3

Chapter
Plant Kingdom

FACT/DEFINITION TYPE QUESTIONS 9. What is the number and position of insertions of flagella
in rhodopyceae class of algae ?
1. The natural system of classification for flowering plants (a) 2 - 8, equal, apical
was given by
(b) 2, unequal, lateral
(a) Carolus Linnaeus (b) Bentham and Hooker
(c) Engler and Prantl (d) R. H. Whittaker (c) 2 - 6, equal, lateral
2. Phylogenetic classification system is based on the (d) Flagella are absent in Rhodophyceae
(a) morphological characters of various organisms. 10. In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually attached
(b) anatomical characters of various organisms. to the substratum by a A and has a stalk, the B
(c) physiological characters of various organisms. and leaf like photosynthetic organ-the C .
(d) evolutionary relationships between the various (a) A – holdfast, B – stipe, C – frond
organisms. (b) A – stipe, B – holdfast, C – frond
3. Cytological information like chromosome number, (c) A – frond, B – stipe, C – holdfast
structure, behaviour are related with
(d) A – stipe, B – frond, C – holdfast
(a) numerical taxonomy (b) cytotaxonomy
11. Which of the following groups of plants play an important
(c) chemotaxonomy (d) all of these role in plant succession on bare rocks/soil ?
4. Flagellate isogametes and anisogametes are found in
(a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
(a) Spirogyra (b) Fucus
(c) Pteridophytes (d) Gymnosperms
(c) Volvox (d) Chlamydomonas
12. _______ represent the reproductive organs amongst
5. Fusion of two gametes which are dissimilar in size is termed
as _______. gymnosperms.
(a) isogamous (b) oogamous (a) Prothallus (b) Capsules
(c) anisogamous (d) agamous (c) Setae (d) Cones
6. Algin, carrageen and proteins are obtained from 13. In bryophytes, male and female sex organs are called
(a) red algae, brown algae, green algae respectively. ______ and ______ respectively.
(b) brown algae, red algae, green algae respectively. (a) microsporangia; macrosporangia
(c) red algae, green algae, brown algae respectively. (b) male strobili; female strobili
(d) green algae, brown algae, red algae respectively. (c) antheridia; archegonia
7. Which of the following class of algae is rarely found in (d) androecium; gynoecium
fresh water ?
14. Laminaria (Kelp) and Fucus (Rock weed) are examples of
(a) Chlorophyceae (b) Phaeophyceae
(a) green algae (b) brown algae
(c) Rhodophyceae (d) Both (a) and (b)
(c) red algae (d) golden brown algae
8. Which of the following class of algae is mostly found in
salt water ? 15. Pyrenoids in green algal cells are related to
(a) Phaeophyceae (b) Rhodophyceae (a) starch formation (b) protein storage
(c) Chlorophyceae (d) Both (a) and (b) (c) general metabolism (d) enzyme secretion
Plant Kingdom 17

16. The heterosporous pteridophyte belonging to the class 23. Which one of the following is the major difference
lycopsida is between mosses and ferns ?
(a) Selaginella (b) Psilotum (a) Ferns lack alternation of generation while mosses
(c) Equisetum (d) Pteris show the same.
17. Which of the following pteridophytes belong to class (b) Mosses are facultative aerobes while ferns are
pteropsida? obligate aerobes.
(a) Equisetum and Psilotum (c) Vascular bundles of ferns show xylem vessels while
those of mosses lack it.
(b) Lycopodium and Adiantum
(d) Sporophytes of ferns live much longer as compared
(c) Selaginella and Pteris
to the sporophytes of mosses.
(d) Pteris and Adiantum
24. What is the similarity between gymnosperms and
18. Cycas and Adiantum resemble each other in having angiosperms?
(a) seeds (b) motile sperms (a) Phloem of both have companian cells.
(c) cambium (d) vessels (b) Endosperm is formed before fertilization in both.
19. Protonema and leafy stage are the predominant stage of (c) Origin of ovule and seed is similar in both.
the life cycle of
(d) Both have leaves, stem and roots.
(a) moss (b) dicots
25. Which one of the following terms is correctly matched
(c) liverwort (d) gymnosperm with their definition in Pinus ?
STATEMENT TYPE QUESTIONS (a) Monoecious – Male (microsporangiate) and female
(megasporangiate) cones are produced on same
20. Which one of the following is a correct statement? plant.
(b) Monoecious – Male and female sporophylls borne
(a) Pteridophyte gametophyte has a protonemal and on same strobilus.
leafy stage. (c) Dioecious – Male and female cones are produced on
(b) In gymnosperms, female gametophyte is free-living. different plants.
(c) Antheridiophores and archegoniophores are present (d) Monoecious – Micro and megasporocarp develop
in pteridophytes. on same plant.
(d) Origin of seed habit can be traced in pteridophytes. 26. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about
21. Why rhodophyta exhibit a red colour ? mosses ?
(a) Since most rhodophyta grow at great depths, the (a) The predominant stage of its life cycle is the
chlorophyll can only absorb light in the red area of gametophyte which consists of two stages –
the spectrum. protonema and leafy stages.
(b) The wavelengths of light that are absorbed by (b) Leafy stage are attached to the soil through
chloro- phyll are passed to phycoerythrin (a red multi-cellular and branched rhizoids.
pigment). (c) Sex organs-antheridia and archegonia are produced
(c) Red pigment of rhodophyta absorbs all the light at the apex of the leafy shoots.
waves. (d) All of the above
(d) The light reaching the greatest depth in water is in 27. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ?
the blue-green region of the spectrum, is absorbed (a) In angiosperms, each embryo sac has a three-celled
by phycoerythrin. egg apparatus – one egg cell and two synergids,
22. Which of the following statement is incorrect ? three antipodal cells and two polar nuclei.
(a) Double fertilization is unique to gymnosperms and (b) All seed – bearing plants i.e., gymnosperms and
monocotyledons. angiosperms follow dipontic life patterns of plants.
(b) Sequoia, a gymnosperm, is one of the tallest tree (c) In gymosperms, roots in some genera have fungal
species. association in the form of mycorrhiza (Pinus) while
(c) Phaeophyceae members possess chlorophyll a and in some others (Cycas) small specialized roots called
c, carotenoids and xanthophylls. coralloid are associated with N 2 – fixing
(d) Moss is a gametophyte which consists of two stages cyanobacteria.
namely, protonemal stage and leafy stage. (d) All of the above
 18
28. Which one of the following statements concerning the
algae is incorrect ?
(a) Most algae are photosynthetic.
(b) Algae can be classified according to their pigments.
(c) All algae are filamentous.
(d) Spirogyra does not produce zoospores.
29. Which of the following statements is/are correct ?
(i) In Equisetum, the female gametophyte is retained
on the parent sporophyte.
(ii) In Ginkgo, male gametophyte is not independent.
(iii) The sporophyte in Riccia is more developed than
that in Polytrichum.
(iv) Sexual reproduction in Volvox is isogamous.
(a) Two (b) Three
(c) Four (d) One
30. Consider the following statements regarding
gymnosperms and choose the correct option.
(i) In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes
have an independent existence.
(ii) The multicellular female gametophyte is retained
within the megasporangium.
(iii) The gymnosperms are heterosporous.
Of these statements
(a) (i) and (ii) are correct but (iii) is incorrect
(b) (i) and (iii) are correct but (ii) is incorrect
(c) (ii) and (iii) are incorrect but (i) is correct
(d) (ii) and (iii) are correct but (i) is incorrect
31. Which of the following statements with respect to algae
are correct.
(i) Fusion between one large, non-motile female gamete
and a smaller, motile male gamete is termed as
oogamous.
(ii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed as
oogamous.
(iii) Fusion of two gametes similar in size is called
anisogamous.
(iv) In chlorophyceae, the major pigments are chlorophyll
a and b , and the food is stored as starch.
(v) In rhodophyceae, the major pigments are chlorophyll
a and d , and the food is stored as mannitol.
(a) (i) and (v) (b) (iii) and (v)
(c) (i) and (ii) (d) (i) and (iv)
32. Which of the following statements with respect to
gymnosperms and angiosperms is/are correct?
(i) The process of double fertilization is present in
gymnosperms.
(ii) Angiosperms range in size from microscopic Wolffia
to tall trees of Sequoia.
(iii) In gymnosperms, the seeds are not covered.
(iv) In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes
have an independent free living existence.
Biology
Of the above statements
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (iii) only
(c) (ii) and (iii) (d) (iii) and (iv)
33. Read the following statements and choose the correct
option.
(i) In rhodophyceae, food is stored in the form of
mannitol and laminarin.
(ii) The ovules of gymnosperms are not enclosed by
ovary wall.
(iii) Salvinia is heterosporous.
(iv) In the diplontic life-cycle, the free living gametophyte
represents the dominant phase.
(a) (ii) and (iii) are correct but (i) and (iv) are incorrect.
(b) (ii) and (iv) are correct but (i) and (iii) are incorrect.
(c) (iii) and (iv) are correct but (i) and (ii) are incorrect.
(d) (i) and (ii) are correct but (iii) and (iv) are incorrect.
34. Consider the following statements regarding the major
pigments and stored food in the different groups of algae
and choose the correct option
(i) In chlorophyceae, the stored food material is starch
and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a and d.
(ii) In phaeophyceae, laminarian is the stored food and
major pigments are chlorophyll-a and b.
(iii) In rhodophyceae, floridean starch is the stored food
and the major pigments are chlorophyll-a, d and
phycoerythrin.
(a) (i) is correct, but (ii) and (iii) are incorrect
(b) (i) and (ii) are correct, but (iii) is incorrect
(c) (i) and (iii) are correct, but (ii) is incorrect
(d) (iii) is correct, but (i) and (ii) are incorrect
35. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(i) Green algae are the members of chlorophyceae.
(ii) Brown algae are found primarily in marine habitates
(iii) Some red algae are found in fresh water, mostly occur
in salt water, some are found in brackish water.
(iv) The food in red algae is stored as floridean starch.
(v) Red alga may occur in both well-lighted regions close
to water-surface and also at great depths in oceans
where light penetration is little.
(a) (i) and (v) only
(b) (ii), (iii) and (iv) only
(c) All of the above
(d) None of the above
36. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about
gemmae ?
(i) These are specialised structures by which asexual
reproduction take place in liverworts.
(ii) They are green, multicellular and asexual buds.
(iii) They develop in small receptacles called gemma cups.
(iv) They detach from parent body and germinate to form
new individuals.
Plant Kingdom 19

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) (a) Algae (b) Fungi
(c) (i), (ii) and (iii) (d) All of these (c) Bryophytes (d) Pteridophytes
37. Which of the following branch of science is being 41. Which of the following group of plant is being described
described by the given statements ? by the given statements ?
(i) It can easily done by using computers based on all
(i) The plant body is thalloid.
observable characters.
(ii) Numbers and codes are assigned to all the characters (ii) Asexual reproduction takes place by fragmentation
and the data are then processed. of thalli, or by the formation of specialized structures
called gemmae.
(iii) Each character is given equal weightage and at the
same time hundred of characters can be considered. (iii) The sporophyte is differentiated into a foot, seta
(a) Cytotaxonomy (b) Numerical taxonomy and capsule.
(c) Chemotaxonomy (d) b-taxonomy (iv) They grow usually in moist and shady habitats.
38. Which of the following statements about algae is/are (a) Liverworts (b) Moss
correct? (c) Fern (d) Gymnosperm
(i) Algae are chlorophyll – bearing simple, thalloid, 42. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about
heterotrophic and aquatic (both fresh water and pteridophytes ?
marine) organisms.
(i) The main plant body is a sporophyte which is
(ii) Algae reproduce by vegetative means only. differentiated into true roots and leaves.
(iii) Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is termed as (ii) The leaves are small (microphylls) as in ferns or large
oogamous. (macrophylls) as in Selaginella.
(iv) A few of the massive forms of algae such as kelps, (iii) Genera like Selaginella and Salvinia which produce
form massive plant bodies. two kinds of spores–macro (large) and micro (small)
(a) Only (i) (b) Both (i) and (iii) spores, are known as heterospores.
(iv) Common examples are Funaria, Polytrichum and
(c) Only (iv) (d) All of these
Sphagnum.
39. The following statements are associated with one class
(a) Both (i) and (ii) (b) Both (ii) and (iii)
of algae. Identify the class of algae.
(c) Both (i) and (iii) (d) All of these
(i) One or more storage bodies called pyrenoids located
43. Which of the following group of plant is being described
in the chloroplasts are present in the members of
by the given statements ?
this class.
(i) They are plants in which the ovules are not enclosed
(ii) They have a rigid cell wall made of an inner layer of
by any ovary wall and remain exposed before and
cellulose and an outer layer of pectose.
after fertilization.
(iii) Asexual reproduction is by flagellated zoospores (ii) The giant red wood tree Sequoia is one of the tallest
produced in zoosporangia. tree species of the group.
(iv) Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and (iii) The roots are generally tap roots.
Chara are commonly found members of this class.
(iv) They are heterosporous and they produce haploid
(a) Chlorophyceae (b) Rhodophyceae microspores and megaspores.
(c) Phaeophyceae (d) None of these (a) Algae (b) Bryophytes
40. Refer to the following statement(s) and identify the group (c) Gymnosperms (d) Pteridophytes
of plant which is being described by the given statements? 44. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct about
(i) They include various mosses and liverworts that are angiosperms ?
found commonly growing in moist shaded areas in (i) In angiosperms or flowering plants, the pollen grains
the hills. and ovules are developed in specialised structure
(ii) They lack true roots, stem or leaves. called flowers.
(ii) They are divided into two classes : the dicotyledons
(iii) The main plant body is haploid.
and the monocotyledons.
(iv) They produce a multicellular body sporophyte which (iii) The male sex organ in a flower is the pistil or the
is not free living but attached to the photosynthetic carpel.
gametophyte and derives nourishment from it. (iv) The female sex organ is the stamen.
 20 Biology
(a) Only (i) (b) Both (i) and (ii) Reason: Phaeophyceae possess chlorophyll a, c,
(c) Both (ii) and (iv) (d) All of these carotenoids and xanthophylls.
45. Read the following statements and answer the question. 50. Assertion: Mosses are evolved from algae.
(i) Sporophytic generation is represented only by the Reason: Protonema of mosses is similar to some green
one-celled zygote. algae.
(ii) Meiosis in the zygote results in the formation of 51. Assertion: Red algae contributes in producing coral reefs.
haploid spores. Reason: Some red algae secrete and deposit calcium
(iii) The dominant, photosynthetic phase in such plants carbonate over their walls.
is free-living gametophyte.
52. Assertion: Coconut tree is distributed in coastal areas
(iv) Many algae such as Volvox, Spirogyra and some
over a large part of the world.
species of Chlamydomonas represent this pattern.
Which of the following pattern of life cycle of plant is Reason: Coconut fruit can float and get dispersed over
described by the above statements ? thousands of kilometers before losing viability.
(a) Haplontic (b) Diplontic 53. Assertion: Red algae contributes in producing coral reefs.
(c) Haplo-diplontic (d) None of these Reason: Some red algae secrete and deposit calcium
46. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct ? carbonate over their walls.
(i) Agar, one of commercial products obtained from 54. Assertion: The peristome is a fringe of teeth-like
Laminaria and Sargassum are used to grow projections found at the mouth of the capsule.
microbes and in preparations of ice-creams and jellies. Reason: It may be of two types nematodontous and
(ii) In phaeophyceae, major pigments are chl a, d and orthodontus.
phycoerythrin.
(iii) Pteridophytes classified into four classes : Psilopsida, MATCHING TYPE QUESTIONS
Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida.
(iv) Gemmae are green, multicellular, asexual buds, which 55. Match the column-I with column-II and select the correct
develop in small receptacles called gemma cups answer using the codes given below.
located on the thalli. Column-I Column-II
(a) Both (i) and (ii) (b) Both (ii) and (iv) (Group of (Examples)
(c) Both (iii) and (iv) (d) All of these Plant Kindgdom)
47. Which of the following statements is incorrect? A. Algae I. Solanum tuberosum
(a) Pyrenoids contain protein besides starch. B. Fungi II. Equisetum
(b) Sexual reproduction may be isogamous, oogamous C. Angiosperm III. Cycas
and anisogamous in green and brown algae.
D. Pteridophyte IV. Chlamydomonas
(c) Some of the members of algae also occur in
E. Gymnosperm V. Rhizopus
association with fungi (lichen) and animals (eg, on
sloth bear). (a) A – V; B – IV; C – I; D – II; E – III
(d) The leaves in pteridophytes are well adapted to (b) A – IV; B – V; C – I; D – II; E – III
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and (c) A – IV; B – I; C – V; D – II; E – III
wind. (d) A – IV; B – I; C – V; D – III; E – II
56. Match the classes of pteridophytes given in column I
ASSERTION/REASON TYPE QUESTIONS
with their examples given in column II and choose the
correct option
In the following questions, a statement of Assertion is followed
by a statement of Reason. Column -I Column-II
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are true and the Reason is (Classes of pteridophytes) (Examples)
the correct explanation of the Assertion. A. Psilopsida I. Selaginella
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are true but the Reason is B. Lycopsida II. Psilotum
not the correct explanation of the Assertion. C. Sphenopsida III. Dryopteris
(c) If assertion is true but Reason is false. D. Pteropsida IV. Equisetum
(d) If both Assertion and Reason are false.
(a) A – II; B – I; C – IV; D – III
48. Assertion: Double fertilization is a characteristic feature
(b) A – I; B – II; C – IV; D – III
of angiosperms.
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III; D – IV
Reason: Double fertilization involves two fusions.
49. Assertion: Members of phaeophyceae vary in colour from (d) A – II; B – IV; C – I; D – III
olive green to various shades of brown.
Plant Kingdom 21

57. Match column-I with column-II and choose the correct 60. Match the column-I with column-II and choose the correct
option. option.
Column-I Column-II Column-I Column-II
A. Phaeophyceae I. Have an elaborate A. Smallest flowing plant I. Eucalyptus
mechanism B. Male sex organ in II. Wolffia
of spore dispersal flowering plant
B. Rhodophyceae II. first terrestrial plant with C. Female sex organ III. Stamen
vascular tissue-phloem in flowering plant
and xylem D. Tallest tree IV. Pistil
C. Mosses III. Asexual reproduction by (a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV
biflagellate zoosposes
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
D. Pteridophytes IV. Polysiphonia, Porphyra,
(c) A – II; B – III; C – IV; D – I
Gracilaria
(d) A – II; B – IV; C – III; D – I
(a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
61. Match the column-I with column-II and choose the correct
(b) A – IV; B – III; C – I; D – II
option.
(c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
(d) A – IV; B – I; C – III; D – II Column-I Column-II
58. Match the column I with column II and choose the option A. Amphibian of the I. Sphagnum
which shows its correct combination. plant kingdom
Column-I Column-II B. Specialized structures II. Angiosperms
(Pattern of (Examples) in liverworts for
life cycle in plant) asexual reproduction
A. Haplontic I. Bryophytes, C. Monocotyledons and III. Bryophytes
life cycle Pteridophytes, dicotyledons
Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, D. A plant which has IV. Gemmae
Kelps capacity to holding water
B. Diplontic II. Seed bearing plants (a) A – III; B – IV; C – I; D – II
life cycle (Gymnosperm and (b) A – III; B – IV; C – II; D – I
Angiosperm), Fucus (c) A – IV; B – III; C – II; D – I
C. Haplo-diplontic III. Many algae (Volvox, (d) A – III; B – II; C – IV; D – I
life cycle Spirogyra) and some 62. Which of the following pairs is incorrectly matched ?
species of (a) Chlorophyceae – Major pigments are chl a and b.
Chlamydomonas (b) Phaeophyceae – Cell wall is made up of cellulose
(a) A – III; B – II; C – I (b) A – I; B – II; C – III and algin.
(c) A – II; B – I; C – III (d) A – III; B – I; C – II (c) Rhodophyceae – Stored food is mannitol.
59. Match the column-I with column-II and choose the correct (d) Chlorophyceae – Cell wall is made up of cellulose.
option.
63. Select the correct match of the feature present in column
Column-I Column-II
I with its respective terms given in column II.
(System of (Characteristics)
Column-I Column-II
classification)
(features) (term)
A. Artificial system I. Based on few
A. Presence of tap roots (I) Bryophyte
of classification morphological
characters and coralloid roots
B. Natural system II. Based on evolutionary B. The synergids and (II) Pteridophytes
of classification relationships between the antipodal cells
various organisms degenerates after
C. Phylogenetic III. Based on natural affinities fertilization
system of among the organisms and C. The food is stored as (III) Red algae
classification consider external as well as floridean starch which
internal features. is very similar to
(a) A – II; B – I; C – III (b) A – I; B – III; C – II amylopectin and
(c) A – III; B – II; C – I (d) A – I; B – II; C – III glycogen in structure
 22 Biology
D. Presence of sporophyte (IV) Angiosperms E. Members of this group (V) Gymnosperms
which is not free living are used for medicinal
but attached to the purposes, as soil
photosynthetic binders and frequently
gametophytes and grown as ornamentals
derives nourishment (a) A – I; B – II; C – III; D – IV; E – V
from it (b) A – III; B – V; C – II; D – IV; E – I
(c) A – III; B – I; C – V; D – II ; E – IV
(d) A – V; B – IV; C – III; D – I; E – II
DIAGRAM TYPE QUESTIONS
64. The given figures (A, B, C, D) represent the members algae. Identify the correct option for the given diagrams.

S. No. A B C D

(a) Porphyra Fucus Dictyota Polysiphonia

(b) Polysiphonia Porphyra Dictyota Fucus

(c) Fucus Dictyota Porphyra Polysiphonia

(d) Porphyra Polysiphonia Fucus Dictyota

65. Refer to the given figure (A, B, C and D) and answer the question. Which of the following figures are the members of green alga?

(a) A, B and D (b) A, B and C (c) B, C and D (d) C, D and A

Plant Kingdom 23

66. The given figures represent the examples of bryophytes. In them few structures/parts are marked as A, B, C and D.

Identify the option which shows the correct labelling of A, B, C and D.

S . No. A B C D

(a) Gemma cup A rch eg on iop ho re Sp oro p hy te S ph ag nu m

(b) A rch ego nio ph ore Gemma cu p Gametop hy te S ph ag nu m

(c) A rcheg on ia A ntheridia Gemma cup S ph ag nu m

(d) A n th erid ia A rch ego nia Gemma cup S ph ag nu m

67. Which one of the following options correctly represents the type of life cycle patterns?
Sporophyte
(2n) Zygote Sporophyte
(2n) (2n)
Syngamy Meiosis Zygote (2n)
Meiosis
A Syngamy C
Zygote (2n) B Spores (n)
Gametogenesis Spores (n)
Gametogenesis Gametogenesis
Syngamy
Meiosis Gametophyte (n)
Gametophyte (n)
(n)
(a) A - Diplontic, B - Haplodiplontic, C - Haplontic (b) A - Haplodiplontic,B - Haplontic, C - Diplontic
(c) A - Haplontic, B - Diplontic, C - Haplodiplontic (d) A - Diplontic, B - Haplontic, C - Haplodiplontic
68. Identify the plants (A, B, C and D) and choose their correct names from the options given below.

A
C D

B
 24 Biology
S . No. A B C D

(a) Eq uisetu m Gin k g o S ela ginella Lyco po dium

(b) S ela ginella Equ isetu m S alvin ia Gink go

(c) Fu na ria Ad ia ntum S alvin ia Ricc ia

(d) C ha ra M a rcha ntia Fu cu s Pin us

69. The given figure shows the life cycle of an angiosperm. Few plants are marked as A, B, C, D and E. Identify the correct
labelling from the given options.
A B
Microspore
mother cells
Style Filament
Microsporangium
Ovary
Flower Microspores
Megaspore
mother cell
Megasporangium
(ovule)
Sporophyte GAMETOPHYTIC
SPOROPHYTIC (n)
(2n) GENERATION
GENERATION
Microspore
(pollen grain)
Embryo

E C

Gametes
Zygote D

(a) A–Stigma, B–Anther, C–Male gametophyte, D–Egg, E–Female gametophyte

(b) A–Stigma, B–Anther, C–Female gametophyte, D–Egg, E–Male gametophyte
(c) A–Stigma, B–Anther, C–Male gametophyte, D–Fertilized egg, E–Female gametophyte
(d) A–Stigma, B–Anther, C–Embryo sac, D–Egg, E–Female gametophyte

CRITICAL THINKING TYPE QUESTIONS

70. Which of the following example belong to the same class 72. Fern plant is a
of algae? (a) haploid gametophyte
(a) Chara, Fucus, Polysiphonia (b) diploid gametophyte
(b) Volvox, Spirogyra, Chlamydomonas (c) diploid sporophyte
(c) Porphyra, Ectocarpus, Ulothrix (d) haploid sporophyte
(d) Sargassum, Laminaria, Gracilaria 73. The unique feature of bryophytes compared to other plant
71. A bryophyte differs from pteridophytes in having groups is that
(a) archegonia. (a) they produce spores.
(b) lack of vascular tissue. (b) they lack vascular tissues.
(c) swimming antherozoids. (c) they lack roots.
(d) independent gametophytes. (d) their sporophyte is attached to the gametophyte.
Plant Kingdom 25

74. If there are 4 cells in an anther, what will be the number of 83. Protonema
pollen grains? (a) is a stage of gametophytic generation.
(a) 8 (b) 4 (b) is a creeping, green, branched and develops directly
(c) 16 (d) 12 from a spore.
75. Bryophytes are different from fungi in having (c) produces lateral bud which forms leafy plant body.
(a) land habit. (d) All of the above
(b) sterile jacket layers. 84. The spreading of living pteridophytes is limited and
(c) multiflagellate gametes. restricted to narrow geographical region because
(d) gametophytic plant body. (a) gametophytic growth needs cool, damp and shady
76. Moss peat is used as a packing material for sending flowers places.
and live plants to distant places because
(b) it requires water for fertilization.
(a) it reduces transpiration.
(c) due to absence of stomata in leaf and absence of
(b) it serves as a disinfectant. vascular tissue.
(c) it is easily available. (d) both (a) and (b)
(d) it is hygroscopic. 85. Classification of plants proposed by Carolus Linnaeus
77. If the cells of root in wheat plant have 42 chromosomes, was artificial because it was based on
then the no. of chromosome in the cell of pollen grain is (a) only a few morphological characters.
(b) evolutionary tendencies which are diverse.
(a) 14 (b) 21
(c) anatomical characters which are adaptive in nature.
(c) 28 (d) 42
(d) physiological traits alongwith morphological
78. A research student collected certain alga and found that characters.
its cells contained both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll d 86. Mosses are of great ecological importance because of
as well as phycoerythrin. On the basis of his observation, (a) its contribution to prevent soil erosion.
the students conclude that the alga belongs to
(b) its contribution in ecological succession.
(a) rhodophyceae (b) bacillariophyceae (c) its capability to remove CO from the atmosphere.
(c) chlorophyceae (d) phaeophyceae (d) both (a) and (b)
79. Fruits are not formed in gymnosperms because of 87. You are given an unknown plant to study in the laboratory.
(a) absence of pollination. You find that it has chlorophyll, no xylem. Its multicellullar
sex organs are enclosed in a layer of jacket cells. Its
(b) absence of seed.
gametophyte stage is free living. The plant probably
(c) absence of fertilization. belongs to
(d) absence of ovary.
(a) chlorophyceae (b) bryophyte
80. What is common in all the three, Funaria, Dryopteris and
(c) pteridophyte (d) gymnosperm
Ginkgo?
88. Mosses do not have ‘true leaves’ because their leaf-like
(a) Independent sporophyte structures lack
(b) Presence of archegonia (a) starch in their chloroplast.
(c) Well developed vascular tissues (b) vascular tissues.
(d) Independent gametophyte (c) chlorophyll.
81. In angiosperms, a mature male gametophyte is derived (d) cellulose in their cell walls.
from a pollen mother cell by 89. Place the following groups of plants in order, beginning
with those that first appeared on the earth and progressing
(a) three mitotic divisions.
toward those that appeared most recently in time.
(b) one meiotic and two mitotic divisions. (a) Gymnosperms, angiosperms, ferns, moss, algae
(c) two meiotic divisions. (b) Algae, moss, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms
(d) a single meiotic division. (c) Moss, algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms
82. If you are asked to classify the various algae into distinct (d) Algae, ferns, angiosperms, gymnosperms, moss
groups then which of the following characters you should 90. Chemotaxonomy is connected with
choose for the classification ? (a) classification of chemicals found in plants.
(a) Nature of habitat (b) use of phytochemical data in systematic botany.
(b) Structural organization of thallus (c) application of chemicals on herbarium sheets.
(c) Chemical composition of the cell wall (d) use of statistical methods in chemical yielding plants.
(d) Types of pigments present in the cell.
 26 Biology
91. In order to colonize land, plants needed to acquire which 94. Angiosperms have dominated the land flora primarily
of the following characteristics? because of their
(a) A mechanism for moving water throughout the plant. (a) power of adaptability in diverse habitat.
(b) A mechanism to prevent desiccation of tissues. (b) property of producing large number of seeds.
(c) An ability to screen ultraviolet radiation. (c) nature of self pollination.
(d) Both (b) and (c) (d) domestication of man.
92. Deep in the tropical rain forest, a botanist discovered an 95. A student was given a sample to observe under the
unusual plant with vascular tissues, stomata, a cuticle, microscope. He observed and found that the sample is
flagellated sperm, cone-like reproductive structures the most common type of spore involved in asexual
bearing seeds, and an alternation-of-generations life cycle. reproduction in algae. Identify the spore.
He was very excited about this discovery because it would (a) Zoospore (b) Endospore
be rather unusual for a plant to have both
(c) Hypnospore (d) None of these
(a) a cuticle and flagellated sperm.
96. Refer to the statement and answer the question.
(b) vascular tissues and alternation of generations.
“They usually reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation
(c) seeds and flagellated sperm. and asexually by non - motile spores and sexually by non
(d) alternation of generations and seeds. - motile gametes.”
93. A universal feature of the life cycle of plants is Identify the group of plants and its example.
(a) morphologically identical haploid and diploid stages. (a) Mosses, Funaria
(b) genetically identical haploid and diploid stages. (b) Red algae, Polysiphonia
(c) alteration of generations between heteromorphic (c) Brown algae, Laminaria
haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes. (d) Pteridophytes, Selaginella
(d) none of the above
 Hints & Solutions
Chapter 3 : Plant Kingdom
1. (b) The natural system of classification for higher plants
was given by Bentham and Hooker in their Genera
Plantarum (1862 - 1883). The characters employed
in this system include those of study of form
(morphology), internal structur e (anatomy),
development (embryology), reproduction, cell
structure (cytology), life processes, (physiology),
behaviour and biochemistry.
2. (d) Phylogenetic system of classification indicates the
evolutionary as well as genetic relationships among
organisms. It is based on fossil record, biochemical,
anatomical, morphological, embryological,
physiological, genetics, karyotype and other studies.
3. (b) Cytotaxonomy is the classification of organisms
based on cellular structure and function, especially
on the structure and number of chromosomes.
4. (d) Isogamous and anisogamous type of reproduction
are found in Chlamydomonas. Fusion of flagellated
gametes of similar size is called isogamous whereas
fusion of two gametes of different size is called
anisogamous.
5. (c) Fusion of two gametes which are of dissimilar size is
called anisogamous. Fusion of flagellate gametes of
similar size is called isogamous. Oogamous is the
fusion between one large, non - motile female gamete
with a smaller, motile male gamete. Agamous does
not involve the fusion of male and female gametes in
reproduction.
6. (b) Certain marine brown and red algae produce large
amounts of hydrocolloids (water holding
substances), e.g., algin (brown algae) and carrageen
(red algae) which are used commercially. Chlorella
and Spirullina are unicellular green algae, which are
rich in proteins and used as food supplements.
7. (b) The members of phaeophyceae or brown algae are
found primarily in marine habitats. The common forms
are Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria, Sargassum
and Fucus.
8. (b) Rhodophyceae are commonly called as red algae
because of the predominance of the red pigment (r -
phycoerythrin) in their body. They are mostly found
in salt water.
9. (d) Flagellate forms and stages are completely absent in
class rhodophyceae (red algae).
10. (a) In class phaeophyceae, the plant body is usually
attached to the substratum by a holdfast (A), and has
a stalk, the stipe (B) and leaf like photosynthetic organ
- the frond (C).
11. (b) Bryophytes play an important role in plant
succession on bare rocks/soil. Bryophytes include
the various mosses and liverworts that are found in
moist shaded areas in the hills. Moss stage is the
second stage in biological succession on a bare rock
that slowly changes rocky substratum into fertile
soil. Important members of moss stage are Tortula,
Grimmia and Polytrichum.
12. (d) In gymnosperms, the reproductive structures are
mostly in the form of compact cones except female
organs of Cycas. There are two types of sporophylls,
usually segregated to form distinct cones or strobili
(male and female cones).
13. (c) In bryophytes, sex organs are of two types, male
antheridium and female archegonium. They are
multicellular and jacketed, i.e., covered by jacket of
sterile cells.
14. (b) Laminaria (kelp) and Fucus (rock weed) are the
examples of brown algae. Brown algae are the common
name of phaeophyceae. They are found primarily in
marine habitats and show great variation in size and
form.
15. (a) Pyrenoids are the rounded bodies found in the
chloroplast of green algae and are the centres of
conversion of glucose to starch and also collection
of starch.
16. (a) Selaginella is a member of lycopsida, which produce
two kinds of spores-macro (large) and micro (small)
spores. Thus, known as heterosporous pteridophytes.
17. (d) Pteridophytes are classified into four classes :
Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella,
Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) and
Pteropsida (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum).
18. (b) Cycas (a gymnosperm) and Adiantum (known as
Maiden hair fern, a pteridophyte) resemble each other
in having motile sperms. Seeds, cambium are common
in gymnosperms but absent in pteridophytes. True
vessels are absent in both pteridophytes and
gymnospems.
19. (a) The predominant stage of the moss is the presence
of gametophyte which consists of two stages – the
first stage is protonema and the second stage is leafy
stage. Protonema stage develops directly from the
spores and leafy stage develops from the secondary
protonema as a lateral bud.
20. (d) Gametophyte of bryophytes bears protonemal and
30. (d) In gymnosperms, the male and female gametophytes
leafy stage. In gymnosperm, female gametophyte is
never grow independently but develop within the
not free living. Antheridiophores and
sporophyte structures.
archegoniophores are present in Marchantia which
31. (d) Isogamous fertilization is the fusion of two similar
is a bryophyte. Origin of seed habit started in
gametes while anisogamous fertilization is fusion of
pteridophyte.
two morphologically dissimilar motile gametes.
21. (b) Rhodophyta are commonly called as red algae
In rhodophyceae, the major pigments are chlorophyll
because of the predominance of the red pigment (r –
‘a’ and ‘d’ but the stored food is floridean starch.
phycoerythrin) in their body. They occur in both
32. (b) Double fertilization is a characteristic of angiosperms
well lighted regions close to the surface of water and
not gymnosperms. But in both of these two groups,
also at great depths in ocean where relatively little
gametophytic phase is highly reduced and is retained
light penetrates. They exhibit a red colour because
inside sporophytic structures. Sequoia is the tallest
the wavelengths of light that are absorbed by
gymnosperm not angiosperm. Tallest angiosperm
chlorophyll are passed to phycoerythrin.
belong to the genus Eucalyptus.
22. (a) Double fertilization is a process, unique to flowering
33. (a) In rhodophyceae (red algae) food is stored in the
plants (angiosperms). The gymnosperms do not
form floridean starch. Whereas mannitol and laminarin
exhibit double fertilization or triple fusion like
are stored food material of class phaeophyceae (brown
angiosperms.
algae). In the diplontic life cycle, sporophyte represents
23. (d) Mosses and ferns belong to bryophtes and
the dominant phase.
pteridophytes respectively. In bryophytes, the
34. (d) In chlorophyceae, the stored food material is starch
dominant phase in the life cycle is the gametophytic
and the major pigments are chlorophyll- a and b. In
plant body. However, in pteridophytes, the main plant
phaeophyceae, laminarian is the stored food and
body is a sporophyte, which is differentiated into
major pigments are chlorophyll a, c and fucoxanthin.
true root, stem and leaves. These organs possess
35. (c)
well – differentiated vascular tissues.
36. (d) Gemmae are a means of asexual reproduction found
24. (d) Gymnosperms (including conifers) and angiosperms
in many bryophytes (e.g, liverworts). They are 1 to
both have advanced support tissues true leaves,
many celled, specially produced clonal plant
stems and roots they also are the two groups that
fragments. They are green, multicellular, asexual buds
produce pollen and seeds.
which develop in small receptacles (called gemma
25. (a) Monoecious is a plant species in which male
cups) located on the thalli. Gemmae become detached
(microsporangiate) and female (megasporangiate)
from the parent body and germinate to form new
organs are found on the same plant (for example
individuals.
pinus). Dioecious plant is a plant species in which
37. (b)
male and female organs appear on separate
38. (c) Algae are chlorophyll bearing simple, thalloid,
individuals.
autotrophic and largely aquatic organisms. They
26. (d) 27. (d)
reproduce by vegetative, asexual and sexual
28. (c) Algae are defined as chlorophyllous, thalloid
methods. Fusion of two gametes dissimilar in size is
avascular plants with no cellular differentiation. The
termed as anisogamous.
size and form of algae is highly variable. Not all the
39. (a) The members of chlorophyceae include free-
algae are filamentous. The size ranges from the
swimming unicellular species, colonies, non-
microscope unicellular forms to colonial forms and
to the filamentous forms.
29. (a) Statement (i) and (ii) are correct.
Riccia is liverwort in which simplest sporophyte
consists of capsule only while Polytrichum is moss
in which sporophyte consists of foot, seta & capsule.
Volvox is a fresh water green colonial alga.
Reproduction is both sexual and asexual in Volvox.
Sexual reproduction is of oogamous type.
 flagellate unicells, filaments, and more. They also
reproduce in a variety of ways, though all have a
haploid life-cycle, in which only the zygote cell is
diploid. The zygote will often serve as a resting spore,
able to lie dormant though potentially damaging
environmental changes such as desiccation.
40. (c) Bryophytes are small, non-vascular plants, such as
mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Bryophytes do
not have seeds or flowers. Instead they reproduce
via spores.
41. (a) Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a flowerless,
spore-producing plant - with the spores produced in
small capsules. Liverworts are small, green, terrestrial
plants. They do not have true roots, stems, or leaves.
Instead, they have an above ground leaf-like
structure, known as a thallus, and an underground
structure, known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are
found in moist environments and they tend to be
less resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the
mosses.
Like mosses, many species of liverworts reproduce
by making gemmae.
42. (c) The leaves are small (microphyll) as in Selaginella
or large (macrophyll) as in ferns. Funaria,
Polytrichum and Sphagnum are common examples
of mosses.
43. (c) Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants, such
as cycads, ginkgo, yews and conifers, in which the
ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an ovary.
Gymnosperm seeds develop either on the surface of
scale or leaf-like appendages of cones or at the end
of short stalk. The largest group of living
gymnosperms are the conifers (pines, cypresses and
relatives) and the smallest is ginkgo, a single living
plant species found in China.
44. (b) In angiosperms, the male sex organ is the stamen
and the female sex organ is the pistil or the carpel.
Each stamen consists of a slender filament with an
another at the tip. The anther, following meiosis,
produce pollen grains. Pistil consists of an ovary
enclosing one to many ovules.
45. (a) Haplontic life cycle is a simplest and most primitive
type of life-cycle found in all chlorophyceae. In
haplontic pattern of life cycle, the somatic phase
(plant) is haploid (gametophyte) while the diploid
phase (sporophyte) is represented by zygote. During
germination, the zygote (2n) divides meiotically
producing haploid (n) zoospores, which develop into
individual plant. Here the unicellular or filamentous
gametophyte (n) alternates with one-celled zygote
or sporophyte (2n).
46. (c) Agar, one of commercial products obtained from
Gracilaria and Gelidium are used to grow microbes
and in preparation of ice-creams and jellies. In
phaeophyceae, major pigments are chlorophyll a, c
and fucoxanthin.
47. (d) The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to
withstand extremes of temperature, humidity and
wind. In conifers, the needle like leaves reduces
surface area. Their thick cuticle and sunken stomata
also help to reduce water loss.
48. (b) Double fertilization is a characteristics feature of
angiosperms. It involves two fusions in which one
male gamete fuses with egg cell to from zygote and
the other male gamete fuses with the diploid
secondary nucleus to produce the triploid primary
endosperm nucleus (PEN).
49. (a) Phaeoph yceae possesses chlor ophyll a, c,
carotenoids and xanthophylls. Members of
phaeophyceae show variations in colour from olive
green to different shades of brown depending upon
the amount of the xanthophyll pigments.
50. (a) Mosses that belong to the bryophytes have evolved
from algae. The fact that protonema has a thallus like
body shows that mosses have evolved from algae.
51. (a) Red algae generally grow attached to rocky stones.
Some deep water red algae are calcareous and build
up hard stony thalli responsible for the production
of lime stones and coral reefs.
52. (a) Coconut tree is distributed in coastal areas since it is
adapted to saline water.
53. (a) Red algae generally grow attaced to rocky stones.
Some deep water red algae are calcareous and build
up hard stony thalli responsible for the production
of lime stones and coral reefs.
54. (b) The peristome teeth are present at the mouth of the
capsule. The teeth may be solid cellular tissue or
composed only of the thickened portions of the cell
walls of adjacent cells. When the teeth of peristome
are solid structures composed of bundles of dead
cells, it is termed nematodontous peristome are solid
structures composed of bundles of dead cells, it is
termed nematodyntous peristome. It is found in
polytrichum, Pogonatum and Tetraphis. Peristome
when composed of thin, membranous, transversely
barred teeth, and each tooth is made up of the
thickened portions of the cell walls of adjacent cells.
Such a peristome is called orthodontous.
55. (b) Algae are a simple, non-flowering, and typically
aquatic plant of a large assemblage that includes the
seaweeds and many single-celled forms. Example -
Chlamydomonas.
Fungi is a diverse group of eukaryotic single-celled
or multinucleate organisms comprisin g th e
mushrooms, moulds, mildews, smuts, rusts, and
yeasts. Example - Rhizopus.
 Angiosperms comprises those that have flowers and
produce seeds enclosed within a carpel, including
herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
Example - Solanum tuberosum.
Pteridophytes are the vascular plants (those having
xylem and phloem tissues). They include the highly
diverse true ferns and other graceful, primarily forest-
dwelling plants. Example - Equisetum.
Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants in
which the ovules or seeds are not enclosed in an
ovary. Example - Cycas.
56. (a) Pteridophytes are the vascular plants (those having
xylem and phloem tissues) that reproduce by
releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include
the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful,
primarily forest-dwelling plants. The pteridophytes
are further classified into four classes: psilopsida
(eg, Psilotum), lycopsida (eg, Selaginella),
sphenopsida (eg, Equisetum) and pteropsida (eg,
Dryopteris).
57. (a) 58. (a)
59. (b) Artificial system of classification is based on the
few morphological characters. Natural system of
classification is based on the natural affinities among
the organisms and considers external as well as
internal features. Phylogenetic system of
classification is based on the evolutionary
relationships between the various organisms.
60. (c)
61. (b) Bryophytes are called as the amphibian of the plant
kingdom because these plants can live in soil but are
dependent on water for sexual reproduction. Gemma
is specialised structure in liverworts for asexual
reproduction. Monocotyledons and dicotyledons
are two groups of angiosper ms. Species of
Sphagnum, a moss provide peat that have been long
been used as a fuel.
62. (c) Rhodophyceae is red algae in which food is stored
as floridean starch which is very similar to
amylopectin and glycogen in structure.
63. (d) 64. (a)
65. (a) The options A B ,C and D are Volvox
Chlamydomonas Laminaria and Chara respectively.
A, B and D belong to Chlorophycae (green algae)
where as C belongs to Phaeophycae (brown algae)
66. (b)
67. (d) In haplontic cycle, there is a single dominant phase
i.e., haploid gametophyte which is free living
photosynthetic phase. In diplontic life cycle, diploid
sporophyte is dominant vegetative phase. The
sporophyte is independent photosynthetic phase of
the plant. Haplo-diplontic life cycle is intermediate
condition where both phases are multicellular and
often free living.
68. (b) The correct name of the plants A, B, C and D are
respectively Selaginella, Equisetum, Salvinia and
Ginkgo. The first three plants belong to
pteridophytes and the fourth one belongs to
gymnosperms.
69. (a) The life cycle of an angiosperm is defined by the
formation of the seed and its development to a full-
grown plant which, in turn, produces seeds.
Angiosperms are vascular plants with flowers that
produce seeds enclosed in an ovule—a fact that is
recognized as the angiospermic condition.
70. (b) Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Ulothrix, Spirogyra and
Chara are green algae. The common forms of brown
algae are Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Laminaria,
Sargassum and Fucus. Polysiphonia, Porphyra,
Gracilaria and the Gelidium are members of red
algae.
71. (b) Bryophytes completely lack vascular tissue system
and absorb water by generally body surface.
Whereas pteridophytes are the first terrestrial plants
to possess vascular tissues -xylem and phloem.
72. (c) Fusion of male gamete with the egg results in the
formation of zygote. This zygote produces a multi-
cellular well differentiated sporophyte which is the
dominant phase of the pteridophytes.
73. (d) In bryophytes, zygotes donot undergo reduction
division immediately. They produce a multicellular
body called a sporophyte. The sporophyte is not a
free-living but attached to the photosynthetic
gametophyte and derives nourishment from it.
meiotic division
74. (c) 1 microspore mother cell ¾¾¾¾¾¾® 4
haploid microspores or pollen grains
4 microspore mother cells = 4 × 4 pollen grains
= 16 pollen grains.
75. (b) Bryophytes have multicellular jacketed sex organs
to protect gametes against drying effects of air and
retention of zygote inside archegonium to provide
nourishment to developing embryo.
76. (d) Species of Sphagnum, a moss, provides peat that
have long been used as a packing material for sending
flowers and live plants to distant places because it is
hygroscopic.
77. (b) Number of chromosome in root cells of wheat plant
is
2n = 42
42
n= = 21
2
The number of chromosome in the cell of pollen grain
is 21 because pollen grains are haploid (n) in nature.
78. (a) In green algae (chlorophyceae), the photosynthetic
pigments are chlorophyll a and b, carotenes and
xanthophylls. In phaeophyceae (brown algae), the
pigments are chlorophyll a, c and carotenes and
fucoxanth. Rhodophyceae are red algae and contain
the major pigment as chlorophyll a and phyeoerythrim.
Phycoerythrin gives red colour to rhodophyceae.
79. (d) The ovules are not enclosed inside the ovary. Instead
they are borne naked on the leafy sporophylls, and
hence the name gymnosperms (gymnos- naked
sperma- seed) is given Double fertilization is absent
in gymnosperms.
80. (b) The female sex organ archegonium is formed in
bryophytes (Funaria), pteridophytes (Dryopteris)
and gymnosperms (Ginkgo).
81. (b) In angiosperms, a mature male gametophyte is derived
from a pollen mother cell by one meiotic and two
mitotic divisions. In the pollen sac (microsporangium)
of the anther, haploid microspores are formed by
meiosis. Mitosis then follows to produce a two-celled
pollen grain with a small generative cell and a large
vegetative cell. This generative cell will undergo
further mitosis to form two male gametes (nuclei).
The pollen tube grows through a spore in the pollen
grain, with the tube (vegetative) nucleus at its tips
and the male nuclei behind.
82. (d) Algae are eukaryotic organisms that have no roots
stems or leaves but do have chlorophyll and other
pigments for carrying out photosynthesis
83. (a) A protonema is a creeping, green, filamentous,
thread-like chain of cells which is produced by the
germination of the spores and forms the earliest stage
(the haploid phase) of a bryophyte life cycle. When
a moss first grows from the spore, it grows as a
protonema which develops into a leafy gametophore.
84. (d) Pteridophytes are the vascular plants (those having
xylem and phloem tissues) that reproduce by
releasing spores rather than seeds, and they include
the highly diverse true ferns and other graceful,
primarily forest-dwelling plants. The spreading of
living pteridophytes is limited and is restricted to
narrow geographical r egion because its
gametophytes require cool, damp, shady places to
grow and also it requires water for fertilization.
85. (a) Plant classification proposed by Carolus Linneaus
was artificial because it was based on a few
morphological characters such as habit, colour,
number and shape of leaves, etc.
86. (d) Mosses along with lichens are the first organisms to
colonise rocks and hence, are of great ecological
importance. They decompose rocks making the
substrate suitable for the growth of higher plants.
Since mosses form dense mats on the soil, they
reduce the impact of falling rain and prevent soil -
erosion.
87. (b) According to the features described, the unknown
plant belongs to bryophytes. Bryophytes refer to a
group of plants comprising the mosses, liverworts,
and hornworts. They do not have a true vascular
system and are unable to pull water and nutrients up
from the ground at any significant distance. This
distinguishes bryophytes from ferns and flowering
plants.
88. (b) Mosses are non-vascular plants which means they
cannot transport water and nutrients to the aerial
parts of the plant.
89. (b) The correct sequence of the plants group which
appeared first on the earth to appear most recently
in time is: Algae ® Moss ® Fern ® Gymnosperms
® Angiosperms
90. (b) Chemotaxonomy is based on chemical products
particularly secondary metabolites. Various families
of plants have been identified on the basis of
raphides (Crystals of calcium oxalates).
91. (d) In order to colonize the land, the plants needed to
acquire the mechanisms to prevent desiccation of
tissues and the ability to screen ultraviolet radiation.
Because there are several successful groups of
plants that lack mechanisms for moving water
throughout the plant.
92. (c) No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.
93. (c) Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant consists
of two morphological phases i.e., haploid
gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly
alternate with each other. This phenomenon is termed
as alternation of generation.
94. (a) Angiosperms are highly evolved and well adapted
land plants. They have both vessels and tracheids
in xylem for better conduction of water. Roots are
modified into tap roots, adventitious roots,
pneumatophores etc. to suit the desired climate.
Sex organs are highly developed, sporophylls are
organized into flowers and the flowers are highly
coloured or attract pollinators at different times and
places. Insect pollination is more prevalent because
it is more efficient and leads to less wastage of pollen
grains as compared to wind pollination. So the
flowers are made attractive to attract a variety of
insects. Seeds are more protected as they are
enclosed inside a fruit. All these adaptations have
made angiosperms more adaptive in diverse habitats.
95. (a) Asexual reproduction (in algae) is by the production
of different types of spores, and the most common
type is zoospore. Zoospores are flagellated (motile)
and on germination give rise to new plants.
96. (b) The red algae usually reproduce vegetatively by
fragmentation, asexually by non-motile spores and
sexually by non-motile gametes. Red algae is the
common name of Rhodophyta. They are called red
algae because of the presence of red pigment, r-
phycoerythrin.