EFFECTS OF DURATION AND AFTERSHOCKS ON INELASTIC DESIGN EARTHQUAKES by Stephen A, Mabini sumasaRY Some basic problens in defining deaign earthquakes for structures that can be allowed to yield during severe, long duration ground shaking are ex- amined, Results of inelastic dynamic analyses of systens with different mechanical characteristics are presented for ensenbles of synthetic acceler ograns with durations ranging up to 60 sec., for recorded aftershock se- quences and for other comonly used records. It is shown that duration effects must be considered in certain cases to linit lateral displacements and energy dissipation denands. “INTRODUCTION Field surveys following recent major earthquakes indicate thet after- shocks can substantially increase structural danage and that it ie not un- usual for this accumulation of damage to lead to collapse during aftershocks. Danage may also accumulate during severe, long duration ground motions asso~ ciated with a great earthquake as well ab during several severe earthquake Sequences which may occur during the service life of a structure. Since cunslative damage fron such seisnic events may exceed that predicted using records comonly enployed in seismic response analyses, nore stringent de~ eign criteria may be necessitated vhere long duration notions can occur. As part of an overall evaluation of current seisnic-resistant design methods [1,2] analytical studies have been performed to assess the effect of duration of shaking and sone results for single degree-of-freedon (SDOF) systens are reported herein. RESPONSE OF INELASTIC SDOF SYSTENS Several analytical studies indicate that the maximum’ displacenent éuc~ tility, u, does mot substantially increase with increasing duration of ground shaking, e.g. [3]. However, cycles of reversed inelastic deformations may result in large energy dissipation denands in such cases. To study this possibility, it ie convenient to define an equivalent energy dissipa- tion ductility factor, Wig, equal to the maximum displacement ductility of a monotonically loaded elasto-perfectly plastic (EPP) systen that dissipates the same hysteretic energy as the actual systen. As indicated in Fig. 1, EPP SDOF systens, designed according to [4] and subjected to 10 standard accelerograns, develop values of ily significantly larger on average than can be inferred fton js alone [1]. ‘A nunber of other studies indicate that displacenents can significantly ancrease with duration of shaking, e.g. (2,5], resulting in an incremental~ type failure (Fig. 2). Following an initial seismic excitation a structure may retain a persanent deflection. For systens considered in Fig. 1, pema- nent deformations averaged more than 40% of the maxisum displacenents [1]. As discussed in Ref. 2, repetition of severe, long duration acceleration pulses and deformation softening tendencies of the aysten (representative Thsststant Prof. of Civil Engineering, Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA. er?of PA effects or strength deterioration) may preferentially orient further inelastic deformations in the direction of the initial offset. For example, PAA effects reduce the effective stiffness of a SDOF system by an anount equal to its weight divided by its effective height. Because of this reduc~ tion (expressed herein as a fraction of the initial stiffness), the yield strength of the system will decrease for loads in the direction of the off- set (Fig. 2) and will correspondingly increase for loads in the opposite Girection. The sensitivity of inelastic response to post-yield stiffne: can be seen in the nondinensional maximum displacement ductility spectra shown in Fig. 3 for the derived Pacoina Dam base rock (DPD) recoré. In this figure, paraneter 7 equals the systen's yield resistance divided by the product of its mass and the peak ground acceleration. While moderate mounts of deformation hardening have minor effects, moderate deformation softening results in significant increases in ductility denands in all but the most flexible systems. For example, according to Pig. 3, deformation softening systens with strengths corresponding to an n vaiue of 0.5 and an initial period less than 0.8 would collapse (while EPP systems would not). EFFECT OF LONG DURATION GROUND MOTIONS To assess the effect of long duration ground motions, average ductility spectra were constructed based on the response of bilinear hysteretic SDOF systens to five, 60 sec. long, synthetic accelerograms. These records vere generated to be representative of severe ground motions recorded at moderate epicentral distances on fire ground [6]. Displacement Ductilities, Average dieplacenent ductility spectra for sys~ tens with n equal to 0.2 are plotted at 10 sec. intervals in Fig. 4. Aver- age ductility denands generally decrease vith increasing period for systens with constant strength. The maximum displacement ductility denands of EPP systens tend to increase only slightly in the last half of the records, and the greatest increase occurs within the first 10 sec. (Figs. 4 and 5(a)). ‘This trend is maintained for all n values (Fig. 5 (b)).. Defornation soften- ing substantially increases ductility denands in general (Fig. 4). Tae in- crease is usuaily small during the initial portion of the exeltation, but becones larger as tine progresses. This 1s particularly true for systens in which p values exceed 4-6, Small anounts of deformation softening have catastrophic effects on weak structures with low initial periods. Coeffi- elents of variation for j! are generally such larger for softening aystens. Energy Dissipation Denands. Although us values for EPP SDOF systens tend to Fenain constant with tine, lig tends to increase with continued shaking (Figs. 4 and 5). Thus, the duration of potential ground shaking must be carefully considered in the design of systens with linited energy dissipa- tion capacities EFFECT OF AFTERSHOCK SEQUENCES To assess the effect of the accumulation of damages due to successive ground motions, a nunber of earthquake aftershock sequences have been in- vestigated. For example, the 1972 Managua earthquake main shock was fol— lowed by two large aftershocks, Cunslative ductility spectra for the east couponent of the Esso Refinery records are presented in Fig. 6. Depending 878on the initial period and strength, the main shock (351 gal) would have fn duced significant inelastic deformations in EPP SLOF aystens, The first aftershock (120 gal) had relatively litele effect. However, inelastic de~ formations during the second aftershock (277 gal) predominantly occurred in the same direction as in the main shock, more than doubling U for many systens (especially those with relatively low n values). Energy diesips— tion demands vere sintlarly increased. As shovn in Fig. 7, small anounte of deformation softening again have a significantly adverse effect on dic tility deaands. ‘coNcLustoNs Duration of severe ground shaking can have 2 significant effect on in- elastic deformational and energy dissipation denands. This is especially true of relatively weak, short period structures which may be expected to develop significant inelastic deforations. Particular attention must be devoted to determination of the total duration of shaking 1f a structure nay exhibit deformation softening or has a limited capacity to dissipate energy. Additional research 1s needed to devise reliable design methods for Such systens and to assess the effect of duration on stiffness and strenth degrading systens. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. ‘The financial support of the NS¥ is gratefully acknowledged. The ‘numerical computations were performed by M. Williams and A. Ziegier. [REFERENCES 1, Mabin, 8. and Bertero, V., "An Bvaluation of Inelastic Seismic Design Spectra,” submitted to J. of the Str. Div., ASCE. 2 Bertero, V., "Establishment of Design Earthquakes," Proceedings, Int. Symp. of Barthquake Struct. Engineering, St. Louis, 1976. 3, Murtkant, M. and Penzien J., "Noolinear Response Spectra for Probabilie~ tle Seienie Design of R/C Structures," Proceedings, 6NCEE, New Delhi, 1977. 4, Newark, N, and Hall, W., "Procedures and Criteria for Earthquake Resis~ tant Design,” Building Science Series 45, NBS, Washington, D.C., 1973. 5. Sun, C., Berg, CG. and Hanson, R., "Gravity Effect on a Single-Degree In~ elastic Seyten," J. of Eng. Mech: Div., ASCE, Vol. 99, No. BA, 1973. 6. Rulz, P. and Penzien, J., "Stochastic Seismic Response of Structures," J. of Bag. Mechanics Div., ASCE, No. 97, Vol. EZ, 1971. 670(sa) soanoas yo0Hs = 4 4 NO (hi) siDoNSuRIaV AVINLATY OSSE 40 LOMMAT 9 “OTA 680 SMEOORA OLLAMINAS $ WOI “HAV—-VIORas (HOTS) auooNA aad! NO ONINALIOS