimarT, kerZod, XII dafis kanonebis
Tanaxmad, verbaluri kontraqtebis sarCelebisaTvis. Tu, mopasuxe uaryofs
mosarCelis moTxovnas yovelgvari formalobebis gareSe, is pretors mosamarTlis
daniSvnas mosTxovs wardgenas. aRniSnuli sarCeli legis actio sacramento in personam
SedarebiT ufro progresuli iyo da mosarCeles SesaZleblobas aZlevda
sakramentaluri giraos Setanaze eTqva uari, Tu misi ufleba kreditze sponsio-dan
gamomdinareobda.

g) stipulatio et obligatio verbis-is klasikuri struqtura

Stipulatio rogorc obligatio verbis efuZneba garkveuli frazebis (verba) warmoTqmas,

kerZod – SekiTxva (interrogatio) da pasuxi (sponsio): “Spondes mihi dare centum? Spondeo”
(mpirdebi, rom momcem 100 monetas? gpirdebi). klasikur samarTalSi damkvidrda
frazebis anu sityvebis (verba) mavalebiTi mniSvnelobis principi. pomponiusi
stipulacias gansazRvravs rogorc “sityvier formulas (conceptio), romlis Tanaxmad,
erTi piri, romelic meoris SekiTxvas pasuxobs, valdebulia misces an Seasrulos
is, rasac mas sTxoven” (D.45,1,5,1). gaiusic amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqti
daideboda SekiTxvisa da pasuxis meSveobiT. zepiri valdebuleba ar moiTxovs
rekvizitebis did simravles, Tumca, maTi mkacri Sesruleba savaldebulo xasiaTs
iZens.

1. stipulaciis mTavari niSania misi zepiri xasiaTi. ori mxares erTmaneTis gageba
unda SeeZlos anu mxareebi yru-munjebi ar unda iyvnen. Jestebi da werilobiTi
dokumentebi mxareTa zepir gancxadebebs ver Secvlian, amitom yru da munjebi
erTmaneTTan valdebulebas stipulaciis meSveobiT ver dadeben. amave dros,
Tavisufalia stipulaciis dadebis ena: verba SeiZleba warmoiTqvas laTinur an
berZnul enebze. romaeli iuristi sabinusi Tarjimnis monawileobasac dasaSvebad
miiCnevda (D.45,1,1,6).

2. zepiri valdebulebis dasadebad savaldebuloa ori mxaris piradi monawileoba da

proceduris Catarebis uwyvetoba. gaiusi amtkicebda, rom verbaluri kontraqtis

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dadeba dauSvebelia Tundac erTi mxaris ar arsebobis SemTxvevaSi; igives moiTxovda
pavlusic (D.45,1,134,2). amis garda, aucilebel moTxovnas uwyvet reJimSi moqmedeba
(unitas actus) warmoadgenda, im aspeqtSi, rom interrogatio et responcio erTmaneTis
miyolebiT unda ganxorcieldes, droSi wyvetis gareSe.

3. garda amisa, savaldebuloa interrogatio et responsio Soris azrobrivi Sesabamisoba da

Sesityveba unda arsebobdes.

* * * adamiani debs pirobas bunebriv Zalebs saCuqari uZRvnas da am SemTxvevaSi

igulisxmeba, rom RvTaeba Seasrulebs mis Txovnas an gascems im wyalobas, romlis
Sesaxeb mas SesTxovs piri. Reus voti (aRTqmis mixedviT mopasuxe piri) RvTaebis mimarT,
garkveul valdebulebas sakuTar Tavze iRebs; roca uzenaesi Zalebi Seasruleben
mis Txovnas, is voti damnatus gadaiqceva da mas evaleba danapirebis Sesruleba,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aRniSnuli RvTaeba mis mimarT Surs iZiebs. Sponsio-dan
warmoSobili sakraluri valdebuleba votum-is farglebSi moiTxovs imave
elementebis arsebobas, rac civiluri valdebulebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
votirebadi piri sakuTar Tavze iRebs raime valdebulebis Sesrulebas da
Tavisufldeba misgan, valdebulebis Sesrulebis Semdeg. (Ulp. D.50,12,2).

titus liviusisa da gaiusis gadmocemiT, sponsio gamoiyeneboda saerTaSoriso

urTierTobaTa sferoSi: kerZod, antikurma tradiciam daafiqsira ramdenime
SemTxveva, roca romaeli jarebis sardloba ama Tu im mtrulad ganwyobil xalxTan
foedus (samSvidobo xelSekrulebis) gaformebis uSedego mcdelobis Semdeg, sponsio
(dapirebas) debdnen imis Sesaxeb, rom samSvidobo xelSekrulebis ratificirebas
moaxdenda TviT senati. aseTi sponsio-s erT-erTi naTeli magaliTia konsul
postumusis mier samnitebis tomTan dadebuli samSvidobo zavi, kavdinusis xeobaSi
romaelTa damarcxebis Semdeg. titus liviusi aRniSnavda, rom aseTi sponsio-dan
warmoiSveboda, erTdroulad, sakraluri da iuridiuli valdebuleba, romlis
Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda TviT sponsor-s, romlis
mimarT deditio (mtrisaTvis gadacemis) procedura gamoiyeneboda. qr. S-mde 136
w. konsulma mancinusma sponsio-s meSveobiT sazavo xelSekruleba gaaforma
numancinelTa tomTan, Tumca, es xelSekruleba ar iyo ratificirebuli senatis mier,
ris gamoc mancinusi mtrisaTvis unda gadaecaT (deditio). Tumca, mis miRebaze TviT
numancielebma uari Tqves.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli Teoriis Tanaxmad, sponsio Tavdapirvelad valdebulebis

uzrunvelyofis uZvelesi saxeoba iyo. Sponsor movale ar iyo, mas mxolod
marwmunebloba evaleboda. Sponsor movalis mxridan valdebulebis Seusruleblobis
pasuxismgeblobas sakuTar Tavze iRebda. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, romelic sponsio-s
(piradi garantiis) – Tavdapirveli funqciidan gamomdinareobs, forma verbis (zepiri
forma), mogvianebiT, gamoiyeneboda rogorc zogadi principi, romelic gulisxmobda
movalis mimarT, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare, valdebulebiTi borkilebis dadebas
maSin, roca termini sponsor kvlav gamoiyeneboda marwmuneblis aRsaniSnavad. Spondere-s
da sponsio-s cnebebi, zogadad, movalis davaldebulebis aqts aRniSnavdnen.
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Tumca, sponsio-sa da stipulatio-s Soris mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba iyo ramdenime
parametris mixedviT.

romaul iurisprudenciaSi SeiniSneba garkveuli evolucia: SekiTxvasa da pasuxs

Soris formalur Sesatyvisobas cvlis Sinaarsobrivi Sesatyvisoba, kerZod,
evolucia verba-dan voluntas-ken, anu sityvidan nebisaken (Tanxmobisaken)

d) stipulaciis Sinaarsi da misi saxeebi

stipulaciis dadebisas mis Sinaarssa da nairsaxeobas gansazRvravs mastipulirebadi

piri, maSin roca movale piri ubralod iRebs SemoTavazebul Sinaarssa da
nairsaxeobas.

1) valdebulebis dadebisas gasaTvaliswinebelia samomavlo da ucnobi

movlenebisadmi damokidebuleba, romaelTa dadgoma TviT valdebulebis arsebobas
gansazRvravs.

2) valdebulebis dadeba SeiZleba garkveuli droiT gadaivados. manam, vidre ar

iqneba Sesrulebuli piroba an ar amoiwureba vada, valdebuleba ararsebulad
iTvleba, xolo, Tu fuladi vali droze adre daifara, is SeiZleba gamoTxovnil
iqnas, rogorc “arasavaldebulo”. xolo, Tu arsebobs pirobis Sesrulebis imedi,
maSin valdebuleba ganixileba rogorc arsebul im aspeqtSi, rom aRniSnul
viTarebaSi, SesaZloa, adgili hqondes novacias, Tavdebobasa da valis gaqviTvas
acceptilatio (miReba; verbaluri an literaluri kontraqtidan valis gaqviTvis
sazeimo aqti mis sapirispiro formaSi) meSveobiT.

3) valdebuleba warmoiSveba pirobis Sesrulebis momentidan da misi valdebulebiTi

efeqti stipulaciis dadebis droze ar vrceldeba. Tu valdebuleba warmoiSva, is
SeiZleba Sewydes sasarCelo uaryofis ZaliT, Tumca, mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
Sesrulebis Droeblivi SezRudvis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas adgili hqonda an daiTqva
valdebulebis Sewyveta misi pirobebis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi.

4) Tu stipulacia gulisxmobs Sesrulebis ramdenime vadis arsebobas, maSin is

daiyofa im wilebis odenobis mixedviT, Sesrulebis ramdeni vadac aris miTiTebuli.

5) vadebuleba stipulaciaSi miTiTebul adgilas unda Sesruldes. mosarCele,

romelic sxva adgilas iTxovs Sesrulebas, SeiZleba aRmoCndes moTxovnis
gadametebis (pluris petitio) viTarebaSi. xolo, Tu valdebulebis Sesrulebis adgili
miTiTebuli ar aris, mosarCeles SeuZlia nebvismier adgilas moiTxovos misi
Sesruleba.

e) valis gadaxdis aRiareba (acceptilatio)

Acceptilatio aris sakredito valdebulis gaqviTvis abstraqtuli da zepiri (verbis)

forma. es forma warmoSobilia stipulaciis mier da mis sawinaamdegod
gamoiyeneboda Tavdapirvelad, acceptilatio iyo realuri gadaxdis aRiareba da miReba.
mogvianebiT, is gadaiqca savalo valdebulebaTa Sewyvetis zogad formad, imis

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miuxedavad, Sesruldeboda Tu ara savalo valdebuleba.

Acceptilatio rogorc formaluri da kanonieri aqti, arc vadebs da arc pirobebs

gulisxmobda. Acceptilatio-s Sedegad wydeboda mxolod is valdebuleba, romelic
stipulatio-s dadebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. erTi piris mier meoris mimarT arsebuli
sxvadasxva vali, romelic, SesaZloa, arc ki yofiliyo mxolod verbaluri
valdebulebebidan warmoSobili, erTaderT lokalur stipulatio-Si (novatio) SeiZleboda
gaerTianebuliyo da warmoiSveboda iseTi valdebuleba, romelic acceptilatio
meSveobiT gaiqviTeboda. aseT lokalur acceptilatio-s stipulatio Aquiliana ewoda, misi
Semqmnelis, respublikuri periodis iusticiis – gaius aqvilus galiusis saxelidan
gamomdinare.

v) stipulaciis dasasruli

klasikuri stipulatio abstraqtuli da zepiri aqti iyo da misi daqveiTeba ori

paraleluri mimarTulebiT: formisa da safuZvlis mixedviT mimdinareobda.
araromauli iuridiuli praqtikis gavleniT, stipulaciam dakarga pirvandeli
struqtura da TandaTanobiT literaluri kontraqtis forma SeiZina.

Stipulatio-Si, Cveulebriv, gamoiyeneboda, testatio dros, mamtkicebeli dokumenti. Tumca,

postklasikuri samarTlis evoluciam stipulaciur dokuments valdebulebis
dadgenis xasiaTi mianiWa, rac aRmosavluri provinciebis samarTlebrivi normebis
Sesabamisobad miiCnva. ukve ciceronis dros stipulatio werilobiTi saxiT dgeboda:
cautio stipulatoria (stipulatio-s Sesaxeb dokumenti) (testatio _ werilobiTi mowmeoba,
mowmeebis mier xelmowerili) an chyrographa ( sakuTari xeliT Cawerili, savalo
valdebuleba (xelwerili) iuridiuli aqtis WeSmariti ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb,
Tanac mowmeebis gareSe). es formebi mtkicebulebis martiv saSualebad iTvleboda.
romauli samarTlisa da aRmosavluri tradiciebis urTierTgavlenis Sedegad
(imperator karakalas 212 w. ediqtis Semdeg), stipulacia kontraqtebis zogad
punqtad iqca. stipulaciis verbaluri forma mxolod igulisxmeboda, Tumca,
sinamdvileSi stipulatio-s uZvelesi zepiri forma werilobiTi formiT Seicvala.

imperatori iustiniane sakuTar samarTlis wignTa krebulSi ori tendenciis

mimdevari iyo: igi tradiciul, klasikur samarTals pativs miagebda da arsebul,
moqmed samarTals zedmiwevniTt misdevda da aviTarebda. erTi mxriv, is sakuTar
instituciebSi (3.15-20) klasikuri samarTlis iuristTa Txzulebebs gadmoscems da
gaiusis msjelobas stipulaciis, rogorc verbaluri (verbis) valdebulebis Sesaxeb,
iziarebs; meore mxriv, drois moTxovnis Sesabamisad adgens, rom mxolod 2 wlis
vadaSia SesaZlebeli exceptio doli (interdiqtul warmoebaSi mosarCeles SeeZlo
exceptio-s winaaRmdeg sapirispiro azris gamoTqma analogiurad, im axali garemoebebis
safuZvelze, romlebic savaldebulo Zalas arTmevdnen eqscepcias); am vadis
amowurvis Semdeg valdebulebis damdgeni werilobiTi dokumenti savaldebulo
Zalas iZenda.

stipulaciis abstraqtuli xasiaTi dokumentze gadadis, Tu is kanoniT dadgenil

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vadaSi ar iqna gaprotestebuli. I. Inst.3.21 SemuSavebul iqna obligatio litteris
Sesaxeb axali warmodgena: “dResac ase xdeba: roca me saCivari ar SemiZlia sxva
xerxiT Sevitano, me valdebulebas werilobiTi formiT viyeneb da misgan is
kondicia warmoiSveba, romelic zepir valdebulebas Sewyvets”. iTvleboda, rom
valdebuleba da condictio rogorc sarCeli, romelic valdebulebas icavs,
warmoiSveba ara sityvebidan, aramed werilobiTi dokumentis safuZvelze. Conceptio
verborum (sityvieri gadawyvetileba) iustinianes mier aRiqmeboda rogorc mera
subtilitas (udidesi iuridiuli simaxvile) da man gadawyvita, rom iuridiuli Sedegebi
dokumentis safuZvelze unda warmoiqmnas. amrigad, stipulatio rogorc abstraqtuli
iuridiuli aqti kvdeba da mis adgils abstraqtuli dokumenti ikavebs.

z)sakredito valdebulebebis gadawera (transa riptio nominum)

“valdebuleba werilobiTi aris, Tu, magaliTad, is Semosaval-gasavlis wignebSi

Seitaneba. es Canaweri orgvarovania: an nivTidan pirisaken, an piridan pirisaken.
nivTidan pirisaken Canawers maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac Sen Cemi gmarTebs
nasyidobis, qiravnobis an amxanagobis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, me Sens saxelze
Cavwer rogorc CemTvis gasacemi. valis Caweras saangariSo wignSi piridan pirisaken
maSin aqvs adgili, roca is, rac me mergeba ticiusisagan, me wignSi Semaqvs rogorc
SenTvis gadaxdili Tanxa, anu TiTqos ticiusis vali Senze gadmoiwereba”. gaiusis
inststituciebSi 3.128-130 saubaria werilobiTi garigebis Sesaxeb, romelic
mdgomareobda valdebulebis damdgen CanawerSi. aseT Canawers paterfamilias an ufro
xSirad bankiri sakuTar sabuRaltro wignSi axorcielebda. Zvel droSi
Semosavlebisa da gasavlebis sabuRaltro wignebi (codex accepti et expensi) arsebobda,
romlebSic acceptum grafaSi Caiwereboda Semosuli da miRebuli, xolo expensum
grafaSi – gasuli da gacemuli Tanxebi.

es sabuRaltro Canawerebi ayalbebdnen valdebulebas uwindeli valdebulebis axal

valdebulebiT Secvlis meSveobiT. axali valdebuleba warmoiSveboda axali
sabuRaltro CanaweriT.

amrigad, xdeboda valdebulebis ganaxleba (novatio), anu uwindeli valdebulebis

Sewyveta da misi axali valdebulebiT Secvla. arsebobda valis gadaweris
(transcriptio) ori nairsaxeoba: 1) nivTidan pirze; 2) piridan pirze.

Transcriptio, iseve, rogorc stipulatio abstraqtuli iuridiuli aqti iyo, ius civile
CarCoebSi moqceuli, Tumca, stipulaciisagan gansxvavebiT, is ver daideboda
ganusazRvreli nivTis miniWebiT da, agreTve, vadisa da pirobis dadgenas ar
gulisxmobda. sabuRaltro Canawerebis Semcveli wignebi valdebulebis warmomSob
iuridiul dokumentebad iTvleboda, ris gamoc maT mimarT cenzoruli inspeqtireba
xorcieldeboda. verbalur kontraqtTan SedarebiT literaluri kontraqtis
Ziritadi upiratesoba swored imaSi mdgomareobda, rom xelSekrulebis dadebisas
orive mxaris adgilze yofna saWiro ar iyo, rac kidev ufro amartivebda savaWro
brunvis ganxorcielebas. literaluri kontraqtis Seusrulebloba iTvaliswinebda
actio certi waedgenas. literaluri kontraqtebi farTod gamoiyeneboda qr. S-mde I
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– qr. S-is I saukuneebSi da gaiusis epoqaSi TiTqmis gamovidnen xmarebidan. Inst.Iust.
(3.21) maT Sesaxeb saubroben mxolod warsul droSi, radgan istoriul warsulad
miiCnevian. sabuRaltro Canaweris gansakuTrebul tipad sakaso wignidan
warmoSobili kreditebi (nomina arcaria) iTvleboda. maTzec gaiusi saubrobs (Inst.Iust. 3,
131-132): `sxva mniSvneloba sesxis samaxsovro Canawerebs (nomina arcaria) hqondaT. es
Canawerebi warmoSoben ara werilobiT, aramed sanivTo valdebulebas, vinaidan
araviTari mniSvneloba gaaCniaT manam, sanam vinmes garkveuli fuladi Tanxa ar
gadaecema, xolo fulis gadacema swored sanivTo valdebulebas waemoSobs.

T) subieqturi (chyrographa) da obieqturi (synographa) sakredito dokumentebi

Gai., (3.134) wers, rom chyrographa et syngrapha – iyo ucxoelebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

werilobiTi sabuTebi, romlebic pirveli an mesame piris saxeliT dgeboda da
romlebSic cxaddeboda, rom “vinme piri aris sxva piris movale an mas raime unda
gadasces”. erT-erT teqstSi weria, rom chyrographum valis aRiarebis erTaderTi
dokumentia, romelic kreditoris gankargulebaSi rCeba da mowmobs garigebis
dadebis Sesaxeb.

Syngraphum mesame piris saxeliT unda Sedges, or egzemplarad da xelmoweril iqnas

dainteresebuli mxareebis mier. TiToeuli mxare inaxavda sakuTar egzemplars. rac
garigebis dadebis Sesaxeb mtkicebulebas warmoadgenda. aRmosavleTSi gabatonebuli
samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis gavleniT, am dokumentebma romSic moipoves aRiareba
da mtkicebulebis utyuar saSualebas warmoadgendnen.

i) baTili da arara stipulaciebi

imisaTvis, rom stipulacia aRiarebul iqnas romis ius civile mier, savaldebuloa
iseTi rekvizitebis arseboba, romlebsac qmedunarianobasTan, formasa da SinaarsTan
hqondaT urTierToba. baTili stipulaciebs Soris SeiZleba gamovyoT ori ZiriTadi
klasi: 1) arara stipulaciebi (nullius momenti est), Tu amgvari garigebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli savaldebulo rekvizitebi ar arseboben; 2) baTili stipulaciebi
(inutilis), romlebic formaluri TvalsazrisiT namdvil stipulaciad iTvleba, Tumca
ar warmoqmnian valdebulebas raime mniSv nelovani xarvezis gamo. arara
stipulaciasTan dakavSirebuli viTareba gansxvavdeba baTili stipulaciisagan:
radgan baTrili stipulaciis dros Tumca ki stipulacias adgili hqonda. is
braldebulebas ar warmoSobda.

baTili da arara stipulaciis SemTxvevebi: 1. stipilaciis SeuZlebloba:

dainteresebul mxareTa qmedunarianobis xarvezebi. stipulacias ver dadebda yru,
munji da ugunuri. monas stipulireba SeeZlo, dapirebas ki maSin miscemda, roca
sakuTar Tavze naturalur valdebulebas iRebda. In patria potestas pirebis mimarT
aRiarebulia maTi ufleba sakuTar Tavze valdebuleba aiRon. SekiTxvisa da pasuxis
erTmaneTisadmi SeuTavsebloba (araraoba). es SeiZleba moxdes: a) stipulaciis sagnis
mimarT. Gai., 3.102 `stipulacia maSin iTvleba ararad, roca vunme ar pasuxobs dasmul
SekiTxvas. “an Tu me vastipulireb upirobod, Sen ki mpirdebi garkveuli pirobiT”.

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ararad iTvleba stipulacia, Tu misi obieqti SeuZlebelia, an stipulatio
xorcieldeba Seusrulebeli pirobiT”; b) mesame piris sasargeblod dadebuli
stipulacia. Gai., 3.103 „ stipulacia ararad iTvleba, Tu Cven vastipulirebT, raTa
raime gadaeces mesame pirs, romlis xelisuflebis qveS Cven ar vimyofebiT. aqedan
ismis SekiTxva, namdvilia Tu ara is stipulacia, romelic daideba sakuTari Tavisa
da im mesame piris mimarT, romlis xelisuflebaSi Cven ar vimyofebiT”.

2. stipulaciis baTiloba: dapireba Sesrulebis Sesaxeb gardacvalebis Semdeg: `da

bolos, baTilia is struqtura, romelic Semdegi sityvebiT daido: Sen mpirdebi, rom
momcem cemi sikvdilis Semdeg, an Seni sikvdilis Semdeg”. da piriqiT, namdvilia
Semdeg formaSi dadebuli stipulacia: Sen mpirdebi, rom momcem Cemi gardacvalebis
momentSi an Seni gardacvalebis momentSi? anu ise, rom valdebulebis Sesruleba
gadatanili iyo stipulatoris, an pirobis mimcemis gardacxvalebis momentisaTvis.
amrigad, arasworad iTvleboda stipulaciiT warmoSobili valdebulebis
memkvidreze gadatana.

3. stipulaciis sagnis mimarT arsebuli baTiloba dgeba: a) Tu stipilaciis sagani

ukanono an uRirsia, an stipulacia mocemulia msgavsi xasiaTis pirobiT; b) Tu
Tavdapirvelad stipulaciis Sesruleba SesaZlebeli iyo, mere ki misi Sesruleba
SeuZlebeli gaxda; g) Tu Secdomis gamo SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros stipulaciis
obieqti, SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom stipulirebul iqna is nivTi, romelic
ganisazRvreba gvarobiTi niSniT; xolo, Tu SeuZlebelia ganisazRvros nivTis
gvarobiTi niSani, valdebuleba ar warmoiSveba; d) Tu stipulaciuri valdebuleba
miRebulia arasrulwlovani pirisa an qalis mier, maTi meurvis sanqciis gareSe
(auctoritas tutoris: Gai., 3. 115-117).

k) ganusazRvreli obieqtis stipulacia

stipulaciuri dapireba, ganxorcielebuli iseTi sagnis mimarT, romelic veraviTar

SemTxvevaSi iqneboda gansazRvruli, baTilebad iTvleba. da piriqiT, is
stipulaciebi, romelTa sagnebi raime aqtiT mainc iyo gansazRvruli, namdvilad
iTvleba. maT Soris unda aRvniSnoT: 1. gvarobiTi niSnis mqone sagnis Sesaxeb
stipulacia: dapirebis mimcemma movalem unda miuTiTos nivTze da is gamohyos,
nivTTa gansazRvruli da ganusazRvreli gvarobiTobis, ricxvidan; 2. alternatiuli
stipulaciebi: movale valdebulia damoukideblad airCios valdebulebis sagani
sxvadasxva klasis nivTebs Soris, mastipulirebadma kreditorma SeiZleba
moelaparakos imis Sesaxeb, rom is TviTon airCevs obieqts, da Tu movale ar
Seasrulebs sakuTar valdebulebas, mis winaaRmdeg waradgens actio certi-is actio incerti-
is magivrad, ganusazRvreli obieqtis Sesaxeb. alternatiulma stipulaciam unda
daicvas kreditori nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvisagan, rac gaaTavisuflebs movales
valdebulebisagan; 3. sajarimo stipulacia.

erT (ukve dadebul) stipulacias SeiZleba meorec daumato, Tumca, mxolod im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini sxvadasxva sagnebs gulisxmoben: winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi meore
stipulacia ararad CaiTvleba (Pomp.) pomponiusi werda, rom `is, vinc orjer

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dapirdeba erTi da igives, ar aris valdebuli Seasrulos dapireba erT jerze
metad”. (D. 45. 1.18).

sajarimo stipulacia damatebiT stipulaciur dapirebas gulisxmobs, romelic

fulis gansazRvruli Tanxis gadaxdas varaudobs. Tanac, gadaxda ganpirobebuli iyo
uwindeli valdebulebis SeusruleblobiT. amrigad, saxezea erTi – ZiriTadi
valdebuleba, romelic moqmedebas ganagrZobda da meore valdebuleba, romelic
ganpirobebulia pirvelis SesrulebiT. Tu movale Seasrulebs pirvel valdebulebas,
man aRar unda Seasrulos meore, xolo movale, Tu ar Seasrulebs danapirebs, maSin
man jarima unda gadaixados; Tumca, mas kreditoris winaaRmdeg exceptio doli wardgena
SeuZlia, Tu mastipulirebadi piri mis winaaRmdeg, ZiriTadi valdebulebisagan
gamomdinare, sarCels waradgenda.

2. novacia

`novacia aris Zveli valis axal civilur an naturalur valdebulebaSi

transformireba (gardaqmna), roca warmoiSveba axali valdebuleba, romelic Zvels
wyvets. saxelwodeba “novacia” warmoiSva sityvidan “axali” da axali valdebulebis
(warmoqmnisagan) Ulp. (D. 46. 2. 1). stipulacia, romelic identuri sagnis mimarT
warmoSobs axal valdebulebasa da, amave dros, Zvel valdebulebas Sewyvets,
sakuTar TavSi raime siaxles unda Seicavdes. valdebulebis ganaxleba moxdeba
rogorc pirebis, ise valdebulebis sagnis (obieqtis) mimarT: 1. pirebis mimarT
novacias hqonda adgili, roca icvleba kreditoris an movalis pirovneba. am
SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamisad, saubaria aqtiuri an pasiuri delegaciis Sesaxeb. aqtiuri
delegacia yovelTvis mesame pirisaTvis raime davalebis (iussum) micemas
gulisxmobda. movalis Secvla axali movalis mxridan kreditoris mimarT dapirebis
micemas gulisxmobda, rom is uwindeli movalis davalianebas (expromissio) dafaravda;
2. valdebulebas obieqtis (sagnis) mimarT maSin hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia
daideba imave pirebis mier, Tumca axali obieqtis mimarT. am dros adgili hqonda: a)
safuZvlis Secvlas: Tu axali dapireba ar miekuTvneba stipulaciidan warmoSobil
valdebulebas, vinaidan es stipulacia dadebulia axali garemoebis mimarT
(nasyidoba, ijara, davaleba);

b) valdebulebis maxasiaTeblebis Secvlas: icvleba valdebulebis Sesrulebis

pirobebi da vadebi, agreTve Sesrulebis adgili.

formalurad, novaciis ganxorcieleba xdeba axali stipulaciis dadebiT, Tumca,

novacia SeiZleba moxdes sakredito valdebulebis xelaxali gadaweriT (transcriptio
nominum). am SemTxvevaSi, werilobiTi garigebis abstraqtuli xasiaTi gulisxmobda
axali valdebulebis warmoSobas, uwindeli valdebulebis namdvilobis miuxedavad.

axali stipulaciis forma namdvilad unda mowmobdes imis Sesaxeb, rom adgili
hqonda uwindeli valdebulebis ganaxlebas. mas Semdeg, rac zepiri stipulaciebi
werilobiTi dokumentebiT Seicvala, novacia valdebulebis Secvlis ganzraxvaze
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(animus novandi) damokidebuli gaxda. iustiniane (I. Ins.3.29.3), am ganzraxvis (animus),
werilobiTi formiT gamoxatvas moiTxovda da miuTiTebda, rom, valdebulebiTi
efeqtis mqone, nebismieri garigeba SeiZleba novinirebul iqnas, Tu uwindeli
valdebulebis, Sesabamis, Sewyvetas eqneba adgili. novaciur efeqtTa Soris
igulisxmeboda valdebulebis sagnis Secvlac.

3. pirTa simravle da solidaroba.

stipulaciis aqtSi, Cveulebriv, monawileobas iRebdnen mastipulirebadi kreditori

da dapirebis mimcemi movale. Tumca, iyo SemTxvevebi, roca garigebaSi ramdenime
mastipulirebadi da dapirebis mimcemi piri erTdroulad monawileobda. amas
stipulaciis subieqtTa simravle ewodeboda. pirTa simravle Semdegs gulisxmobda:
Tavdapirveli simravle arsebiTad gansxvavdeboda pirTa Tanmimdevruli Secvlisagan,
anu, roca stipulacias debdnen erTni, xolo garigebis Sesrulebaze
pasuxismgebloba ekisreboda sxva pirebs. ase xdeboda maSin, roca adgili hqonda an
mastipulirebadi, an dapirebis mimcemi pirebis memkvidreobiTobas, roca an erTis, an
meoris gardacvalebis Semdeg, valdebulebis Sesruleba, memkvidreobiT, gadadioda
maT STamomavlobaze.

subieqtTa simravlis pirobebSi, dapirebis reJimi imazea damokidebuli, iyo, Tu ara

valdebuleba gayofadi an ganuyofeli. Tu valdebuleba gayofadia, maSin
igulisxmeba, rom is iyofa idealur wilebad. am SemTxvevaSi, es Tu is kerZo
kreditori uflebamosilia moiTxovos mxolod kreditis sakuTari nawili, xolo
movale valdebulia gaqviTos valis mxolod sakuTari wili. Tu valdebuleba
ganuyofelia, maSin saWiroa gamoyenebul iqnas solidaruli pasuxismgeblobis
principi: nebismier kreditors SeuZlia valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna, Tanac
sruli moculobiT. Tumca, am uflebiT aRiWurveba mxolod erTi – romelime
kreditori. valdebuleba wydeba maSin, roca erT-erTi kreditori waradgens sarCels
da movalis mimarT iwyeba litis contestatio (davis sagnis dadgena) procedura. zustad
aseve, nebismieri movale valdebulia gaqviTos mTeli vali: amave dros, Tu erTi
movale gadaixdis mTel vals, sxva Tanamovaleebi valdebulebisagan Tavisufldebian.
solidarobas maSinac hqonda adgili, roca stipulacia (formalurad mainc) erTiani,
oRond valdebuleba _ gayofadi iyo da garigebaSi monawileobda, mastipulirebadi
da dapirebis mimcemi, pirTa simravle. aqtiuri solidaruli valdebuleba maSin
warmoiSveba, roca ramdenime mastipulirebadi kreditoris (correi stipulandi) SekiTxvaze
pasuxs iZleva erTi dapirebis mimcemi movale (Promitto _ gpirdebi). pasiuri
solidaruli valdebuleba warmoiSveba maSin, roca erTi stipulatori
Tanmimdavrulad ekiTxeba, TiToeul dapirebis mimcem, pirs da isinic an yvela erTad,
an saTiTaod (Tanmimdavrulad) mas pasuxoben.

valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleba, Tu erT-erTi stipulatori valdebulebis

Sesrulebas miiRebda an erT-erTi dapirebis mimcemi _ aqviTavda mas, an Tu erT-erTi
maTgani waradgenda sarCels stipulaciis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc litis contestatio
proceduris ganxorcielebas, eqneba adgili.

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3. rwmunebuleba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa.

upirveles yovlisa, erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT: a) is rwmunebuleba, romelsac

rwmunebuli gascems dapirebis mimcemis sasargeblod (adpromissio) da romelic axali
movalis an Tanamovalis mxridan dapirebis micemas gulisxmobda da b) axali
adstipulatori (adstipulatio) kreditoris Careva, romelsac adgili hqonda iseTi
stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelic gardacvalebis Semdeg unda Sesruldes.
Adprombissio warmoiSveba iseTi stipulaciis SemTxvevaSi, romelSic rwmunebuli
igives hpirdeba, rasac hpirdeboda movale, uwindel stipulaciaSi. axali
valdebulebis Tanaxmad, warmoiSveba axali viTareba – pasiuri solidaroba, roca
mastipulirebad kreditors SeuZlia arCevanis gakeTeba: sarCeli ZiriTadi movalis,
Tu misi warmomadgenlis mimarT iqnas Setanili. stipulaciis gamo ori saxis piradi
rwmunebuleba arsebobda: sponsio et fideipromissio. gansakuTrebuli struqtura da
xasiaTi fideiussio-s gaaCnda. es warmomadgenloba fideipromissio warmoSobis Semdeg
gavrcelda, Tumca, klasikur periodSi mas farTod gamoiyenebdnen. iustinianes
samarTalSi mxolod fideiussio SemorCa. masSi Serwymuli iyo piradi rwmunebulebis
uwindeli formebi.

stipulaciis gamo, piradi rwmunebulebis klasikuri formebi (memkvidreobiT ar

gadaecemoda) Semdegi TvisebebiT xasiaTdebodnen: 1. Sponsio: es iyo, arqaul civilur
samarTalSi damkvidrebuli, sakuTari Tavis davaldebulebis, zogadi forma. Sponsio
gamoiyeneboda im stipulaciebis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic mxolod romael
moqalaqeebs Soris daideboda xolme; 2. Fideipromissio: dapireba, romelic ndobaze
(fides) iyo dafuZnebuli da misi gamoyeneba peregrinebisa da ucxoelebis wridan
gamosul warmomadgenlebsac SeeZloT. iseTi dapirebis SemTxvevaSi, romelic piradi
garantiiT miecemoda, kreditori uflebamosili iyo sarCeli erTi rwmunebulis,
xolo Semdeg movalis winaaRmdeg Seetana, radgan, am SemTxvevaSi, ori,
erTmaneTisagan damoukidebel valdebulebas, hqonda adgili, Tumca ki, erTi da igive
sagnis mimarT. erT-erTi maTganis mimarT, valdebulebis Sesruleba, an litis contestatio
proceduris ganxorcieleba, rwmunebulis valdebulebis Sewyvetas uwyobda xels; 3.
Fideiussio.

Fideiussio iyo piradi rwmunebulebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli da srulyofili forma,

romelic gamoiyeneboda ex contractus yvela saxis valdebulebis mimarT, agreTve im
SemTxvevaSi, roca saubari civiluri da naturaluri valdebulebebis
uzrunvelyofas exeboda. Fideiussio – stipulaciis msgavsi da fides (piradi patiosneba
da Rirseba) dafuZnebuli zepiri formis _ iuridiuli aqtia: fideiussor igives
hpirdeba, rasac ZiriTadi movale. vinaidan fideiussio dros, rwmunebulis mier miRebul,
stipulaciur valdebulebas ar hqonda adgili, arc novaciuri efeqti warmoiSveba da
arsebobas ganagrZobs garantiamicemuli werilobiTi, valdebuleba. piradi
rwmunebulebis sxva formebisagan gansxvavebiT, fideiussio: 1. gadaecema memkvidreebs; 2.
ar gaaCnia xandazmulobis vada (SewyvetisaTvis). Fideipro- missio msgavsad, es garigeba

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xalxis samarTlis (ius gentium) sferos miekuTvneba da misi dadeba ucxoelebsac
SeuZliaT. fideiusori – rwmunebuli pasuxs agebda ZiriTadi movalis yvela
valdebulebis mimarT. fideiusorisa an ZiriTadi movalis mimarT ganxorcielebuli
litis contestatio procedura valdebulebis Sewyvetas iwvevda. msgavsi uxerxulobis
Tavidan acilebis mizniT, fideiussio rwmunebuleba vrceldeba mxolod im Tanxaze,
romelic kreditors ar SeuZlia gamoiTxovos ZiriTadi movalisagan misi
gadaxdauunarobis (valaulobis) gamo. (fideiussio indemnitatin).

fideiusors ar gaaCnda im movalis mimarT regresuli sarCelis (moTxovnis daTmobis

Sesaxeb) wardgenis ufleba, romlis nacvlad man gadaixada vali. romaelma
iuristebma gadawyvotes, rom fideusors unda mieniWos, movalis mimarT, davalebis
xelSekrulebidan sarCelis wardgenis (actio mandati) ufleba, Tu man movalisagan
valis gadaxdis davaleba miiRo, an waradginos sarCeli davalebis gareSe sxvisi
saqmeebis warmoebis Sesaxeb (actio negotiorum gestorum), Tu man vali sakuTari
iniciativiT gadaixada. imperator adrianes konstituciam fideiussio mimarT,
gaavrcela pasuxismgeblobis gadanawilebis principi. Tu kreditori erT-erTi
fideiusoris (ramdenime piris arsebobis SemTxvevaSi) mimarT waradgenda sarCels,
fideusors SeeZlo exceptio wamoyeneba letis contestatio momentSi, yvela gadaxdaunariani
fideusoris mimarT, romelSic moiTxovda sakredito valdebulebis wilobriv
gayofas.

5. Intercessio (intercesia)

zogadad, intercesia piradi garantiis micemas gulisxmobda. es termini

iurisprudenciam qr. S-mde 46 wels SeimuSava, roca gamoica Sesabamisi SC Velleiani.
intercesiis (intercessio) ufleba mxolod mamakacebs mieniWaT, kerZod, bankirebs,
sakuTari profesiuli saqmianobis ganxorcielebis mizniT. romaeli iuristi
kalistratusi werda: `savaldebuloa ganisazRvros, rom qalebi ver dakavdebian
bankiris profesiiT, radgan es mamakacis saqmea”.

senatoruli akrZalvis Sesabamisad, romaelma iuristebma gansazRvres sxvisi valis

mimarT, piradi rwmunebulebis, anu intercessio – Semdegi saxeebi: 1. sxvisi valis
sanivTo garantiiT uzrunvelyofa; 2. solidaruli movalis poziciaze Sedgoma; 3.
TviT movalis adgilis dakaveba (adgilmonacvleobiT), im pirobiT, rom Sewydeba
movalis valdebuleba (expromissio);

4. sakuTar Tavze raime valdebulebis aReba, im mizniT, rom is sakuTar Tavze mesame
pirs ar aeRo (intercesia gaCumebis Sesaxeb).

6. piradi rwmunebuloba iustinianes samarTalSi.

iustinianes samarTalSi fideiussio-m mTlianad Secvala sponsio et fideipromissio, xolo

rwmunebuloba, mTlianobaSi, ganixileboda rogorc subsidaruli da damatebiTi,
ZiriTadi valdebulebis mimarT. Litis contestatio Semwyveti efeqtis arsebobis gamo,
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valdebuleba arsebobas ganagrZobda pirvel rigSi movalis, agreTve misi
rwmunebulis mimarT. iustinianem rwmunebuls Semdegi privilegiebi mianiWa: 1.
valdebulebidan gaTavisuflebis privilegia: kreditors, pirvel rigSi, sarCeli
ZiriTadi movalis wiunaaRmdeg unda Seetana: rwmunebuls SeeZlo uari eTqva valis
gadaxdaze, Tu ZiriTadi movale gadaxdaunariani iyo;

2. gayofis privilegia (upiratesoba): kreditors sakredito valdebulebis gayofa

SeuZlia im yvela gadaxdaunarian rwmunebuls Soris, romelic aseTad, sasamarTlo
gadawyvetil;ebis gamotanis momentisaTvis, miiCneva; 3. sarCelis xelaxali daTmobis
upiratesoba: valis gamqviTavi rwmunebuli nebismier SemTxvevaSi, uflebamosilia
waradginos is sarCeli, romelic adre kreditors eniWeboda movalis mimarT; aseTi
moTxovnis daTmobis Sesaxeb sarCels, regresiuli sarCeli ewodeboda.

2. Dotis dictio (iustinianes xanaSi ukve gamosuli iyo gamoyenebidan) iyo dos (mziTvis)
zepiri dadgena, romelic, Cveulebriv, Semdegi frazis gamoyenebiT xorcieldeboda:
tot nurami tibi doti sunt _ ramdeni patarZali, imdeni mziTvi Sen.

3. Operatum iurata promissio, gaazatebulebi, Tavisuflebis mopovebisas, Cveulebriv,

patrons, stipulaciisa an ficiT dadebuli dapirebiT, raime momsaxurebis
ganxorcielebas pirdebodnen.

II. literaluri kontraqti (nomen transcripticium) iustinianes droSi TiTqmis gamovida

xmarebidan. literaluri kontraqti daideboda fuladi sesxebis codex expensi et accepti
(Semosaval-gasavlebis wigni, romelSic romaelebi, TveSi erTxel, mimdinare
Canawerebis rveulebidan ZiriTad monacemebs gadawerdnen xolme.

III. realuri kontraqtebi. iustinianes samarTalma ori saxis realuri kontraqtebi

icoda: e. w. conttractus nominati et contractus innominati (Sesabamisad, saxeliani, saxelis
miTiTebiT da usaxelo xelSekrulebebi).

1. Contractus nominati: zogierTi realuri kontraqti (kerZod, romlebic in genere (imave

wesiT) an in specie (kerZo, konkretul pirobebSi) raimes dabrunebisaken iyo
mimarTuli. aseT kontraqtebs ganekuTvneboda: sesxi (mutuum); commodatum
(individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis usasyidlod sesxad gadacema sargeblobis
mizniT da im pirobiT, rom misi dabruneba naturiT unda moxdes); depositum
(pirisaTvis nivTis deponireba; deponentis interesebis Sesabamisad, nivTis Sesanaxad
gadacema); (pignus) giravnobis xelSekruleba, romlebic iuridiuli garigebebis
yvelaze gavrcelebul saxes warmoadgendnen. swored amis gamo iuridiuli garigebis
aRniSnuli saxeoba jer kidev respublikis periodSi contractus nominati saxelwodebiT
moixsenieboda. am xelSekrulebebs iuridiuli Zala gaaCndaT, Tumca, miRebuli
nivTis, ukan dabrunebis dapireba, araformaluri xasiaTis iyo.

2. Contractus innominati (usaxelo kontraqtebi). Tu erTi piri, meoris sasargeblod,

raime moqmedebas asrulebda da amave dros, arsebobda araformaluri SeTanxmeba imis
Taobaze, rom movale zemoqmedebas ganaxorcielebda, respublikuri samarTliT
dadginda, rom moqmedebis mimRebis mimarT valdebuleba ar warmoiSveboda. amrigad,
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Tu moqmedebis mimRebi nebayoflobiT ar Seasrulebda danapirebs, wina qmedebis
ganmxorcielebel pirs, misgan mxolod miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo
(condictio ob causam datorum – sarCeli, vinmes mier Sesrulebis, ukan dabrunebis
Sesaxeb, vinaidan arsebobda Sesrulebis Sedegis molodini, romelic ar damdgara –
ganxorcielebula), vinaidan, wina moqmedebis ganmxorcielebeli piri, motyuvda
sakuTar molodinSi, zemoqmedebis Taobaze.

esec ar kmaroda, da misi arCevanis ufleba imdenad SeuzRudavi iyo, rom mas
miRebulis ukan dabrunebis moTxovna SeeZlo ara marto mimRebis gaumarTavobis gamo,
aramed, zogjer zemoqmedebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi (ob causam non secatum) da
marTebuli, Tumca, mravali iuristis mier sadaod miCneuli, TviTnebobis gamo (e. w.
ius poenitedi), umal, nebayoflobiTi zemoqmedeba Sewyvetda, Tu ara ius poenitendi. am
kategorias mikuTvnebulma xelSekrulebebma, umeteswilad, yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
ver moipoves gansakuTrebuli saxelwodeba (maT usaxelo kontraqtebi ewodaT) da
amitom isini oTx did kategoriad daiyo:

Permutatio – do ut des (gaZlev, raTa momce) – iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli

dakmayofilebis pirveli forma, romelic fulis an qonebis, fuladi an qonebrivi
dakmayofilebis dapirebis qveS, gadacemis dros gamoiyeneboda da usaxelo
kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iyo); do ut facias - (gaZlev, raTa gamikeTo)
(iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis meoTxe forma, romelic facio ut des
(mesame formis) sawinaaRmdego da amave dros usaxelo kontraqtis erT-eraTi
nairsaxeoba iyo; facio ut des - vakeTeb, raTa momce (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli
dakmayofilebis mesame forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba; facio ut
facias - vakeTeb, raTa gamikeTo (iustinianes kodeqsiT, Sesagebeli dakmayofilebis
meore forma) – usaxelo kontraqtis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba. am kontraqtebma
TandaTanobiT SeiZines iuridiuli Zala: pavlusic ki ar aRiarebda usaxelo
kontraqtebis mesame kategorias. Tumca, sxva klasikosi iuristebi oTxive kategoriis
kontraqtebis namdvilobas aRiarebdnen.

IV. konsensualuri kontraqtebi. araformaluri SeTanxmebiT, uZvelesi iuscivile

ZaliT, warmoiSveboda oTxi namdvili valdebuleba: emptio-venditio _ yidva-gayidva;
locatio conductio _ qiravnoba; societas _ amxanagoba; mandatum _ davalebis xelSekruleba.
konsensualuri Setanxmebis dros, kanonieri Zalis mqone (nudas contractus)
xelSekrulebis dadebisaTvis, savsebiT sakmarisia concensis araformaluri gamoxatva.
es xelSekrulebebi (postklasikur periodSi ki – yvela savalo xelSekruleba)
maTTan Serwymuli yvela valdebulebiTurT SeiZleboda gauqmebuliyo
araformaluri urTierTSeTanxmebiT (contrarius consensus; mutuus dissensus).

sxva araformaluri SeTanxmebebi (pacta) ar warmoSobdnen valdebulebebs, maT Soris

naturalursac, garda erTi _ pactum usurarum, romelic naturalur valdebulebas
qmnida. samarTalganviTarebis Semdgomma etapma, iustinianes kodofikaciamde paqtebis
mimarT cota ram Tu Secvala.

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I. Re (realuri kontraqtebi)

Mutuum, mutui datio, pecunia credita (sesxis xelSekruleba); foenus nauticuni, pecunia traiecticia
(sazRvao sesxi); commodatum (sesxi); depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba); sequestratio
(sekvestracia); fiducia (fiducialuri xelSekruleba); pignus datum (giravnobis
xelSekruleba); iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba); actio
bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebi).

Re kontraqtebis kategoria ganisazRvreboda maTi dadebis formis mixedviT: mxareTa

SeTanxmebis garda, valdebulebis warmoSobisaTvis, movalisaTvis nivTis gadacema
iyo savaldebulo. es moTxovna Zvel magiur warmodgenebTan iyo dakavSirebuli,
romelTa mixedviT, sxvis nivTTan TviT Sexebac ki, nivTis aRiarebuli mepatronis
mimarT, pirad damorClebas iwvevda.

nivTis mpyrobelis pasuxismgebloba nivTis miRebis ZaliT – re teneri iyo

gansazRvruli da mas, deliqturi xasiaTis viTarebaSic hqonda adgili (magaliTad,
furtum rei _ qurdobis dros); aseTive pasuxismgebloba pirs ekisreboda saerTo
sakuTrebis (TanasakuTrebis) (res communis) dros, roca, mis monawileebs Soris,
avtomaturad, valdebulebiTi urTierTobebi warmoiqmneboda xolme. valdebulebis
klasikuri cnebis damkvidrebis Semdeg, realuri kontraqtebis specifikuri forma
movalisaTvis, Tavisebur, garantiad iqca, vinaidan garigeba mxolod maSin iTvleboda
dadebulad da valdebuleba warmoSobilad, roca SeTanxmebis obieqti movalis
xelSi gadavidoda.

$1. Mutuum mutui datio – (sesxi) – ius civile-s instituti iyo. sesxis xelSekrulebiT
warmoiSveboda calmxrivi valdebuleba: movale (sesxis mimRebi, msesxebeli)
sakuTrebaSi iZenda, kreditoris (gamsesxeblis) kuTvnil, gvarobiT nivTs (genus) da
valdebuli iyo daebrunebina (dare oportere), Sesabamisi nivTebis, aseTive odenoba.
kreditorisagan miRebuli nivTis mesakuTre movaled xdeba da sakuTari
Sexedulebisamebr, SeuZlia misi gankargva. sesxis xelSekrulebis obieqti iyo ara
konkretuli nivTi, aramed misi msgavsi gvarobiTi (genus) nivTebi, amitom nasesxebi
nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupva warmoSobili valdebulebis Sewyvetas ar gamoiwvevda.
kreditoris mxareze maSinve warmoiSveba actio certi (Zvelad – legis actio per condictionem)-
iT daculi moTxovnis ufleba: actio certae creditae pecuniae (gansazRvruli fuladi
Tanxis Sesaxeb sarCeli, romelic, sxvadasxva qmediTi RonisZiebebis meSveobiT,
uzrunvelyofda sasarCelo warmoebis daCqarebasa da am gziT fuladi meurneobis,
kerZod sesxis, ganviTarebas uwyobda xels. es sarCeli mxolod sesxis
xelSekrulebidan warmoiSveboda) an condictio certae rei (garkveuli nivTis an sxva
cvladi nivTebis (da ara fulis) garkveuli simravlis ukan dabrunebis Sesaxeb).

Ulp., D.12,1,9,9: “Deposvi apud te decem <milia> postea permisi tibi ut: Nerva Proculus efiam antequam
moveantur, condicere quasi mutua tibi hace posse aiunt, et ese verum, ut et Marcello videtur:animo enim coepit
possidere. Ergo transit periculum ad eum, qui pecuniam mutuam rogavit et poterit ei condici – me mogeci
Sen Sesanaxad 10 000 da Semdeg neba dagrTe gamogeyenebina es Tanxa: nerva da
prokulusi ambobdnen, rom manamdec ki, vidre es Tanxa daxarjuli iqneboda, me
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SemiZlia misi ukan gamoTxova kondqciuri sarCelis meSveobiT, rogorc sesxad
mocemuli da aRniSnuli debuleba swori iyo, rogorc amas marcelusic miiCnevda:
vinaidan man, ganzraxvis meSveobiT, fulis msesxeblis winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli xdeba
kondiqciuri sarCelis wardgena.

vinaidan valis moculoba gamsesxeblisagan miRebuli Tanxis moculobas zustad

Seesabameboda, sesxi mxolod uprocento SeiZleboda yofiliyo. procentis daricxva
daiSveboda mxolod aRsrulebis gadacilebis (gadavadebis) SemTxvevaSi. procentis
(usurae) daricxva SesaZlebeli iyo, xelSekrulebis dadebis dros, specialuri
stipulaciis – stipulatio usurarum meSveobiT; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi procentis Sesaxeb
SiSveli SeTanxmeba – nudum pactum _ mxolod obligatio naturalis warmoSobda (D.46,3,5,2).

sajaro xelisufleba mevaxSeTa usazRveo sixarbis SezRudvas cdilobda da,

sakanonmdeblo wesiT, sesxze maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTis dadgenas
afiqsirebda. ukve XII dafis kanonebma (VIII, 18) daadgina maqsmaluri 12% (foenus
unciarum). am sakanonmdeblo moTxovnis damrRvev mevaxSeTa mimarT, gamoiyeneboda
jarima, miyenebuli zianis oTxmagi odenobiT da xelis dadebac iyo dasaSvebi (legis
actio per manus iniectionem). principatis periodSi procentis normaluri odenoba wliur
12%-ian ganakveTs, anu TveSi 1%-s Seadgenda. amrigad, iseTi stipulacia, romelic
ufro met procents iTvaliswinebda, arara iyo. iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT,
qristianuli zneobis gavleniT, maqsimaluri saprocento ganakveTi orjer Semcirda
da mxolod 6% -s Seadgenda.

$2. Foenus nauticum, pecunia traiecticia (sazRvao sesxi)

foenus (procenti), foenus nauticum (sazRvao an saxomaldo sesxi, romlis dros

kapitalis daRupvis riski gamsesxebels awevda; Tumca, mas nebismieri procentis
moTxovna SeeZlo (iustinianes dros araumetes 12%) gansakuTrebuli SeTanxmebis
ZaliT, romelic garkveulwilad, sadazRveo premias Seicavda da mxolod
daniSnulebis adgilze xomaldis Casvlis Semdeg gaicemoda).

fuladi sesxebi an sxva genus nivTebi SesaZlebeli iyo gansakuTrebuli sakredito

SeTanxmebis obieqtebad gadaqceuliyo. aseTi SeTanxmeba sazRvao vaWrobis praqtikiT
iqna ganpirobebuli, roca kreditors, nivTis SemTxveviTi daRupvis, riski awveboda
da mas sarCelis Setana SeeZlo mxolod movalis xomaldis portSi dabrunebis
Semdeg. Tumca, amave dros, xelSekruleba gansazRvruli odenobis procentis (foenus)
daricxvasac iTvasliswinebda. ivaraudeboda, rom movale _ vaWarma, sesxad aRebuli
TanxiT, momgebiani sazRvao-savaWro operacia ganaxorciela da amitom, Semosavalic
kreditorTan erTad unda gaenawilebina. Periculum (sakontraqto riski) kreditorze im
momentidan gadadioda, roca xomaldi zRvaSi Sevidoda (D.22,2,3) da, aRniSnuli
mdgomareoba manam grZeldeboda, vidre movale, ukan dabrunebis, vadas ar
gadaacilebda (Pap. D.22,2,4pr). aRniSnuli xelSekruleba societas unius rei (negotii) _ (saerTo
komerciuli miznis misaRwevad Seqmnili erToblivi sawarmo) Tavisebur nairsaxeobas

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warmoadgenda. am TvalsazrisiT, sakontraqo riskis gadanawileba kreditorisaTvis
wamgebiani iqneboda: movale (vaWari) riskavda sakuTari xomaldiT, Sromas gaswevda
da wageba-mogebis ganawilebaSi monawileobda.

kreditoris moTxovnis dacva uzrunvelyofili iyo specialuri sarCelis – actio

pecuniae traiecticiae meSveobiT (D.15,1,3,8), romelic, savaraudod, peregrinebis pretorma
daawesa. amis garda, Cveulebriv (labeonis azriT, - Labeo, D.22,2,9), stipulatio poenae
daideboda, romliTac daculi iyo kreditoris interesebi nivTis, movalis
braleuli qmedebiT, daRupvis SemTxvevaSi.

$ 3. Commodatum (sesxi)

Commodatum (sesxis xelSekruleba, romelic individualurad gansazRvruli nivTis,

droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi, gadacemas gulisxmobda); actio contraria (Sesagebeli
sarCeli); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba); actio
commodati (sesxis xelSekrulebidan wardgenili sarCeli).

sesxis xelSekrulebis mixedviT, sameurneo sargeblobisaTvis mouxmari,

individualurad gansazRvruli nivTi (species), droebiT usasyidlo sargeblobaSi,
sxva pirs gadaecemoda (sesxis mimRebs, commodatarius _ komodatariuss). Tu sesxad
gaicemoda moxmarebadi nivTi, maSin dauSvebeli iyo misi daniSnulebisamebr
gamoyebeba, magaliTad, roca egzotikuri xili sesxad gaicemoda ara sakvebad, aramed
mxolod sazeimo magidis mosarTavad, gansakuTrebuli pompezurobisa an saCveneblad
ikrZaleboda misi sakvebad gamoyeneba. garda amisa, labeoni miiCnevda, rom sesxad
gaicemoda mxolod moZravi nivTebi, vinaidan, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, sargeblobas
(usus) da ara sesxs (commodatum) eqneboda adgili. aRniSnuli SezRudva kasiusma
daZlia (D.13,6,1,1).

sesxis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba, potenciurad, ormxrivi iyo:

Cveulebriv, am xelSekrulebaSi kreditori iyo sesxisgamcemi; Tumca, Tu
sesxismimRebma, nivTis Sesanaxad da gasaumjobeseblad, garkveuli xarjebi mainc,
gaswia, mas, kreditoris mimarT, Sesagebeli sarCelis (actio commodati contraria)
meSveobiT, zianis anazRaurebis ufleba eniWeboda. meore mxriv, sesxis gamcems,
dadgenil vadamde, gasesxebuli nivTis dabrunebis moTxovna ar SeeZlo. mas amis
ufleba maSinac ar hqonda, roca msesxebeli, dasaxuli sameurneo miznis miRwevis,
SesaZleblobas dakargavda (magaliTad, roca gasesxebuli iyo morebi, romlebic
saxlis gasamagreblad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli). aseT SemTxvevaSi, komodatariuss actio
contraria ufleba (Sesagebeli sarCeli mesame pirTa winaaRmdeg) eniWeboda (D.13,6,17,3).
Commodatum xelSekrulebis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo sargeblobis
usasyidloba, vinaidan is megobrul urTierTobebs (amicitia) efuZneboda. Tu
komodatariusi nivTis mepatrones nasesxebs unaklo mdgomareobaSi daubrunebda,

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commodatum-dan warmoSobili valdebuleba Sewyvetilad iTvleboda. msesxeblis
uflebamosilebaTa farglebi mkacrad izRudeboda nivTiT sargeblobis miznebiT: Tu
is nivTiT arajerovnad, an sxvagvarad sargeblobda, vidre es xelSekrulebaSi iyo
miTiTebuli, is furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofas –
qurdobas) sCadioda. vinaidan commodatum gamsesxeblis interesebsac Seesabameboda,
is pasuxs agebda ara marto dolus, aramed culpa-s gamoc.

Commodatum xelSekrulebidan warmoqmnil sarCels (actio commodati) ori formula

hqonda: In ius et in factum concepta (Gai.,4,47). In ius formula ganekuTvneboda iudicia bonae
fidei (keTilsindisieri marTlmsajuleba) tips da misi condemnatio Semdegi moculobiT
iyo dadgenili: yvelaferi, rac am saqmis gamo unda mieces, ganxorcieldes
keTilsindisierad. In factum concepta formula iyo stricti iuris (sarCeli, romlis
gadawyvetis dros, sasamarTlo, zedmiwevniT zustad, icavda kanonis an
xelSekrulebis moTxovnebs) sarCeli. Tumca, am tipis sxva sarCelebisagan
gansxvavebiT, misi condemnatio Semdegs adgenda: ra eRireboda aRniSnuli nivTi, da ara
ra Rirs aRniSnuli nivTi?

rogorc Cans, peregrinebis pretori (qr. S-mde II saukuneSi) aRniSnuli sarCelis

dadgenisas, iTvaliswinebda sazogadoebaSi ukve Camoyalibebuli, gamsesxeblisa da
msesxeblis urTierTobebis maregulirebeli, bona fides principze dafuZnebuli,
normebis aucileblobas, vinaidan es kriteriumebi SemuSavebul iqna fiducialuri
garigebis (fiducia cum amico) farglebSi.

$ 4. Depositum (Senaxvis xelSekruleba).

Depositum (Sesanaxad gadacema); amicitia (megobroba); neglegentia (daudevroba); pecunia

obsignata (danomrili fuli); crimen perfide (veragobis danaSauli).

Depositum xelSekrulebis mixedviT, uxrwneli, moZravi nivTi sxva pirs Sesanaxad

gadaecemoda. valdebuleba potenciurad ormxrivia: Cveulebriv, kreditorad
gamodioda deponenti (Sesanaxad mimcemi); Tumca, Sesanaxad mimRebma (depozitariusma),
SeiZleba, deponentisagan moiTxovos nivTis Senaxvisa da movlis xarjebis
anazRaureba, Sesagebeli sarCelis _ actio depositi contraria meSveobiT.

Depositum principulad usasyidlo xelSekrulebaa da is megobrobas (amicitia)

efuZneba. Depozitariusi, Sesanaxad mibarebul, nivTs ar flobda, Tumca mis pyrobas
axorcielebda (D.16,3,17,1). is movale iyo Seenaxa nivTi da ar hqonda am nivTiT
sargeblobis ufleba; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi depozitariusi furtum usus-s Caidenda.

depozitariusi valdebuli iyo deponentisaTvis daebrunebina Senaxad micemuli

nivTi, yovelgvari naklis gareSe da pirvelive moTxovniT. Periculum (nivTis
ganadgurebis an dazianebis riski) deponents awva. da imis miuxedavad, gvarobiTi
(genus) iyo Tu ara, depositum-is obieqtad qceuli nivTi, is mainc species ganixileboda
da misi daRupva an gaqroba depozitariuss pasuxismgeblobisagan aTavisuflebda.
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depozitariusi pasuxs mxolod dolus gamo agebda. mxolod postklasikur periodSi
dadginda pasuxismgebloba culpa lata (uxeSi Secdoma) an magna neglegentia (uxeSi
daudevroba) gamo. daudevroba (neglegentia) ar warmoSobda depozitariusis
pasuxismgeblobas Seusruleblobis gamo (D.44,7,1,5). Tu Senaxvis xelSekrulebis
obieqti aRwerili fuli (pecunia obsignata) iyo da depozitariusi, daTqmul droSi,
Tanxas ver abrunebda, maSin mas procenti ericxeboda. xolo, Tu fulis mesakuTre
Tanaxma iyo, rom depozitariuss esargebla, Sesanaxad micemuli, fuliT, maTi
urTierToba sesxis xelSekrulebaSi gadadioda im momentidan, roca depozitariusi
fuls daeufleboda da mas gamoiyenebda (D.12,1,9,9). Senaxvis xelSekrulebis gamo
wardgenil sarCels (actio depositi) ori formula hqonda: in ius et in factum concepta
(Gai.,4,47). In ius bonae fidei sarCelebis kategoriaSi Sedioda da Sesabamisi intentio
(moTxovnis ufleba) hqonda; in factum concepta mkacri samarTlis sarCeli iyo (actio
stricti iuris). aRniSnul sarCelSi sabraldebo gadawyvetileba depozitariusis mxareze
arsebuli dolus malus-ze iyo damokidebuli. peregrinebis pretoris mier SemoRebul
sarCelSi, dolus malus-ze miTiTeba, saSualebas iZleoda iuris gentium-is aRniSnuli
instituti damokidebuli gamxdariyo, samoqalaqo brunvaSi damkvidrebuli, fides
principis mimarT.

$ 5. fiducialuri xelSekruleba (Fiducia)

Fuducia cum amico (fiducialuri SeTanxmeba megobarTan); fiducia cum creditore

(fiducialuri SeTanxmeba kreditorTan); fiduciarius (fiducialuri nivTis mimRebi
piri); fiducians (fiducianti, nivTis mimcemi, kreditori); remancipatio (nivTis dabruneba
xdeboda sapirispiro mancipaciis gziT).

fiducialuri xelSekruleba mancipatio-s an in iure cessio (sasarCelo daTmoba, yvela

kvirituli uflebebis SeZenisa da daTmobis formaluri da abstraqtuli xerxi)
formiT, sxvadasxva miznebis misaRwevad, ideboda (Gai.,2,60). gaiusi fiducialur
SeTanxmebaTa or nairsaxeobas gamohyofda: megobarTan – fiducia cum amico da
kreditorTan – fiducia cum creditore (contracta).

pirvel SemTxvevaSi, fiducia Senaxvis, commodatum (sesxi), davalebis

xelSekrulebebs aformebda, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _ fiducia valdebulebis
realuri garantiis dadgenas emsaxureboda. aRniSnuli funqcionalur diferencireba
meorexarisxovania, radgan kontraqtis struqtura, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovania.
nivTis mimRebi piri _ fiduciarius (fiducariusi), ndobiT aRWurvili, mesakuTre xdeba
da movalea, garkveuli pirobebis dadgomisas, nivTi kreditorisaTvis (fiducians -
fiduciants) daebrunebina. nivTis dabruneba sapirispiro mancipaciis – remancipatio
formiT xdeboda.

vinaidan fiducia cum creditore formiT fiducia cum amico-sagan ar gansxvavdeboda,

fiduciantis moTxovna, yvela SemTxvevaSi, erTgvarovani sarCeliT – actio fiduciae iyo
daculi. aRniSnuli sarCeli, bonae fidei sarCelTa Soris, erT-erTi uZvelesi da,
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Sinaarsobrivad, universaluri iyo.

$ 6. Pignus datum (giravnoba)

realuri giravnobis dros, mouxmari nivTi gadadioda giraos mimRebi piris

mflobelobaSi im pirobiT, rom man, giraos mimcem pirs, nivTi unda daubrunos
ZiriTadi valdebulebis SesrulebisTanave. giraosTan mimarTebaSi, ZiriTadi
valdebulebis kreditori, movaled xdeba, xolo, ZiriTadi valdebulebis movale –
kreditoria.

giravnobis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba aqcesoruli xasiaTisaa da

is Sewydeba ZiriTadi valdebulebis SewyvetisTanave, radgan iTvleba am
valdebulebis uzrunvelyofis saSualebad da agreTve, kreditoris mier, Sesrulebis
gadacilebis SemTxvevaSi.

giraos mimReb pirs ekrZaleboda giraod miRebuli nivTiT sargebloba, winaaRmdeg

SemTxvevaSi adgili eqneboda furtum usus. Tumca, Tu giraos mimcemi piri ZiriTadi
valdebulebis moTxovnebs ver Seasrulebda, giraos mimRebi piri uflebamosili iyo
daekmayofilebina sakuTari moTxovna, giraod micemuli nivTis xarjze da is mesame
pirisaTvis (ius distrahendi) mieyida. giraos mimcemi piris moTxovna, ZiriTadi
valdebulebis SesrulebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, romelic swored giraod micemuli
nivTiT aris uzrunvelyofili. amgvari potestaturi (nebidan gamomdinare) pirobis
Sesrulebis Sedegad, giraos mimcemi, giraos mimRebi piris winaaRmdeg, actio pigneraticia
(in personam) – sarCelis wardgenis uflebas iZenda. aRniSnuli sarCeli gamoiyeneboda
im SemTxvevaSic, Tu garaos mimRebisagan im nametis anazRaurebas moiTxovdnen,
romelic man, giraod micemuli nivTis gayidvis Sedegad miiRo. es viTareba, ki
logikurad, in ius formulis Semcveli sarCelis wardgenas gulisxmobda.

giraos mimRebi actio pigneraticia contraria sarCelis wardgenis uflebas flobda, raTa
aenazRaurebina nivTis Senaxvis xarjebi.

$ 7. keTilsindisieri sarCelebi da xelSekrulebebi

Actio bonae fidei et iudicia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri sarCelebis wardgenis dros
keTilsindisier sasamarTloSi) mosamarTles, farTo uflebamosilebis farglebSi,
SeeZlo mosarCeles moTxovnis Sedareba keTilsindisierebis kriteriumis Sesabamisad
(oportere ex fide bona). meurveobisa da mziTvis sakiTxebis gamo wardgenili,
keTilsindisieri sarCelebs garda, yvela sarCeli, romelic ex fide bona formulas
Seicavda, xelSekrulebidan gamomdinare sarCelad iTvleboda. amis Sesaxeb gaiusi
werda (Gai.,4,62): keTili sindisis sasamarTloebis gansjadobas miekuTvneboda is
sarCelebi, romlebic nasyidobis, qiravnobis, sxvisi saqmeebis warmoebis, davalebis,
Senaxvis, fiducialur xelSekrulebebs exeboda. aseTi sarCelebis wardgena
saerTaSoriso vaWrobis sferoSi xdeboda xelSekrulebebis mimarT, romlebic, ius
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gentium farglebSi, peregrinebis pretoris mfarvelobis qveS ideboda. formulis
mniSvnelovani moqniloba, romelic mosamarTles, sakmaod vrcel, uflebamosilebas
aniWebda imis dasadgenad, Tu “risi micema, gakeTeba an miniWeba iyo saWiro
keTilsindisierebis Sesabamisad” (qeudquid dare facere oportet ex fide bona) Semdegi
Sedegebis dadgomas gulisxmobda: 1. mopasuxe ar iyo valdebuli exceptio doli
(formalurad, eqstraordinaluri da, SedarebiT damoukidebeli daTqma, uaryofiTi
pirobis saxiT, romelic procesualur formulaSi condemnatio _ miniWebis, win iyo
ganlagebuli da, romlis mixedviT, mopasuxesaTvis gaTvaliwinebuli miniWeba mis
mier marTebul gancxadebis gakeTebaze, iyo damokudebuli). arsebiTad, exceptio
procesualuri daTqmis gansakuTrebuli saSualeba iyo, romlis meSveobiT mopasuxe
uaryofda mosarCeles uflebas (zogadad) an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, sakuTar
movaleobas (awmyo droSi raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb), an sxva raime
eqscepcia, romelic samarTlianobas efuZneboda, vinaidan mosamarTle, yvela im
garemoebas, iRebda mxedvelobaSi, romelsac aRniSnuli eqscepciis gamoyeneba SeeZlo.
amis garda, mosamarTles unda gaeTvaliswinebina is SeTanxmeba, romelic, ZiriTad
xelSekrulebas, misi dadebis momentSi daemateboda; 2. mosamarTle, mxareTa
urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs, mxedvelobaSi miiRebda da anazRaurebis
moculobas mas Semdeg gansazRvravda, rac CaTvlida imas, risi gadaxdac mosarCeles
mopasuxisaTvis sasargeblod evaleboda, davis warmomqmneli xelSekrulebis ZaliT.
iustinianes kanonmdeblobiT, CaTvlisDSesaxeb wesi, gavrcelda msgavsi saxeebis yvela
valebze, maT Soris iseTebze, romlebic sxva kontraqtidan gamomdinareobda; 3.
mopasuxes SeeZlo sakuTari movaleobis Sesruleba, daTqmuli miniWebis gamo, im
momentamde, vidre mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas gamoitanda, rac mas valdebulebis
Sesrulebisagan aTavisuflebda. mosamarTles SeeZlo mopasuxis gaTavisufleba, Tu
aRsrulebis SeuZleblobas eqneboda adgili da, rac movalis braliT, ar iqneboda
gamowveuli. nivTis daRupvas, romelic dauZleveli ZaliT, an iseTi garemoebebiT
iqneboda gamowveuli, romlebic mxareTa kontrols ar eqvemdebareboda riski anu
periculum ewodeboda; 4. mosarCele mosamarTles ara marto im realuri
danakargis anazRaurebas Txovda, rac man ganicada, mopasuxes mxridan,
xelSekrulebis pirobebis Seusruleblobis gamo, aramed xelidan gaSvebuli im
sargeblis anazRaurebasac, romelsac is miiRebda, Tu mopasuxe, sakuTar movaleobas,
jerovnad Seasrulebda. mosamarTle mopasuxes dakarguli nayofis Rirebulebis
anazRaurebas daavaldebulebda, an, vadis gadacilebis gamo, procents daaricxebda;
5. kontraqtidan warmoSobili sarCeli kontrhagentis memkvidreobaze gadadioda.

keTilsindisieri sarCelebisadmi miZRvnili, mudmivi ediqtis XIX-e titulSi,

fiducialuri kontraqtebis Semdegi saxeebia miTiTebuli: fiducia; depositum; societas,
emptio- venditio, mandatum.

$ 8. brali xelSekrulebaSi

keTilsindisierebaze damyarebuli xelSekrulebebis Sesruleba kontrhagentebisagan

gansakuTrebul zrunvas moiTxovda.
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klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciam braleuli qmedeba gansazRvra diligentia-ad, anu
arajerovan mzrunvelobad arsebobad miiCnia. Diligentia-s kriteriumi, gansakuTrebiT,
mniSvnelovani iyo iseT valdebulebebSi, romlebic warmoSobili iyo, davalebis
gareSe sxvebis saqmeebis warmoebis, xelSekrulebidan, Tumca, mogvianebiT es
kriteriumi yvela urTierTobaze gavrcelda, sadac, savaldebulo moTxovnad swored
bona fides iTvleboda. mzrunvelobis an mcdelobis ararseboba kontraqtis
Sesrulebis dros “saxelSekrulebo bralad” Seiracxa.

“saxelSekrulebo brali” deliqtebSi arsebuli “arasaxelSekrulebo bralisagan”

imiT gansxvavdeboda, rom, es ukanaskneli, zianis miyenebas niSnavda da zianis
miyenebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebis Sesrulebas ganapirobebda.

romaeli iuristebi borot ganzraxvas (dolus) axasiaTebdnen rogorc gaazrebul

ganzraxvas, an survils imoqmedo ise, rom SeuZlebeli iyos xelSekrulebis
pirobebis Sesruleba.

gaufrTxileblobiT brals maSin aqvs adgili, Tu raime moqmedeba arajerovnad aris

Sesrulebuli (culpa in faciendo), an, Tu dakargulia raime moqmedebis Sesrulebis
SesaZlebloba (culpa in non faciendo). braleulad iTvleba piri, romelic
keTilsindisierad ar moqmedebda, an romelmac ar gamoiCina keTilsindisieri
paterfamilias-aTvis damaxasiaTebeli yairaTianoba. bralis sakiTxi dgeba ara marto
Seusruleblobis, aramed Sesrulebis gadacilebis (vadis gadacilebis) SemTxvevaSi,
ris gamoc braleuli mxare dazaralebuls pirgasamtexlos uxdida. roca saubari
iyo im moZravi nivTis Senaxvis valdebulebaSe, romelic Semnaxvels, nivTis
mesakuTrisaTvis, unda daebrunebina, iuristebi pasuxismgeblobas nivTis Senaxvis
gamo adgendnen (custodia). kerZod, gaiusi (Gai.,3.205-206), pasuxismgeblobis am saxes,
tipiuri SemTxvevebis magaliTze ganixilavda: mkeravma, sesxis mimRebma pasuxi unda
agon, maTTvis mibarebuli nivTis datacebis gamo.

infamirebadi sarCelebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxismgebloba dolus (ganzraxvis) gamo

dgeboda, xolo actio bona fidei braleuls culpa-s (brali) gamoc sjida. meore mxriv,
pasuxismgebloba ar dgeboda im SemTxvevaSi, roca dauZlevel Zalas, an
kontrhagentis nebisagan damoukideblad (misi kontrolis farglebs miRma), Seqmnil
viTarebas hqonda adgili.

iuristebi agreTve saubrobdnen dauZlevel Zalaze (vis maior), an dauZlevel

garemoebaze, romelsac ver SeebrZolebi adamianuri bunebis sisustis gamo (D.44,7.1.4).
dauZleveli Zalis valdebulebis cneba, rogorc bunebriv movlenebs (wyaldidoba,
miwisZvra, sikvdili), ise iuridiul faqtebs (nivTis wminda qonebaSi gadacema, ris
Sedegad is res extra commercium-ad iqceva) moicavda. aRniSnuli cneba sxva pirTa
moqmedebebsac moicavda, kerZod, mZarcvelTa SemoWra an monaTa gaqceva
(savaldebulo iyo maTi kreditorisaTvis dabruneba).

romaeli iuristebi agreTve miuTiTebdnen periculum anu nivTis daRupvis riskis

Sesaxeb, roca ar arsebobda braleuli qmedeba. riski, rogorc wesi, nivTis

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mesakuTres awva. Tumca, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, riski im pirsac awva, vinc movale
iyo daebrunebina nivTi, an im pirs, vinc nivTis beds mesame piris moqmedebaze
damokidebulad xdida.

II. Consensu (konsensualuri xelSekruleba)

mxareTa martivi SeTanxmebidan warmoSobil xelSekrulebis cneba, romelic raime

saxis formalobebs ar moiTxovda, klasikuri periodis iurisprudenciis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani monapovaria. xelSekrulebis formalobebisagan gaTavisuflebam da
misi mxolod fides principebze dafuZnebam xelSekrulebis universaluri modelis
Seqmnas Seuwyo xeli. nebismier formaSi gamoxatuli Tanxmoba (usityvo, mxolod
moqmedebiT), romelic xelSekrulebis dadebas ganapirobebda. konsesualur
xelSekrulebas (consensu) daedo safuZvlad. Aam xelSekrulebis dadebisas aRar iyo
saWiro mxareTa savaldebulo daswreba da xelSekrulebis namdvilobisaTvis
sakmarisi iyo Tanxmobis werilobiTi formiT an an warmomadgenlis meSveobis
gamoxatva.

Gai., (3,136) konsensualur xelSekrulebebs formalur SeTanxmebebs (verbis et litteris)

upirispirebda. iustinianes institutebSi (I. Inst. 3.22) consensu Sepirispirebulia re-sTan
(realur xelSekrulebebTan): Consensu fiunt obligationnes in emptionibus venditionibus locationibus
conductionibus, societatibus, mandatis.

1. Ideo autem istis madis consensu dicitur obligatio contrahi, guia neque scriptura neque praesentia omnimodo
opus est, ac ne dari quicquam necesse est, ut substantiam capiat obligatio, sed sufficit eos qui negotium gerunt
consentire.

2. Unde inter absentes quoque talia negotia contrahuntur ueluti per epistulam aut per nuntium.

3. Item in his contractibus alter alteri obligatur in id, quod alterum alteri ex bono et aequo praestare oportet, cum
alioquin in verborum obligationibus alius stipuletur, alius promittat.Kkonsesualur valdebulebebs
adgili aqvT yidva-gayidvis, amxanagobis, qiravnobis dadebis dros.

1. amboben, rom valdebuleba daideba am SemTxvevaSi, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT, imitom

rom saWiro ar aris werili an kontrhagentebis yofna. Zustad aseve ar aris saWiro
gadacema, raTa valdebuleba namdvilad CaiTvalos. Aramed sakmarisia mxolod im
pirTa Tanxmoba, romlebic garigebas deben.

2. ai, ratom aris aseTi valdebulebis dadeba adgilze ar myofi kontrhagentebis

Sorisac: maT SeuZliaTYerTmaneTs misweron an warmomadgenlis meSveobiT
SeTanxmdnen.

3. aseT valdebulebebSi TiToeuli mxare meoris winaSe samarTlian moqcevas

kisrulobs, maSin, roca verbalur valdebulebebSi erTi mxare aris stipulatori,
meore dapirebis mimcemi.
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konsensualuri xelSekrulebis warmoSobas iuristebi ius gentium-s miawerdnen,
romelic romaelebsa da ucxoelebs Soris urToerTobebs awesrigebda. Ius gentium-s
peregrinebis pretori (praetor peregrinus) kurirebda. mogvianebiT consenses ius civile-Sic
Seitanes, ramac xeli Seuwyo mis gamoyenebas romis moqalaqeebs Soris.

xelSekrulebis aRniSnuli saxis Taviseburebad misi ormxrivoba iTvleboda, anu

consensu, misi monawile mxareebisaTvis, urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebebs
warmoSobda, romelTa dacva iseTi sarCelebiT iyo SesaZlebeli, romlebsac orive
mxare iyenebda valdebulebebis damrRvevi piris mimarT.

$1. Emptio-venditio (yidva-gayidva)

Emptio - venditio (yidva-gayidva); merx (saqoneli); pretium (gasayidi fasi); vacua possessio
(wynari mflobeloba); arra (be); emptio rei speratae (momavali nivTis yidva); emptor
(myidveli); venditor (gamyidveli).

yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba aformebda SeTanxmebas nivTis sasyidliani SeZenis

Sesaxeb. romis samarTalSi gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom
myidvelisaTvis garkveuli nivTi – merx (saqoneli) – wynar mflobelobaSi (vacua
possessio) gadaeca, xolo myidvelis movaleobaSi, fulis garkveul Tanxaze,
sakuTrebis uflebis gadatana – fasis gadaxda (pretium) igulisxmeboda.

aRniSnuli kontraqti sinalagmaturia: valdebuleba SeiZleba warmoiSvas, rogorc

mxolod, ormxrivi da TiToeul mxares, Tanabrad SeuZlia, sarCelis wardgena, Tumca
im pirobiT, rom, TiToeuli maTgani, sakuTari valdebulebis Sesrulebas ukve
Seudga. am aspeqtTan dakavSrebulia bes (arra) instituti.

romis samarTalSi be sulac ar iyo valdebulebis dadebis realuri garantia

(rogorc amas berZnul samarTalSi iyenebdnen). Arra nivTis fasis im nawils
warmoadgenda, romlis gadaxda xelSekrulebis dadebis dros xdeboda, imis
dasturad, rom SeTanxmeba mxareebs Soris miRweuli iyo (“argumentum est emptionis et
venditionis contractae” – Gai.,3,139). bes Setanis momentidan, myidvels gamyidvelis
winaaRmdeg, mis mier sakuTari movaleobis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb, sasarCelo moTxovnis
wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda.

yidva-gayidvis saqonlad nebismieri in commercio, sxeulebrivi da usxeulo - res

corporales et res in corporales – nivTi gamoiyeneboda. serfitutis yidvisas SeZenis obieqti
servitutis dadgenis ufleba iyo, xolo gamyidvelis movaleoba imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom, saresvituto uflebis aRmoceneba, misi SemZenis mxareze daeSva. (D.19,1,3,2).
dadgenili servitutis SeZena, nivTis gareSe, SeuZlebelia. xolo dadgenili
uzufruqtis yidva ara TviT uzufruqtis SeZenas, aramed uti - frui uflebis mopovebas
gulisxmobda, romelic memkvidreobiTac ki gadaecemoda (D.18.6,8,2).

yidva-gayidvis obieqti SeiZleba momavali nivTic gamxdariyo: miwis nakveTidan

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miRebuli nayofi, pirutyvis namati da sxva. interpretatorebma aseT garigebas emptio
rei speratae uwodes.

amrigad, konsensualuri kontraqtis dadebisas, sakontraqto valdebulebis

warmoSobisaTvis sakmarisia mxareTa Soris SeTanxmebis (concensus) miRweva da ar
moiTxoveba sxva formalobani. amrigad, konsensualuri xelSekrulebis dadeba
adgilze armyof pirebsac SeuZliaT (inter absentes), magaliTad, werilis an macnes
meSveobiT (Gai.,3,136; D.44,7,2; Ins.Iust.3,22,1,2). SeTanxmebis miRwevis niSnad gamodgeboda,
mag., yidva-gayidvis dros arra (be) micema.

Mod., D. 17, 2, 4: Societatem coire et re et verbis et per nuntium posse non dubium non est. (ueWvelia, rom
amxanagobis xelSekrulebis dadeba Cven SegviZlia nivTis gadacemiT, sityvebiT da
macnes meSveobiTac ki).

TiToeul mxares sakuTari valdebuleba (Tu mis Sesaxeb moTxovna ukve Sevida
ZalaSi) keTilsindisierad unda Seesrulebina, raTa meore mxaris winaaRmdeg
sasarCelo moTxovnis wardgenis SesaZlebloba hqonoda. am moTxovnas amyarebda is
principi, rom konsensualuri xelSekrulebebi valdebulebaTa, funqcionaluri
ormxrivobiT, gamoirCeoda (sinalagmaturoba). gamonakliss mxolod davalebis
xelSekruleba warmoadgenda, romelic potenciurad ormxrivi iyo. yvela
konsensualuri kontraqti negotia bonae fidei (keTilsindisieri garigebebi)-s kategorias
warmoadgenda.

yidva-gayidva aris konsensualuri kontraqti, romlis meSveobiT erTi mxare _

gamyidveli movalea, nivTiT daubrkolebel mflobelobaSi, Seiyvanos meore mxare –
myidveli, romelic Tavis mxriv movalea gamyidvels gadauxados fulis garkveuli
Tanxa. am kontraqtis warmoSoba gayidvis uZveles formas, kerZod gacvlas, anu erTi
nivTis meoreTi, martiv Secvlas efuZneba. TandaTanobiT, istoriulma evoluciam is
gamoiwvia, rom fasi ara liTonis woniT, aramed im momentiT gamoixata, romelsac
mancipatio ritualis dros iyenebdnen, roca kerZo sakuTrebaSi mancipirebadi
nivTebis gadacemas exeboda saqme. aramancipirebadi nivTebis (res nec mancipi) yidvisas,
xelis meSveobiT gacvlas hqonda adgili, romelic nivTis fasze gacvlas
gulisxmobda.

ueWvelia, rom klasikur xanaSi yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba, rogorc

konsensualuri kontraqti, xalxis samarTalis (ius gentium) mixedviT xasiaTdeboda
mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT gamoirCeoda, rac arsebiTad ganasxvavebda
mas sakuTrebis uflebis gadacemis sxva saSualebebisagan: 1. am xelSekrulebiT
warmoSobili urTierTobis ormxrivi da urTierTdakavSirebuli xasiaTi. saubari iyo
ori urTierTdakavSirebuli garigebis Sesaxeb, romelsac icavda ori sxvadasxva
sarCeli: yidvis (emptio) – gayidvis (venditio) Sesaxeb, saidanac gamomdinareobs
sarCelebis dasaxelebac: actio empti – actio venditi;

2. aRniSnuli urTierTobis valdebulebiTi xasiaTi: xelSekrulebis mixedviT,

valdebuleba iqmneboda mxolod mxareebis mimarT, da nivTze an fasze ar gadadioda.

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SesaZloa, urTierTobis aRniSnuli xasiaTi iqidan gamomdinareobda, rom
istoriulad, yidva-gayidva warmoiSva ori damoukidebeli stipulatio dakavSirebis
Sedegad.

a) yidva – gayidvis Semadgeneli elementebi iyo: 1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba,

2) xelSekrulebis sagani (nivTi) da 3) fasi.

1) mxareTa urTierTSeTanxmeba

Paul., (D. 18. 1, 1, 2): “Est autem emptio iuris gentiam et ideo consensu peragitur et inter absentes contrari
potest et per nuntium et per litteras” (yidva miekuTvneba xalxis samarTals da amitom
SeTanxmebis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, da yidvis xelSekruleba SesaZlebelia
ganxorcieldes armyof pirTa Soris, an macnes an werilis meSveobiT).

Tanxmobis gamoxatva nebismieri formiT iyo SesaZlebeli, xolo, Tu gamoiyeneboda

werilobiTi forma, mas mxolod mtkicebulebis mniSvneloba hqonda. romaeli
iuristebi gadameyvet mniSvnelobas swored ganzraxvas, anu nebas aniWebdnen.
Secdomis (SecdomaSi Seyvanis) sakiTxis gadawyvetas, isini sakuTar mravalricxovan
kazusebSi cdilobdnen.

im SemTxvevaSi, Tu SecdomaSi Seyvana xelSekrulebis sagans (error in corpore)

exeboda, anu, Tu gamyidvelis neba erTi sagnis gayidvisaken iyo mimarTuli, xolo
myidvelis neba sxva sagnis SeZenisaken, an Tu mxareTa neba gansxvavdeboda gasayidi
sagnis fasis mimarT, iuristebi miiCnevdnen, rom mxareebma SeTanxmebas ver miaRWies
da xelSekrulebac dadebulad ar CaiTvleboda. xolo, roca saqme, nivTis xarisxis
(error in substantia) Sesaxeb, myidvelis SecdomaSi Seyvanas exeboda, maSin SeTanxmebis
misaRwevad arsebuli winaaRmdegoba daZleulad miiCneoda da xelSekrulebis
namdviloba eWvgareSe iyo. Tumca, gamyidveli movale iyo mydvelisaTvis
aenazRaurebina is ziani, romelic am ukanasknels miadga naklovani nivTis SeZenis
gamo, miTumetes, rom misTvis ar iyo cnobili nivTis xarvezis Sesaxeb. samagierod,
iulianusi Tvlida, rom, Tu orive mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili nivTis arsebiTi
xarisxis Sesaxeb, xelSekruleba baTilad unda CaTvliliyo.

iulianusis aRniSnuli mosazreba postklasikuri periodis romaelma iuristebma

Secvales da Camoayalibes axali zogadi wesi: xelSekruleba ararad miiCneoda, Tu
erT-erTi mxare SecdomaSi iyo Seyvanili gasayidi nivTis arsis (substantio) gamo.

1.nivTi (res)

savaWro xelSekrulebis jerovan sagnad saqoneli (res) gamodioda. Saqoneli,

garkveuli saxis, cvalebadi nivTebiT iyo warmodgenili. dasaSvebi iyo momavali
nivTebis yidva-gaydva, romelTa mimarT xdeboda maTi Semdegi nairsaxeobebis gamijvna:
1. momavali nivTis yidva (emptio rei speratae): am SemTxvevaSi mxareebi xelSekrulebas
nivTis arsebobis faqts uqvemdebarebdnen: Tu sayideli nivTi jer ar arsebobs, arc
misi fasis gadaxdaa savaldebulo; mag., jer ar aRebuli mosavali.
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2. imedis yidva (emptio spei): imis imedi, rom arsebuli nivTi iyo xelSekrulebis
sagani, xolo imis riski, nivTi namdvilad arsebobda Tu ara, swored myidvels awva,
romelsac, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda evaleboda.
aRniSnuli xelSekrulebis sagnis wreSi Sevida res mancipi, Tumca mancipatio
gamoyenebis gareSe, da agreTve res incorporales nivTebis kategoria da uflebebi nivTze.
namdvilad miiCneoda sxva nivTis gayidvac. Tumca, baTili iyo, myidvelis sakuTrebaSi
arsebuli, nivTis gayidva (Pomp., D. 18, 1, 16 – 18), agreTve is nivTebi, romlebic
gardacvlils ekuTvnoda, Tu piri, xelSekrulebis dadebamde, an misi dadebis
momentSi, gardaicvleboda.

2. fasi

principatis periodis dasaqwyisSi Zvel romSi sabinianelTa da prokulianelTa

skolebs Soris warmoiSva doqtrinuli xasiaTis dava: sabinianelebi Tvlidnen, rom
nebismieri nivTi, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, fasis daniSnulebas asrulebda;
prokerianelTa azriT, mxolod fulis meSveobiT unda ganxorcieldes nivTis yidva-
gayidva. swored am mosazrebam moipova aRiareba da momavalSi iustinianes
kanonmdeblobiTac ganmtkicda.

klasikuri periodis samarTalSi fasis gansazRvra savaldebulo moTxovnad iqca.

Tanac, fasis gansazRvra mesame piris nebaze ar unda yofiliyo damokidebuli.
iustinianes azriT, gayidva maSinac SeiZleba namdvili iyos, rica mesame pirs
daevala gasayidi nivTis fasis dadgena (Inst.Iust. 3. 23. 1). nivTis fasi namdvilad unda
arsebobdes, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi yidva-gayidvas ki ara, Cuqebas eqneboda adgili,
vinaidan mxolod Cuqebis drosaa SesaZlebeli gamsxvisebelsa da SemZens Soris
SeTanxmebis miRweva, rom, es ukanaskneli, meore mxares nivTis safasurs ar
gadauxdida. klasikuri periodis iuristebi mkacrad ar iTxovdnen fasis
samarTlianobasa da mis adekvaturobas, nivTis Rirebulebis mimarT. aRniSnuli
moTxovna mxolod iustinianes samarTalSi Cndeba. masSi saubari iyo im axali wesis
Sesaxeb, romelic mniSvnelovnad azianebda uZravi qonebis gamsxviseblis interesebs,
roca mas qonebis gasxvisebas, Rirebulebis naxevarze ufro dabal fasSi, avalebdnen.
am SemTxvevaSi gamsxvisebeli, sasamarTlos gziT, uflebamosili iyo piri eSala
meore mxarisaTvis, Tu es ukanaskneli damatebiT fass ar gadaixdida.

yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis dacva ori keTilsindisieri sarCelis meSveobiT

xdeboda: actio empti et actio venditi. yidvidan-gayidvidan warmoSobili sarCelis ZaliT,
SemZeni, gayiduli nivTis, misTvis gadacemas iTxovda. garda amisa, mas SeeZlo
gamyidvelisagan moeTxova nivTis upirobo flobis uzrunvelyofa (habere licere) da
sarCelis ZaliT, sakuTari Tavisa da nivTis dacvis uzrunvelyofa, Tu nivTis
gamyidveli misi mesakuTre ar iyo. Tu xelSekrulebis dadebis Semdeg, nivTi nayofs
an namats iZleoda, gamyidveli movale iyo gadaeca isini myidvelisaTvis. amrigad,
aRniSnuli sarCelis meSveobiT, xdeboda nivTis gasayidi da SesaZeni fasisa da,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saprocento ganakveTis moTxovnis uzrunvelyofa.

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b) myidvelisa da gamyidvelis movaleobani
yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebaSi, mxareTa movaleobebis gansazRvra,
keTilsindisierebis principis safuZvelze xdeboda. imis miuxedavad, rom TiToeul
mxares erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli movaleobebi gaaCndaT, am movaleobebs mainc
urTierTdakavSirebulad miiCnevdnen, radgan TviTon xelSekruleba ormxrivi iyo.
praqtikis mdidar monacemebze dayrdnobiT, romaelma iuristebma daamkvidres is
principi, romelic orive mxares unda mkacrad daecva, yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebis
dadebisas: bona fides et aequitas. swored amitom, mosamarTle, mxareTa qmedebis Sefasebis
Sesaxeb gamotanil gadawyvetilebaSi, farTo uflebamosilebiT iyo aRWurvili.
myidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda nivTis SesaZeni fasis gadaxda, anu gamyidvelisaTvis
sakuTrebaSi im monetebis gadacema evaleboda, romlebSic nivTis Rirebuleba iyo
gamoxatuli. garda amisa, gamyidvelis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. myidvelisaTvis
gayiduli nivTis gadacema (tradere). aseTi gadacema nivTis upirobo gankargvis (habere
licere) da ara maszed mxolod sakuTrebis gadatanis (dare) uzrunvelyofas
gulisxmobda. ueWvelia, rom bona fides-Si gaTvaliswinebuli iyo, rom gamyidveli
yvela Rones ixmarda, raTa myidveli SeZenili nivTis mesakuTre gamxdariyo.
iustinianes samarTalSi ganmtkicda norma, romlis ZaliT, nivTze sakuTrebis
ufleba ar gadaicemoda manam, vidre myidveli nivTis safasurs ar dafaravda, an
gamyidvels sakmaris garantias ar miscemda safasuris gadaxdis Taobaze, an Tu
gamyidveli myidvelis keTilsindisierebas ar miendoboda. 2. gamyidveli pasuxs
agebda dolus (boroti ganzraxvis), xolo, klasikur periodSi, _ culpa (bralis gamo),
sakuTari movaleobebis arajerovnad Sesrulebis SemTxvevaSi. Tu gayidul moZrav
nivTs vinme moiparavda, gamyidveli custodia gamo isjeboda. Custodia gamo
pasuxismgebloba gamyidvels maSin exsneboda, Tu myidveli, gamyidvelis mier
SemoTavazebul nivTze, uars ityoda.
3. pasuxismgebloba eviqciis gamo maSin dgeboda, roca myidveli sasamarTlo process
nivTis namdvil mesakuTresTan waagebda. 4. gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo nivTis
faruli naklis gamo.
g) Periculum (nivTis daRupvis (ganadgureba-dazianeba) riski)
roca gayiduli nivTi dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT nadgurdeboda, misi Sedegebi
mydvels awva (periculum est emptoris). aRniSnuli debuleba Semdegnairad unda iqnas
gagebuli: Tumca, myidveli nayid nivTs kargavda, mas mainc evaleboda nivTis SesaZeni
fasis gadaxda. am debulebas esaWiroeba mniSvnelovani ganmarteba: gamyidvelis
pasuxismgebloba nivTis dauzianeblad SenaxvisaTvis mkveTrad aris SezRuduli
dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebiT, razec pasuxs myidvelic agebda. amis Sesaxeb
mxareebs TviT kontraqtSi unda gaekeTebinaT daTqma. dadgenili wesi ar
gamoiyeneboda, Tu nivTi eqspropriacias daeqvemdebareboda, an misi brunvidan amoReba
moxdeboda. riski myidvelze mxolod maSin gadava, roca moxdeba nivTis gayidva;
nivTis gayidvas ki maSin aqvs adgili, roca cnobilia gasayidi nivTis sagani, xarisxi
da raodenoba; dadgenilia mis fasi da gayidva martivad (upirobod) ganxorcielda.
(Paul, D.18,6,8 pr). Digesta-s amave teqstis Tanaxmad, Tu nivTis gayidva garkveuli

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pirobebiT moxda, nivTi ar iTvleba gayidulad manam, vidre moxdeba daTqmuli
pirobebis Sesruleba.
d) Evictio (evikcia) – maSin hqonda adgili, roca myidveli nivTis sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebis safuZvelze kargavda im piris sasargeblod, romelic nivTis
namdvili mesakuTre iyo. amis mizezi ki is iyo, rom myidvelma nivTi SeiZina im
pirisagan, romelic Tavs nivTis mesakuTred asaRebda xandazmulobis vadis (usucapio)
amowurvis gamo, Tumca sakuTrebis uflebis SeZenisaTvis dadgenili xandazmulobis
vada jer ar iyo gasuli. mesakuTris mier wardgenili actio vindicatio moTxovnis
Sesasruleblad, myidvels SeZenili nivTi mesakuTrisaTvis unda daebrunebina, an
misTvis nivTis safasuri gadaexada. gamyidvelis valdebuleba, efiqciis SemTxvevaSi,
myidvelisaTvis miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, Tavdapirvelad
konsensualuri xelSekrulebidan ar warmoSobila. arqaul periodSi miyenebuli
zianis anazRaurebis garantia mancipatio-dan ganviTarda da, actio auctoritatis ZaliT,
mancipaciis gziT nivTis gamsxvisebels miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobis
anazRaureba evaleboda. xolo, roca mancipacia abstraqtul moqmedebad iqca,
sagarantio stipulaciam hpova gavrceleba da, misi meSveobiT, gamyidvelis
winaaRmdeg SesaZlebeli iyo actio ex stipulatu (sarCeli spipulacidan) wardgena.
evikciis mimarT pasuxismgeblobis gamoricxvis saSualebad garkveuli SeTanxmeba
(pacta de non praestanda evictione), an xelSekrulebis gansakuTrebuli nairsaxeoba
iTvleboda. imisaTvis, rom eviqciis gamo gamyidvelis pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi
damgdariyo, myidveli movale iyo gamyidvelisaTvis ganecxadebina arsebuli
moTxovnis, an sasamarTlo procesis Sesaxeb (litem denuntiare), raTa misgan daxmareba
mieRo, an sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros gamyidvels dacvis saSualeba hqonoda.

e) nivTis dafaruli nakli

gamyidveli pasuxs agebda gayiduli nivTis faruli naklis, an defeqtis gamo.

Tu mancipaciis gziT (mancipatio) nivTis gayidvisas mmancipirebadi piri nivTis
xarisxis, miwis nakveTis fardobis an naklis ararsebobis Sesaxeb Tu cru
gancxadebas gaakeTebda, motyuebuli myidvels miecemoda sababi, rom mas gamyidvelis
winaaRmdeg actio auctoritatis, an actio de modo agri (sarCeli miwis nakveTis
moculobis Sesaxeb) Seetana sasamarTloSi. arqauli periodidan moyolebuli
gayidvis aqts emateboda stipulacia, romelic garantias iZleoda imis Sesaxeb, rom
nivTi garkveuli TvisebebiT, an mas raime nakli, an konkretuli defeqtebi hqonda.
gamyidveli pasuxismgebeli iyo im SemTxvevaSi, Tu namdvilad arsebobda nakli,
romlis Sesaxeb man damala, an uaryo stipulaciaSi, rac Cveulebriv, evictio-sTan
erTad gamomJRavndeboda.

ciceronis droidan moyolebuli, iurisprudenciam aRiara, rom dona fides principis

Sesabamisad, gamyidveli pasuxs agebda yvela im naklze, romelic man myidvels,
winaswari ganzraxviT, daumala. gamyidveli, aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi, pasuxs agebda imis
miuxedavad, stipulatio-s hqonda Tu ara adgili. damaluli naklis gamo
pasuxismgebloba dgeboda Semdegi pirobebis arsebobisas: 1. saubari unda iyos
arsebiTi naklis Sesaxeb, ris gamoc nivTis Rirebuleba, an monis sargeblianoba, an
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gayiduli pirutyvis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda; 2. nakli aucileblad dafaruli
unda iyos, radgan, Tu nakli aSkaraa da yvelasaTvis cnobili iyo, dauSvebelia
pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb saubari; 3. nakli unda warmoSobiliyo manam, vidre
myudveli nivTs SeiZenda da, Tanac, myidvels amis Sesaxeb ar unda scodnoda.

Tu gamyidvelma naTlad ar ganacxada nivTis naklis Sesaxeb an, Tu nivTis gayidvis

Semdeg iqna aRmoCenili, misi faruli nakli, edilis ediqtiT, myidvels mieniWa
ufleba gamyidvelis winaaRmdeg ori sarCeli waredgina: 1) actio redhibitoria (yidva-
gayidvis xelSekrulebis CaSlis Sesaxeb) nivTisa da saqonlis fasis ukan dabrunebis
gziT da 2) actio aestimatoria (sarCeli fasis daklebis Sesaxeb), romlis ZaliT
gayiduli nivTis fasi mkveTrad mcirdeboda, nivTis faruli naklis Sesabamisad.

qr. S. I saukunis iurisprudenciam, savaraudod, aRiara, rom, nivTis dafaruli naklis

gamo, miyenebuli ziani unda anazRaurebuliyo actio empti (sarCeli nivTis yidvis
Sesaxeb) gziT. am sarCelis upiratesoba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom is ar iyo droSi
SezRuduli da dazaralebul mxares nebismier dros SeeZlo aRniSnuli sarCelis
wardgena. iustinianes samarTalSi edilis sarCelebi nivTebis yvela kategoriaze
Tanabrad gavrcelda.

v) Arra (be)

Arra-s instituti elinuri yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebas (arrhabon) ganekuTvneboda.

Zvelma romaulma sakontraqto praqtikam aRniSnuli fenomeni gadmoiRo yidva-

gayidvisa da qiravnobis xelSekrulebebis sferoSi. klasikuri epoqis samarTalSi
arra xelSekrulebis dadebis dadasturebisaTvis gamoiyeneboda (arras confirmation).
sakmaod sadaoa bes instituti iustinianes samarTalSi. erTi mxriv, savaraudod,
dasturdeba misi mxolod mtkicebulebiTi xasiaTis mniSvneloba, rac mas klasikuri
periodis samarTalSi mieniWa; meore mxriv – be xelSemkvreli mxareebisaTvis
alternativas warmoadgenda, raTa maT daedoT, elinur samarTalSi gavrcelebuli,
bes Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romlis ZaliT, xelSekrulebis calmxrivad CamSlel mxares,
garigebis darRvevisaTvis ekisreboda pasuxismgebloba (e. w. sajarimo bes
saxiT).

Tu bes mimcemi, xelSemkvreli mxare, uars ityoda sakuTari valdebulebis

Sesrulebaze, is bes kargavda da piriqiT, Tu bes mimRebi mxare, calmxrivad CaSlida
xelSekrulebas, – miRebuli bes safasurs ormagad gadaixdida.

$2. Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba)

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba); procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori); dominus

negotii (marwmunebeli, principali).

Mandatum (davalebis xelSekruleba) – usasyidlo konsensualuri kontraqtia,

romlis meSveobiT dominus negotii (marwmunebeli, principali) procurator (rwmunebuls,
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prokurators) raime moqmedebis Sesrulebas an garigebis dadebas avalebda, sakuTari
an mesame piris interesebis Sesabamisad.

a) Mandatum damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi: 1. davalebis xelSekruleba – konsensualuri

kontraqti iyo, anu valdebulebis warmoSoba kontrhagentebis SeTanxmebas efuZneba.
amitom, davalebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo an macnes meSveobiT, an werilis
gamogzavnis gziT. pavlusis azriT, davalebis xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili
valdebulebis Sesruleba SeiZleba gadaivados, an raime pirobis Sesrulebaze iyos
damokidebuli (D. 17, 1, 1 pr. – 3); 2. Mandatum _ usasyidlo kontraqtia. `davaleba
ararad iTvleboda, Tu usasyidlo ar iyo, vinaidan is movaleobidan, an
megobrobidan gamomdinareobs, xolo safasuris gadaxda movaleobas ewinaaRmdegeba;
Tu Semodis fuli, maSin saqme ganixileba, rogorc qiravnoba” (D. 17, 1, 1, 14). aseTi
debulebis miuxedavad, mainc daiSveboda, rwmunebulis mier, anazRaurebis miReba,
upiratesad, madlierebis niSnad da ara rogorc Semxvedri miniWeba; 3.aucilebeli
piroba iyo marwmuneblis, an mesame piris interesebiTa da saxeliT moqmedeba.
dauSvebelia sakuTari saxeliT raime davalebis Sesruleba, an moqmedeba; 4.
davalebis xelSekrulebis obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo raime moqmedeba, an
iuridiuli xasiaTis garigeba, an sxva nebismieri moqmedeba, mxolod im pirobiT, rom
daculi iqneboda usasyidlobis moTxovna, maSinac ki, Tu rwmunebuls, anazRaurebis
saSualebad, qoneba qiravnobaSi eqneboda gadacemuli. davalebis obieqti ar unda
atarebdes akrZalul xasiaTs da keTilsindisierebas ewinaaRmdegebodes; davaleba
SeiZleba Seexos im qonebas, romelic nawilobriv rwmunebulis sakuTrebaSi
imyofeboda.

b) Mandatum-dan warmoSobili sasarCelo ganacxadi (actio mandati) keTilsindisieri

sarCelis (bonae fidei) nairsaxeoba iyo da mis safuZvelze dasjili piri infamia
(uRirsoba) isjeboda (Gai., U, 182; Inst. Iust4.16.2). aRniSnuli sarCeli, marwmuneblis mier,
rwmunebuls waredgineboda im mizniT, rom, am ukanasknels, uzrunvelyo, davalebis
xelSekrulebiT ganxorcielebuli qmedebis Sesaxeb, sruli angariSi da
marwmuneblisaTvis gadaeca, rwmunebiT gaTvaliswinebuli yvela saxis Semosavali.

g) Procurator (rwmunebuli, prokuratori)

davalebis xelSekrulebis SemTxvevaSi, uZvelesi droidan dadginda zogadi xasiaTis

rwmunebuleba, romelsac rwmunebuli (procurator) asrulebda. prokuratori is piri
iyo, romelsac, Cveulebriv, gaazatebulTa rigebidan irCevdnen. mas evaleboda
marwmuneblis qonebis marTva (procutator omnium bonorum), riTac is im
prokuratorisagan gansxvavdeboda, romelsac mxolod konkretuli sakiTxis
gadawyveta daevala (procurator unius rei). pretori aRiarebda procesualuri
warmomadgenlis (procurator ad litem) figuras, romelsac is procesSi mxaris
rwmunebulad ganixilavda. yovelTvis, roca qonebis marTvis davalebas hqonda
adgili, klasikuri periodis romaeli iuristebi ori saxis sarCelis: mandatum-is
safuZvelze da negotiourum gestio-dan (davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmis warmoebidan)
konkurencias ganasxvavebdnen. iustinianes krebulSi meurveoba davalebis
xelSekrulebaSia areuli. Tumca, zogjer piri moklebuli iyo am uflebamosilebas,
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xolo prokuratori _ qonebis marTvas, faqtiurad, sakuTar Tavze iRebda da maSin
mas davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis mmarTvelad miiCneven (negotiourum gestor).
swored amis gamo, erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen namdvil prokurators (anu im pirs,
vinc davalebis saxiT, miiRo sxvisi saqmeebis marTva) da im pirs, vinc davalebis
gareSe moqmedebda (misi moqmedeba, samarTavad gadacemuli meurneobis, mepatronis
mowonebas moiTxovda).

d) mxareTa movaleobani

rwunebulis movaleoba misgan moiTxovda: 1) davalebis Sesrulebas marwmuneblis

miTiTebis Sesabamisad da, garigebis dasadebad saWiro, rwmunebis bunebidan
gamomdinare; 2) marwmunebels warudginos angariSi ganxorcielebuli
moqmedebis Sesaxeb da mis sasargeblod gadaitanos, mis mier dadebuli garigebis
iuridiuli Sedegi; 3) marwmuneblis winaSe pasuxi agos dolus da culpa gamo,
vinaidan davalebis xelSekruleba efuZneboda bona fides principebs da mxolod
marwmuneblis interesebs icavda. marwmunebeli, Tavis mxriv, pasuxs agebda im
xarjebze, romlebic rwmunebulma gaiRo davalebis Sesrulebis gamo, maT Soris,
aRniSnuli davalebis Sesrulebis dros, miyenebuli zianis anazRaurebis
TvalsazrisiT.

e) davalebis xelSekrulebis Sewyveta

davalebis xelSekrulebis moqmedeba wydeboda: 1) Tu rwmunebuli davalebis

Sesrulebas jer ar Sesdgomia: a) marwmuneblis mier uflebamosilebaTa ukan
gamowvevis gziT, rasac maSin hqonda Zala, Tu rwmunebuli gamowvevis Sesaxeb
gafrTxilebuli iyo; b) rwmunebulis mier davalebis Sesrulebaze uaris TqmiT; 2)
Tu davalebis Sesruleba dawyebuli iyo, marwmunebeli movale iyo angariSi gaewia
davalebis SedegebisaTvis, xolo rwmunebuli movale iyo daesrulebina davalebis
SesrulebiT; 3) marwmuneblis an rwmunebulis gardacvalebiT. marwmuneblis
gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi, misi memkvidreebis mimarT, rwmunebuls sarCelis
wardgenis ufleba eniWeboda im sababiT, rom memkvidreebma mas ar Seatyobines
marwmuneblis gardacvaleba, mis mier davalebis Sesrulebis periodSi.

v) fuladi sesxis miniWebis Sesaxeb micemuli davaleba (mandatum pecuniae credendae)

aseTi davalebis arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobda: rwmunebuli, mesame piris sasargeblod,

fuladi Tanxis garkveul odenobas sesxad gascemda an kredits xsnida. aseT
viTarebaSi, marwmunebelsa da mesame pirs Soris sesxis xelSekruleba ideboda.
marwmunebeli praqtikulad movalis garantad gamodioda, vinaidan, am ukanasknelis
mxridan, valis gadauxdelobis SemTxvevaSi, marwmunebeli rwmunebulis winaSe pasuxs
actio mandati contraria–s (Sesagebeli sarCeli davalebis xelSekrulebidan) safuZvelze
agebda.

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$3. Societas ( amxanagobis xelSekruleba)

Societas omnium bonorum (amxanagobis monawileTa mTeli qonebis gaerTianeba); societas

unius negotiationis – unius rei (mxolod komerciuli sawarmos an qonebis gaerTianeba).

1) Societas _ konsesualuri kontraqti, romlis mixedviT ori an meti monawile,

urTierTvaldebulebas iRebda, qonebis an samuSaos gaerTianebis gziT, ewarmoebinaT
erTiani saqme da erTmaneTSi gaenawilebinaT miRebuli mogeba da gancdili
danaklisi.

1. Societas namdvilobis pirobebi: a) rogorc konsensualuri kontraqti, societas

daideba, nebismieri formiT gamoxatuli, SeTanxmebis gziT ideboda. stabiluri
kavSiris damyareba SesaZlebeli iqneboda xangrZlivi da uwyveti SeTanxmebis
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. wyaroebi mowmoben, rom amxanagobis Sesaqmnelad saWiro iyo,
misi monawile mxareebis, ganzraxva; b) savaldebulo iyo daTqmuli qonebis an
samuSaos gaerTianeba. aRniSnuli moTxovna yvelasaTvis Tanabrad savaldebulo ar
iyo. zogierTisaTvis sakmarisi iyo mxolod saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. (Gai., 3, 149);
g) amxanagobis TiToeuli monawilis saqmianoba mxolod mTlianad amxanagobis mimarT
hqmnida uflebebsa da movaleobebs, Tumca SenaZeni da sargebeli mis TiToeul
monawilezec vrceldeboda. saubari iyo SidasaxelSekrulebo kavSirze da, rogorc
korporaciisa da asociaciis SemTxvevaSic, amxanagobis mimarT iuridiuli piri ar
arsebobda.

2) amxanagobis xelSekrulebidan aRmocenebuli sarCeli – (actio pro socio) bonae fidei

sarCelebis kategorias miekuTvneboda da mas im SemTxvevaSi iyenebdnen, roca
mosawesrigebeli iyo, amxanagobis monawileTa Soris arsebuli, davalianeba, romelic
amxanagobis moqmedebis Sedegad warmoiSveboda. sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba, romelic
boroti ganzraxvis Sedegi iyo, infamia-s iwvevda. Tumca, amxanagobis monawile piri
pasuxismgebeli iyo mxolod sakuTari Semosavlebis farglebSi. societas arsebobis
dros SeZenili, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofa, saerTo sakuTrebis gayofis Sesaxeb,
wardgenili sarCelis safuZvelze xdeboda.

3) Zmebis konsorciumi

amxanagobis yvelaze Zveli forma iyo Zmebis konsorciumi, romelic Sedgeboda

ojaxis mamamTavris gardacvalebis Semdeg. masSi ojaxSi darCenili yvela Zma
Sedioda. aRniSnuli amxanagoba solidarobis principebis dacviT, wesrigdeboda da
ojaxis nebismier wevrs SeeZlo saerTo monis gaazateba, an saerTo sakuTrebis
gasxviseba. saojaxo amxanagobis arqauli tipi maleve qreba, Tumca is gavlenas
axdens klasikuri periodis universalur amxanagobaze.

1. amxanagobis saxeebi:

a) universaluri amxanagoba, anu mTeli qonebis gaerTianebiT Seqmnili societas

(societas omnium bonorum). aseT amxanagobaSi Sedioda mTeli arsebuli da samomavlo
qoneba. saojaxo consorcium msgavsad, igi Zmobis urTierTobebis zogierT niSans

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inarCunebda; b) garkveuli saqmianobis gansaxorcieleblad Seqmnili amxanagoba
(societas unius rei; societas unius negotiationis). misi obieqti SeiZleba yofiliyo erTi
konkretuli, an ramdenime erTgvarovani saqme, im pirobiT, rom aRniSnuli saqmianobis
mizani kanonieri iyo. amxanagobis aRniSnuli nairsaxeobisaTvis savaldebulo ar iyo
amxanagobis qonebis mimarT saerTo sakuTrebis gavrceleba.

4) amxanagobis monawileTa movaleobebi: a) amxanagobis wevrma amxanagobas unda

gadasces SeTanxmebiT gaTvaliswinebuli qoneba da imoqmedos bona fides principebis
Sesabamisad; b) amxanagobis wevri movalea saerTo fondSi Seitanos nebismieri
SenaZeni da uflebamosilia moiTxovos im zianis anazRaureba, romelic mas, sakuTari
saqmianobis procesSi, miadga; g) igi pasuxs agebs dolus da culpa gamo. iustinianes
samarTalSi gaTvaliswinebuli iyo pasuxismgebloba culpa in concreto-s gamo, anu
mxolod sakuTari qonebis mimarT yairaTiani damokidebulebisaTvis.

5) amxanagobis Sewyveta

Societas solvitur ex personis, ex rebus, ex voluntate, ex actione. Ulp., D. 17, 2, 63, 10 (15): amxanagobis
Sewyvetis mizezi SeiZleba iyos pirebi, nivTebi, neba da moqmedeba.

1. pirTa mizeziT: piris gardacvalebis an amxanagobis wevris mimarT capitis deminutio

maxima et media, Sedegad gardacvalebaSi igulisxmeba amxanagobis erT-erTi wevris
qonebis gayidva, Tu is valauval movaled gamocxaddeboda.

2. nivTebis gamo: roca miRweulia amxanagobis mizani an dakarguli, an brunvidan

amoRebul iqna amxanagobis saerTo qoneba.

3. nebis mizeziT: roca dgeboda daTqmuli vada; amxanagobis yvela wevris

erTsulovani TanxmobiT, an, erT-erTi maTganis mier, uaris Tqmis an xelSekrulebis
gawyvetis SemTxvevaSi.

4. moqmedebis safuZvelze: roca stipulaciis Sedegad, an sasamarTlo procesis

meSveobiT, Seicvleboda TviT amxanagobis safuZveli.

$4. Locatio conductio (qiravnoba, ijara).

Locator (meijare); conductor (moijare, ijaradari); locatio (qiravnoba); conductio (ijara);

locatio conductio rei (ijariT aReba; sacxovrebeli saxlis daqiraveba); locatio conductio
operis _ nardoba (gadazidvebis CaTvliT); locatio conductio operarum (samuSao Zalis
qiravnoba).

ijara – konsensualuri kontraqti iyo, romlis Tanaxmad, erTi mxare, kerZod meijare
(locator) nivTs an samsaxurs droebiT gadascemda meore mxaris, anu moijares
(conductor) gankargulebaSi. moijare, Tavis mxriv, `iRebda” nivTs, da meijares
sasargeblod, `ukuminiWebas” axorcielebda naturaluri rentis an fuladi
gadasaxadis saxiT. romaelebi am kontraqtSi or urTierTsanacvlo valdebulebas

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gulisxmobdnen: qiravnobasa (locatio) da ijaras (conductio); orive valdebulebas
specialuri sarCeli icavda. es sarCelebi yidva-gayidvis xelSekrulebidan
aRmocenebul sarCels hgavda da maTi Sesruleba msgavsi iuridiuli normebiT iyo
mowesrigebuli.

1. ijaris xelSekrulebis ZiriTadi niSnebi iyo: a) ijara kosensualuri kontraqti:

“locatio-conductio – aris bunebrivi xelSekruleba, romelic yvela xalxma aRiara
(kontraqtad), ara sityvebis, aramed yidva-gayidvis msgavsad, SeTanxmebis meSveobiT
dadebulad (Paul., D. 19. 2, 1); Locatio et conductio cum naturalis sit et omnium gentium, non verbis, sed
consensu contrahitur, sicut emptio et venditio; b) xelSekruleba imaSi mdgomareobda,
rom raime nivTi an samuSao droebiT, saijaro fasis, an anazRaurebis sanacvlod,
gadaecemoda meore piris gankargulebaSi; g) am xelSekrulebis mizani
sxvadasxvanairi iyo. Sesabamisad, saijaro urTierTobebic mravalferovani iyo.
sajaro xelSekrulebis yvelaze Zveli nairsaxeoba nivTebis qiravnoba iyo: moZravi
nivTebis, pirutyvis an uZravi qonebis daqiraveba. saijaro urTierTobebis klasikuri
reJimi, aRniSnuli epoqis socialur-ekonomikur moTxovnebs, pasuxobda. am periodSi
gavrcelda sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebisa da qalaqSi arsebuli sacxovrebeli
saxlebis daqiraveba (ijariT aReba).

klasikur epoqaSi, ZiriTadad, monis Sroma gamoiyeneboda. saijaro urTierTobebi ori

saxis sarCels warmoSobda: in ius et bonae fidei kategoriidan: a) ijariT gadacemulidan
warmoSobili sarCeli (actio locati) meijaris (locator) sasargeblod, raTa mas
SesZleboda, ijariT gadacemuli nivTis, ukan dabruneba, an moijares (conductor)
mxridan, sakuTar Tavze aRebuli, nebismieri valdebulebis Sesrulebis moTxovna; b)
sarCeli qiravnobaSi miRebulis Sesaxeb (actio conducti), romelic moijares
sasargeblod iyo dadgenili, raTa meijaresagan moeTxova maszed dakisrebuli
movaleobebis Sesruleba.

2. saijaro urTierTobebis saxeebi

Locatio-conductio- s urTierTobebi or nairsaxeobad iyofa: 1) nivTebis ijara, rac

momsaxurebis qiravnobasac gulisxmobda; 2) nardoba.

nivTebis ijara (locatio-conductio rei) da momsaxurebis qiravnoba (locatio – conductio

operarum).

am xelSekrulebis Tanaxmad, meijare uZravi an mouxmari moZravi qonebiT

sargeblobis uflebas moijare pirs uTmobda. miwis nakveTebis moijares – koloni,
xolo sacxovrebeli saxlebis moijares _ inkvilinusi ewodeboda. sasoflo-
sameurneo miwis nakveTebis ijaras gankargavda cenzori, romelic am nakveTebs
ijariT gascemda, Cveulebriv, sajaro auqcionis gziT, xuTwliani vadiT (lustrum).

xelSemkvreli mxareebis movaleobaSi Sedioda: 1. meijare (locator) movale iyo:

moijares gankargulebaSi `gadaeca” nivTi da mieniWebina misTvis nivTiT sargeblobis
da misgan nayofis miRebis ufleba. moijare nivTis ubralo mpyrobelad, anu
naturalur mflobelad iTvleboda (Ulp. D.10,3,7,11), romelic nivTs meijares saxeliT
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gankargavda da romlis mimarT mas mxolod kontraqtidan warmoSobili,
valdebuleba gaaCnda. Tu meijare nivTs gayidda, myidvels SeeZlo nivTis flobis
gamoTxova, saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvamde `gayidva wyvets ijaris
xelSekrulebas wesis Tanaxmad (emptio tollit locatum). aRniSnul viTarebaSi, meijare
moijaris winaSe pasuxs agebda miyenebuli zianis gamo.

2. ijariT gacemuli nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi Senaxva saijaro xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis vadis ganmavlobaSi, raTa moijares mieces, aRniSnuli nivTiT, normaluri
sargeblobis saSualeba. nivTis saTanadod SenaxvasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi
meijarem unda gaiRos, Tu, damatebiTi SeTanxmebiT, sxva ram ar iyo
gaTvaliswinebuli. meijares awva periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski) gamo
pasuxismgebloba, dauZleveli Zalis garemoebaTa dadgomis SemTxvevaSi.

3. meijare pasuxs agebda moijaresaTvis miyenebuli nebismieri zianis gamo.

moijare (conductor) movale iyo:

1. ganuxrelad Seetana saijaro gadasaxadi. gadasaxadis gadaxda myarad

gansazRvruli, fuladi TanxiT xdeboda. Tumca, gadasaxadis gadaxda miRebuli
nayofis nawilis, anu naturaluri formiTac xdeboda.

2. nivTiT esargebla, misi bunebrivi Tvisebebisa da bunebrivi daniSnulebis

Sesabamisad. moijare calpa-s gamo pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu man arajerovnad
isargebla nivTiT, an is aramiznobrivi daniSnulebiT gamoiyena. amis garda, moijare
pasuxs agebda nivTis SenaxvisaTvis (custodia) gamo, nivTis qurdobis (furtum) gamo.

3. meijerasaTvis daebrunebina nivTi saTanado mdgomareobaSi saijaro

xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg.

3. saijaro xelSekruleba wydeboda: a) Tu gansazRvruli iyo xelSekrulebis

moqmedebis vada: 1. saijaro xelSekrulebis vadis amowurvis Semdeg; 2. moijaris
mxaridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi, Tu nivTis daniSnulebisamebr gamoyebneba
SeuZlebeli iqneboda (Gai., D. 19, 2, 25, 2); b) Tu saijaro xelSekrulebis moqmedebis
vada ar iyo dadgenili: 1. moijares an meijares mxridan uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi; 2.
xelSekrulebis Sewyvetas xelSemkvreli mxaris gardacvaleba ar iwvevda, radgan
kontraqti memkvidreebze “gadadioda”. samuSao Zalis qiravnoba (locatio conductio
operarum) dasabams iRebda monebis gaqiravebis praqtikidan; aRniSnuli
xelSekrulebis sagani – fizikuri Sroma iyo, romelsac fuladi safasuris gadaxdis
sanacvlod axorcielebdnen. regulirebis gansakuTrebuli reJimi Tavisufali
profesiis pirebisaTvis iyo gaTvaliswinebuli. ciceroni xelovnebas anu saqmianobas
(operae) or jgufad: Tavisufal da araTavisufal saqmianobad hyofda. Tavisufali
profesiis pirebi sakuTari saqmianobisaTvis gasamrjelos saxiT, saCuqrebs an
naboZvars iRebdnen, romelsac honorari (honor – pativi) ewodeboda.

4. Locatio conductio operis (nardobis xelSekruleba)

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mocemul SemTxvevaSi saubari damkveTis mxridan (locator) garkveuli samuSaos
Sesrulebis dakveTas exeboda: damkveTi, aRniSnuli mizniT, samuSaoebis mwarmoebels
(conductor) garkveul nivTs gadascemda. samuSaos dasrulebis Semdeg monardes fulad
anazRaurebas uxdidnen, xolo samuSaos damkveTi damzadebul nivTs iRebda. monarde
ar iyo valdebuli piradad Seesrulebina SekveTa da, amitom, dasaSvebi iyo
qvemonardis gamoyeneba. am ukanasknelis movaleobaSi Sedioda, samuSaos
damkveTisaTvis, Sesrulebuli samuSaos (facere) mTlianad da aranawilobriv gadacema.
damkveTis movaleobaSi Sedioda monardis, samuSaosaTvis saWiro masaliT,
uzrunvelyofa, an mTlianad, an nawilobriv xolo Tu damkveTs, saWiro masaliT,
mTlianad uzrunvelyofda monarde, maSin saxeze iqneboda ara nardobis, aramed
yidva-gayidvis xelSekruleba.

samuSaos Sesruleba unda momxdariyo, kontraqtiT gaTvaliswinebuli pirobebis

sruli dacviT, teqnikuri normativebis Sesabamisad (raTa ar dadgindes teqnikuri
defeqti) da dadgenil vadaSi.

Periculum (nivTis daRupvis riski), forsmaJorul viTarebaSi, menardes awva. xolo, Tu

zianis braleulad mimyenebeli monarde iyo, pasuxismgeblobac masve ekisreboda.
samuSaos daqiravebas adgili hqonda warmoebisa da momsaxurebis sxvadasxva sferoSi
(tvirTis gadazidva, mSenebloba, sxvadasxva nawarmis warmoeba, saremonto samuSaoebi,
avadmyofis movla).

5.Quasi ex contractu (kvazi kontraqtebi)

fsevdo xelSekrulebidan warmoSobili valdebulebebi ( quasi ex contractu) cneba

SemoRebul iqna iustinianes instituciebSi ( Inst.Iust 3, 27), Tumca, jer kidev
klasikuri periodis iurisprudencia valdebulis wyaroTa Soris ganasxvavebda
kontraqtul da deliqtur, agreTve TiTqos kontraqtul valdebulebebs, kerZod
sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba (negotiorium gestio) da arasavaldebulos
gadaxda (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba solutio indebiti),
SecdomiT Sesrulebulis gadaxda.

$4. Negotiorium gestio (sxvisi saqmis davalebis gareSe warmoeba).

Utiliter gerere (gestio) (mizani iyo mesakuTris sameurneo sargebeli); prohibitio

(mesakuTres SeeZlo sakuTar saqmeebSi Caurevlobis moTxovna); actio negotiorum gestorum.

Dominus negotii (sxvisi saqmis warmoeba) davalebis (mandatum) arsebobis gareSe,

zogjer, potenciurad ormxrivi, valdebulebis warmoSobis wyaro xdeboda.
aRniSnuli valdebuleba actio negotiorum gestorum-iT iyo daculi: dominus negoti-is,
nebayoflobiTi prokuratorisagan angariSis moTxovna SeeZlo mis mier gaweuli
samsaxuris Sesaxeb, xolo negotiorum gestor – moiTxovda xarjebis anazRaurebas
Sesagevbeli sarCelis (actio negotiorum gestorum contraria) meSveobiT.

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 Negotiorum gestio ZiriTadi niSnebi (rekvizitebi): 1.savaldebulo iyo, rom warmoebis
obieqti namdvilad yofiliyo sxva piris saqme; 2.gestor-s Segnebuli unda hqonoda
aRniSnuli faqti, anu animus aliena negotia gerendi-s (ganzraxva awarmoos sxva piris
saqmeebi); 3. gestio-s mizani mesakuTris (dominium negotii) sameurneo sargebelSi unda
mdgomareobdes _ utiler gerere; 4. usasyidlo momsaxureba.

aRniSnuli pirobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, mesakuTre valdebuli iyo mieRo gestor

mier gaweuli samuSao, imis miuxedavad, Tu samuSaos praqtikuli Sedegebi ararad
iqceoda, SemTxeviTobis an dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebis gamo.

im SemTxvevaSi, roca mesakuTre ar iyo dainteresebuli momsaxurebis gawevaSi, mas

SeeZlo aekrZala sakuTar saqmeebSi Careva (prohibitio), radgan daTvuri samsaxuri
negotiorum gestio ver iqneba miCneuli.

davalebis gareSe sxvisi saqmeebis warmoeba daculi iyo actio negotiorum gestorum
(sarCeliT), romelsac ori formula hqonda: in ius concepta et in factum concepta. pirveli
formula bona fides princips efuZneboda da Seicavda intentio (yvelaferi, rac am saqmis
gamo unda mieces, keTilsindisierad unda gakeTdes _ quiquid ob eam rem dare facere
oportet ex fide bona) da Sesabamis condemnatio, romelic saSualebas iZleoda
gaTvaliswinebuliyo mosarCelis dadebiTi interesi condemnatio-Si (ra eRireba es
nivTi - quanti ea res erit).

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, nebayofilobiTi prokuratoris pasuxismgebloba subieqturi

faqtorebiT ganisazRvreboda: dolus et culpa (D. 3,5,3,9; 3,5,10).

§5. Solutio indebiti (usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili fsevdo xelSekruleba

Condictio indebiti (kondiqciuri sarCeli Sesrulebis moTxovnis Sesaxeb, valis

arsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio sine causa (konduqciuri sarCeli gadacemulis
gamoTxovnis Sesaxeb, marTlzomieri safuZvlis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi); Condictio ob
turpem causam (konduqciuri sarCeli mankieri safuZvliT gadacemulis Sesaxeb);
Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta (konduqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli nivTis
gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar damdgara (rogorc gacvlisas,
misi do ut des kontraqtad aRiarebamde).

I. usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili valdebuleba SecdomiT,

fsevdokreditoris sasargeblod, ganxorcielebul Sesrulebas da, Semsruleblis
mxareze, civiluri moTxovnis aRmocenebas gulisxmobda, raTa am ukanasknels ukan
gamoeTxova Sesrulebis Sedegi. dazaralebul pirs fsevdokreditorisagan
konduqciuri sarCeli (condictio) icavda. usafuZvlod gamdidrebuli

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fsevdokreditoris valdebuleba imasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, rom man, Tavis
sasargeblod, SeiZina SecdomiT Sesrulebis Sedegebi, riTac obieqturad, gaauaresa
SecdomiT Semsruleblis mdgomareoba.

Pomp., D. 12, 6, 14 Tvlida, rom: Nam hoc natura aequum est neminem cum alterius detrimento fieri
locupletiorem (vinaidan bunebis moTxovnebs pasuxobda, rom aravin gamdidrebuliyo
sxvisi mdgomareobis gauaresebis xarjze) da Quod indebitum per errorem solvitur, aut ipsum aut
tantundem repetitur (is, rac SecdomiT, valis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iyo miniWebuli,
ukan gamoiTxoveba an naturiT, an imave moculobiT).

saqmis garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT, usafuZvlo gamdidrebidan warmoSobili

valdebulebis, Semdeg nairsaxeobebs ganasxvavebdnen: 1.Condictio indebiti – kondiqciuri
sarCeli Sesrulebulis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, valis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi;
2.Condictio sine causa – kondiqciuri sarCeli, marTlzomieri safuZvlis arsebobis
pirobebSi, gadacemuli sikeTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb; 3.Condictio ob turpem causam –
kondiqciuri sarCeli, (aramarTlzomierad)mankieri safuZvliT, gadacemulis Sesaxeb;
4.Condictio ob rem dati re non secuta - kondiqciuri sarCeli sakuTrebaSi gadacemuli
nivTis ukan gamoTxovis Sesaxeb, roca mosalodneli miniWeba ar ganxorcielebula
(rogorc permutatio (gacvla) dros xdeboda, misi do ut des (usaxelo kontraqti)
cnobamde).

II. Solutio indebiti ZiriTadi rekvizitebi

sakuTriv condictio indebiti gaaCnia Semdegi rekvizitebi: 1. valis ararseboba (arc

namdvilis da arc moCvenebiTis); 2. mxareTa Secdoma valis ararsebobis Sesaxeb, anu
valis ararsebobaSi cru darwmuneba.

Tu ararsebuli vali Segnebulad sruldeboda, miniWebulis ukan dabrunebis

moTxovna dauSvebeli iyo; Tu Sesruleba arakeTilsindisierad iyo miRebuli, fsevdo
kreditori qurdobas sCadioda da pasuxs actio furti et no condictio ex causa furtiva mixedviT
agebda.

Conductio sine causa im SemTxvevaSi miecemoda, Tu: 1. miniWeba, romelic ganxorcielda

abstraqtuli garigebis an delegatio (kreditorebis Secvla) gziT, moxda iusta causa–s
(samarTlebrivi safuZveli) gareSe; 2. miniWebis marTlzomieri safuZveli gahqra (D.
12,7,4). mag., datio ob dotem (- gasxviseba mziTevis dadgenis mizniT) dros gamsxvisebeli
uflebamosili iyo condictio sine causa-ze im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosalodneli qorwineba ar
Sedgeboda.

Condictio ob turpem causam im SemTxvevaSi iqneba miniWebuli, Tu: 1. sakuTrebis uflebis

gadatanis safuZveli keTilznes arRvevda (contra bones mores). Tanac, mankieri
ganzraxva (turpitudo) mxolod sargeblis mimRebis mxareze unda SeiniSnebodes (D.
12,5,4,2). mag., roca fuladi Tanxa im mizniT aris gadaxdili, rom mkvleloba
yofiliyo Cadenili. (SekveTili mkvleloba) (D.12,5,3, 4.1) iyo.
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$6.Pacta (paqtebi)

Pactum – paqti; exceptio pacti conventi (sasarCelo uaryofis formiT daculi, kerZo
SeTanxmeba); expatre rei (mxolod mopasuxis mxareze gamomJRavnebuli dacvis uaryofiTi
Sedegi); ex patre actoris (mosarCeles mxareze sasarCelo dacvis SesaZleblobis
zemoqmedeba); pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis dadebis momentSi,
damatebuli SeTanxmeba); pacta adiecta ex intervallo (SeTanxmeba, dadebuli garkveuli
drois gasvlis Semdeg); pacta nuda (SiSveli, an sasarCelo dacvis gareSe darCenili
paqtebi, romlebic mxolod exceptio-Tvis safuZvels qmnida); pacta vestita (Semosili
paqtebi – sarCeliani dacviT uzrunvelyofili SeTanxmebebi); pacta praetoria (pretoris
mier Seqmnili da sarCeliT daculi axali samarTlebrivi figurebi da
valdebulebebi); pacta legitima (postklasikurma samarTalma sxva sasarCelo
valdebulebebic Seqmna, romlebic dacvis uflebas imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT
iZendnen); constitutum debiti (Tavisufal formaSi dapirebis micema, garkveul vadaSi
valis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb); actio de pecunia constituta (sarCeli valis aRiarebidan, in
factum kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum –
dapireba); receptum arbitri (mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli
mosamarTlis rolis aReba, roca mxareebma erTmaneTTan arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba
dades imis Sesaxeb, rom maTi dava arbitrs ganexila _ compromissum); receptum
argentrarii (constitutum debiti alieni - mesame piris valis, rogorc valdebulebis
garantiis, gansakuTrebuli formis dadasturebis SesaZleblobis gansakuTrebuli
SemTxveva, roca bankiri – argentarius, Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi
klientis movaleobas mesame pirs gadauxados aRniSnuli klientis vali); reseptum
nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum (gansazRvravs xomaldis (nauta), sasatumros an duqnis
(caupo), qarvaslis an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas, mgzavrebis,
an mdgmurebis nivTebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo).

romis samarTalSi garigebebis mimarT dadgenili fiormaluri moTxovnebi da

kontraqtebis mkacri tipizacia imas ganapirobebda, rom mxareTa Soris dadebuli
martivi SeTanxmeba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi iwvevda valdebulebiT efeqts, Tu causa
obligationis (valdebulebis safuZveli) erT-erT konsensualur kontraqts
Seesabameboda. mxolod pretorma mianiWa, Tavisufal formaSi dadebul, pactum –
(SeTanxmebas) iuridiuli aRiareba, rac specialur ediqtSi “De pactis et conventionibus”
aisaxa (D. 2,14, 7, 7): “Pacta conventa, quae neque dolo malo, neque adversis leges, plebiscita, sentus
consulta, edicta, decreta principum neque quo fraus cuicorum fiat facta erunt, servabo” (me mivcem dacvas
im paqtebs, romlebic ar aris dadebuli boroti ganzraxviT da kanonebis,
plebiscitebis, senatis dadgenilebebis, ediqtebis da princepsis dekretebis
sawinaaRmdegod da aRniSnuli (normatiuli aqtebidan) romelimes gverdis avliT).
Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli kerZo SeTanxmebebis dacva, sasarCelo uaryofis
formaSi – exceptio pacti conventi xorcieldeboda, anu negatiuri iyo da mxolod
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mopasuxes mxareze (exparta rei) gamomJRavndeboda xolme, vinaidan, causa obligationis
ararseboba, sarCelis wardgenis SesaZleblobas dauSveblad miiCnevda (Ulp, 4 ad, ed., D.
2, 14, 7, 4):

Sed cum nulla subest causa, propter conventionem hic constat non posse constitui obligationen: igitur nuda
pactio obligationem non parit, sed parid exceptione (Tumca, roca ararsebobs raime kanonieri
safuZveli, gadawyvetilia, rom, msgavsi SeTanxmebis safuZvelze, dauSvebelia
valdebulebis dadgena. maSasadame, SiSveli paqtebi ver hqmnian valdebulebas. Tumca,
sasarCelo uaryofis uflebis warmoSobas xels uwyoben). miuxedavad amisa, is
damatebiTi SeTanxmeba, romlis dadebis mizans garigebis Sinaarsis modificireba
warmoadgenda, ZiriTadi valdebulebis uSualod dadgenis momentSi, TviT garigebis
struqturaSi (piroba, vada) Sedioda da zegavlenas axdebnda sasarCelo dacvis
saSualebaze – ex parte actoris (mosarCeles mxareze).

aseTi gavlena gansakuTrebiT mgrZnobiare iyo im garigebebis mimarT, romlebic iudicia

bonae fidei meSveobiT daidebodnen, roca, mosamarTlis Sexeduleba da
keTilsindisierebis zogadi principebisadmi Sesabamisobis moTxovna, formalur
sasarCelo uaryofas cvlida. aseT SemTxvevaSi, pactum Sinaarsi uSualod Sedioda,
ZiriTadi garigebidan warmoSobil, sasarCelo moTxovnaSi. Ulp. (4 ad ed., D. 2, 14, 7, 5)
Tvlida:

Quin immo interdum format ipsam actionen, ut in bonae fidei iudiciis: solemus enim dicere pacta cinventa
inesse bonae fidei iudiciis. Sed hoc sic accipiendum est, ut si quidem ex continenti pacta subsecuta sunt, etiam
ex parte actoris insint: siex intervallo, non inerunt, nec valebunt, si agat, ne ex pacto actio nascatur( maSin
ratom axdends (paqti) zogjer gavlenas TviT sasarCelo moTxovnaze, rogorc es
keTilsindisieri sarCelebis dros xdeba xolme: Cven xom miveCvieT imaze saubars,
rom damatebiTi SeTanxmeba Sedis keTilsindisieri sarCelebis SinaarsSi). Tumca,
aRniSnuli ise unda aRviqvaT, rom, Tu paqtebi umalve iqnen damatebuli ZiriTadi
xelSekrulebisadmi, maT Zala TviT mosarCeles mxarezec ki gaaCniaT; xolo, Tu
paqtebi (damatebuli) iqnen garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg, isini garigebaSi ar
Sedian, da maT sarCelis wardgenis dros ar eqnebaT Zala, vinaidan paqtidan
sasarCelo moTxovna ar warmoiSveba. Pacta adiecta in continenti (ZiriTadi kontraqtis
dadebis momentSi miRweuli SeTanxmeba) gansxvavdeba pacta adiecta ex intervallo
(garkveuli drois gasvlis Semdeg damatebuli SeTanxmebisagan) imiT aris arsebiTi,
rom aq adgili hqonda im principis simkacres, romeliTac SiSveli SeTanxmeba
sasarCelo moTxovnas ar warmoSobda. roca pactum uSualod Sedis bonae fidei
garigebis struqturaSi, is ZiriTadi kontraqtis nawili xdeba da amiT mas
gancalkavebuli SeTanxmebis Tviseba ekargeba.

Pacta nuda (SiSveli paqtebidan) unda ganvasxvavoT Tavisufal formaSi dadebuli

iseTi SeTanxmebebisagan, romlebmac, droTa ganmavlobaSi, SeiZines sasarCelo dacvis
ufleba, an ius honorarium (e. w. pacta praetoria), an postklasikuri saimperatoro
kanonmdeblobis (pacta legitima) ZaliT. Pacta praetoria-s ricxvs miekuTvneba valis
dadastureba (constitutum debiti) da is sxvadasxva figura, romelic pasuxismgeblobas

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warmoSobda, sakuTar Tavze valdebulebis aRebis, SemTxvevaSi (recepta); pacta legitimia-s
jgufs ki miekuTvneba Cuqeba da valdebulebiTi efeqtis mqone mziTvis dadgena.

Constitutum debiti warmoadgenda Tavisufal formaSi micemul dapirebas, rom movale,

arsebuli valis, gadaxdas garkveul vadaSi Seasrulebda. vali fuladi TanxiT an
mosaxmari nivTebis saxiT unda yofiliyo warmodgenili. daiSveboda ara marto
sakuTari valis (constititum debiti propri), aramed mesame piris valis (constitutum debiti
alieni) dadastureba, rac valdebulebis Sesrulebis garantiis Tavisebur formas
warmoadgenda.

Constitutum debiti uwindel valdebulevbas ar ganaaxlebda Tumca, exceptio pacti conventi –

saxiT, dadgenil vadamde, Sesrulebis moTxovnis winaaRmdegobas uqmnida, agreTve
aadvilebda valis anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg: aadvilebda valis
anazRaurebas dadgenili vadis gasvlis Semdeg kreditors eniWeboda pretoruli
sarCeli infactum – actio de pecunia constituta _ sarCeli valis aRiarebiT, romelic
kreditors im movalis winaaRmdeg miecema, romelmac ar Seasrula constitutum –
dapireba. imperatorma iustinianem actio de pecunia constituta im moTxovnevzec gaavrcela,
romelTa obieqts mxolod fuladi an moxmarebadi nivTebi ar Seadgendnen.

Reseptum arbutri – niSnavda mxareTa winadadebiT, sakuTar Tavze momrigebeli

mosamarTlis rolis aRebas, Tu am mxareebma arasasarCelo SeTanxmeba dades imis
Sesaxeb, rom maT davas arbitri (compromissum) ganixilavda. momrigebeli
mosamarTlis rilis amRebi piri, valdebuli iyo ganexila saqme da gamoetana am
saqmeze gadawyvetuleba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi pretori mas sajarimo sanqciebs
(multae) daakisrebda. pasuxismgeblobis aRniSnuli saxe pretoruli ediqtis
specialuri rubrikiT iyo gaTvaliswinebuli (D. 4, 8, 3, 1-2).

Receptum argentarii – constitutum debiti alieni gansakuTrebuli SemTxveva iyo, roca bankiri
(argentatius) Tavisufal formaSi, sakuTar Tavze iRebda misi klientis valis
gadaxdas, mesame piris mimarT. bankiri valdebulebis SesrulebisaTvis pasuxs agebda
specialuri sarCelis – actio recepticia safuZvelze. Tanac, constitutum-isagan
gansxvavebiT, bankiris pasuxismgebloba ar iyo damokidebuli, klientis mxareze,
valis WeSmarit aresbobaze. iustinianes dros reseptum argentarii mTlianad constitutum
debiti alieni figuras gautolda.

Receptum nautarum, cauponum, stabulariorum gansazRvravda xomaldis (nauta), sastumris an

samikitnos (caupo), qarvaslisa an sajinibos (stabularius) mepatroneTa pasuxismgeblobas
maTi mgzavrebis, an mdgmurebis qonebis xelSeuxeblobis gamo (D. 4,9,1,2). Locatio
conductio (qiravnoba) da depositum (Senaxva) xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze warmoSobili
civiluri sarCelebisagan gansxvavebiT, receptum – is gamo pasuxismgebloba, sakuTar
TavSi ufro custodia-s (movaleoba gamoiCino gansakuTrebuli) yairaTianoba, romelic
pasuxismgeblobis ufro maRal xarisxs warmoSobs), vidre culpa _ Seicavda da
labeonis azriT, mxolod maSin gaTavisufldeboda am pasuxismgeblobidan, Tu
daamtkicebda, rom dauZleveli Zalis zemoqmedebas (damnum fatale) hqonda adgili.

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(D.4,9,3,1).

amrigad, daskvnis saxiT unda ganimartos, rom imperatorma iustinianem,

samarTalganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT, cotaodeni cvlilebebi Seitana konsesualuri
kontraqtebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis saqmeSi: 1. man zogierT pacta mianiWa sasarCelo
dacvis ufleba: nawilobriv iuristebis samarTlis, nawilobriv – ki pretoruli da
saimperatoro kanonSemoqmedebis safuZvelze. kerZod, iuristebis samarTali icavda
pacta adiecta in conventi, romlebic daideboda uSualod bonae fidei garigebebis dros, anu
maTi gaformebos momentSi. pretotuli samarTali icavda e. w. pacta praetoria-s
(constitutum, pactum iurisiurandi _ SeTanxmeba imis Sesaxeb, rom mxareTa Soris davas
gadawyvetda ficis dadeba iusiuranmum). xolo imperatoris kanonebi icavda e. w. pacta
legitima (pactum dotis – mxareebs (meuRleebs) SeeZloT mziTvis Sesaxeb, wvrilmani
sakiTxebis daTqma specialuri SeTanxmebiT gaeformebinaT, Tumca, im pirobiT, rom
isini dotaciuri reglamentaciis ZiriTad principebs daicavdnen (kerZod, ar
gauaresdeboda colis mdgomareoba da qmaric Semosavlis wyaros ar dakargavda,
pactum donationis da 500 solidi – SeTanxmeba im nivTebis samomavlo Cuqebis Sesaxeb,
romelTa saerTo Rirebuleba 500 solidze naklebs Seadgenda (oqros monetebi) da
iustinianes kanonmdebloba, nivTis gadacemis Sesaxeb moTxovnis uSualo safuZvels
warmoadgenda; 2. Tu pactum mimarTuli iyo urTierTmoqmedebisaken da erT-erTma
mxarem Seasrula dapirebuli moqmedeba, warmoiSveboda usaxelo realuri kontraqti:
doutdes, do ut facias, facio ut des, facio ut facias; 3. imperatorma zenonma daadgina
konsensualuri kontraqtis – contractus emphyteuticarius –axali nairsaxeoba.

b) Delictum (deliqti)

Delictum (deliqti); crimen (danaSauli); vindicta (SurisZieba); talio (taloni); infamia

(Seuracxyofis miyeneba – uRirsad miCneva); noxae deditio (samarTaldamrRvevis
dazaralebulisaTvis gadacema); actio de pauperie (sxvisi cxovelis mier miyenebuli
ziuanidan warmoSobili sarCeli); furtum (qurdoba); furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis
moparva); furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis moparva); furtum proprietatis
(sakuTrebis uflebis moparva); furtum manifestum (naqurdaliT xelSi qurdis dakaveba);
furtum nec manifestum (dafaruli qurdoba); actio furti (sajarimo pasixismgebloba
qurdobisaTvis, romelic per formulas procesis CarCoebSi xorcieldeboda) furtum
oblatum (naqurdalis damalva); furtum conceptum (aSkara qurdobas utoldeboda is
garemoeba, roca naqurdali nivTi aRmoCndeboda saritualo Cxrekvis Catarebis
dros); crimina extraordinaria (imperatoris kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili qurdobis
danaSauli, romelic Zalzed mkacr sasjels iwvevda – sikvdilis dasjis CaTvliT);
crimen expilatae hereditatis (samkvidros moparva); rapina (Zarcva); actio vi bonorum raptorum
(Zarcva idevneboda pretor lukulusis mier qr. S-mde 76 w. SemoRebuli sarCeliT,
romelic gulisxmobda, Zalis gamoyenebiT, naZarcvi qonebis amoRebas); damnum iniuria
datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba); actiones legis Aquiliae (per formulas procesis
farglebSi warmoSobili sarCeli, romelic lex Aquilia-s Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli);
actio servi corrupti (monis garyvnis Taobaze Setanili sarCeli); dolo malo vi hominibus

244
armatis coachsve damnum datum (qr. S-mde I saukuneSi pretorma SemoiRo specialuri
sarCeli SeiaraRebul pirTa jgufis devnis Sesaxeb, romelmac zianis ganzraxviT
miyeneba Caidina); iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa); membrum ruphem (asoTmiReba); os
fraectum (sxeulis mZime dazianeba (Zvlis motexa); iniuria (pirovnebis nebismieri
Seuracxyofa); lex Cornelia de iniuriis (qr. S-mde 81 w. SemoRebuli kanoniT, pirovnebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevebi, ganixileboda
rogorc crimina - danaSauli); quaestio de iniuriis (principatis periodSi cognito extra
ordinem farglebSi sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo sarCelis alternativad,
Camoyalibebuli sajaro samarTalwarmoeba); convicium adversus bonos mores (patiosani
qcevebis sawinaaRmdego gamoxtomebi, romlebSic muqara an sxva uxamsi sityvebi
igulisxmeboda); adtemptata puditicia (Seuracxyofili umankoeba, romelic, maRali wris
qalebis mimarT, TavdasxmaSi, an, orive sqesis mcirewlovanTa mimarT, uxeS moqcevaSi
igulisxmeboda); edictum de effusis et deiectis (pretori ediqtiT awesebda pasuxismgeblobas
fanjridan raimes gadagdebis an gadaqcevis gamo); actiones populares (sarCeli, romelic
nebismier moqalaqes SeeZlo waredgina imis gamo, rom mravalbiniabni saxlis
mobinadrem, an nebismierma mesame pirma fanjridan raime isrola an gadaaqcia, riTac
sxeulebrivi dazianeba miayena gamvlels, an fanjrebs qveS mdgar pirs); edictum de
positum (gulisxmobda gamvlelTaTvis mxolod safrTxis Seqmnas); culpa in eligendo
(daudevroba TanamSromeli piris SerCevis dros).

I.Delictum cneba da pirobebi

deliqti iseTi akrZaluli qmedeba iyo, romelic valdebulebis warmoSobas iwvevda.

yovelgvari deliqti gulisxmobda: a) marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis ganxorcielebas
(da ara martiv windauxedaobas); marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedeba unda Seicavdes, zogadi
wesiT, dolus (faruli, boroti ganzraxva), xolo erT SemTxvevaSi (damnum iniuria datum)
– culpa-s (gaufrTxilebloba, gaufrTxilebeli brali, gaufrTxilebeli gadacdoma);
deliqtunariani SeiZleba iyos mxolod Sesacxadi piri; b) Delictum raime adamianuri
sikeTis xelyofas an dazianebas gulisxmobda (sxeuli, Tavisufleba, qoneba, pativi
da Rirseba).

Delictum, rogorc kerZo xasiaTis samarTaldarRveva, dazaralebulis mxareze

orgvari xasiaTis interess warmoSobda: zianis mimyeneblis dasjis survilsa da
miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis aucileblobas. aqedan gamomdinare, ex delicto-dan
kreditori flobda or moTxovnas, romlebic, kumulaciurad, ori tipis sarCelebiT
iyo daculi: sajarimo sarCeliT (actio poenalis) da arasajarimo sarCeliT (actio rei
persecutoria), romlis meSveobiT xdeboda qonrbrivi interesis dakmayofileba.

amrigad, jarimis gadaxdis valdebuleba imas gulisxmobda, rom, ius civile-s mixedviT,
zogierTi qmedeba (e. w. delicta privata – kerZo samarTaldarRveva) isjeboda ara
sisxlis samarTlis wesiT, aramed, dazaralebuli mxaris sasargeblod, jarimis
gadaxdevinebiT, romelsac es ukanaskneli samoqalaqo sarCelis wardgenis meSveobiT
moiTxovda; imperiis xanaSi, pirvelad, delicta privata sferoSi dazaralebuli mxare
arCevanis winaSe iyo dayenebuli: an moeTxova kerZo jarimis gadaxda samoqalaqo
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sarCelis safuZvelze, an moeTxova xelmyofis sisxlis samarTlis wesiT dasja, e.w.
crimen extraordinarium-is gamo, xolo miyenebuli zaralis anazRaurebis valdebuleba
xorcieldeboda mxolod maSin, Tu qonebrivi zaralis miyenebas hqonda adgili.

romis samarTlis specifikuroba imaSi mdgomareobda, rom samarTaldamrRvevi

idevneboda da isjeboda kerZo piris iniciativis safuZvelze da mas jarimis gadaxda
ekisreboda dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod. swored amaSi mdgomareobda delictum
(kerZo samarTaldarRvevis) crimen (sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulisagan) gansxvaveba,
vinaidan es ukanaskneli ara kerZo piris interesebs xelyofda, aramed mTeli
sazogadoebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. samarTlis wyaroTa udidesi nawili
swored imaze metyvelebs, rom Zvel romSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba delicta privata-s
eTmoboda, razec TviT sasamarTlo ganxilvebic metyvelebda, romelTa iniciatorebi
kerZo pirebi gaxldaT. Tumca, sisxlis samarTlis danaSaulic calkeul moqalaqeTa
iniciativis safuZvelze idevneboda: quivis de populo (nebismieri xalxidan) – nebismier
moqalaqes SeeZlo sisxlis samarTlis procesis aRZvra, sajaro sasamarTlo
ganxilvebis (ordo iudiciorum publicorum) wesis Sesabamisad; am dros jarimis
gadaxdevineba romaeli xalxis sasargeblod xdeboda. samarTaldarRvevisaTvis
dadgenili samarTlebrivi devnis dispoziciuroba, romauli sazogadoebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli, kerZo avtonomiisa da samoqalaqo pasuxismgeblobis gansakuTrebul
dones asaxavda.

sajarimo devnis, kerZo piris interesad miCneva, sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,

calkeuli individis aqtiur monawileobasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc,
dazaralebuli piris qoinebrivi interesi, sazogadoebaSi dadgenili qcevis wesebis
mxolod erT saxeobas warmoadgenda, romelsac samarTaldamrRvevi piris winaaRmdeg
iyenebdnen, TviT individebis kerZo moTxovnebidan gamomdinare da sajaro
interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT. TiToeuli moqalaqis mier marTlwesrigis dacva,
sakuTar TavSi, TiToeuli moqalaqis samarTlebriv aqtiurobas Seicavda, im
sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi, rom yvela samarTaldamrRvevs sakuTar danaSaulze pasuxi
unda ego. Zvel romis sazogadoeba miiCnevda, rom nebismieri samarTaldarRveva
TiToeuli moqalaqis avtonomias, mis samarTlebriv Tavisuflebas xelyofda da,
Sesabamisad, samarTaldamrRvevic moqalaqis sasargeblod isjeboda. formalizaciis
(samarTlebrivi Sualobis) aucilebeli xarisxi jarimis fuladi xasiaTiT miiRweva –
e. i. Rirebulebis sayovelTao eqvivalentis formiT.

samarTalSi damkvidrda Sexeduleba, rom uZveles droSi samarTaldarRvevisaTvis

dazaralebuli mxare xelmyofis winaaRmdeg SurisZiebas (vindicta) axorcielebda,
romelic TandaTanobiT kompoziciis (samarTaldarRvevis gamo xelmyofTan
kompensaciis (pactio) Sesaxeb SeTanxmeba, romelsac es ukanaskneli dazaralebulis
ojaxs uxdida) sistemiT Seicvala.

aRniSnuli warmodgena mTlad zustad ver asaxavs urTierTobaTa mogvarebis namdvil

suraTs, vinaidan kerZo SurisZieba arasamarTlebriv movlenad ganixileba. Tumca,
pasuxismgeblobis am, ganuviTarebel, formaSi ukve iyo gamoxatuli sazogadoebrivi
urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi mogvarebis aucilebloba.
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formaluri Tanasworobisa da warmodgenaTa Tanazomierebis samarTlebrivi principi,
pirvelad, talonis (talio) sistemaSi povebs gamoxatulebas da ganisazRvreba Semdegi
principiT: `Tvali Tvalisa wil, kbili kbilisa wil”. damnaSavis adekvaturi
dazianebiT dakmayofilebulia ara marto SurisZiebis grZnoba – tanjvis anazRaureba
da, miyenebuli zianis TvalsazrisiT, SedarebiTi Tanasworobis aRdgena, aramed
aRdgenilia urTierTobaTa zogadi harmonia. aseTi SurisZieba, misi uxeSi
naturalizmis miuxedavad, Tanazomierebis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobda:
SurismaZiebeli sayovelTao samarTlianobis iaraRad gvevlineba. Zvelad SurisZiebis
idea religiuradac iyo gaformebuli da, amgvarad, xdeboda sazogadoebriv
urTierTobebSi misi sayovelTao avtoritetis aRiarebis aucilebloba. xelmyofi
ganixileboda ara marto zianisa da sayovelTao SfoTis wyarod, aramed codvilad,
im pirad, romelmac, sakuTari qmedebiT, Tavi Caiyena sayovelTaod aRiarebuli
normebisa da wesrigis sistemis farglebs gareT, ris gamoc mas ufro dabali
(uRirsi) bedis adamianad miiCneven da mis winaaRmdeg moqmedebda statusi: sacer
(RmerTisadmi miZRvnili) – kanongareSed gamocxadebuli; improbus intestabilisque (uRirsi
da mankieri) ndobadakarguli piri, romelsac mowmeobis ufleba CamoerTva. mas
Semdeg, rac xelmyofi Tanacxovrebis zogad wesebs daarRvevda, is sakuTar Tavs
kargavda, sakuTari pirovnebis safuZvlebs angrevda.

klasikur epoqaSi is piri, romelic samarTaldarRvevas Caidenda, arsebiTad

izRudeboda samarTalsubieqtobis TvalsazrisiTac da amis gamoxatuleba iyo
infamia (uRirsoba, upatiebeli qmedeba, saxelis Sercxvena), romelic gamoyeneboda im
piris mimarT, romelsac sajarimo sarCeli Seefarda.

codvad ganixileboda is samarTaldarRvevac, romelsac Caidenda xelisuflebaSi

myofi piri da es qmedeba sayovelTao sircxvilad miiCneoda im ojaxis mimarT,
romlis wevric aRniSnuli piri iyo, amitom ojaxi mis mokveTas cdilobda. ojaxidan
mokveTa capitis deminutio minima iwvevda da samarTaldamrRvevi, praqtikulad, daucveli
rCeboda. mokveTis garda, samarTaldamrRvevi dazaralebulis morCilebaSi
gadadioda, riTac, uZveles droSi, ganxorcieldeboda xolme pasuxismgeblobis idea.
amitom, samarTaldamrRvev pirs, romelsac paterfamilias xelqveiTi iyo
dazaralebul mxares gadascemdnen, samarTaldarRvevis kompensaciis pirobiT (noxae
deolitio). Tumca, mamamTavars SeeZlo samarTaldarRvevis piradi aspeqtis
neitralizeba, kompensaciis gadaxdis gziT (poena), romelic dazaralebul mxares
unazRaurdeboda. amgvarad, xelisuflebaSi myofi piris mier, Cadenili
samarTaldarRvevisaTvis pasuxismgebloba mas ekisreboda da sajarimo movaleobis
saxiT iyo aRqmuli (in obligatione), maSin, roca noxae deditio - aRsrulebis fakultatur
Secvlas warmoadgenda. piradi pasuxismgeblobis uZveles saxes Semdegi wesi
warmoadgenda: noxa caput sequitur (SurisZieba pirovnebas Tan sdevda). aRniSnuli wesis
Tanaxmad, noqsaluri pasuxismgebloba, samarTaldarRvevis gamo, ekisreba ara im
pirovnebas, visi xelisuflebis qveS imyofeboda piri, deliqtis Cadenis momentSi,
aramed im paterfamilias-ze gadadis, romelsac braldebuli piri, sarCelis Setanis
momentSi, eqvemdebareboda.

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msgavsi wesi XII dafis kanonebis mier gaTvaliswinebuli iyo im SemTxvevaSic, roca,
zianis (pauperies) mimyenebeli iyo, res mancipi-s kategoriaSi Sesuli, moSinaurebuli
cxoveli: actio de pauperie-Ti, mepatrone valdebuli iyo dazaralebulisaTvis zarali
aenazRaurebina, an misTvis zianis mimyenebeli cxoveli gadaeca. Actio de pauperie-is
mixedviT, pasuxismgeblobis rekvizitad iTvleboda cxovelis uecari siSmage, Tumca
ki, misi buneba sulac ar iyo aseTad cnobili da misTvis mSvidi moqmedeba iyo
damaxasiaTebeli.

pasuxismgebloba dgeba cxovelis saqcielis gamo da obligatio propter rem-s

warmoadgenda; Tumca, es principi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom aseT cxovelebs
gaaCniaT garkveuli neba, isini maTi patronis moTxovnebs emorCilebian, rac arsebiT
pirobad miiCneoda res mancipi nivTebis mimarT.

$ 1. Furtum (qurdoba)

qurdobis, rogorc sxvisi moZravi qonebis marTalsawinaaRmdego miTvisebis, cneba,

romis iuridiul azrovnebaSi sakmaod adre, jer kidev respublikur xanaSi,
Camoyalibda, da masSi Tavmoyrili iyo samarTaldarzRvevaTa fasrTo wre, romlebic
dakavSirebuli iyo qonebrivi zianis miyenebasa, an, sxva piris xarjze,
marTlsawinaaRmdego gamdidrebasTan. TandaTanobiT, damnum iniuria datum
(marTlsawinaaRmdego zaralis miyeneba) cnebis CamoyalibebiT (SemoRebul iqna qr. S-
mde 286 w. Lex Aquilia da aRniSnuli kanonis gamoyenebis sferos gafarToebasTan
erTad, miTumetes, rom ius civile da ius praetorium ayalibebda delictum axal saxeobebs,
furtum mniSvneloba mkveTrad SeizRuda, Tumca, Tanamedrove gagebiT, qurdobis
cnebasTan SedarebiT, kvlav Zalzed farTo mniSvnelobas inarCunebda. masSi sxvisi
qonebis Zalismieri miTvisebis garda – Zarcva (rapina), iseTi saxis qmedebanic Sevida,
rogoric iyo: 1. Furtum usus (sargeblobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego miTviseba),
roca sesxis an Sesanaxad gadacemuli nivTis mimRebi, gadaametebda sakuTari
uflebamosilebis farglebs, sxvisi nivTiT sargeblobis an misi pyrobis mimarT; 2.
Furtum possessionis (mflobelobis uflebis marTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca
giraos mimcemi piri, TviTneburad daeufleboda giraoSi micemul nivTs (gaiusi, am
viTarebaSi, normalur qurdobas xedavda – furtum rei da ambobda, rom aq nivTis
mesakuTre sakuTari nivTis qurdobas sCadioda – furtum suae rei – Gai., 3, 204); 3. Furtum
proprietatis (sakuTrebis uflebis masrTlsawinaaRmdego xelyofa), roca
uzufruqtuariusi nivTis sameurneo daniSnulebis Secvlas axdenda.

Paul., D. 47, 2, 1, 3 Camoayaliba qurdobis cneba: Furtum est contrectatio rei fraudulosa lucri faciendi
grafia vel ipsius rei vel eiam usus eius possessionisve (qurdoba aris nivTis amoReba, Cadenili
motyuebiT da gamdidrebis mizniT, iqneba es TviT nivTis (amoReba, misiT sargebloba,
Tu misi daufleba).

qurdobis SemadgenlobisaTvios arsebiTi pirobebi iyo: 1) TviT nivTis sasargeblo

Tvisebebis miTviseba, nivTis mesakuTris nebis sawinaaRmdegod; 2) misgan sargebelis
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miReba; 3) mizanmimarTulad: animus furandiu _ am deliqtis aucilebel
subieqtur rekvizitad miiCneoda (D.47,2,33). Tumca, amavdroulad, mxolod
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebis safuZveli, qurdobis klasifikaciisaTvis ar iyo
sakmarisi; savaldebuloa, agreTve, materialuri moqmedebis, sxvisi nivTis datacebis
ganxorcieleba (contrectatio). ukve XII dafis kanonebi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebdnen
aSkara qurdobas, roca qurdi naqurdaliT xelSi iqneboda dakavebuli – furtum
manifestum da farul qurdobas _ furtum nec manifestum. pirvel SemTxvevaSi qurdi
gairozgeboda da dazaralebulis xelisuflebaSi gadaecemoda (Tavdapirvelad
uSualod, mogvianebiT – sasamarTlo magistratis adictio safuZvelze). qurdi
dazaralebulis monad cxaddeboda (veteres). Furtum nec manifestum SemTxvevaSi,
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo jarima naqurdalis ormagi Rirebulebis odenobiT. XII dafis
kanonebi aSkara qurdobasTan aTanabrebdnen im mdgomareobas, roca naqurdali nivTi
saritualo Cxrekis dros aRmoCndeboda _ furtum conceptum, rac naqurdalis
gadamalvis Sedegic SeiZleba yofiliyo _ furtum oblatum. am SemTxvevaSi, XII dafis
kanonebi jarimis sammag odenobas iTvaliswinebdnen.

qurdobis oTxi dasaxelebuli nairsaxeobidan (es sistematizacia jer kidev

mazurius sabinusma da servius sulpiciusma SeimuSaves). labeoni mxolod pirvel or
nairsaxeobas cnobda da furtum conceptum et furtum oblatim-is damoukidebeli
Semadgenlobis mniSvnelobas uaryofda (Gai.,3,183).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi, qurdobisaTvis sajarimo pasuxismgebloba

dadgenili iyo actio furti (manifesti an nec manifesti) meSveobiT. aRniSnul sarCels
aniWebdnen gaqurdul pirs, Tanac ar hqonda mniSvneloba imas, iqneboda Tu ara es
piri nivTis mesakuTre an mflobeli. amis miuxedavad, moqmedebda principi, rom
sarCeli unda miscemoda nivTis xelSeuxeblad SenarCunebaSi dainteresebul
nebismier pirs (D.,47,2,77,1).

$ 2. Rapina (Zarcva)

Prudentes, Zalis gamoyenebiT, sxvisi qonebis marTlsawinaaRmdego amoRebas rapina

(Zarcvas) uwodebdnen da mas kvalificiur qurdobad miiCnevdnen: papiniane rapina
furtum manifestum Semadgenlobas miakuTvnebda (D.47,2,81,4). Zarcva qr. S. 76 w.
prokonsul lukulusis mier SemoRebuli sarCeliT – actio vi bionarum raptorum
(sarCeli Zalis gamoyenebiT amoRebuli qonebis Sesaxeb) idevneboda. sarCelis Setana
danaSaulis Cadenidan erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi iyo SesaZlebeli. jarima, amoRebuli
qonebis, oTxmag odenobas gulisxmobda. (D.47,8,2 pr). erTwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg
dasaSvebi iyo mxolod miyenebuli zianis martivi anazRaureba (in sinplum).

sarCelis pretoruli xasiaTis miuxedavad, Zarcvas – klasikosebi, xolo mogvianebiT

iustinianes kanonmdebloba, mainc deliqtad, kerZo (civiluri) samarTaldarRvevis

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erT-erT saxed miiCnevdnen. (Gai., 3,209; D. 47,8,1; 2,10; 4,2,14,2; I. 4,2 pr). Zarcvas
qurdobisagan qmedebis farulobis ararseboba ganasxvavebda. (D. 47,9,5). klasikosTa
nawili, Zarcvis gamo, Setanil sarCels Sereulad miiCnevda (Gai.,4,8). es Sexeduleba
SemdgomSi iustianemac gaiziara (Inst.Iust.4,6,19).

$ 3. Damnum iniuria datum (zianis marTlsawinaaRmdego miyeneba)

qmedebis aRniSnuli Semadgenloba, ganzogadebis Zalzed maRal dones, moiTxovda,

ris gamoc uZveles epoqaSi is ucnobi iyo.

XII dafis kanonebi ramdenime specifikur hipoTezas gulisxmobda, romelTa Soris

cnobilia xeebis TviTneburi gaCexva, sxvisi monisaTvis miyenebuli dazianeba (os
fractum). marTlsawinaaRmdegod miyenebuli zianis gamo, pasuxismgeblobam
damoukidebeli axsna-ganmarteba qr. S.-mde 286 w. miRebul, akviliusis kanonSi (lex
Aquilia), SeiZina. kanoni sami Tavisagan Sedgeboda: meore Tavi gulisxmobda damatebiTi
kreditoris devnas (manus iniectio _ movaleze “xelis dadeba” – formiT),
stipulaciidan warmoSobili valis gamo ZiriTadi kreditoris sawinaaRmdegod
acceptilatio (verbaluri an literaluri valdebulebidan warmoSobili valis sazeimo
gaqviTva mis sapirispiro formaSi. klasikur epoqaSi am saWiroebis dakmayofileba
actio mandati (in ius, in personam, incerta, bonae fidei _ davalebis xelSekrulebidan
warmoqmnili sarCeli, rogorc wesi urTierTangariSsworebis Sesaxeb) meSveobiT
(Gai.,3,216) moxda. pirveli Tavi gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas sxvisi monis an
pirutyvis mkvlelobis gamo, rac ganadgurebuli nivTis Rirebulebis umaRles fas
Seadgenda erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi. mesakuTrisaTvis jarmis gasdaxdis movaleoba
(damnas esto dare – D.9,2,2,pr; Gai.,3,210) sanqcionirebuli iyo manus inectio meSveobiT.

mesame Tavi nebismieri nivTis yovelgvar dazianebas exeboda: braleuls (kvlav manus
iniectio muqariT) mesakuTrisaTvis jarimis gadaxdis movaleoba ekisreboda nivTis
umaRlesi fasis odenobiT, ukanaskneli 30 dRis ganmavlobaSi (Gai.,3,2,18).

Per formulas procesis farglebSi in ius sarCelebi warmoiqmna, romlebic akviliusis

kanonis calkeul Tavebze iyo dafuZnebuli – actiones legis Aquiliae. Tu mopasuxe
sakuTar braleulobas uaryofda, misi pasuxismgebloba ormagdeboda, Tu ara –
sarCelis formula mosamarTles mouwodebda uSualod ganexorcielebina aestimatio
(nivTis Rirebulebis Sefaseba), mopasuxis aRarebis (confessio) safuZvelze (D.9,2,23,10;26).
am SemTxvevaSi, in simplum miniWebas hqonda adgili: sanqciis sajarimo xasiaTi imaSi
mdgomareobda, rom mxedvelobaSi miiReboda nivTis ara nominaluri Rirebuleba,
aramed misi umaRlesi fasi ukanaskneli wlis an Tvis ganmavlobaSi. akviluris
kanonis safuZvelze pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba subieqtur xasiaTs atarebda: iniuria-
Si (marTlsawinaaRmdegod), ukve respublikis xanaSi, igulisxmeba rogorc braleuli
qmedeba - culpa, da ara mxolod qmedebasa da miyenebul zarals Soris obieqturi
kavSiri, iseve daudevrobac – culpa levissima (D.9,2,44 pr). braleuli qmedeba Sesabamisi
kontraqtis safuZvelzec idevneboda. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiReboda “iure”,
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anu ius civile sasarCelo sistemis farglebSi, miyenebuli ziani. akvilusis kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo mxolod pirdapiri dazianebis Sedegad damdgari
pasuxismgebloba. aseTi dazianebis miyeneba SesaZlebeli iyo braleulis fizikuri
moqmedebis Sedegad: damnum corpore corpori datum (ziani, romelic sxeuls sxeuliT
miadga). sxva SemTxvevaSi pretori, sakuTari decretum safuZvelze dazaralebul
mxares mianiWebda in factum an actiones utiles (actiones ad exemplum) sinonimi. maT
pretori iZleoda, TiToeul axal SemTxvevaSi, analogiuriT da ukve gamoyenebuli
formulis gavrcelebis meSveobiT), romlebic analogiis gamoyenebas efuZnebodnen –
ad exemplum legis Aquiliae. gadawyvetilebis miReba aRniSnul qmedebaze lamis
SemTxveviTobas warmoadgenda. amitom iuristebis mosazrebebma, aRniSnul sakiTxze,
pretorul ediqtSi asaxva ver hpoves.

qr. S-mde I s-Si pretorma SemoiRo specialuri sarCeli, romlis safuZvelze

idevneboda pirTa jgufis mier miyenebuli ganzraxi dazianeba – dolo malo vi hominbus
armatis coactisve damnum datum.

sarCeli miyenebuli zianis oTxmag anazRaurebas gulisxmobda, Tu sarCeli

braleuli mxaris winaaRmdeg dazianebidan erTi wlis vadaSi iqneboda wardgenili,
da martiv anazRaurebas (in simplum), Tu am vadis gadacileba moxdeboda.

$ 4. Iniuria (pirovnebis Seuracxyofa)

XII dafis kanonebma piradi Seuracxyofis sami hipoTeza gamohyves:

1.Membrum, ruphum (asoTmiReba), os fractum (motexili Zvali, sxeulis mZime dazianeba),

iniuria _ pirovnebis nebismieri Seuracxyofa. qmedebis Semadgenlobis gaurkvevloba da
ganzogadebis sxvadasxva xarisxi yvela SemTxvevaSi imaze miuTiTebda, rom XII dafis
kanonebma gaaerTiana samarTaldarRvevis regulirebis mravalsaukunovani da
sxvadasxva epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamocdileba. kerZod, asoTmiRebis dros,
kompoziciis SesaZleblobis gverdiT, normalur sasjelad, talonis (talio) principiT
gaTvaliswinebuli, SurisZiebac miiCneoda. danarCen SemTxvevebSi, samarTaldamrRvevis
mimarT, jarima iyo gaTvaliswinebuli: os fractum-is gamo 300 asi, xolo iniuria-s
SemTxvevaSi – 25 asi.

qr. S-mde 81 w. miRebuli lex Cornelia de iniuariis mixedviT, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli, gansakuTrebiT mZime samarTaldarRvevis SemTxvevaSi, qmedeba crimina-d
(danaSaulad) miiCneoda da iudicia publica-s ZaliT idevneboda. principatis epoqaSi,
cognitio extra ordimen farglebSi, SemoRebul iqna quaestio de iniurii-is (sakiTxebi
pirovnebis Seuracxyofis Sesaxeb), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebze, kerZo
sarCelis, sajaro alternativa. XII dafis kanonebiT gaTvaliswinebuli
hipoTezebis (romlebic dajarimasac gulisxmobdnen), rekuperatorTa (recuperatores)
sasamarTlo ganxilvas gadaeca. maT mier Sefardebuli anazRaureba, bonum et aequum-
is (keTildReoba da samarTlianoba) safuZvelze, Sefasebas eqvemdebareboda.

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aRniSnuli, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli naklebad mZime xelyofa, saerTo
sarCelis – actio iniuriarum aestimatoria (ganawyenebis Sesaxeb SedarebiTi sarCeli)
wardgeniT idevneboda, romelic pretorul ediqtSi qr. S-mde II saukuneSi iqna
gaTvaliswinebuli. Iniuria – civiluri deliqti iyo (Gai., 3, 182). Tumca, dacvis
pretoruli xasiaTi imaSi aisaxa, rom, actio iniurarum, intentio-s iyo moklebuli:
demonstratio-s maSinve condemnatio mosdevda, romelic rekuperatorTa sasamarTlos
mouwodebda iseTi ganaCenis gamotanas, romelSic miTiTebuli iqneboda mosarCeles
mier dasaxelebuli Tanxa (aestimatio). aRniSnuli Sefaseba formulaSi iyo
miTiTebuli da SesaZlo miniWebis maqsimalur zRvars asaxavda (taxatio). sarCelis
wardgenis ufleba pirovnul SeuracxyofasTan iyo dakavSirebuli da memkvidreobiT
ar gadaecemoda: (Gai.,4,112). zogadi iniuria-s garda, pretoruli edictiactio
iniurarum, samarTlebriv safuZvlad kidev sam hipoTezas iTvaliswinebda. es
hipoTezebi piradi Seuracxyofis, rogorc pirovnebis pativisa da Rirsebis
Semlaxveli qmedebis, cnebis permanentul damkvidrebas gamoxatavdnen: 1. convicium
adversus bonos mores (keTili Cvevebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli Tavdasxmebi), romlis
mixedviT idevneboda muqara da bilwsityvaoba; 2. adtemptata puditicia (Selaxuli
umankoeba), romelsac didgvarovani qalbatonis mimarT Tavdasxmas an uxeSi
mopyrobas, agreTve, orive sqesis mcirewlovani bavSvis mimarT, aRniSnuli qmedebis
ganxorcielebas miekuTvneboda; 3. ne quid infamandi causa fiat (dae, ar ganxorcieldes
qmedeba saxelis gatexvis mizniT), romelic moraluri zianis yvela SesaZlo
SemTxvevas gulisxmobda, romlis drosac pativisa da Rirsebis xelyofas hqonda
adgili.

$ 5. Quasi ex delicto (kvazideliqtebi)

TiTqos deliqtidan (obligationes quasi ex delicto) warmoSobili valdebulebebi,

iustinianes instituciebis sistematikis Sesabamisad (Inst.Iust.4,5) braleuli qmedebis
hipoTezas Seicavdnen, aseTi valdebulebebi pretoruli sarCelis meSveobiT
idevneboda. aRniSnuli viTarebis SerCevis kriteriumi dRemde ucnobia.

mosamarTle, sasamarTlo procesis sakuTari Tavis winaaRmdeg warmmarTvelad,

iTvleboda (iudex qui litem suam fecerit) im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misi gadawyvetileba (sententia),
mxareebis mier moyvanili faqtebis an formulis mimarT, winaaRmdegobaSi modioda,
agreTve, mxareTa interesebidan gamomdinare, sasamarTlo ganxilvis dros, Tu
dadgenili wesrigis nebismier ganzrax darRvevas eqneboda adgili (“dolo malo” –
D.5,1,15,1). dazaralebuli Tavs icavda in factum sarCelis meSveobiT, romelSic
condematio, mosamarTleTa Tanazomieri Sexedulebisagan damokidebulebaSi, iyo
Cayenebuli (in bonum et aequum - sikeTe da samarTlianoba).

pretoruli sarCeli Seicavda muxls, saxlis fanjridan gadaRvrili an gadayrili

nivTebis gamo, pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb (edictum de effusis et deiectis), romelic in factum
condematio-sTan erTad, gulisxmobda sarCels, miyenebuli zianis ormagi odenobiT

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(in duplum), anazRaurebis Sesaxeb.

aRniSnul viTarebaSi, Tavisufali adamianis daRupvis SemTxvevaSi, gaTvaliswinebuli

iyo fiqsirebuli jarima 50 aTasi sesterciis odenobiT, xolo sxeulebrivi
dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, mosamarTlis gadawyvetilebiT, dazianebis Tanazomieri
jarimis gadaxda iyo dadgenili (in bonum et aequum). pasuxismgebloba
gaTvaliswinebuli iyo obieqturi faqtis arsebobis gamo, imis miuxedavad, TviT
mcxovrebma, Tu mesame pirma Caidina aRniSnuli qmedeba. sarCeli Sedioda e. w. actiones
populares kategoriaSi da misi wardgenis ufleba nebismier moqalaqes hqonda
miniWebuli.

gamvlelTaTvis martivi safrTxis Seqmnis gamo, pasuxismgeblobas iTvaliswinebda

edictum de positum (D.9,4,5,6), romlis mixedviT habitator (saxlis damqiravebeli), 10
solidis moculobiT, nebismieri moqalaqis winaSe pasuxs agebda, actio in factum (igive
actio popularis) mixedviT, im SemTxvevaSi, Tu saxlis saxuravze an lavgardanze
(karnizze) iseTi sagani iqneboda damagrebuli, romlis, SemTxveviT Camovardnisas,
SesaZlebeli iyo zianis miyeneba. pasuxismgeblobis obieqturi xasiaTi Semsubuqebul
iqna noqsaluri pasuxismgeblobis (colis garda paterfamilias in patria potestates mier
Cadenili deliqtis an kvazideliqtis gamo, romelsac dazaralebuli paterfamilias
winaaRmdeg waradgendas) daSvebiT im SemTxvevaSi, roca, sazogadoebrivi safrTxis
SeqmnaSi, braleulad mona iqneboda miCneuli.

mesame piris qmedebis gamo pasuxismgebloba gaTvaliswinebuli iyo actio furti et actio
damni adversus nautas caupones stabularios mixedviT, romlebic pretorul ediqtSi, actio furti
et actio legis Aquilia-sTan SesabamisobaSi, arian moyvanili. xomaldis, sastumrosa da
qarvaslis mepatrone in duplum pasuxs agebda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu vinme, mosamsaxureTa
an masTan mcxovrebTa Soris (mgzavrebis an mogzaurTa garda), qurdobas Caidenda, an
mgzavrs, an mdgmurs qonebriv zians miayenebda. Sua saukuneebSi aseTi saxis qmedeba
gulisxmobda pasuxismgeblobas, TanamSromelTa SerCevisas, braleuli daudevrobis
gamo (culpa in eligendo), Tumca, antikur xanaSi pasuxismgebloba bralis gareSec
dgeboda – mesame piris qmedebis gamo. Tu qurdobas mona Caidenda, misi batoni
pasuxismgeblobisagan Tavisufldeboda maSin, Tu noxae deditio (monis gadacema)
ganaxorcielebda, dazaralebuli piris sasargeblod.

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali

`yvela gza romSi midis” – moZvelebuli, Tumca didebuli da mravlismTqmeli fraza,

romelic ori aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi mravalgzis gamoiyeneboda, gansakuTrebiT
Zveli romis iurisprudenciasTan mimarTebaSi. samarTalmcodneebi, gansakuTrebiT
civilistebi, romis samarTals diTirambebs umRerodnen da maT xSirad aviwydebodaT,
rom ius privatum garda, romSi aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo ius publicum – samarTlis
sistema, romelic romis saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis - populus Romanus saerTo-
sajaro interesebis damcveli da momwesrigebeli iyo. sajaro interesebis sfero

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sisxliscamarTlebrivi urTierTobebis Semcvelic gaxldaT. Tamamad SegviZlia
ganvacxadoT, rom Zvelromauli iuridiuli konstruqciebi da aRmoCenebi, sisxlis
samarTlis sferoSi, dRes sakmaod garkveulia da arc Tu mcire mniSvnelobas
inarCuneben.

Zvveli romis sisxlis samarTalma, kerZo samarTlis msgavsad, ganviTarebis ramdenime

etapi ganvlo: martivi kvirituli qcevis wesebidan moyolebuli vidre imperiis xanis
kanonmdeblobamde.

pirveli, arqauli xanis Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali xasiaTdeboda saero

samarTlis (ius), Cveulebebisa (mos) da RvTaebrivi sakraluri normebis (fas)
urTierTTanamSromlobisa da urTierTpaeqrobiT. am periodSi erTmaneTs
konservatiuli da progresuli sawyisi ebrZoda. gvarovnuli Cveulebebi didi
mondomebiT aRiqmeboda romaeli Temis (civitas) mier, mdumare Tanxmobis formiT (usus
consuetudo), Tumca yovelgvari Canaweris gareSe da amitom am Cveulebebs ius non
scriptum (dauwereli samarTali) ewodeboda. Consuetudo-s kanonis (lex) Tanabari
samarTlebrivi Zala gaaCnda da is am ukanasknelTan erTad dadebiT samarTals (ius
positivum) qmnida.

arqauli (uZvelesi) periodi – sakraluri normebisa da sakraluri iusticiis

batonobis epoqa iyo. religiuri Tvisebis danaSauls miekuTvneboda: qalRmerT vestas
qurumi qalebis mier 30 wlis asakamde qalwulobis ficis darRveva, patronis mier
klientis winaSe nakisri movaleobebis Seusrulebloba, ficis, sasazRvro samanebis
moSla. TviT sasamarTlo warmoeba saimedod iyo gaxveuli saidumloebis safarvelSi
da mxolod pontifices (qurumebi) adgendnen, samarTalwarmoebisaTvis misaRebi dReebis,
kalendarsa da masSi Sesul saidumlo monacemebs saimedod inaxavdnen. mxolod
qurumebma icodnen dies fasti (sarCelis wardgenis) da dies nefasti (sarCelis warsadgenad
akrZaluli) dReebi da mkacrad asaidumloebdnen maT. oficialuri marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcieleba mxolod dadgenil dReebSi iyo SesaZlebeli, roca modave mxareebs,
sanukvar sityvebs, qurumi ucxadebda: do, dico, addico (samarTals viZlevi,
gadawyvetilebas viReb, davaSi gamarjvebas vaniWeb).

yovelive zemoTqmulis Sesaxeb cnobebsa titus liviusic iZleoda: dawerili

wignebis, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli ediqtebis ararsebobis pirobebSi, iuridiuli
garigebebisa da procesebis codna pontifices saidumlo mecnierebad iqca; didi
procesualuri mniSvnelobis kalendris Sesaxeb zusti cnobebi mxolod maT hqondaT.

Pontifices mier monopolizebuli aRmoCnda, im droisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani, civitas

Romani-s momavlis winaswarmetyvelebis funqcia, rac, tomTaSorisi urTierTobebis
mowesrigebaze arsebiT gavlenas axdenda. miTumetes, rom aseTi urTierTobebis
mogvareba fas da ara ius meSveobiT xdeboda: RvTis mowmed mowveva, gasisxlianebuli
Subis saritualo styorcna, momijnave tomis teritoriaze, omis gamocxadebis
SemTxvevaSi da sxva.

religiuri dogmebisa da akrZalvebis damrRvevs (homo sacer) mkacri ormagi da

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orgvari sajeli eloda: mis mimarT SurisZieba Temis simSvidis darRvevisa da
RmerTebis ganrisxebis gamo xdeboda. erTdroulad religiuri da saero devna
(sacratio capitis) Zalzed mkacri iyo. Fas mgmobeli Sesabamisi taZris sasargeblod
qonebis konfiskaciasa (conservatio bonorum) da eqsorias (gaZevebas) eqvemdebareboda,
ris Semdeg mas, rogorc ucxotomelsa da mters – nebismieri piri (TanamoZme an
ucxoeli) dausjelad gauswordeboda. da saerTodac, samarTaldarRvevis sxvadasxva
saxe, romelic mogvianebiT sisxlissamarTlebriv qmedebad iqna miCneuli,
Tavdapirvelad an sakraluri, an kerZo xasiaTis delictum warmoadgenda: magaliTad,
qurdoba, sxeulis dazianeba, romelTa Cadenis SemTxvevaSi samarTaldamrRvevis
mimarT ius talionis (talio) – SurisZieba, talionis principi moqmedebda.

sisxlis samarTlisa da sisxlis samarTlis procesis sferoebSi SeuzRudavad

batonobda TviTgasamarTleba (Tavdasxmis mogerieba) da damnaSavis mimarT
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze, TviTgasworeba: “Tu Ramis saaTebSi qurdobis Camdeni
(adgilze) iqneba mokluli, (misi) mkvleloba marTlzomierad CaiTvleba” (XII dafis
kanonebi, VIII tabula). Tavdamsxmelis, adgilze TviTgasworebis principiT, dasjis
praqtika ara Tu marTlzomier qmedebad, aramed sazogadoebis interesebisa da
oficialuri xelisuflebis moTxovnaTa dacvad iTvleboda.

arqaul periodSi yvela samarTaldarRveva or kategoriad iyofoda: 1) delictum

privatum (kerZo) parricidium –pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli: qurdoba, Zarcva,
mkvleloba, sxvisi qonebis dazianeba an ganadgureba da sxva; 2) delictum publium
(sajaro) – perduellio ukve danaSaulad iTvleboda (politikuri, saxelmwifos
winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli): janyi, saxelmwifos Ralati, romis samxedro
mowinaaRmdegisaTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena, cecxlis wakideba, crumowmeoba,
xelisuflebisadmi SeiaraRebuli (Zaladobrivi) winaaRmdegobis gaweva da sxva.
samarTaldarRvevis pirvel kategorias specialuri Tanamdebobis pirebi (quaestores
parricidii) iZiebdnen; xolo meore – danaSaulis saqmeebze, gamoZieba Rex-is
Sexedulebisamebr, warmoebda: mas damoukideblad SeeZlo sagamoZiebo da sasamarTlo
funqciebis ganxorcieleba, an saqmis gamoZieba gansakuTrebuli sasamarTlo
gamomZieblisaTvis - duumviri perduellionis daevalebina.

arqauli periodis sisxlis samarTlis erT-erT Taviseburebas is garemoeba

warmoadgenda, rom populus Romanus (cives) e. w. provocatio anu comitia curiata mimarT
apelirebis ufleba moipoves im ganaCenis mimarT, romelic duumviri perdullionis an
consul-is mier iqneboda gamotanili, sisxlis samarTlis saqmis irgvliv. aRniSnuli
verdiqti aRsrulebas ar eqvemdebareboda, vidre apelaciis Sedegebi cnobili ar
iqneboda. amrigad, romaul sazogadoebaSi Camoyalibda dacvis sajaro procedurebi,
romelTa gamoyeneba aequitas (samarTlianobisa) da – bona fides (keTilsindisiereba)
principebis damkvidrebas ganapirobebda.

arqaul periodSi Zveli romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mwvervalad XII

dafis kanonebi _ Leges duodecim tabularum gvevlineba, romelSic, uSualod, sisxlis
samarTlis normebi, ganxilulia mxolod or: VIII da IX – dafaSi. Tumca, normebis

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aseTma simwirem, sazogadoebis mzardi interesebis Sesabamisad, samarTaldarRvevaTa
didi nawilis swored danaSaulad _ crimina – dakvalificirebas ver SeuSala xeli.
aRniSnulma sakanonmdeblo Zeglma safuZveli Cauyara ara marto ius positivum
(dawerili, pozitiuri samarTali), aramed igi erTdroulad ius publicum et ius privatum
mTavar wyarod miiCneoda da, amavdroulad, ius scriptum (dawerili goni) iyo.

XII dafis kanonebis normebis arseboba imaze metyvelebda, rom sajaro qcevis wesebi,
uciloblad, gabatonebul mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen: Tumca, jer kidev didi iyo
gvarovnuli wesebis gavlena.

Vindicta privata (kerZo SurisZieba) nela, Tumca ganuxrelad uTmobda adgils vindicta
publica (sazogadoebrivi sasjeli). ganagrZoben Tanaarsebobas talio da fuladi
jarima, provocatio ad populum da damnaSavis sikvdiliT dasja da asoTmiRebiTi
sasjeli, da Res publica (respublikuri suliskveTeba) da sasjelis barbarosuli
saxeebi, romelTa mizani adamianis (pirovnebis) daSinebis idea iyo (maimunTan,
ZaRlTan an gvelTan erTad, tomaraSi Casmuli, damnaSavis wyalSi daxrCoba,
praecipitium – maRali xididan Tavdayira gadagdeba, pedis abscissio – fexebis mokveTa da,
gansakuTrebiT odiozuri sasjeli – tarpeas kldidan qurdi monis gadagdeba.
tarpeas klde, imdroindeli romis centrSi, kapitoliumis borcvis erT-erTi cicabo
daRmarTi iyo. sikvdiliT dasjis aRniSnuli adgili axlos mdebareobda q. romis
centralur moedanTan, sadac xdeboda marTlmsajulebis aRsruleba. damnaSavis
dasjaSi monawileobas iRebda ara mxolod dazaralebuli mxare, aramed moedanze
SemTxveviT mosuli brbo. Tavdapirvelad, tarpeas klde iyo mxolod damnaSaveTa
dasjis adgili, xolo mogvianebiT, am adgilidan xramSi isrodnen udanaSaulo
adamianebsac – fizikuri defeqtis mqone pirebs (monstum).

XII dafis kanonebis VIII dafaSi saubari iyo, yvela delictum, ramdenime kategoriad
dayofis Sesaxeb; Tumca, pirvel yovlisa unda gamovyoT: 1. iniuria (pirovnebis
winaaRmdeg) da 2. furtum (sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg) mimarTuli marTlsawinaaRmdego da
braleuli qmedeba. Tavis mxriv, pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebrivi
qmedeba, kanonis Sesabamisad, or kategoriad kvalificirdeboda: 1. iniuria verbalis –
sityvieri Seuracxyofa paskvilis formaSi (carmen famotum) an sajaro Seuracxyofa
(ountare); 2. iniuria realis (fizikuri Seuracxyofa) – cema, gvema, sxeulis dazianeba.

VIII dafis fragmentebi sisxlissamarTlebriv normebs Seicaven (dRemde brwyinvale)

romlebSic gamoxatulia saxelmwifos reaqcia, qonebis datacebis danaSaulis mimarT.
Furtum (qurdoba) aucileblad iyo dakavSirebuli angarebiT motivTan (lamis
saxelmZRvanelo donis debulebaa, romlis Sesaxeb Gai. werda), winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi qmedeba dakvalificirdeboda rogorc pirovnebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
kerZo wyena. Tumca, romauli kanonmdebloba ganixilavda mesakuTrisaTvis zianis
miyenebas nivTis mitacebis (dauflebis) niSnebis gareSe, kerZod: cxeniT gaseirneba
daTqmul adgilze ufro Sori manZiliT, giravnobis sagniT sargebloba, romlebic
furtum (qurdoba) cnebiT iyo moculi. Leges duodecim tabularum – Si Zalzed
dawvrilebiT aris diferencirebuli furtum-is gamo pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi: 1.

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drois mixedviT: furtum diarnum (dRisiT) da furtum nocturnum (RamiT) Cadenili qurdoba.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi xelmyofi piris mimarT gamoiyeneboda sxeulebrivi sasjeli da
dazaralebulis mamulSi monad gamweseba (addictio), meoreSi ki – gaTvaliswinebuli
iyo, damnaSavis mimarT, dauyovneblivi TviTgasworebis gamoyeneba; 2.subieqti niSnebis
gaTvaliswinebiT – gansxvavebuli wesiT isjeboda qurdobis Camdeni cives (Tavisufali
romaeli), servi (mona) (sikvdiliT sjidnen) da arasrulwlovani piri (garozgviT
isjeboda); 3.ganasxvavebdnen furtum manifestum (aSkara qurdoba) da furtum nec manifestum
(faruli qurdoba), Tanac – bolo varianti sakmaod msubuqad isjeboda. damnaSave,
jarimis saxiT, naqurdalis mxolod ormag Rirebulebas ixdida.

imperiis (postklasikuri) periodi tradiciulad ius gentium ayvavebis xanasTan aris

gaigivebuli. amas ramdenime garemoeba uwyobda xels, romelTa Soris, yvelaze
mniSvnelovnad, iTvleboda: romis imperiis geografiuli moculoba da amiTve
ganpirobebuli misi adgili antikuri samyaros kulturul cxovrebaSi, msoflio
vaWrobis ganviTareba, politikuri centris aRmosavleTisaken gadatana, xolo
gansakuTrebul movlenad, mainc, pretorTa samarTalSemoqmedebiTi saqmianoba
SeiZleba miviCnioT.

romis sisxlis samarTlis ganviTarebis mesame etapis novaciad Semdegi saxis

miRwevebi unda miviCnioT: a) danaSaulis subieqturi mxaris Sesaxeb moZRvrebis
gavrcobam bralis, kidev erTi formis – gaufrTxileblobis, Camoyalibebas Seuwyo
xeli. Culpa (gaufrTxilebloba) dolus (ganzraxva) da casus (pasuxsmgeblobis miRma
darCenili SemTxveva) Soris Sualedur adgilas ikavebda; b) mosaubre da mrCeveli
iurisprudencis wiaRSi, yalbdeba danaSaulis mcdelobis (conatus) cneba, romlis
mimarT, Semsubuqebuli sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis gamoyeneba, iyo
mizanSewonili; g) danaSaulis Cveuli da gavrcelebuli saxeebis gverdiT (crimina
legitima), TandaTanobiT gvxvdeba danaSaulis axali saxeebi (crimina extraordinaria),
kerZod: qristianobis gmoba, ficis gatexva, mucladmyofi nayofis moSoreba; d)
sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – sasjelis – farglebSi siaxles
warmoadgenda zemoqmedebis Zalzed rTuli da mrisxane, xSirad barbarosuli,
sasjelis sistema, kerZod: gadasaxleba uflebebis CamorTmeviT (aquae et ignis interdicto),
gadasaxleba, aRniSnuli, damamZimebeli garemoebis gareSe (deportatio in insulam);
maRaroebSi katorRuli samuSaoebis warmoeba (condemnatio ad metallum). sasjelis
mizani damnaSavis daSineba da misTvis samagieros mizRva ar iyo; e) mudmivi armiis
SemoRebasTan erTad, samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi, samxedro danaSaulic Semodis,
kerZod: brZolis velze iaraRis dakargva, mxedarTmTavris, an ufro dabali rangis
samxedro meTauris, Seuracxyofa, mowinaaRmdegis sasargeblod Ralatis Cadena); v)
imperatoris absoluturi xelisuflebis pirobebSi, sasjelis yvelaze gavrcelebul
saxes warmoadgenda sajarimo sanqcia, kerZod – qonebis konfiskacia. aRniSnuli
sasjelis mizani iyo mudmivad mzardi samoxeleo aparatis Senaxad, damatebiTi
Semosavlis wyaros mobilizeba, ramac romis imperiaSi metad Taviseburi Sedegi
gamoiRo: daSinebuli senatorebi da mxedrebis wodebis warmomadgenlebi, TviTonve
cdilobdnen, sakuTar memkvidreebad imperatorebi daesaxelebinaT, raTa Tavidan
aecilebinaT qonebis konfiskaciis mware xvedri, vinaidan qveyana erTeulebis
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TviTnebobam da samarTlebrivma qaosma moicva.

1) moZRvreba sisxlis samarTlis kanonis Sesaxeb misi warmoSobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis

dasmiT iwyeba.

Zveli romaelebisaTvis, romlebsac mxolod martivi sisxlissamarTlebrivi

debulebebi gaaCndaT, aRniSnuli sakiTxi sulac ar iyo ubralo garToba an Tundac,
Teoriuli an istoriuli ganyenebuli azrovnebis sfero. dRes aRiarebulia, rom
“oficialuri”, “arsebuli” sisxlis samarTali yvela xalxis cxovrebaSi maSin iwyebs
Camoyalibebas, roca xalxi saxelmwifoebrivi donis ganviTrebis dones aRwevs.
vinaidan saxelmwifo moiazreba civilur universalur movlenad. ra sakvirvelia,
adamianTa Soris konfliqtebs sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gvarovnul-tomobrivi
etapsac hqonda adgili, ris Sesaxebac uamravi miTi da legenda ganadgurebisagan
zedmiwevniT daculi religiuri dogmebi metyveleben. saxelmwifoebrivi da
tomobrivi sawyisebi, piradi da sazogado-saxelisuflo interesebi saukuneebis
manZilze Tanaarsebobas ganagrZobdnen. Tumca, mas Semdeg, rac gaZlierda calkeuli
miwebis erT gansakuTrebul organizmad _ saxelmwifod gaerTianebis tendencia da
savaldebulo gaxda erTiani saxelmwifoebriobis ganmtkiceba, sajaro sawyisi
upirobod imarjvebs Zvel sagvareulo da saTemo Cveulebebze da CveulebaTi
samarTali gamoiyeneba mmarTvelobis mza instumentis saxiT.

adamianTa cxovrebaSi saxelmwifos aqtiuri Careva, saWiro wesebis arsebobis

aucilebloba Zvel romaelebma sami mniSvnelovani garemoebiT gaamarTles:
SeTanxmebulobiT, aucileblobiTa da CveulebiT (omne ius aut consensus fecit, aut necessitas
constituit, aut firmavit consuetudo _ mTeli samarTali AsemoRebulia SeTanxmebiT, an
dadgenili aucileblobiT, an ganmtkicebulia CveulebiT). savaraudod, am debulebis
pirveli elementi mimarTulia samoqalaqo samarTlisadmi, xolo bolo ori _
sisxlis samarTals ganekuTvneba. laTinebi iZulebulebi iyvnen pativi miegoT
winaparTa Cvevebisadmi, vinaidan winasaxelmwifoebrivi periodi arc ise Sors iyo.
aqedan gamomdinare, gasagebia Semdegi debulebis arsi: inveterata consuetudo pro lege non
immerito custoditur et hoc est quod dicitur moribus constitutum (Cveuleba cvlis kanons da
CveulebiT samarTlad iwodeba _) an optima est legum interpres consuetudo (Cveuleba kanonis
saukeTeso ganmartebaa _ Paul. D. 1,3,37) TiToeuli Temis mier damoukideblad,
saxelmwifoebrivi organoebis gareSe, Seqmnili debulebis mimarT gansakuTrebuli
morCileba da pativiscema, romaelebma principebad da utyuar WeSmaritebad
gadaaqcies Luc. D.1,3,20.: Non omnium quae a maioribus constituta sunt ratio reddit potest
(SeuZlebelia moviyvanoT winaparTa mier dadgenili yvela normis dasabuTeba).

Sit, sed si maiori parti prospiciat, utilis est _ saeWvoa Seiqmnas iseTi kanoni, romelic
TiToeulisaTvis iqneba moxerxebuli, xolo, Tu is kargia umravlesobisaTvis, maSin
is – sasargebloa.

2) sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis mTavar daniSnulebas, laTinebi

samoqalaqo mSvidobis SenarCunebaSi (Tanac, ar gamoricxavdnen adamianTa socialuri
energiis, sasargeblo mimarTulebiT, iZulebis wesiT warmarTvas) xedavdnen. maTi

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azriT, daucveli personebi Tavs usafrTxod unda grZnobdnen agresiuli mezoblebis
winaSe, vinaidan kanonebi imisaTvis iqmneboda, rom, ufro Zliers Tavi yovlisSemZled
ar egrZno (inde dafae leges ne fortior omnia posset). amisaTvis kanonebi xelisuflebas
uflebamosilebas aniWeben ganaxorcielebina brZaneba, akrZalva, uflebis miniWeba,
dasja (legis virtus haec est imperare vetare permittere punire – Mod. D. 1, 3, 7).

3) romaelebma adreve uaryves sisxlis aRebis Cveuleba, vinaidan sakuTari mware

gamocdilebiT, gaacnobieres, rom, grZnobebis moTokvis aRniSnuli xerxi, Temis
WeSmaritad, TviTganadgurebis saSualeba. administraciulma organoebma kerZo pirs
CamoarTves iniciativa da dahpirdnen mas, rom sazogado morCilebis sanacvlod,
kerZo piri, nebismier SemTxvevaSi, samarTlebrivad da samarTlianad daculi
iqneboda (maSinac ki, roca dazaralebul agresors alal bedad Cabardeboda).

Ab assuetis non fit iniuria – (iuridiuli uflebebis darRveva) aseTad rCeba maSinac, roca
winaaRmdegobis gaswevas ar hqonda adgili. aRniSnuli debulebidan gamomdinareobda
didebuli azri imis Sesaxeb, rom koleqtiuri wesrigi da simSvide,
zogadsavaldebulo normebze, didad iyo damokidebuli. xolo calkeuli pirebi,
miuxedavad imisa, rom maT sayovelTao aRiareba moipoves, ar arian uflebamosili
erTpirovnulad Seufardon pirs sasjeli, radgan maT mier, individualurad
gansazRvruli, samarTlianobisa da marTlmsajulebis kriteriumebi, advilad
SesaZlebelia, eWvis qveS dadges an Seiryvnes kidec, rac qveyanaSi qaosis gamomwvevi
mizezi gaxdeba. sayovelTaod aRiarebuli zogadi wesebisadmi erTsulovani rwmena
imdenad didi iyo, rom xalxisa da iuridiul SegnebaSi damkvidrda amayi gamoTqma:
prius vitiis laboravimus, nunc legibus – (adre Cven mankierebiT viyaviT daTrgunuli, axla ki
– kanonebiT varT). mmarTvelobis sajaro da mudmivi sistema, romelic mkveTr
sawyisebs efuZneboda, mowedebuli iyo Seecvala usafuZvlo rwmena pirovnebis
utyuarobis mimarT (reqsis, imperatoris, magistratis uZleveloba da samarTlianoba,
vinaidan: kanoni ufro samarTliania, vidre adamiani (aequior est dispositio legis quam
hominis); kanoniT ganxorcielebuli gankarguleba ufro mZlavri da samarTliania,
vidre adamianis mier ganxorcielebuli dadgenileba (fortior efaequior est dispositio legis
quam hominis); da kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro Zlieria, vidre adamianebis mier
(fortior est custodia legis quam hominis).

4) iuridiuli romi kanonis Sinaarsis nawilSi xelmZRvanelobda metad martivi

mcnebiT: patiosnad icxovre, sxvas araferi dauSavo, TiToeuls mianiWa is, rac mas
ekuTvnis (praecepta iuris sunt haec honeste vivere alterum non laedere suum cuique tribuere – Ulp.D.1,1,10).
moralistebma aRniSnul debulebaSi, SesaZloa, `zneobriobis oqros wesic” dainaxon
da es gasagebicaa, vinaidan, gvarovnuli wyobidan, saxelmwifoebrivad mowyobili,
sazogadoebisaken mimaval gzaze, xorcieldeboda koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobidan,
calkeuli adamianis, individualuri pasuxismgeblobisaken istoriuli gadasvla, ris
gamoc icvleboda socialuri regulirebis formebi.

swored am gardamaval epoqaSi, daaxloebiT qr. S-mde I aTaswleulis Sua xanebSi,

msoflios sxvadasxva kuTxeSi, gansxvavebul kulturul regionebSi, yalibdeboda
humanizmisa da kacTmoyvareobis ideebi, ris upirveles gamovlinebad `zneobriobis
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oqros wesi” unda miviCnioT. amrigad, romaulma kanonmdeblobam, sakuTar
debulebebSi, ganamtkica kacobriobis sulieri ganviTarebis Sedegebi, SeinarCuna
mSvidobis ZiriTadi mcnebebi (`maxabxarata” – qr. S-mde V s, konfuZis moZRvreba – qr.
S-mde IV-V ss.; budizmi – qr. S-mde VI-V ss da sxva). yovelive zemoaRniSnulma,
gavlena moaxdina sisxlis samarTlis ramdenime principis Camoyalibebaze: 1. sjobs
danaSauli dausjeli darCes, vidre daisajos udanaSaulo piri (satius esse impunitum
reliqui facinus quam innocenten damnari – Traianus et Ulp. D. 48, 19, 5, 5); 2. aravis SeuZlia
gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba samarTaldarRvevis (danaSaulis) Cadenis gziT
(Nemo ex suo delicto meliorem suam condicionem facere potest – Ulp. D.50,17,134,1); 3.
danaSauli ar SeiZleba darCes dausjeli (Neque impunita maleficia esse oporfeat – Iul.
D.9,2,5,1,2);

4. dasjadia moqmedeba, warmoTqmuli da dawerili sityva, rCeva-darigebani (Aut facta

puniuntur aut dicta aut scripta aut consilia – Claud. Sat. D.48,19,16 pr.).

roca romis sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobaze vmsjelobT, mxedvelobidan ar

unda gamogvrCes sisxlis samarTlis kanonis savaldebulo Sefardebisa da
gamoyenebis garkveuli wesi: anu is, rasac Tanamedrove kanoniT da iuridiuli
mecnierebiT miCneva sisxlis samarTlis moqmedebad droSi, sivrceSi, pirTa wris
mimarT da eqstradiciad, Zvelma romaelebma sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis
danaSaulis Cadenis adgilTan (locus criminis), sisxlis samarTlis kanonis moqmedebis
teritoriasTan dakavSirebiT, Zalzed mokle frazebiT gamoxates: danaSauli Tan
iTrevs adamians (crimen franit personam) – aRniSnuli poziciis axsna-ganmarteba ufro
gansjadobis teritoriuli principis sasargeblod gamoiyeneba. axla CamovayaliboT
Zv. romauli ufro zusti miTiTebani sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobis
moqmedebasTan dakavSirebiT: debet quis iuri subiacere ubi delinquit (piri unda
daeqvemdebaros danaSaulis Cadenis adgilze moqmed kanons); statuta suo clauduntur
territorio, nec ultra territorium disponut (kanoni izRudeba sakuTari teritoriiT, is ar
moqmedebs sakuTari teritoriis farglebs gareT); ubi quis delinquit ibi punientur (pirma
sadac Caidina danaSauli, iqve unda daisajos).

Locus criminis-gan gansxvavebiT, Zveli romaelebi droebliv pozitivs ufro

erTgvarovnad ayalibebdnen: lex prospict, non respicit (kanoni mxolod win icqireba, is
sapirispiro mimarTulebiT ar moqmedebda); lex de futuro; iudex de praeterito (kanoni
moqmedebs samomavlod, mosamarTle ganixilavs warsuls); sisxlis samarTlis
ukuqmedebis Zala (nunc pro tunc) ukve cnobili iyo, Tumca mxolod ukidures zomad
ganixileboda, Zalzed iSviaT SemTxvevebSi: leges quae retrospiciunt raro, et magna cum
cautione sunt adhibendae neque enim Ianus locatur in legibus (kanoni, romelsac ukuqmedebis
Zala gaaCnia, iSviaTad da didi sifrTxiliT gamoiyeneba, radgan ianusis adgili ar
aris samarTalSi).

sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis, swori da erTgvarovani gamoyenebis

aucilebel da ucvlel, pirobad misi axsna-ganmarteba iTvleba, rac sazogadoebaSi
arsebul mRelvarebas yvelaze ukeT daacxrobs. Zv. romSi sisxlis samarTlis kanonis

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sajaro axsna-ganmarteba romaeli iuristebis aqtiuri monawileobiT xorcieldeboda.
Tu romaeli pontifikosebi, sakuTar Tavs, RmerTebis nebis ganmcxadeblebad
miiCnevdnen da ar zrunavdnen sakuTari konsultaciebis motivaciis Sesaxeb, saero
iuristebi ara Tu motivirebul konsultaciebs iZlevian, aramed samarTlis normebis
interpretatio (axsna-ganmartebas) axdenen, cdiloben Caswvdnen aramarto calkeuli
normis arss, aramed Seiswavlon romis samarTlis sistema, mTlianobaSi, da
daadginon samarTlis ZiriTadi principebi. sisxlis samarTalSi damkvidrda
iuridiuli prezumfciis SemuSaveba da gamoyeneba.

sisxlis samarTlis prezumfcia gulisxmobda, rom nebismier SemTxvevaSi `adgili

aqvs keTilsindisierebas, Tu ar dadginda boroti ganzraxva” an `TiToeuli
CvenTagani keTilsindisier pirad iTvleba, Tu ar damtkicda sapirispiro
mdgomareoba” (Paul).

$1. sisxlis samarTlis principebi

im mravalricxovani samarTlebrivi saSualebebidan, romlebic mowodebuli arian

ganamtkicon sazogadoebrivi Tanacxovreba, gamoiyofa iseTebi, romlebsac
generaluri (zogadsavaldebulo) mniSvneloba da JReradoba gaaCniaT, romlebic
kerZo samarTlis normebis Sinaarssa da tonalobas koordinireben, sasamarTlo
praqtikas akeTilSobileben, samarTlebriv ideologias asaxaven. am samarTlebrivi
reglamentebis saxelwodebaa – samarTlis principi, romelic kerZo moTxovnebs
ganamtkicebda. samarTlis principebis roli da mniSvneloba SeiZleba erTi fraziT
CamovayaliboT: samarTlis principi aris ideasa da sinamdviles Soris arsebuli
kompromisi.

1.kanonierebis principi
kanoniereba – zogadsamarTlebrivi idealia, romelic, yovelgvar gamonaklisebs,
mTlianad uaryofda. Zv. romaelebma STamomavlobas erTgvarovani samarTlebrivi
maqsimebi dautoves saxelmZRvanelod: fiat iustitia, pereat mundus (marTlmsajuleba unda
aRsruldes, mTeli samyaroc rom daiRupos) da dura lex, sed lex (kanoni mkacria, magram
es kanonia). kanonierebis sayovelTao principis damkvidrebam, TviTnebobis, analogiiT
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis, usamarTlo da dausabuTebeli gadawyvetilebis
aRmofxvras, Seuwyo xeli. romaelebma Tavidan aiciles kanonierebis reJimis darRveva
da, kanonis mkacr da mSral erTgvarovnebas, mianiWes upiratesoba individualuri
midgomebis mimarT, rac, momdevno Taobebis iuristebisaTvis, Tavisebur
gafrTxilebad, mowodebad iqca.

2. moqalaqeTa kanonis winaSe Tanasworobis principi – aris iseTive mudmivi idea,

rogorc mudmivia TviT buneba. adamianebma didi xania daijeres da ganuxrel
WeSmaritebad miiRes, garSemo myofTa, an individualizmi, an mTeli samyaros
uferuli erTgvarovneba.

Ulp. (D. 50, 17, 32) ambobda: . . . quod adius naturale affinet, omnes homines aequales sunt (. . .bunebiTi

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samarTlis mixedviT, yvela adamiani Tanasworia). Tumca, samarTali (da
gansakuTrebiT sisxlis samarTali) politikur doqtrinebs eqvemdebareba, cvlis
memkvidreobis sakiTxebis reglamentacias, da cdilobs, qonebriv sanqciebsa da
Tavisuflebis CamorTmevas Soris, moZebnos alternativa.

zogadad, qonebrivi urTierTobebis mowesrigebis sferom, kastobrivi kuTvnilebis

arseboba, yvelaze metad ganicada. pirvelebma aRniSnuli viTareba swored romaelma
iuristebma SeniSnes. maTi azriT, erTi mxriv, kanoni yvelasaTvis erTi piriT
saubrobda (lex uno ore omnes alloquitur) da Tanasworoba samarTlianobis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani Tvisebaa (prima pars aequitatis aequalitas), magram, meore mxriv, pirvelive
kritikuli viTarebis arsebobam, romaeli iuristebi daaeWva da maT gamoTqves aseTi
mosazreba: quinon habet in crimena luat in corpore, ne quis peccetur impune (is, visac safuleSi
groSi ar udevs, unda daeqvemdebaros sxeulebriv sasjels, radgan kanonis damrRvevi
dausjeli ar darCes).

amrigad, ufro zusti iqneba, aRniSnuli principi, Camoyalibdes Semdegi cnebiT:

yvela piri kanonisa da sasamarTlos winaSe aris Tanaswori, yovelgvari faqtobrivi
garemoebebis arsebobis miuxedavad, asakisa da Seracxadobis, anu im Semadgenlobis
niSnebis garda, romlebic danaSaulis subieqtisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.
sisxlissamarTlebrivi regulirebis sferoSi, swored danaSaulis Semadgenloba,
adamianTa iuridiuli Tanasworobis uzrunvelyofis yvelaze saimedo da gamocdili
instrumenti iyo. amrigad, danaSaulebriv qmedebebSi braldebuli pirebi
gaTanabrebuli da standartizebuli arian.

3. braleulobis principi Zvel romaul definiciaSi daaxloebiT ase JRerda: ubi culpa
est, ibi poena subesse debet (sadac bralia, iqve sasjelic unda iyos). bralis principis
arseboba ganpirobebuli iyo sami faqtoriT: a) brali humanuri iaraRi iyo, zianis
momtani qmedebis Camdeni, nebismieri avtoris, dasjis winaaRmdeg, maT Soris iseTi
pirebis dasjis winaaRmdeg, vinc sazogadoebrivi zneobiT ar iyo gamarTlebuli; b)
brali – samarTlebrivi miznebis miRwevis aucilebeli pirobaa, rac mxolod
xelisuflebasa da damnaSaves Soris gaazrebuli dialogis arsebobis SemTxvevaSia
SesaZlebeli (ganzraxuli Canafiqrisa da nebelobiTi ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb, am
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT, samarTliani dasjis Sesaxeb, gamosworebisa da valis
gadaxdis Sesaxeb da sxva); g) brali _ pasuxismgeblobis individualizaciis
damatebiTi kriteriumia. braleulobis moTxovna, xelisuflebis mier, mimarTuli
mxolod bralis kondiciuri matareblebisadmi, romelTa qveS igulisxmeba garkveuli
asakis miRweva (romelic usafrTxo sazogadoebriv moqmedebas uzrunvelyofs) da
biologiuri maCveneblebi (fsiqikuri janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, adekvasturad
aRiqvas sazogadoebrivi cxovreba, unaris mqone nebismieri fizikuri piri).

amrigad, asaki da Seracxadoba bralisa da sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis

mTavari winapirobaa. brali – danaSaulis Semadgenlobis suvbieqturi mxaris niSania,
romelic, nebismieri sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze, mtkicebis sagans warmoadgenda da
axlac warmoadgens. mravali saukunis ganmavlobaSi braleulobis principi
dakavSirebuli iyo faqtebis swor asaxvasTan, qmedebis sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis
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(saSiSroebis) gagebasTan. marTlwinaaRmdegobisa da danaSaulis akrZalvis Segnebas
ar aqvs iuridiuli mniSvneloba. Ignorantia legis neminem excusat (kanonis arcodna aravis
epatieba) – romaelebma es principi gaiTavises ZvelTaganve. romis xelisufalni,
romis senatisa an magistratebis iuridiulad mniSvnelovan da zogadsavaldebulo
aqtebs, sayovelTao gacnobisaTvis forumis moedanze gamofendnen xolme, tabulae
publicae saxiT, an damatebiT gaaxmovanebdnen kidec

4. samarTlianobis principi, uZveles zogadsakacobrio idealsa da imeds

gamoxatavda.

rogorc nebismieri moraluri moTxovna, samarTlianoba gansxvavdeba Sinaarsobrivi

moqnilobiT. TiToeuli epoqa da TiToeuli sazogadoebrivi wyoba samarTlianobis
sakuTari gagebis mimarT, garkveul imedebs gamoxatavda. Zveli romaelebma maleve
gaacnobieres, rom yvelasaTvis misaRebi kanoni saerTod ar arsebobs da amitom
saWiroa gansakuTrebuli koeficientebis SemuSaveba. romaelebma aqcenti aequitas-ze
(samarTlianoba) gadaitanes, romelic, maTi azriT, mkacri kanonierebis erTaderTi da
mudmivi oponentia. maTi SexedulebiT, mxolod aequitas iyo zesamarTlebrivi
imperativi, gadamrCeni instrumenti, romelic sisxlis samarTals adamianebisaTvis
misaRebad aqcevda. romaelebma zneobrivi iuridiuli Cixidan erTaderT gamosavlad
perpetuae lex miiCnevdnen. swored aman ganapiroba romaelTa RvTaebrivi aRtkineba
samarTlianobis mimarT: ius respicit aequitatem (samarTali angariSs uwevs
samarTlianobis mosazrebebs); lex respicit aequitatem (kanoni pativiscemiT ekideba
samarTlianobis moTxovnebs), an lex aequitate gaudet (samarTali samarTlianobiT tkbeba).
Zveli romis iuristTa zneobrivi monapovrebis ZiriTadi kalapoti kanonis
samarTlianobaze gaSuqeba iyo, riTac maT daamtkices, rom moraluri kriteriumi
miwierze ufro maRalia da amitom xelisuflebis miswrafebani arasrulyofilia.

iuristebi kanonmdeblobisagan zomierebas moiTxovdnen (tantum habent de lege, quantum

habent de iustitia (kanonisaTvis mniSvnelovani is aris, rac samarTlianobis
TvalsazrisiT aris mniSvnelovani), aqve iyo pretorebis mimarT mowodeba, rom maT
kanonis kerZo wesebSi gamoeZebnaT samarTlis suliskveTeba zogadad (aequitas naturalis
preferenda est rigori iuris – bunebrivi samarTlianoba ufro sasurvelia, vidre kanonis
simkacre); iudex aequitatem semper spectare debet (mosamarTlem samarTlianoba mudam
mxedvelobaSi unda iqonios). romis samarTalSi samarTlianobis principis kerZo
axsna-ganmartebad Semdegi daTqma iTvleboda: nemo bis punitur pro eodem delieto, nemo debet
bis puniri uno delicto (arvin ASeiZleba orjer daisajos erTi da imave danaSaulisaTvis).

5. piradi pasuxismgeblobis principi Cadenili qmedebisaTvis, nel-nela,

xelisuflebis ganmtkicebisa da centralizaciis zrdasa da mis xelSi sadamsjelo
funqciebis gadasvlasTan erTad, sisxlis aRebis Cveulebis, cxovelebis dasjis,
sisxlis samarTlis Temur-koleqtiuri pasuxismgeblobisagan uaris Tqmis
paralelurad, ikafavda gzas. Zvel romaelebTan aRniSnuli principi mouwodebda
danaSaulis Sedegebi memkvidreebze ar gavrcelebuliyo (in heredes non solent transire
actiones quae poenales ex maleficio sunt (sadamsjelo xasiaTis sarCelebi, romlebic

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danaSaulis Cadenis faqtidan warmoiSveba, ar gadadis memkvidreobiT). aseve
erTmniSvnelovania kidev erTi anonimuri sentencia _ nemo punitur pro alieno delicto
(aravin daisjeba sxvisi danaSaulisaTvis).

Ulp.D.16,3,1,18 azriT, samarTaldarRvevisa da zianis miyenebisaTvis pasuxs agebda

piradad samarTaldamrRvevi (et delicta et noxae caput seguuntur). Tumca, Zv. romaulma
ideologiurma da samarTlebrivma konstruqciebma am principidan gamonaklisic
dauSves: kerZod, Ulp. (D.48,4,11) Tvlida: Crimen extinguiturrimen mortalitate, nisi forte quis
maiestatis reus fuit (danaSauli daifareba damnaSavis sikvdiliT, Tumca erTi
gamonaklisiT: Tu saxelmwifo Ralats ar hqonda adgili. amrigad, saxelmwifos
moRalate naTesavis gardacvalebis SemTxvevaSi pasuxs misi memkvidre agebda da is
sasjelisaTvis unda gamzadebuliyo. amave seriidan SeiZleba gamovyoT normebi
sxvisi braleulobis gamo pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb: mepatronis pasuxismgebloba
mosamsaxuris samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (iniuria servi dominum pertingit), anu adamianis
pasuxismgebloba monisa an Svilis samarTaldarRvevisaTvis (ob alterius culpam tenetur,
sive servi, sive liberi).

6. dasjadobis gardauvalobis principi

sasjelis gardauvalobis principi romaelebma bunebriv samarTlianobad miiCnies,

radgan, maTi azriT, es principi mniSvnelovan prevenciul saSualebad, TiTqmis
aqsiomad, miiCneoda.

upirveles yovlisa, es moTxovna damnaSavis antisazogadoebriv gamoxtomaze

reagirebis amocanas daukavSirda: neque impunita maleficia esse oporteat (danaSauli
dausjeli ar unda darCes) – Iul. (D.9,2,51,2). gansakuTrebiT miesalmebodnen im azrs,
rom danaSaulsa da sasjels Soris uryevi kavSiri arsebobda da samagieros mizRvis
gardauvalobas win veraferi daudgeboda.

Ulp. (D.4,5,2,3) Tvlida, rom aravin SeiZleba gaTavisufldes pasuxismgeblobisagan

Cadenili samarTaldarvevis gamo (nemo delictis exuitur). sisxlissamarTlebrivi
qmedebisaTvis sasjelis gardauvalobis principi, yvelaze xSirad axali danaSaulis
Cadenisagan, Tavis aridebis zrunviT an danaSaulisagan Tavdacvis aucileblobiT
iyo ganpirobebuli.

romaelebi saubrobdnen saxelmwifo interesebis (interest reipublicae ne maleficia remaneant

impunita – saxelmwifos interesebSia, rom damnaSaveni dausjeli ar darCnen) Sesaxeb;
imis Sesaxeb, rom dausjeloba mudam waaxalisebda damnaSaveT (impunitas cotinuum affectum
tribuit delinquendi), rom dausjeloba mudmivad acdunebs pirs danaSaulis Cadenisaken
(spes impunitas continuum Affectum tribuit delinquendi).

$2. danaSauli romis samarTalSi

danaSauli (Tanamedrove gagebiT), rogorc sisxlis samarTlis cneba da instituti,

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romaul iurisprudenciaSi ver Camoyalibda. savaraudod, maTze gavlena moaxdina,
mkacrad Teoriuli xasiaTis da mSrali, sworad Camoyalibebuli definiciebis
mimarT, romaelTa sayovelTao siZulvilma. winaswar Semowmebuli Tvisebebis
gaTvaliswinebiT _ romaelebi upirtesobas brZanebebis zust da mokle formulebs,
qcevis receptebs aniWebdnen. Zv. romma ukve icoda marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisa da
gadacdomis (commissum), samarTaldarRvevisa (delictum) da sakuTriv danaSaulis
(crimen) diferencireba.

danaSauli, Tavis mxriv, iyofoda sxvadasxva saxeebad: 1. saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg

mimarTuli danaSauli – vis publica an de maestate; 2. Zaladobrivi danaSauli – devi; 3.
sakuTrebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSauli _ raptus; 4. Tanamdebobrivi danaSauli –
ambitus da sxva.

aRniSnuli epoqis danaSaulis kerZo saxeebi Semdegnairad iyofoda: a) peculatos

(saxelmwifo sakuTrebis dataceba, gaflangva); b) plagium (Tavisufali adamianis,
marTlsawinaaRmdegod, monad gayidva); g) repetundae (romis mokavSireebis qonebis
mitaceba); d) veneficia (SxamiT mowamvla); e) sicaria (daqiravebuli mkvleloba –
angarebiT mkvleloba); v) homicidium (ganzrax mkvleloba); z) perduellio (saxelmwifos
Ralati); T) furtum (qurdoba); i) calumnia (ciliswameba); k) falsum (crumowmeoba); l)
captio an fraus (TaRliToba); m) convicium (Seuracxyofa); n) verbaratio (cema, gvema) da sxva.

romaelma iuristebma, pirobiTad, savaraudod, aRiares marTlwinaaRmdegoba

danaSaulis aucilebel niSnad: Ulp. (D. 50, 16, 131 pr) Tvlida, rom poena sine fraude esse non
potest (dauSvebelia sasjelis arseboba danaSaulis gareSe).

romaelebma gansazRvres danaSaulis kategorizaciis Canasaxebic: 1. minora crimina _

naklebad mniSvnelovani danaSauli; 2. maT mier ganisazRvra danaSaulebrivi aqtis
dasrulebis momentis dadgenis aucilebloba (flagrans crimen).

$3. brali

danaSauli warmoadgens garkveul fsiqofiziologiur erTobliobas, anu brali aris

azrebsa da qmedebas, sulsa da sxeuls, ganzraxvasa da Sedegs Soris arsebuli
uwyveti kavSiri. piris Sinagani sulieri samyaros is mciredi nawili, romelic
danaSaulebriv aqts uSualod asaxavda da xsnida da bunebrivad iwvevda
kanonmdeblisa da iuristis interesebs, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqtur mxared
iwodeboda. aRniSnuli cneba cnobili iyo romaeli iuristebisaTvis, romlebic mas
mens rea (sulieri saqme) uwodebdnen. Tanamedrove mecniereba mens rea-Si gamohyofs
mizansa (avtorisaTvis sasurveli Secodebis Sedegi) da motivs (Segnebuli an
gauazrebeli Sinagani aRtkineba), Tumca, danaSaulis Semadgenlobis subieqturi
mxaris mTavar komponents mainc brali warmoadgens. bralis gareSe miyenebuli
zarali sisxlissamarTlebrivi wesiT ar idevneba da isjeba. Zvelma laTinebma
imTaviTve moaxdines danaSaulis klasificireba SemTxveviT, ganzrax da emociebze

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damyarebul qmedebad: Modestinus (D.48,19,11,2) azriT, delinquitur aut proposito aut impetu aut casu
(adamianebi samarTals ganzrax, grZnobebis mowoliT an SemTxveviT arRveven).
nebismieri samarTaldamrRvevi fsiqiurad individualuria, xolo nebismieri
danaSauli, agreTve, samyaros individualuri fsiqologiuri asaxvis sferos
warmoadgens da amavdroulad, danaSaulSi TviT samarTaldamrRvevis pirovnebaa
gamoxatuli.

danaSaulis subieqturi mxarisa da bralis Sesaxeb codnas Zveli romaelebi

sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis diferencirebisaTvis iyenebdnen. maT mier
moZiebul iqna danaSaulebrivi fsiqologiis axal-axali gamyofi xazebi, ris Sedegad
damkvidrda mtkiceba, rom danaSaulis sxvadasxva saxe erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba
ganzraxviT da miznebiT (violuntas et propositum distinguunt maleficia). agreTve moxda
Tanamedrove iuridiuli suliskveTebisaTvis nacnobi cnebebis – Tanabari brali (par
delictum), winaswar Secnobili ganzraxva (malitia praecogitata) kultivireba. swored
aqedan gamomdinareobs miTiTeba uxeS gauazreblobisa da zianis ganzraxi miyenebis
(lata culpa dolo aequiparatur - uxeSi daudevroba ganzraxvas uTanabrdeba an magna culpa
dolus est – uxeSi gaufrTxelebeli ganzraxvis Tanabaria.

amrigad, imdroindel sisxlissamarTlebriv konstruqciebSi ukve iyo ganzraxvis,

gaufrTxileblobisa da daudevrobis adgili. damnaSavis inteleqtualur-nebelobiTi
Zalisxmeva da SesaZleblobani, sisxlis samarTlis sferoSi, mxedvelobaSi ori
mimarTulebiT miiReboda: Cadenili qmedebisadmi (moqmedeba an umoqmedoba) fsikuri
damokidebulebiT da am Cadenili qmedebis SedegebiT. Tumca, Zvel romaul
sakanonmdeblo teqstebsa da traqtatebSi ar iyo pirdapiri miTiTeba bralis ori
formis – ganzraxvisa da gaufrTxileblobis Sesaxeb, magram ukve arsebobda
miTiTeba imis Sesaxeb, rom alkoholi did gavlenas axdenda danaSaulis Cadenaze,
kerZod: qui peccaf ebrius, luat sobrius (vinc Caidenda danaSauls simTvraleSi, daisjeboda
maSin, roca fxizeli iyo). Zvelromaulma samarTalmcodneobam swrafad gaiazra, rom
erTmaneTisagan unda gaemijnaT SemTxveva da Secdoma. Ulp. azriT: a) cassus a nullo praestatur
(SemTxvevis (dauZleveli Zalis) gamo pasuxs aravis agebs) (D. 50, 17, 23); b) fortuitos
casus nullum humanum consilium providere potest (araviTar adamianur windaxedulobas
SeuZlia SemTxvevisagan dacva (D. 4, 4, 11, 5).

Secdomas ki error uwodebdnen. Secdoma sxvadasxvagvari SeiZleba yofiliyo, kerZod:

romaelebi iuridiul da faqtobriv Secdomebs ganasxvavebdnen. gansxvavebis arsi ki
metad sworxazovani iyo: ignorantia facfi excusaf, ignorantia iuris (haund) non excusaf (nrminem
excusaf) (faqtis arcodna sapatioa, xolo samarTlis arcodna (araviTar SemTxvevaSi)
(aravis) epatieba). aRniSnulis Taobaze mniSvnelovania Paul. mosazreba: regula esf iuris
quidem ignorantia cuique nocere, facti vero ignorantium non nocere (samarTlis arcodna yvelesaTvis
sazianoa, faqtis arcodna ar aris saziano) (D.22,6,9pr).

a)Seracxaoba

brali samarTaldamrRvevis jansaRi fsiqikis moqmedebas gulisxmobs: Tu piri

fsiqiurad daavadebulia (WkuasustobiT an gonebaClungobiT) gamoiricxeba sisxlis
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samarTlis pasuxismgebloba da piri mxolod oZulebiT samedicino mkurnalobas
daeqvemdebareba, Sesabamis samkurnalo dawesebulebaSi. romaelma iuristebma,
sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis da samedicino daxmarebis mizniT,
samarTalSefardebiT brunvaSi SemoiRes Seuracxaobis cneba, romelic dRemde
gamoiyeneba Tanamedrove samarTalSi.

sakuTriv iuridiuli wesebi metad sworxazovania: Modestinus azriT, sufficit furore ipso
furiosum puniri (uWkuo sakmarisad dasjilia uWkuobiT. D. 48, 9, 9, 2), anu fsiqiurad
avadmyofi pirebis mier Cadenili eqscesebis gamo, sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobis Sefardeba SeuZlebeli iyo. Tanac, im periodSi metnaklebad
mowesrigebuli fsiqiatriuli klinikebis arseboba warmoudgeneli iyo, ris gamoc,
suliT avadmyofi piri bolomde “Tavisufali” iyo da iZulebiTi xasiaTis
samedicino RonisZiebas ar eqvemdebareboda. romis samarTalSi arc sakanonmdeblo
wesiT gadawyvetili Seuracxaobis definicia arsebobda, romelic Rirseul
samedicino da biologiur safuZvels daefuZneboda. amis gamo Seuracxadi da suliT
avadmyofi pirebis gansxvaveba martivi wesiT xdeboda: fortus praesumitur qui in proprio
nomine errat (Seuracxadia is, vinc Secdomebs sakuTar saxelSi akeTebda).

b)danaSaulis obieqturi mxare

subieqturi Seracxvis, bralis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, Secdomisa da Seuracxaobis didi

mniSvnelobis miuxedavad, Zveli romaelebisaTvis danaSaulis advilad damamtkicebel
mowmeobas mainc misi garegani, obieqturi niSnebi (maxasiaTeblebi) warmoadgenda,
romlebic ufro Zlier argumentad iTvleboda, vidre sityvebi (facta sunt potentiora
verbis).

romaeli iuristebi Tvlidnen, rom mxolod azrebis gamo piris dasja SeuZlebeli
iyo, rom ganzraxva ar iyo dasjadi (cogitationis poenam nemo patitur – Ulp. D. 48, 19, 18). am
droidan moyolebuli, qmedeba da misi Sedegebi, romlebic mniSvnelovani garegani
koordinatebis garemocvaSia (danaSaulis Cadenis adgili, dro, xerxi, garemoeba,
iaraRi, saSualeba da sxva) moqceuli, danaSaulis im energetikul birTvs
warmoadgenen, romelic danaSaulis Semadgeblobis obieqturi mxaris saxelwodebiT
aris cnobili. Zalzed primitiulad iyo gadawyvetili danaSaulis damTavrebis
sakiTxi. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa gaiusis mosazrebani qurdobis damTavrebasTan
dakavSirebiT: manifestum furtum quidam id esse dixerunt, quod dum fit deprehenditur. Alii vero ulterius,
quod eo loco deprehenditur ubi fit. . . Alii . . . donec perferret eo, quo perferre fur destinasset. Alii . . .
quandoque eam rem fur tenens visus fuerit (zogierTebis azriT, qmedebba mTavrdeba, Tu
damnaSave danaSaulis Cadenis dros iqneba waswrebuli; sxvebi Tvlian. . . . Tu is
waswrebulia danaSaulis adgilze; mesameni . . . vidre qurdi ar waiRebs nivTs iq,
sadac Caifiqra, da, bolos, sxvebi Tvlian. . . roca qurds nivTiT xelSi xedaven (Gai.,
3, 84).

Zvelromauli epoqis sakanonmdeblo Zeglebi ukve danaSaulebrivi qmedebis pasiur

formas icnobdnen da mis gamo, Sesabamis, pasuxismgeblobas awesebdnen.
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umoqmedobisaTvis braldeba upiratesad mxedrebs (brZolis velidan gaqceva) da
monebs (sikvdiliT isjebodnen, Tu batonis saxlSi batonis winaaRmdeg Tavdasxmas ar
aRkveTdnen) waeyenebodaT. Tumca, arsebobda arapirdapiri (iribi) monacemebi imis
sasargeblod, rom, aqtiuri moqmedebidan Tavis arideba, yvelasaTvis danaSaulebrivi
saqmianobis erT-erT formad miiCneoda. Paul. mowmobda Semdegi prezumfciis Sesaxeb:
nullum crimen patitur is, qui non prohibet cum prohibere (non) potest danaSauls ar sCadis is, vinc
ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, risTvisac ar SeeZlo winaaRmdegobis gaweva ( (D. 50, 17, 109)).
amrigad, romaelebma aiTvises, umoqmedobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis pirveli safexuri
(“arafriskeTeba” mxolod maSin yo dasjadi, Tu pirs aqtiuri umoqmedebis
samarTlebrivi movaleoba ekisreboda).

g) danaSaulis Cadenis stadiebi

romaelma iuristebma ar icodnen, Tanamedrove gagebiT, danaSaulis momzadebis cneba,

maT ver SeZles damTavrebuli danaSaulis, rogorc damoukidebeli stadiis,
gamoyofa da ver hyofdnen danaSaulis Secadebas calkeul nairsaxeobad (rogorc
Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSia). damTavrebul xelyofas upirispirdeboda
mxolod Secadeba (mcdeloba), romelsac romaelebma yvelaze meti sentencia
miuZRvnes. maTi nawili sadReisod CvenTvis miuRebeli da sazianoc ki aris, kerZod:
in lege Cornelia dolus pro facto accipitur (korneliusis kanonis Tanaxmad (adamianis
mkvlelobis), mcdeloba mkvlelobas uTanabrdeba (Paul. D. 48, 8, 7); In atrocioribus delictis
punitur affectus licet non sequitur effectus (ufro mZime danaSaulis mcdeloba mainc dasjadia,
Tundac Sedegi ar yofiliyo damdgari).

d) danaSaulSi Tanamonawileoba
romaulma warCinebulma sazogadoebam Zalzed adre gaacnobiera danaSaulis
jgufuri formebis mometebuli safrTxe, arsebuli wesrigisadmi korporaciuli
winaaRmdegobis gansakuTrebuli saSiSroeba (mezobel tomebTan permanentuli
brZola, plebs politikuri bunti, monaTa gaxSirebuli ajanyebebi, provinciebSi
arsebuli mRelvareba).

yovelive zemoTqmulma, danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis Sesaxeb, moZRvrebis aqtiur

ganxilvas, Seuwyo xeli. danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis problema, kanonmdeblobaSi,
dacviT reaqciad iqca.

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTli, danaSaulSi TanamonawileobisaTvis

pasuxismgeblobas, Semdegi qmedebebisaTvis adgens: uSedego wamqezeblobisaTvis; amave
dros, Tanamedrove sisxlissamarTlebrivi kanonmdebloba, gansakuTrebulad ixilavs
danaSaulSi Tanamonawileobis iseT problemebs, rogoricaa: eqcesis
individualizirebuli statusi: organizatoris, wamqezeblis, damxmaris mier
danaSaulebriv qmedebaze nebayoflobiT uaris Tqma; rolebis gancalkaveba;
TiToeuli Tanamonawiles mimarT, sasjels Semamsubuqebeli da damamZimebeli
garemoebebis gamoyeneba da sxva.

aRniSnul sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi, romaelebi sakmaod sworxazovnad iqceodnen: maT

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dainaxes, rom jgufuri xelyofis dros, Sedegis dadgoma, saboloo jamSi,
amsruleblis finalur Zalisxmevaze iyo damokidebuli da swored amsrulebels
miiCneven jgufuri danaSaulis mTavar RerZad, mTavar damnaSaved: ubi non esf princiupalis,
non potest esse accessorius (sadac ar aris mTavari braleuli (amsrulebeli), iq arc
Tanamonawileobaa), an accessorius (Tanamonawileoba) sequitur nafuram sut principalis
(Tanamonawileoba Tansdevs mTavar braleuls) anu dauSvebelia Tanamonawilis
braldeba ufro mZime danaSaulis CadenaSi, vidre mTavari braleulis
danaSaulebrivi qmedeba.

Tanamonawileoba jer kidev ar iyo daCrdiluli Semxeblobis institutiT.

samagierod, ukve moxda, jgufurad Cadenili danaSaulis, qmedebis drois mixedviT,
iuridiuli SezRudva: nullus dicitur felo principalis nisi actor, aut qui praesens est, abettans auf auxilians
actorem ad feloniam faciendam - mTavar damnaSaves aravis uwodeben, amsruleblis, an im
piris garda, romelic danaSaulis Cadenis adgilas imyofeboda da danaSaulis
Cadenisaken aqezebda, an amaSi mas exmareboda).

rogorc Cans, imis miuxedavad, rom Tanamonawileobis subieqturi safuZvlebisadmi

ukve arsebobda sayovelTao ltolva, danaSaulis an damnaSavis dafarva
arasrulyofilad iyo Camoyalibebuli; saubari exeba mxolod damxmares codnas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu rogori iyo amsruleblis Zalisxmeva, Tumca, araferia naTqvami,
damxmaresa da amsrulebels Soris arsebul, urTierTSeTanxmebaze.

apeninebze Camoyalibebul sisxlis samarTalSi garkveuli warmatebebic gvxvdeba:

gamoyofilia da gamoiyeneba danaSaulSi Tanamonawilis cneba (particeps criminis);
fareTod gavrcelda debuleba, romelsac dRes, zianis SualobiT miyenebas,
vuwodebT (qui per alium facit per seipsum facere videtur - is, vinc moqmedebs sxvisi meSveobiT,
TviTon uSualod moqmedebis Camdenad iTvleba).

pozitiuri movlena TviT TanamonawileTa klasificireba iyo, ama Tu im figuris.

SedarebiTi mniSvnelobis gansazRvriT. gansakuTrebuli sasjeli swored wamqezebels
ekisreboda: is yovelTvis ufro braleuli iyo, vidre amsrulebeli (plus peccaf autor
quam actor), kerZod: ulpianes azriT, “persuadere plus est quam compelli atque cogi sibi parere
(waaqeze – ufro boroti ganzraxviTia, vidre morCilebisadmi iZuleba (D. 11, 3, 1, 3)).

e) danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi, aRniSnuli moqmedebani, romlebsac
danaSaulebrivi qmedebis gamomricxavi garemoebani ewodeba, subieqtebis mier
eqstremalur viTarebaSi xorcieldeba: 1.zianis miyenebis viTareba maT mier ar
igegmeboda; 2. am garemoebas iZulebiTi xasiaTi hqonda da pirs ar SeeZlo, drois
ukmarisobis gamo, sakuTari sapasuxo moqmedebebis gaazreba, an sasargeblo rCevebis
miReba; 3. Tu aRniSnuli pirobebis garda sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo aqciebsac
eqneba adgili (iZulebis qveS, zianis miyenebis SemTxvevis garda), aseTi adamianebis
mimarT, xelisuflebis mxridan, SebralebiTi damokidebulebis aucileblobaze
SeiZleba visaubroT.

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rasakvirvelia, yovelive zemoaRniSnuli, jer ver iqneboda romaul sazogadoebaSi
damkvidrebuli, vinaidan aRniSnuli moTxovnebi Tanamedrove sazogadoebis
monapovaria. Tumca, zianis marTlzomieri miyenebis garemoebebi, mainc iqna
aRiarebuli da nel-nela gavrcelda romaelTa sazogadoebaSi. maT SesZles
erTmaneTisagan gaemijnaT actus Dei, vis maior, vis divina (RvTiuri saqmeebi) da socialuri
fors-maJoris garemoeba, romelsac aucileblobis cneba mieniWa.

aucilebloba cvlis kanons da mis gauTavebel sirTuleebs dascinis (neccessitas vincit

legem; legum vincula irredef; aucilebloba amarTlebs imas, risi gakeTeba iZulebis wesiT
moxda (quod necessitas cogit, defendit); aucilebloba kanonierad aqcevs imas, rac sxva
pirobebSi dauSvebeli iqneboda (quod alias non fuit lecitum necessitas licitum facit) da arc ki
cnobs sazogadoebis kanonebs (necessitas non habet legem).

a) Zveli romis socialuri fors-maJorTa jgufis saTaveSi aucilebeli mogerieba

idga. Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlis msgavsad, romis samarTalSi ganxiluli,
aucilebeli mogeriebis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis, yvelaze mniSvnelovani aspeqti: 1)
marTlzomierebis pirobebi; 2) eqscesi; 3) provokacia; 4) dro da mxareTa
SesaZleblobani . . . es gasagebicaa, vinaidan Tavdacvis ufleba, (gansacdelSi
Cavardnili TanameTemisaTvis gadaudebeli daxmarebis aRmoCeniT); adamianTa
Tanacxovrebis aucilebel elements warmoadgenda da xelisuflebac iZulebuli iyo
mas Segueboda. Tanac, aRniSnuli sazogadoebrivi movaleoba, ganmtkicebuli iyo
zneobriobiT da saxelmwifomac dauSva sakuTari uflebebis nawilobrivi daTmoba
rigiTi wevris sasargeblod, raTa uzrunvelyo borotmoqmedebis aRkveTa.

1. aucilebeli mogerieba bunebriv da keTil saqmed gamocxadda: quod cunque aliquis ob

tutelam corporis sui fecerit iure id fecisse videtur (yovelive is, rasac adamiani sakuTari Tavis
dasacavad sCadis, kanonierad iTvleba). aucilebeli mogeriebis dros dasaSvebad
miiCneva nebismieri Sedegi, maT Soris Tavdamsxmelis mokvla (homicidium se defendendo);

2. TavdamsxmelTa Setakeba garkveuli pirobebiT izRudeba. Zaladoba Semxvedr

Zaladobas unda Seesabamebodes (vim vi repellere lecef) (Cassius et Ulp. D. 43, 16, 1, 27). xolo
Tavdamsxmelis daWra SesaZlebelia Tavdacvis dros da ara SurisZiebis gamo (illum qui
vim infert, ferire conceditur, si tuendi dumtaxat, non etiam ulciscendi causa factum sit. Paul. D. 2, 45, 4)
aRniSnuli sentencia unda imgvarad aixsnas, rom TavdacviTi RonisZiebebis
marTlzomiereba, droebliv CarCoebze damokidebulia (mogeriebis dros) da
dauSvebelia misi gamarTleba, Tavdasxmis aRkveTis interesebis garda (da ara
SurisZiebiT).

3. imviria non excusat iniuriam (zianis miyeneba yovelTvis rodi amarTlebs (sapasuxo)
zianis miyenebas); 4) dauSvebelia Zaladobis SeniRbva samarTlis safarqveS – est autem
vis legem simulans. aseve akrZalulia Tavdasxmis provocireba. Paul Tvlida, rom ne cui
dolus suus, per occasionem iuris civilis, contra naturalem aequitatem prosit (boroti ganzraxva,
samarTlis sababiT, aravisaTvis sargeblis momtani unda iyos, bunebrivi
samarTlianobis sawinaaRmdegod).

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b) damnaSavis dakavebisa da saTanado organoebSi gamwesebis RonisZiebani,
danaSaulebriobasTan brZolis yvelaze bunebrivi da absoluturad aucilebeli
fragmenti iyo nebismier qveyanaSi. danaSaulSi eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakavebis
dros maT SesaZloa, zianic miayenon. amave gziT ganviTarda danaSaulSi
eWvmitanilTa iZulebiTi dakaveba romis sisxlis samarTalSi. am mxriv niSandoblivia
Semdegi sentencia: furem, si aliter capi non posset, occidere permittunt – (nebadarTulia qurdis
adgilze mokvla, Tu sxvagvarad SeuZlebelia misi dakaveba).
g) adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebi, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis
gavleniT.

gamamarTlebeli mniSvneloba, iZulebiTi moqmedebis motiviT, SeiZleba mieniWos

adamianisaTvis zianis miyenebis SemTxvevebs, fizikuri an fsiqikuri iZulebis
gavleniT. Tanamedrove kanonmdeblobiT, Zaladoba unda iyos gardauvali
(dauZleveli), riTac, msxverplad qceuli, piri kargavs SemoqmedebiTi moqmedebis
SesaZleblobas da mas sakuTari nebis (contra voluntas) sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebas
aiZuleben. ueWvelia, rom, am mxriv, upiratesoba fizikur iZulebas eniWeba, romelic
adamianis organizmTan uSualo kontaqtiT xorcieldeba cemis, gvemis, gakoWvis an
sxva xerxebis meSveobiT.

fizikuri Zaladobis gamoyenebiT pirs erTmeva moqmedebis SesaZlebloba: mas aRar

SeuZlia TviTdaWris, gagudvis imitaciis, TviTmkvlelobis ganxorcieleba. romaeli
iuristebi nakleb mniSvnelobas fsiqiur Zaladobas, an Zaladobis muqaras aniWebdnen.
am SemTxvevaSi, kanonmdebloba nebis paralizebis gansakuTrebul mtkicebulebebs
moiTxovda, vinaidan dausabuTebeli SiSi, gamamarTlebeli ver iqneba – vani timoris iusta
excusatio non est (Cel. D. 50, 17, 184). mxolod maSin SeiZleba visaubroT zianis miyenebis
gamarTlebaze, roca, garegnuli iZulebiTi zemoqmedeba, sakmarisad Zlieri iyo: actus
me invito factus, non est meus actus (moqmedeba, romelic Cemi nebis sawinaaRmdegoa, ar aris
Cemi moqmedeba).

$4. sasjeli

1.sasjelis cneba da misi miznebi

romaeli iuristebis aqsiologiuri (samarTlebrivi faseulobebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba)

Ziebani penalogiis (sasjelis Sesaxeb moZRvreba) sferoSi, maTi warmodgenebi
saxelmwifos sadamsjelo saqmianobis Sesaxeb, sakmaod misaRebi aRmoCnda
Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTlisaTvis – maT gansazRvres sasjelis gamoyenebis
prevenciuli da aRmzrdelobiTi miznebi. swored amgvarad moqmedebdnen imdroindeli
mosamarTleebi. maT urCevdnen mudam scodnodaT, rom causa in praeterium, poena in furtum
confertur (danaSaulis mizezi warsuls ekuTvnis, xolo sasjeli samomavlod iniSneba.
Ulp.35,1,12). swored amitom miaCndaT maT usargeblod represiuli RonisZiebebis mibma,
ukve Cadenili danaSaulis garemoebebsa da Sedegebisadmi; momavlisken xedva
pasuxismgeblobis Sefardebas niSnavda sazogadoebrivi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

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Poena extenditur quandoque ratione rei publicae (zogjer sasjelis gamkacreba saxelmwifos
interesebis Sesabamisad xdeba). romaeli iuristebi sasjelis prevenciuli
daniSnulebas calsaxad aRiarebdnen. im dros gavrcelebuli iyo sentencia: nemo
prudens punit ut praeterita revocentur, sed ut furtura praeveniantur (brZeni adamiani sjis ara
imisaTvis, rom gaabaTilos Cadenili moqmedeba, aramed Tavidan aicilos samomavlod).
mkacri sasjeli naklebad efeqturi aRmoCnda danaSaulebrivi saqmianobis
Sesakaveblad, vidre darwmuneba imaSi, rom nebismieri borotmoqmedenba, gardauvalad,
dasjadi iqneba.

amis gamo, maT SeimuSaves recepti: cum non remitti poenam facebe publice intersit, ne ad maleficia
temere quisquam prositiat (dausjeli ar darCes danaSauli – sazogadoebis interesebSia,
raTa aravin ganizraxos danaSaulis Cadena. C. 9,47,14).

Tanamedrove sisxlis samarTalSi sasjeli damnaSavis mier Cadenili arasasurveli

moqmedebis Sedegebis gamo, damdgari iZulebiTi RonisZiebaa.
sasjelis ganusxvisebel Tvisebas damnaSavisaTvis tanjvis miyeneba, garkveuli
uflebis CamorTmeva an SezRudva warmoadgenda. aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gareSe,
sasjeli sakuTar daniSnulebas dakargavda da mxolod samagieros mizRvad, an
profilaqtikur RonisZiebad aRiqmeboda. sisxlis samarTlis sasjeli, rogorc
iZulebiTi RonisZieba, damnaSave pirs fizikur da zneobriv-fsiqologiur tanjvas
obieqturad uwesebda. Tumca, ciceronis azriT, prevenciuli da pedagogiuri
Zalisxmevis Sejerebisas, swored aRmzrdelobiT RonisZiebebs unda mieniWos
upiratesoba. manve gamoTqva cnobili aforizmi: SiSi movaleobis aramyari
maswavlebelia.
2. sasjelis daniSvna. danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis problema

romauli kanonmdeblobiT ganisazRvra, rom danaSaulis CadenisaTvis saboloo

Sedegi sasamarTlo darbazSi sabraldebo ganaCenis formiT, dgindeba. sasjelis
saxeobisa da zomis SerCeva braldebis mxaris, TviT sasamarTlos da damcvelTa
saqmianobis Sedegia.
Zveli romis kanonmdebloba jer ver axdenda sisxlis samarTlis masalis
diferencirebas zogad da kerZo nawilebad da praqtikosi iuristebi aequitas moZiebas,
kerZo deliqtebis doneze axorcielebdnen. mosamarTlis Tvalwin yovelTvis
samarTlianoba unda mdgariyo (iudex aequitatem prae oculis semper habere debet).
samarTlianoba xSir SemTxvevaSi sasjelis individualizaciasTan iyo gaigivebuli:
bonus iudex varie ex personis causisque constituet (kargi mosamarTle gadawyvetilebas
sxvadasxvagvarad iRebs, saqmis garemoebaTa da masSi monawile pirTa
gaTvaliswinebiT Celsus. D. 6, 1, 38).

XII dafis kanonebi, sxva sakanonmdeblo ZeglebTan erTad, lex talionis

batonobasTan myarad asocirdeba. `Tvali Tvalis wil~ (membrum pro “membro”) _
primitiuli debuleba _ sayovelTaod moqmedebda, Tumca mxolod kvirituli
samarTlis (ius Quaritum) periodSi.

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ganmtkicebuli saxelmwifo xelisufleba (jer konsulebisa, xolo Semdeg –
keisarTa), romelzec mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdendnen mzardi ekonomikuri brunva,
migraciuli talRebi da danaSaulis mravalferovneba, iZulebuli iyo gaerTulebina
iZulebiTi wesebi, da maTSi sazogadoebrivi da saxelmwifo interesebi Caeqsova. es
wesebi, TviT danaSaulis kerZo garemoebebisa da misi monawileTa qmedebisagan,
Zalzed Sors idga.

instiqtebsa da saritualo RonisZiebebze damyarebuli iZulebiTi RonisZiebebi

(praecipitium – tarpeusis kldidan damnaSavis gadagdeba da pedis abscissio – qveda
kidurebis mokveTa) TandaTanobiT gamoidevna qonebrivi sanqciebiTa da damnaSavis
dapatimrebiT.

romis samarTalSi SenarCunebul iqna, Tanamedrove samarTlisaTvis, erTi uCveulo

Canaweri, sisxlis samarTlis arsis gagebis Sesaxeb. klasikuri Sexeduleba,
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis am sferos sasjelTan aigivebda; xolo samarTalSi
Camoyalibebuli axali azri sisxlis samarTlis meore institutis – danaSaulis
mimarT, yuradRebis gamaxvilebas moiTxovda. sityva-sityviT es Semdegnairad JRerda:
lex pure poenalis obligat tantum ad poenam, non item ad culpam; lex poenalis mixta et ad culpam obligat et ad
poenam (wminda sisxlis samarTali ZiriTadad sasjels da ara danaSauls ucqeris;
Sereuli sisxlis samarTali ucqeris rogorc danaSauls, ise sasjels). mTavari aq
is aris, rom, e. w. `Sereuli sisxlis samarTlis” gareSe, samarTliani sasjelis
problema gadauWreli darCeba. Culpae poena par esto (dae, sasjeli Cadenil danaSauls
Seesabamebodes) danaSauli sadamsjelo RonisZiebebis gatarebas unda Seesabamebodes,
kerZod: pro mensura cuiusque delicti constituendum est (sasjeli nebismieri
samarTaldarRvevisaTvis Tanazomieri unda iyos. Divus Pius et Calligula D. 48,10,31); VIII
dafiT dadgenilia sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis sakanonmdeblo
diferencireba, danaSaulis saxis Sesabamisad (jarima zeda kidurebis motexvisaTvis,
talioni – asoTmiRebisaTvis, sikvdiliT dasja – ciliswamebisaTvis), an misi
gansakuTrebuli Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebiT (kvalificiuri Semadgenloba) –
sikvdiliT dasja sxvisi qonebisaTvis cecxlis ganzrax wakidebisaTvis da mxolod
zianis martivi anazRaureba, cecxliT gaufrTxileblad zianis miyenebis SemTxvevaSi.

Tavisuflad SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom romaelma iuristebma, terminologiur doneze,

ar icodnen danaSaulis simravlis Sesaxeb. cxovrebiseulma gamocdilebam maT
ukarnaxa danaSaulebrivi qmedebis diferencirebis aucilebloba, pasuxismgeblobis
niSnis mixedviT. praqtikulma saqmianobam SeiZina ramdenime rCeva – sentencia:
multiplicita transgressione crescat poenal inflictio (samarTaldarRvevaTa gamravlebis SemTxvevaSi,
unda gaizardos sasjelis gamoyeneba). mxolod is unda ganesazRvraT, Tu rogor
SeiZleboda danaSaulze reagireba, danaSaulis simravlis SemTxvevebSi – STanTqmiT,
SekrebiT, marTla gamravlebiT (pirdapiri gagebiT). Cvenamde moRweuli maqsima
adasturebs, rom naklebad mkacri sasjelis ufro mkacri sasjeliT STanTqmis wesi,
romaelebma uaryves upirobod. Ulp. amtkicebda, rom numquam plura delicta concurrentia faciunt,
ut ullius impunitas detur (ramdenime paralelurad Cadenili samarTaldarRveva ar iwvevs
imas, rom erT-erTi maTgani darCes dausjeli. D.47,1,2pr). aRniSnuli moTxovna

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mxolod STanTqmis principze uaris Tqmis SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneboda. dResdReobiT
Paul erTi sentencia did davas iwvevs: nunquam crescit ex post facto praeteriti delicti aestimatio
(momdevno samarTaldarRveva ar amkacrebs sasjels uwindeli samarTaldarRvevis
gamo D.50,17,138,1). Tumca, es mxolod erTi SexedviT. momdevno xelyofa,
rasakvurvelia, ver imoqmedebda pirveli danaSaulis gamo Sefardebul
pasuxismgeblobis zomaze. Tumca, saboloo sasjelis zoma ufro mkacri iqneboda,
vidre TiToeuli xelyofa cal-calke aRebuli – sasjelis Sekrebis principis
meSveobiT.

da bolos, danaSaulisa da sasjelis Tanafardobis sakiTxi. romaelebi, am sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT, xelmZRvanelobdnen martivi, Tumca sakamaTo wesiT: ex frequenti delicto
aeqetur poena (sajeli mkacrdeba aRniSnuli saxiT danaSaulis sixSiris (gavrcelebis)
gamo).

3. sasjelidan gaTavisuflebis wesi, Sewyaleba

romis sisxlis samarTalSi moqmedebda mkacri moTxovnebi sasjelis gamoyenebasTan

dakavSirebiT. dauSvebeli iyo raime saxis sisuste marTlmsajulebis mxridan,
zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan gadaxveva da damnaSavis mimarT gamotanili sasjelis
aRsrulebaze, gavlenis moxdena: actus perfectus nullo casu superveniente tollitur (damTavrebuli
samarTlebrivi qmedeba ar uqmdeba raime Semdgomi movleniT), anu postkriminaluri
movlenebi, dazaralebulisaTvis fulis dabruneba) (liberata pecunia non liberat offerentum
(fulis dabruneba dambrunebels ar aTavisuflebs sisxlis samarTlis
pasuxismgeblobidan), mxareTa momrigebluri SeTanxmeba – non valet si convenerit, ne dolus
praestetur (dauSvebelia raime SeTanxmebam aRmofxvras pasuxismgebloba boroti
ganzraxvisaTvis - Ulp. D. 50, 17, 23), vinaidan sajaro samarTali ver gauqmdeba calkeul
pirTa SeTanxmebis Sedegad (ius publicum privatorum pactis mutari non potest). mxolod
gaupatiurebis danaSaulis SemadgenlobisaTvis dadginda gamonaklisi, Tumca
pasuxismgeblobidan gaTavisuflebis safasuri Zalzed maRali iyo –
dazaralebulTan qorwinebis aucilebloba, vinaidan matrimonium subsequens tollit peccatum
praecedens (damdgari qorwineba STanTqavs manamde Cadenil danaSauls).

Sewyaleba, rogorc zogadsavaldebulo wesebidan individualuri gadaxveva da

uzenaesi xelisuflebis atributi, didi xnis win dadginda da dRemde mniSvnelovan
instituts warmoadgens.

romaeli iuistebi Sewyalebis instituts Zalzed mikerZoebulad ekidebodnen da am

institutisadmi frTxil damokidebulebas sakmaod damajereblad asabuTebdnen.
kerZod:

a) Fortior est custodia legis quam hominis – (kanoniT miniWebuli dacva ufro myaria, vidre
adamianis mier miniWebuli); b) aequior est dispositio legis quam hominis (kanoni ufro
samarTlianad wyvets, vidre adamiani); g) venia facilitas incentivum est delinquendi (Sewyalebis
gaadvileba aris danaSaulis waqezeba).
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4. arasrulwlovanTa sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgeblobis Taviseburebani

romis samarTalma gansakuTrebuli saxelmwifoebrivi zrunva gamoiCina romauli

sazogadoebis arasrulwlovani wevrebis mimarT. samarTalSemfardeblebis mimarT
gacemuli Cvenamde moRweuli rCevebis, dadgenili wesebisa da sentenciebis didi
nawili Semdegs qadagebda: succurritur minori; facilis est lapsus inventutis (axalgazrda kacisadmi
Semwynareblebi unda viyoT; axalgazrdoba advilad cdeba) an in omnibus poenalis iudiciis,
et aetati et imprudentiae succurritur (yvela sisxlis samarTlis saqmeze gadawyvetilebis
miRebisas, mxedvelobaSi miiReba axalgazrduli asaki). garda imisa, rom
axalgazrdobis mimarT Semwynarebloba aucilebel moTxovnas warmoadgenda, romis
samarTalma akrZala arasrulwlovanTa mdgomareobis gauareseba srulwlovan
pirebTan SedarebiT (meliorem conditionem suam facere potest minor, deteriorem
nequaquam (arasrulwlovanma SeiZleba gaiumjobesos sakuTari mdgomareoba, Tumca
yovlad dauSvebelia misi mdgomareobis gauareseba); da bolos Paul TanamoZmeebs,
sisxlis samarTlis aspeqtSi, kidev erTi rCeva misca: Fere in omnibus poenalibus iudiciis et
aetasti et imprudentiae succurritur (TiTqmis yvela sisxlis samarTlis procesSi,
braleulobis Semamsubuqebel garemoebas, axalgazrduli asaki da piris
gamoucdeloba warmoadgens. Paul. D. 50, 17, 108).

ra Tqma unda, oficialur sisxlissamarTlebriv kanonmdeblobaSi, an pretorul

samarTalsa da imdroindel sentenciebSi ar saubrobdnen axalgazrda da
zrdasruli damnaSaveebis cal-calke moTavsebis Sesaxeb, xandazmulobisa da
nasamarTleobis vadebis Semcirebis, sasjelis calkeuli saxeebis gamoyenebisa da
arasrulwlovanTaTvis aRmzrdelobiTi xasiaTis iZulebiTi zomebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb, vinaidan es sakiTxebi mxolod momdevno epoqebis monapovari iyo. Tumca,
zogadad humanizmis ideebi arasrulwlovan damnaSaveTa dasjis problemas namdvilad
Seexo. romis samarTlis monapovari iyo axalgazrdis gardamavali fsiqologiuri
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswineba.

romis samarTalSi arsebobda zogadi wesi, rom am periodSi arasrulwlovans

pasuxismgebloba ar ekisreboda, anu minor non tenetur respondere durante (aetas legitima) zRvari
25 wlis asakze modioda, anu samarTlis yvela minori actati (arasrulwlovani
pasuxismgeblad ar iTvleba sakuTari arasrulwlovanebis ganmavlobaSi).

Tu Tanamedrove gagebiT, zrdasrulobis asaki 16 wlamde grZeldeba, xolo CI

mixedviT, srulwlovanebis dargis samarTalsubieqtobisaTvis, sisxlis samarTlis
garda, dadgenili iyo 25 weli; sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismgebloba ki 14 wlis
asakidan dgeboda. amavdroulad, kanonmdeblobiT ganmtkicda mcirewlovnebis asaki
(aetas infantiae proxima – aTwlinaxevris asakamde), romlis mimarT yovlad dauSvebeli
iyo sisxlis samarTlis sasjelis gamoyeneba. da bolos, sqesobrivi simwifis
dadgomamde asakobrivi jgufis pirebisaTvis (aetas pubertati proxima – aTwlinaxevridan 14
wlis asakamde) sasamartlo uSvebda sasjelis Sefardebas mxolod im SemTxvevaSi,
Tu miiCnevda arasrulwlovans sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobaunarian pirad
(dolicapax – asakobrivad unariani Cadenili qmedebisaTvis agos pasuxi.

275
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1. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes digestebi. wigni pirveli. laTinuridan

Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtorma, profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, meridiani, 2000.
2. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes digestebi. wigni ocdamesame. laTinuridan
Targmna, winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtorma, profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, nekeri, 2001.
3. romis samarTlis Zeglebi. iustinianes instituciebi. laTinuridan Targmna,
winasityvaoba, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma,
profesorma n. surgulaZem. Tbilisi, meridiani, 2002.
4. iustinienes digestebi. wigni ormocdameaTe. frangulidan Targmnes m.xoferiam da
d. labuCiZem.
5. monteskie S. l., kanonTa goni, frangulidan Targmna da saZieblebi daurTo d.
labuCiZem, Tbilisi, 1994.
6. plutarqe, rCeuli Txzulebeli, berZnulidan Targmna, Sesavali werili da
ganmartebebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem, Tbilisi, 1975.
7. gariSvili m., personaliebi romis samarTalSi, Tbilisi, 2005.
8. dernburgi h., pandeqtebi, zogadi nawili, germaulidan Targmna al.
andronikaSvilma, tfilisi, 1928.
9. pereterski i., saxelmwifosa da samarTlis zogadi istoria, nawili I, nakveTi II,
Zveli romi, rusulidan iTargmna da gamoica 1947w.
10. xoferia m., `pirovnebis samarTlebrivi statusi Zvel romSi~, Jurn. `samarTali~
#4_5, 2000w. gv.110-115.
11. xoferia m., `romis samarTalSi mziTevis gankargvis wesi qorwinebis periodSi~,
Jurn. `samarTali~ #9_10, 2002w. gv.124-126.
12. xoferia m., `mziTevis bedi qorwinebis Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi~, Jurn. `samarTali~
#4_5 2003w. gv.158-159.
13. Гай. Институции /Пер. с латинского Ф. Дыдынского, под. ред. В.А. Савельева, Л.Л. Кофанова.
– MМосква, Юристъ, 1997.
14. Гай Светоний Транквилл, Жизнь двенадцати Цезарей, Пер. с латинского, предисловие и
примечания М.Л. Гаспарова, MМосква, Правда, 1988.
15. Дигесты Юстиниана, MМосква, Статут, 2002-2004.
16. Памятники римского права, Институции Юстиниана, перев. Д. Расснера,MMМосква, Зерцало,
1998.
17. Плутарх, Избранные жизнеописания, в двух томах, Т I,Т II, MМосква, Правда, 1987,
18. Хрестоматия по истории древнего мира, Рим, /под.ред. акад. В.В. Струве, Т.III, ЗАКОНЫ XII
ТАБЛИЦ, ст.21-33, MМосква, гос.учебно-педаг.изд.МБ СССР, 1953.
19. Барон Ю., Система римского гражданского права, Санкт-Петербург, Юридический центр Пресс,
2005.
20. Бартошек М., Римское право. Понятия, термины, определения. MМосква, Юридическая
литература, 1989.
21. Брокгауз Ф., Ефрон И., Энциклопедический словарь, Современная версия, MМосква, Эксмо,
2006.
22. Гарсиа Гарридо М. Х., Римское частное право: Казусы, иски, институты, Перевод с
испанского. Ответ. ред. прoф. Л.Л. Кофанов, MМосква, Статут, 2005.
23. Дернбург Г., Пандекты. Т.III, Санкт-Петербург, 1911.
24. Дождев Д.В., Римское частное право, Учебник для ВУЗов, MМосква, Норма, 2004.
25. Зомм Р., Институции римскаго правa, MМосква, 1888.

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26. Зомм Р., Институции. История и система римскаго гражданскаго правa, MМосква, 1916.
27. Нейхардт А. А., Легенды и сказания Древней Греции и Древнего Рима, MМосква, Правда,
1987.
28. Латинские юридические изречения, Сост. Е.И. Темнов. MМосква, Юрист, 1996,
29. Пасек Л., Пособие к лекциям по истории римского право, Юрьев, 1907.
30. Пухан И., Поленак-Акимовская М., Римское право, MМосква, Зерцало,1999.
31. Римские Древности, Под. ред. И.В. Алферовой, Смоленск, Русич, 2001.
32. Римское частное право, Учебник (под. ред. проф. И.Б.Новицкого и проф. И.С. Перетерского),
MМосква, Июриспруденция, 2002.
33. Хвостов В., История римского права, MМосква, 1919.
34. Хвостов В., Женщина и человеческое достоинство, MМосква, 1914.
35. Gaudemet J., Droit privй romain, Paris, Montcherstien, 2000.
36. Gide P., Йtude sur la condition privйe de la femme dans le droit ancient, Du caractиre de la dot en droit
romain, Paris, 1885.

teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi

Gai., I. _ gaiusis instituciebi

D _ iustinianes digestebi

SC _ senatuskonsulta

Ulp., _ ulpiane

sarCevi

Tavi I. romis samarTlis istoriuli safuZvlebi gv.

$1. civiluri samarTali ius civile gv.

$2. pretoruli samarTali ius praetorium gv.

$3. xalxis samarTali ius gentium gv.

$4. bunebiTi samarTali ius naturale gv.

Tavi II. romis samarTlis wyaroebi gv.

I. arqauli periodis ZiriTadi Taviseburebani (qr.S.-mde 753-367 ww.) gv.

$1. CveulebiTi samarTali gv.

$2. kanoni (leges) da plebiscitebi (plebiscita) gv.

a) kanoni _ leges gv.

277
 b) plebiscitebi _ plebiscita gv.

$3. sarCeli, rogorc samarTlis wyaro gv.

$4. iuristebis moRvaweoba, rogorc samarTlis wyaro gv.

$5. romaeli samarTalmcodneTa saqmianoba _ iurisprudencia gv.

$6. samarTlis sxva wyaroebi gv.

a) Iudicatum _ sasamarTlo prcedenti gv.

b) Senatusconsultum _ senatuskonsulta gv.

g) Edicta magistratuum _ magistratebis ediqtebi gv.

d) Constitutiones principum _ imperatorebis konstituciebi gv.

II. winaklasikuri periodi (qr.S-mde 367-17 ww.) gv.

III. klasikuri periodi qr.S-mde 17 w. _ qr.S-is 235 w. gv.

IV. postklasikuri periodi (IV-V ss.) gv.

V. iustinianes periodi (527-565 ww.) gv.

VI. romis samarTali da misi rececia evropaSi gv.

$1. glosatorTa saqmianoba. gv.

$2. kanonistebi. gv.

$3. `VII muxli~ gv.

VII. saerTo samarTali da moqmedi romauli samarTali gv.

$1. komentatorebi _ consiliatores gv.

$2. humanistebi gv.

$3. bunebiTi samarTlis Teoria. gv.

$4. samarTlis istoriuli skola (germanuli). gv.

$5. XIX saukunis pandeqtistebi. gv.

VIII. romauli iurisprudencia da moqmedi iuridiuli sistemebi gv.

$6. samoqalaqo kodeqsebi gv.

$7. inglisuri samarTali gv.

Tavi III. romis sajaro-samarTlebrivi institutebis ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi

278
 da Taviseburebani gv.

$1. Civitas Casxva: Rex-is xana gv.

a) Rex gv.

b) senati. gv.

g) xalxi da saxalxo krebebi gv.

$2. patriciul-plebeuri civitas da respublika gv.

a) magistratura gv.

b) senati gv.

g)saxalxo krebebi gv.

$3. msoflio imperia qr.S-is I-V ss.

a) principati gv.

b) dominati gv.

Tavi IV. sasamarTlo organizacia da procesi Zvel romSi gv.

$1. sasamarTlo Zvel romSi gv.

$2. procesis cneba da saxeebi gv.

$3. Legisactiones gv.

$4. Per formulas a) in iure; b) apud iuidicem gv.

$5. procesualuri wamomadgenloba gv.

$6. Indefensio dacvaze uaris Tqma gv.

$7. Litis contestatio _ dacvis sagnis dadgena gv.

$8. sarCelebis konkurencia gv.

$9. Iudicatum sasamarTlo gadawyvetileba gv.

$10. interdiqtuli warmoeba gv.

a) interdiqtis saxeebi gv.

b) restituciis safuZvlebi gv.

$11. saaRsrulebo warmeba gv.

$12. Extra ordinem cognitio eqstraordinaluri procesi gv.

279
 $13. postklasikuri procesi gv.

Tavi V. pirTa statusi romis samarTalSi gv.

$1. monebi (servi) gv.

$2. Liberti _ gaazatebulebi gv.

$3. Peregrini _ ucxoelebi gv.

$4. Persona alieni iuris sxvis xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi gv.

$5. Capitis deminutio - uflebaunarianobis damcroba gv.

$6. Persona _ piri gv.

$7. Colonus _ koloni gv.

$8. Universitates _ iuridiuli pirebi gv.

$9. warmomadgenloba gv.

Tavi VI. romis saojaxo samarTali gv.

$1. romauli ojaxi da naTesaoba gv.

$2. niSnoba da qorwineba gv.

$3. Dos (mziTevi) gv.

$4. Adoptio (Svileba) gv.

$5. qorwinebis Sewyveta romis samarTlis mixedviT gv.

$6. Paterfamilias (ojaxis ufrosi) gv.

$7. Tutela et cura (mzrunveloba da meurveoba) gv.

Tavi VII. romis memkvidreobiTi samarTali gv.

$1. kanoniT memkvidreoba ab intestato gv.

$2. anderZiT memkvidreoba successio testamentaria gv.

Tavi VIII. romis sanivTo samarTali gv.

I. qoneba gv.

II. nivTebi gv.

a) sxeulebrivi da arasxeulebrivi nivTebi gv.

b) moZravi da uZravi nivTebi gv.

280
 g) Res mancipi da res nec mancipi gv.

d) gayofadi da gauyofadi nivTebi gv.

e) gamoyenebadi da gamouyenebli nivTebi gv.

v) gvarovnuli da individiualuri niSniT gv.

z) martivi da rTuli nivTebi gv.

T) ZiriTadi da damatebiTi nivTebi gv.

i) sakuTvnebeli gv.

k) nayofi gv.

l) brunvidan amoRebuli nivTebi gv.

III. sakuTreba gv.

$1. sakuTrebis ufleba gv.

$2. TanasakuTreba gv.

$3. sakuTrebis uflebis saxeebi gv.

a) kvirituli sakuTreba gv.

b) peregrinebis sakuTreba gv.

g) provinciuli sakuTreba gv.

d) bonitaruli anu pretonuli sakuTreba gv.

e) sakuTreba iustinianes samarTalSi gv.

$4. sakuTrebis uflebis SeZena xelSekrulebiT gv.

a) Mancipacio gv.

b) In iure cessio gv.

g) Traditio gv.

d) specifikacia gv.

$5. Usucapio _ SeZena xandazmulobiT gv.

IV. mflobeloba gv.

V. servitutebi gv.

$1. servitutebis cneba gv.

281
 $2. servitutebis warmoSoba gv.

$3. servitutis saxeebi gv.

$4. sasoflo (miwis) servitutebi gv.

$5. sasoflo servitutebis saxeebi gv.

$6. piradi servitutebi gv.

1. Usufructus uzufruqti gv.

$7. servitutis Sewyveta gv.

$8. servitutebis dacva gv.

$9. dacvis sxva saSualebebi gv.

VI. superficiumi da emfiTevzisi gv.

$1. superficiumi gv.

$2. emfiTevzisi gv.

$3. emfiTevtas movaleobebi gv.

$4. emfievzisis warmoSoba gv.

$5. emfiTevzisis gadatana gv.

$6. emfiTevzisis Sewyveta gv.

Tavi IX. Zveli romis valdebulebiTi samarTali

$1. valdebulebis cneba gv.

$2. valdebulebis klasifikacia gv.

$3. valdebulebis Sinaarsi gv.

$4. valdebulebis wyari gv.

a) verbis gv.

1) Stipulatio et sponsio gv.

2) novacia gv.

3) rwmuneba anu piradi uzrunvelyofa gv.

4) Fideiussio gv.

5) intercessio gv.

282
 b) Litteris gv.

g) Re gv.

d) Consensu gv.

e) kvazi kontraqtebi gv.

v) deliqtebi gv.

T) kvazi deliqtebi gv.

Tavi X. Zveli romis sisxlis samarTali

1. zogadi moZRvreba Zv. romis sisxlis samarTalze

$1. Zv. romis sisxlis samarTlis principebi gv.

$2. danaSaulis cneba, saxeebi, stadiebi Zv. romis sisxlis samarTalSi gv.

$3. bralis cneba da formebi gv.

$4. sasjelis cneba da saxeebi gv.

bibliografia gv.

teqstSi gamoyenebuli Semoklebebi gv.

sarCevi gv.

283