Answers

Chapter 7

Activity 7.1 (pg. 222 – 224)

A. Reaction between zinc, Zn and sulphuric acid, H2SO4
Discussion:
1. Effervescence/ Gas bubbles are formed. The volume of the gas formed can be measured.
2. Hydrogen gas.
3. Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)
4. Effervescence stopped. No gas bubbles are formed.

B. Reaction between nitric acid, HNO3 and marble chips, CaCO3

Discussion:
1. Reduction in the mass of marble, CaCO3 (the weighing scale reading decreases).
2. Loss of carbon dioxide gas produced.
CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
3. Effervescence stopped/ No gas bubbles are formed / No change in mass.

C. Reaction between potassium iodide solution, KI and lead(II) nitrate solution, Pb(NO3)2
Discussion:
1. Yellow precipitate
2. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

Activity 7.3 (pg. 229)

1.
50

40
Volume of gas (cm3)

30

20

10

0 Time (minute)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(22 – 0) cm3
2. (a) = 22 cm3 min–1
(1 – 0) min
(48 – 45) cm3
(b) = 3 cm3 min–1
(5 – 4) min
50 cm3
(c) = 8.33 cm3 min–1
6 min
3. (a) 10.62 cm3 min–1
(b) 4.17 cm3 min–1

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Test Yourself 7.1 (pg. 229)
1. Rate of reaction is the change in the quantity of a reactant per unit time or the change in the quantity of
product per unit time.
2. (a) Slow (b) Fast (c) Slow (d) Fast
3. (a) The increase in the volume of carbon dioxide gas, CO2 produced or the reduction in the mass of
calcium carbonate, CaCO3.
(b) Formation of sulphur precipitate, S.
(c) Reduction in gas pressure.
(d) Reduction in the electrical conductivity or change in pH value of the neutralization reaction.
50 cm3
4. (a) P: = 0.83 cm3 s–1
60 s
50 cm3
Q: = 0.53 cm3 s–1
95 s
50 cm3
R: = 2.50 cm3 s–1
20 s
(b) R, P, Q. The higher the rate of reaction, the more reactive the metal.

Experiment 7.2 (pg. 232 – 233)

Discussion:
1. Formation of an insoluble solid in water.
2. Sulphur
3. • The total volume of the solution is maintained.
• The height of the solution in the conical flask is maintained (use the same conical flask).
• Use a white paper with the same ‘X’ mark.
4. The time taken for a fixed mass of sulphur to be formed.

Experiment 7.3 (pg. 234)

Discussion:
1. S2O32–(aq) + 2H+(aq) → S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
2. Yes. Thiosulphate ions, S2O32– react with hydrogen ions, H+ present in all acid solutions.

Experiment 7.4 (pg. 235)

Discussion:
1. The release of oxygen gas can rekindle a glowing wooden splinter.
The time for oxygen gas to rekindle a glowing wooden splinter.
2. The faster the glowing wooden splinter is rekindled, the higher the rate of reaction.

Activity 7.4 (pg. 238)

1. First method:
The experiment is carried out using 1.0 g marble powder, CaCO3 and 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl at room temperature.
Manipulated variable : Size of marble chips, CaCO3
Responding variable : Rate of reaction
Fixed variable : Mass of marble chips, CaCO3, volume and concentration of hydrochloric
acid, HCl
Second method:
The experiment is carried out using 1.0 g marble powder, CaCO3 and 50 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm–3
hydrochloric acid, HCl at 50 °C.
Manipulated variable : Temperature of reaction
Responding variable : Rate of reaction
Fixed variable : Mass of marble chips, CaCO3, volume and concentration of hydrochloric acid, HCl

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2. (a) 2H2O2(aq) → 2H2O(l) + O2(g)
(b) Problem statement: What substance is the most effective catalyst for the decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide, H2O2?
Hypothesis: The most effective catalyst will decompose hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 in the
shortest time
Variables:
Manipulated variable : Type of catalyst
Responding variable : Rate of reaction
Fixed variable : Mass of catalyst, volume and concentration of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2
and temperature
Measuring
cylinder

Delivery tube

Oxygen
gas, O2
Conical flask

Hydrogen Basin
peroxide, H2O2
Water
Catalyst

Procedure:
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram.
2. Put 0.1 g manganese(IV) oxide powder, MnO2 into 50 cm3 10-volume hydrogen peroxide
solution, H2O2.
3. Start the stop watch immediately.
4. Record the volume of gas collected in the measuring cylinder every 10 seconds.
5. Repeat steps 1 to 4 using copper(II) oxide, CuO and iron, Fe.
(c) Manganese(IV) oxide powder, MnO2 because the time taken for the reaction to complete is the
shortest, that is 40 seconds.

Test Yourself 7.2 (pg. 239)

1. (a) Concentration of reactant solution, size of reactants, temperature and presence of catalyst.
(b) (i) Use powdered zinc to replace zinc granules
Manipulated variable : Size of zinc granules
Fixed variable : Temperature, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, mass of
zinc granules
(ii) Increasing the temperature of sulphuric acid
Manipulated variable : Temperature of sulphuric acid
Fixed variable : Volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, mass and size of
zinc granules
(iii) Increasing the concentration of sulphuric acid
Manipulated variable : Concentration of sulphuric acid
Fixed variable : Temperature, volume of sulphuric acid, mass and size of zinc granules
(iv) Adding a catalyst
Manipulated variable : Presence of catalyst
Fixed variable : Temperature, volume and concentration of sulphuric acid, mass and
surface area of zinc granules

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2. (a) Time for the effervescence to stop or time for all the marble, CaCO3 to fully dissolve.
(b) Concentration of hydrochloric acid, reaction temperature and size of marble, CaCO3.
(c) Experiment IV has the highest rate of reaction because the concentration of hydrochloric acid is
higher, the temperature is higher and the size of marble is smaller.

Test Yourself 7.3 (pg. 242)

1. (a) smaller (b) low (c) pressure/temperature (d) exposed
2. (a) (i) The higher the temperature, the lower the percentage of ammonia produced
(ii) The higher the pressure, the higher the percentage of ammonia produced
(b) Low temperature (350 °C)
• The percentage of products is high; rate of reaction is low.
High temperature (550 °C)
• The percentage of products is low; rate of reaction is high.
Adding a catalyst can increase the rate of reaction, enabling the reaction to occur at low
temperature.
3. (a) Excess unburnt hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, CO and nitrogen oxide, NO
(b) In the car engine, there is
• high temperature
• high pressure
Both factors can increase the rate of reaction.

Test Yourself 7.4 (pg. 248)

1. (a) 7 (b) 7 (c) 3 (d) 3
2. Effective collision
• Has minimum energy to overcome the activation energy.
• Collide at the correct orientation to break and form chemical bonds.
3. • Catalyst provides an alternative reaction pathway.
• Alternative reaction pathway has lower activation energy.
• More reactant particles can overcome the low activation energy.
• The frequency of effective collisions between the particles increases, hence the rate of reaction increases.
4. (a) Activation energy is the minimum energy that reactant particles must overcome in order for a
reaction to occur.
(b) Energy

Ea Products

Reactants

Reaction pathway
(c) (i) Exothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings.
(ii) Endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.

Achievement Test 7 (pg. 250 – 251)

1. (a) g (mass); cm3 (volume); mol dm–3 (concentration)
(b) g s–1; cm3 s–1; mol dm–3 s–1
2. (d), (c), (b), (a), (e)
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3. (a) Change in the murkiness of milk. The time taken for the ‘ ’ mark to disappear from view.
(b) Manipulated variable : Temperature
Fixed variable : Type of catalyst, volume and concentration of milk, size of boiling tubes,
paper marked ‘ ’
1
(c) (i) Rate of reaction is inversely proportional with time, that is rate =
time
(ii) Temperature (°C) 15.0 25.0 35.0 45.0 55.0 65.0
Time taken for the ‘ ’ mark to
12.0 7.0 2.5 4.0 7.0 19.0
disappear from view (minute)
1 0.083 0.143 0.400 0.250 0.143 0.053
(minute–1)
time
(iii)
Rate of reaction (minute–1)

0 Temperature (°C)
15 25 35 45 55 65

(iv) Rate of reaction increases and then decreases with the increase in temperature.
Initially, the rate of reaction increases because
(i) presence of catalyst increases the rate of reaction
(ii) increase of temperature increases the rate of reaction
Finally, the rate of reaction decreases because
(i) enzymes function optimally at 37 °C (body temperature).
(ii) enzymes get denatured at high temperature and lose their ability to increase the rate of reaction.
4. (a) Reactant particles must collide for a reaction to occur.
Rate of reaction depends on the frequency of effective collision.
(b) (i) NH4NO3(aq) → N2O(g) + 2H2O(l) + heat
(ii) Energy

Ea
NH4NO3

N2O + 2H2O

Reaction pathway

(c)

+ +

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Enrichment corner (pg. 251)
1. 1.0 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid, HCl reacts faster because the concentration of acid is higher
• The higher the concentration of the acid, the more hydrogen ions, H+ there are per unit volume.
• The frequency of collisions between hydrogen ions, H+ and calcium carbonate, CaCO3 increases
• The frequency of effective collisions between the particles increases
• The rate of reaction increases
2. Sn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → SnCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Hydrogen Hydrogen
gas, H2 gas, H2
Delivery tube Burette Delivery tube Burette

Conical flask Conical flask

Hydrochloric Basin Hydrochloric Basin
acid, HCI Water acid, HCI Water
Tin granules, Sn Tin powder, Sn
Experiment I Experiment II
• 100 cm3 0.04 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid • 100 cm3 0.04 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid
• 10 g tin granules • 10 g tin powder
• Room temperature • Room temperature
Procedure:
1. Put 10 g tin granules into 100 cm3 of 0.04 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
2. Collect the gas produced and measure its volume every 30 seconds.
3. Repeat steps 1 to 2 using tin powder to replace tin granules.
4. Plot a graph of volume of gas against time.

Experiment II
Volume of gas (cm3)

Experiment I

0 Time (minute)
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5

Explanation:
• Gradient of tangent = rate of reaction
• Gradient of tangent at t = 0 (initial rate of reaction)
• Gradient of tangent at t = 0 is steeper in Experiment II compared to Experiment I
• The rate of reaction is higher when tin powder is used
• The smaller the size of the particles, the higher the rate of reaction