ynerdistance vector protocol RIP is gone from the CCNP éxamsyibt ‘bring it back for 2 moment for comparison’s sake. The routing updates sent by RIP are sent at regularly scheduled jen there have been no changes in the network. That makes for uni the part of the sender and the receiver i * Here's another RIP update for you!” ie‘On the other hand, link state routers that have formed adjacencies Updates (LSUs), which contain Link State Advertisements (LSAS). are placed into a link state database, such as the one shown here with @atabase. Once the OSPF network has reached a state of convergence, will have synchronized link state databases Rl¥show ir jatabaThe Dijkstra algorithm (also known as the Shortest Path First }) is run against the contents of the database to create the in here with show ip route ospf. Rifsho! OTA Sequence NumbersPer me me i; To ensure that OSPF routers have the most recent information database, the LSAs are assigned sequence numbers. When an OSPF. Teceives an LSA, that router checks its OSPF database for any pre-existing) that link the receiving router will Re iat osPF-enabled flood that LSA out every (Sounds familiar! Tif there isn’t an ent database and will then face the LSA came in on an entry for the link, the sequencethere isn’t an entry for that link, the receiving router will make. ise and will then flood that LSA out every OSPF-enabled intet ace the LSA came in on. (Sounds familiar!) there is an entry for the link, the sequence numbers come into plays equence number is the same: LSA is ignored, no additional actio number lower: The router ignores the update and Wg an LSA back to the original sender. Basically, the formation is telling the original sender “Hey, you sent info on that link.” imber higher: The router adds the LSA. t back to the original sender.ki The router ss its own routing table by running the SPF algorithm against the latabase Once the initial exchange of LSAs takes place, there will not be anot Inless there's a change in the network topology. An OSPF-speaking ro id out a summary LSA every. 30 minutes. fore the LSA exchange begins, OSPF-speaking routers must Becon forming an adjacency. Routers must agree on the area number # imer settings, and whether the is a stub area. If link auth | it must be configured on both sides of the adjacency, The itself is locally significant only and does not have to bela ey to form. (We'll see all of these values along with ids in action during our labs.) F adjacencies with show ip ospf neighbor ospf neighbor shows you the status of datJun 10 00:48:16: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console (een 7 nee eae‘Show ip ospf interface gives you the local router’s OSPF RID, ment (DR, BDR, DROther), the RID of the DR and BDR for that segme adjacencies the local router has formed on that segment, and much N excellent starting point for OSPF troubleshootingstate FULL/DROTHER FULL/DROTHER Rifshow ip ospf int serial 0/1/0 Serial0/1/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 172.12.123.1/24, Area 0 Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type NON BROADCAST, Cost Topology-" Cost Disabled shutdown Topology Name 0 64 ne no Transmit De , State riority Designat No backup Timer intervals oob-resync t Hello Support Gisco Ws TETE NSF h Index 1/1, Next 0:0 (0) Bast f t mam 23 bor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2 nt with neighbor 2.2.2.2 st with neighbor 3.3.3.3 es hell neighbor (2)Of the DR and BOR A major drawback of distance vector protocols is thelr Convergence refers to the network state where every router accurate view of the network, particularly after a topology change’ Toute. The slow convergence of distance such a Suboptimal routing and routing loops Link state protocols converge almost immediately upon a changeit OSPF uses designated routers a k ters to convergence a fast and orderly process. When a on an OSPE DR and BOR detects a change in the network, the detecting router lof its neighbors. The detecting rc sen multicast to Designated Routers address, where both t and BOR will hear its Router detecting network change— Ss Zs Five OSPF routers, all on same segment. Router detecting network change The DR then sends a multicast to 224.0.0.5, the All OSPR every OSPF-speaking router on-that segment will hear ity database in order to stay ready to step into the DR role lt! sends this multicastali on same segment. The DR then sends a multicast to 224.0.0.5, the All OSPF Re every OSPF-speaking router on that segment will hear it. The BDR Uj database in order to stay ready to step into the DR role if needed, but sends this multicast. f —_ ws _ The DROthers, routers on that segment that are neither the DRimsend an LSAcknowledgement (LSA) back to the DR to indicate Four Routers Enter, One Router Leaves Let's take a close look at the rules and regulations regarding th! elections on an OSPF broadcast segment. One router will become thet the BDR, and the other two DROthers. Loopo, 1.1.1.1 Fa 0/0, 172.1.1.1 Fa 0/0, 172.1.1.3 Ra No Leapback Here's an overview of the DR/BDR election process: ilutouter, interfaces on the segment with am re eligible to participate jNo Loopback Fa 0/0, 172.1.1.3 Here's an overview of the DR/BDR ele 1. All router interfaces on the segment with an OSPE greater are eligible to participate in the e Setting the interface priority to zero will disqualify that in the electio’ 2. The router with the highest interface priority is 3. If there's a tie, the OSPF Router ID (RID) is the highest RID wins.3. If there’s a tie, the OSPF Router ID (RID) is the the highest RID wins. 4. This process is repeated to elect a new BDR. A single DR and BDR for the same segment. With the RID playing such an impor ‘exactly how the router arrives at the RID highest IP address assigned to a loopback interface on thal whether that loopback is actually OSPF-enabled. A loopback i is serving as the OSPF RID is not automatically advertised by What if there is no loopback, you ask? In that caseyith ghest IP address assigned to @ physical interface, Agail PF-enabled in order for its IP address to serve rules can be overridden with the router RID manually. The router must bis no loopback, you ask? In that ca jhest IP address assigned to a physical interface. Agair be OSPF-enabled in order for its IP address to serve as the Both rules can be overridden with the router-id command, whic the OSPF RID manually. The router must be reloaded or the OSPF ter network, What would the RID of each rot Which would be the BDR?Fa 0/0, 172.1.1.9 = | The RIDs: Router 1: 1.1.1.1 Router 2: 2.2.2.2 Router 3: 172,1.1.3 Router 4: 172.1.1.4 R4 is the DR, R3 the BOR, and the other two routers are DROtheRss Summing up this section, there are three ways to manipull selection Changing the OSPF interface priority with p ospf priority Setting the OSPF RID manually with router-idFIRSTS Ter He Let's find out by taking the DR offline in this three-router network DR / BOR info we need with show ip ospf neighbor on R1. i Bigshow ip ospt neight R1 is the DR, R2 the BDR, and R3 j What exactly happens when a DR goes offline? What happens sole DROther. R1 (DR) R2 (BDR,659: %OSPF-5-ADJCHG: Proce Ry Us che STMT LT oT ee eee PM gel om LOADING to FULL, Loading Done 1 15:22:35.659: 1 cee R3>en R3# CAL ae ea [Resuming connection 1 to r1 etd Poe emt mea.) ESTs setae) Lia Dead Time Address 172.12.123.2 50 CO Ee so 72ers o reer 5 00:00:33 0) Soe ee reelSieh PYF Ts] FULL/BDR Oe 172.12.123.3 fo) FULL/DROTHER RTO Ee) Rl#show ip ospf int fast 0/0 FastEthernet0/0 is up, line Protocol is up Internet Address 172.12.123.1/24, Area 0 alle te Router ID 172.12.123.1, network Type BROAD Aen 9) DR, Priority 100 pis Tae ee ee A _De: r OSE ea eeeery Timer intervals configured, Hello BLOT On ee a ne oob-resync timeout 40 CURT OCR amore | Supports Link-local Signaling (LLs) Index 1/1, flood queue length 0 Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0) ‘ e Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1 eae ee a oe a cde Neighbor Count is 2, Adjacent neighbor count is 2 rp with neighbor 172.12.123.2 (Backup Desig Adjacent with neighbor 172.12.123.3 suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s) ieLorcab ete i iret ia pear rire [ames ae nee io Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State DROTHER, Priority 1 Designated Router (1D) 172.1.1.2, Interface address 172.1.1.2 Corset ie Ret eae inte ere ann rane Aeciaca ens Tac Lee ar rear ia ieeneeee Pee Career rs Saeco ee) cen Pn aera (ORT el Oba T 2} fee te. 123.Cats ro line Erica try Cee rea Internet Addre: One Topology-MTID Cost solarwinds® | Solar-PuTTY ree tooti a a eT EO Cl ighbor ID hr TT a eM 12,123,2 100 FULL/DR CCL ye eee Cae Cee 5 a ie reer rere re) See) Oy 00:00:39 172,12,123.3 q Roe uty tT PCR CM ag ae ce) 00:00:04 172.12.123.1 — Fastethe Cy, EEE eee ee Oy MOSPE-S-ADICHG: Process 1, Nbr 172.12.123.1 on Fastet Hr al ai Dead Time Address py CEE BY ee Pere Pes FasteEtheThe OSPF Network Types We're now going to build an OSPF network from scratch, one starting with a broadcast segment bet and RS. We'll put this i subnet into Area 0 Each router has a single loopback that uses the router number for eaeil Loopback interfaces will be advertised all at ater in this lab, ous OSPF-related commar All prev k will not-so-s fig on a broadcast network wi Baas aco erretwark. Let's get the config iBiaiam OSPF Broadcast networ Pwy mitt a proadcast segment between Ri and RS, subnet into Area 0, Each router has a single loopback that uses the router number Loopback interfaces will be advertised all at once later in this All previous OSPF-related commands have been removed from TRF ——_—__ a _ os: work will not-so-sut “An OSPF config on a broadcast networ PF Broadcast network. Let’s get the config up and do some verifyin'see Te : PH ON oo OS OL a success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 1/1/4 ms Ea cacua os O ee a ae Detect hd <1-65535> Process ID Cra eer aes Ik (config-router)#network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 Pare ee CXC aT esp) ity ee ee en area Set the OSPF area ID R5(config-router)#network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area ? ROMY EE Pe eae sia ae idPSE Sea aetna! 85 (config-router)#network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 7 ROL Cet ae Or CNM a UCU A.B.C.D OSPF area ID in IP address format RAC Uae One oe ee a ee Care ied IBRYANT_ADV_1#1 [Resuming connection 1 to r1 ... ] Ger tet Ue he ke Lea RCSerat Lear ee nae Sea aa Tis 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 oR ar ee ce ur ae *Jun 9 17:01:24.629: XSYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console ee me Rast ty Rone od Cae Co CLC saree 5.5.5.5 BEEN ou ee a Oe Be Petia 0 ised u aod) ree eeeSiete nee sO CU CT Ce nes ed iCatrnstat aes R1(config-router)#network 10.1.1.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 Rater emp r 204 ist PRUNES ESRC Cae ee a a a EL ay XSI od cal state rs Pe acd 10.1.1.5 ik’ berate See Rc Neighbor ID Pri State Dee ae eed erseae ee 1 2WAY/DROTHER: EET) 10.1.1.5 erase ge Sages 8 SNP EEL 7.074: MOSPE-S-ADICHG: Process 1, Nbr 5.5.5.5 on FastEtherne URC MSU Ry eae Mm at ee Cet eae be) FE ates atsPerr ne ee immer tem tits Eemer eee archi eys Neighbor ID lt Dead Time Addre: ee q Cece ae el ae al IFastEthernetO/O is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 10.1.1.1/24, Area 0 Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type BROADCAST, Cost Transmit Delay is 1 sec, State BDR, Priority 1 ea a a 2) i : i 5 RE eo 14 sina @).3 CREE r 10.1.1.5 See ee PL , Dead 40, wait 40, Ret: oob-resync timeout 40 PPS eee . Supports Link-local Eucla (LLS) piel ee OAR aC Mur am) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0) 4 Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1 Last. flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is O msec Be ee Count is 1, Adjacent neighbor count is 1 VRE) ano) Gt ay 5.5.5.5 (Designated Router) suppress hello for 0 neighbor(s) (seaFrame Relay Cloud Ss S Area 0 = the DR on this segment, and there should be: ngs for both the DR and BDR to be able to get a multicast to all segment. With a hub-and-spoke topology, a spoke router cannot lsther spoke. All spoke-to-spoke traffic goes through the hub t forward broadcasts or multicasts. Ri must be made the broadcast ’t goin’ anywhere! jpful lab hint: Be sure you have ents, or your multicasts ainpas Messi ta baerrtaths roast RAC LaLa Lee Pine aas ina aD MG@uarera4 GRC aia ae ah 24 19:59:35.183: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console[o Z ARIA) (eet orice as aeQS do not forward broaacasts or muiticasts. Helpful lab hint: Be sure you have the broadcast option Map statements, or your multicasts ain't goin’ anywhere! Rifshow frame mar ), station We'll prevent R2 and R3 from participating in the DR/BDR Iwith the ip ospf priority command. Changing that value from contig) + feenfig-if) +ir mO-255> Pr11/0 (up): ip 172.12.123.2 dlci 120 (0x7A, ie broadcast, e CISCO, status defined, active Serial1/0 (up): ip 17: 123.3 dlci 123 (0x7B, 0x1CBO), broadcast, CISco, status defined, active We'll prevent R2 and R3 from participating in the DR/BDR election with the ip ospf priority command. Changing that value from the to zero disqualifies the interface from taking part in the election. R2(config)#int serial ¢ R2(config-if) #ip F <0-255> Priority R2(config-ir) ip WRStconfig) tint serial BiconFig-it)#ip aspf pri We'll leave the priority alone on Ri, but there is a stater 8 on that router - twice! The hub router in this p statement for each spoke. Don’t put nei[Resuming connection 1 to rl... [eed ECS ranslating "ft" Pe OR a eo hol ranslating "ft" ee cae are Gere ever are su en a a Nee at ier ice as PTO La Ham 172.12.123.2 cb pee ee ee res CR le Pama PENNE cou noie EOC Rar at EAL ane} [Resuming connection 3 to r3 ... 3 (ener command: “con ft" Cees GOSS aC UO ae ee safe Coes @ Geb a ST) ens 172.12.123.0 0.0.0.255 area 0 SiGuar eet iy4 fee CORR ea oe Cae FCO ae [Resuming connection 1 to riECU ALoe ROCimee} css aU eg Inte 0 ATTEMPT/DROTHER 00:01:26 172.12.123.2 Serial © ATTEMPT/DROTHER 00:01:26 172.12.123.3 | Serial1/( Sama 8 00:00:39 = 10.1.1.5 eta (wed "Jun 15 05:30:10.040: XOSPF-S-ADJCHG: Process 1, Nbr 172.12.123.2 on Serial eC MMMM ut Me PSNR CRC LEE PS (O61 FE 0 ote Oo Pn oa Oe PUN MM MR Per a Psee Td Vale t72ebde ree mm ALES Pret Cie rie bse marl Eye Ue oe eed reeaaBae Dead Time Address FULL/DROTHER bi creep Pere) FULL/DROTHER beeper eer anew tH Opie SOmE SPARE eh Internet Address 172.12.123.1/24, Area 0 Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type NON_BROADCAST, Cost: 781 Sire OE aa a em Meee Designated Router (ID) 1.1.1.1, Interface address 172.12.123.1 No backup designated router on this network BeL melo a ar a UOC Ce Uae a oob-resync timeout 120 PCM Mem eg Supports Link-local Signaling (LLS) St Saree eee CUCM amy SCO L OD) Last flood scan length is 1, maximum is 1 eee aie es ew a Ce ost ee RS ae Ree k tT- e d peers ie aat ice eee eee eed Eee eR Ee ieee UM MRT tee) RiePri State 0 FULL/DROTHER 0 FULL/DROTHER FULL/DR ~ Both R2 and R3 are seen by R1 as DROTHERS, which is exactly the it, We'll verify above and beyond with show ip ospf int serial 0/1/0. Bifshow ip ospt int sex fe Seriali/0 3 : ransmit Delay. is 1 se. .me at vere Suu Re and no are seen Uy Ra a> UNU INES, WUT it. We'll verify above and beyond with show ip ospf int Rl#show ip ospf int serial 1/0 Seriali/0 is up, line protocol is up Internet Address 172.12.123.1/24, Area 0 Process ID 1, Router ID 1.1.1.1, Network Type NON Transmit Delay is 1 State DR, Priority 1 Designated Router No backup i Timer inter ger networks may have multiple hub routers, se, one hub router would need to i"Hub 1 (DR) Hub 2 (BOR)“The OSPF Point-to-Point And Point-to-Multipoint Networks We'll add a direct connection between R1 and R3, and put this one The network number is 172.12.13.0 /27. R1 is using its Serial 1/1 int Serial 1 interface.Re ee aay . SE CSA Cae CeCe aL aaa Sie eR CO Ce CV ee 0 ED Erzetouae Rane MCU ae OM Re ENS taat prin aes lk3 (config-router)#network 172.12.13.0 0.0.0.31 eo ee REXGccusa RR PL US ee CR eS Oe) eae tip a4 eat COCO or al ne FSC ed [Resuming connection 1 to ri . SRetier i ae CU oe ee NC at OL ies 5 aes IR1(config-router)#network 172.12.13.0 0.0.0.31 area 13er ae ae ENE se TL ca raa i ey ee [ee aed Jun 15 05:42:12.985: %OSPF-5-ADICHG: Lilo | ee Pg ee ee Loading Done URES sare) eyed Pee ee SCretarted SANT FI Re Pe NTT SS ESE oe Pe Ee TUB re} CEE a (i eet Ee aE SFABYg| Cin a 00:00:35 ees UES eRe) Rati2.12.123.2 aie ieee Eta . Cae) ola ST eer a Bo) pa a) 3 Be 10.1.1.5 be) ocin3) CRG eee 00:00:35 = 172.12.13.3 ES ee ee SULCUS Rl#show ip ospf int serial 1/1 Ogres eee Pela). ey payee Pee Pee ES Ura (a Wee] Geer ee OP ORL Die Pee Oe Eis a Mae Nae a ecue hl ape ee coe Me 5 Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, wait 40, retransmit 5 Sr eA) Para ae med Supports Link-local Signalin oe) Index 1/3, flood queue lengtl Next 0x0(6)/0x0(0) " eC aee ee ee aL eee Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec Co Count is 1, ego e Te oa Bete Re eed ee hello for 0 neighbor(s)that has a physical or logical interface in Area 0. Both routers criteria, so the config is legal. show ip ospf interface tells us this OSPF segment defaulted to th network type. This output also shows the default hello and dead network type, which are quite different from the NBMA timers. something this command doesn’t show us right now. RLfshow £ int Seriali/i is up, line Internet Adare: pag Broicess F , Network Type POINT 701 Tranemit r Timer intervals configured, Hello 10, Dead 40, Wait 40) eblresyn Hello ai ‘Supports flood scan time i: por Count is i, Adj Jacent with neighbor=MLcmet SS Suppurts waun-1vcas oiyuasiny (Luo Index 1/4, flood queue length 0 Next 0x0 (0) /0x0 (0) h Last flood scan length is 1 Neighbor Count is 1, Adjacent nei Adjacent with neighbor 3.3.3.3 k Suppress hello for 0 neighbor (s) Did you note the lack of a DR and BDR? Let's run show ip ospf Rl¢show , maximum is 1 Last flood scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msec count isWe have a full adjacency to R3 via the point-to-point connection, whichiisig What we don’t have is a DR or BDR. Instead, there's a dash. here? If so, what? Is something Nothing wrong here! That dash is there There's n point-to-point OSPF networ we don’t have a DR oF BRI Why not, which router segment ou ask ell, one of the main purposes of a DR elections will handle flooding of network changes to the other Thing is, jment, there’s no need to) , every router on the segment kn work can only contain two routers Mews. Once one router tells the oth change, since a point-to-point ni endpoint!0 FuLL/ 00:00:30 «172 al t We have a full adjacency to R3 via the point-to-point What we don't have is a DR or BDR. Instead, there’s a dash. here? If so, what? Nothing wrong here! That dash is there because we don't have a DR point-to-point OSPF network. There's no need for one. Why not, you ask? Well, one of the main purposes of a DR election which router will handle flooding of network changes to the other segment. Thing is, with a point-to-point segment, there’s no neeeitan news. Once one router tells the e the segment knows: change, since a point-to-point network can only contain two routers aii endpoint! R No matter who announces: the change, there's only one other router te telrouter will handle flooding of network Segment. Thing is, with a point-to-point segment, News. Once one router tells the othe very router on change, since a Point-to-point network can only contain two endpoint! Pe) S RL + ma RS F No matter who announces j the change, there's only one other router to tellt | R34 w You'd see the same dash on a point-to-multipoint nsiders to be a collection of point-to-point links. Let’s add another broadcast segment to oursuccess rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = eristns SOCCER CUO Ne Lee k3(config)#router ospf 1 Ik3 (config-router)#network 172.12.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 34 IR3 (config-router)#AZ ene CAC cur ie ta ae AC) [Resuming connection 4 to r4 ... ] i] in4 (config-if}# Heese R4(config)#router ospf 1 ind (config-router)#network 172.12.34.0 0.0.0.255 area 34 we ce ee Le ae) 1 02:13:44.567: %SYS-S-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console ‘%OSPF-5-ADICHG: Process 1, Nbr 3.3.3.3 on FastEthereu ee eeroe L - local, C - connected, Ss - static, R - RIP, M- mobile, B - BG D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area Ne Megas a 7 1 —1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 ij - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - Is-Is level ja - Is-IS inter area, * - candidate default, U - per-user static rv © - ODR, P - periodic downloaded static route, + - replicated route lcateway of last resort is not set 1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets CPCRENG MN GG) /3 UE OS hee ese Mor Chala 2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets 2.2.2.2 [110/783] OH FCSN OS ORS ee U RMT nul g 3.0.0.0/32 is_sul meee ‘ 4 3°3.3.3 [110/783] via 10.1.1.1, 01:17:53, Gigabitethernet0/0 PEPE SM YC LI Tat) Ae 3 A ree FETS E CEN 1 ale // 21a we de oe te EOE a cane anemia EPEC RET OET EEC. T1 RAL Ie Pe DER NRL HO ROL Rnsaat eg ErERe rere y/) wes) ar Ree ee onaPCE see sy 1.1.1.1 [110/2] via 10.1.1.1, 01:16:54, Giga 2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets 2.2.2.2 [110/783] via 10.1.1.1, 01:17:10, Gigabit ER a eee ag 3.3 [110/783] via 10.1.1.1, 01:17:53, Gigabitet :0/16 is variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 12.13.0/27 ee Ta Eee ee ea 5) BS 0/24 [110/792] via 10 COR Marc akaas 23.0/24 [110/782] via 10.1.1.1, 01:20:28, Gigabitet [Resuming connection 1 to rl... ] eed ew eo Co Pe Pee is subnetted, 1 subnets FUL Re EEE ea ert its StL)y/ Pia T Ue CeCe eR SES TE APSE Y Ee at eae epets (11 EA ese la age) res TERM ey CMS IY)a eee Secor eg Ca 2 D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, 0 - OSPF, IA ~ OSPF inter’ area eS aoc ee eet UOT ae £1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 —- OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, Ll - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-1s level SCS nicer Mee Ce ar eee ee ee cera ee Pe Ca ae re ate he + - replicated route, % - next hop override ECC a a ae 1.0.0,0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets JA _” 1.4.1.1 [410/65] via 172.12.123.1, 01:19:04, serial0/1/0 3.0,0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets SP REBEL (NGL Citterio POEMS Tacs em sed eS ESS IGE Leese Cee ESCO EEE SO MON YP2 SET ic RET 10.1.1.0 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1, 01:19:30, Serial0/1/0 PR RECEP RC ar Nee ac ee oe Ce es 172.12.13.0/27 [110/128] via 172.12.123.3, 01:19:30, serial0/1/0 SLC ISCEE Sp ELSA bce CE SE ES CRIA eM3.3.3.3 [110/65] via 172.12.123.3 CH a AL He aie re Baldy sy via 172.12,123.1, 01:19:30, seria 0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets STR RG OM FS CYS EM Le ae ee re em eee ear SEPP OM YUP Tar NA as ee 172:12.13.0/27 eee via 172.12.123.3, 01:19:30, Seria 172.12.34.0/24 [110/74] via 172.12.123.3, 00:03:15, serial0/1 IBRYANT_ADV_1#3 , eee Arca ay Aen oe i ted, 1 subnets . AE RS Sear ete eee ean serialo te ee Ee Cle Ge [110, ry eCeeRe Cer el oy, aa vy 137 . m er et) co ee Ee aeR3's Ethernet interface and Ré’s FastEthernet interface ork, and we'll add them to our OSPF network in Area R4(config) frouter ospft 1 RA (config-router) #network 172 ) 0.0.0.255 area af R3(config) router ospf 1 3 (config-router) ¢network R3#show ip ospf neight Iecess! With our adjacencies and areas in place c own individual area - R1's loopba "Let’s have a look at things from RS's point of view.toe Hp Wait a minute. Three loopback networks? What Let's check R1’s OSPF route table: Rlfshow ip route ospt 1 subnets Since the frame network and point-to-point link are conne them here in the OSPF route table, but we expected that, We loopback. What about R2 and R3? etyed, 1 subnetsframe network and point-to-point link here in the OSPF route table, but we expected th #show ip route ospf 1.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets 1.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1, 00:08:00) is subnetted, 1 subnets 7:40, Sex 1 gubners 2 1:110/65) \ vie) 2 is gubnected,— ° 10.1.1.0 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1, 00:07:50, See Not even R4’s OSPF neighbor, R3, has the route to R4’s loop table. The problem here is actually in the design of the network and a tule we violated right at the end! Let’s have a look at our OSPF dep new areas added.The #1 rule of OSPF design is that every area must contain aml jat has a physical or logical interface in Area 0 (AO). Four of o problem with that rule, but Area 4 does. Router 4 does ace in Area O, and for our routers to have full routing ta is rule allows a physical or logical connection to Areal Oy ang) interfaces put into Area 0, we'll now creat__ The area through which the virtual link is built, the transit area, cannot of any kind. We're going to spend more time with stub areas later in Of the course, and for right now it’s enough to know that our transit area (/ is not a stub. Building a virtual link is actually pretty easy. You just have to know to Message you'll get halfway through! R3 (config) #router Bileonfig-router) tarea @uithentication default fet t im cost of 3 NSSA/SEHEm hesa sconfig) #router ospf 1 B(config-router)#area 34 ? _ authentication default-cost nssa Specify a NW Specify a stub area virtual-1in R3(config-route A.B.c.D ID ( B3(config-rout! onfig) #rout Meonfig-rout Enable authentication Set the summary default-cost of a NSSA/stuD) atching address/mask (bord i its parameters al link neighborrnet0/0 Ra (conf Unless you type really fast (or cut and paste), you're going to get at least one! these messages after you configure one side of the virtual link. The words "received invalid packet’ y but all this message means is thal the message will go away, and you hai you'll sme "You'll sée this one in its piace: 13:33:29 SPF-5-ADJCH © FULL, Loading Done Verify your new virtual link with show ip ospf neighbor and show ip 0sp link. Note the interface type used by the new adjacency, and that our virtual seen by OSPF as a point-to-point network. Deancs Binex interval State FULL eth2 fate FULL (Hello suppressed) RET EP Secarsalssion queue ingen 0, neem First 0x0(0) /0x0(0) Next 0x0 (0) /0x0(0) Last retransmission scan length is 1, maximum is 1 Zast retransmission scan time is 0 msec, maximum is 0 msee2.0,0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets corer Sey, E IGFET 5.0.0.0/32 1s subnetted, 1 subnets Pee eee COI GE ET rE Ly Pee OEE era ee ea 10.0.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets StL E ISPs CECT Ey Perera Ty Teen OCS CUCU a ee iC arrears ae uate sor reas <0-4294967295> OSPF area ID as a decimal aur crn er ont) OSPF area ID in IP address format EXC RSD Lr Ur wey aed . Pastime eesti CCU Se Oe er et eae ee eet ed rrr a) Carus eur SO OOo ee ake ae stul Rae ce % MOR ec Giese eed Te 34 virtual-link 7 Nescisn cce ee aoeaes TE es ae ieee rae cw Cee ae ee Ce ee Celerra ae .D ID (IP addr) associated with virtual link neighbor in3(config-router)#area 34 alas hace Urs steal ar sles authentication-key Set authentication key Pree i Peta ea Pease Sie ce sary HOeee nen ee OS aR ae pore te aT Leo itr ur ee pete nN eg aoe Rua er a 34 virtual-Tink 4.4.4.4 3 Career aT SREP etn 2 eC Seas ARPT ea Pe iaa Eee alae Cau Co Cae ee ae iR4config)#router ospf 1 pea Re DLCUCCN 1 02:23:46.239: %OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch a eeu ea CMa TP ahaa CT or ee ee SGA Rienat eestor a Jan 1 02:23:56.243: XOSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet: mismatch are UCC CR CUR Se ee mS eL CLE Rae se eh OE Bee Ce a i fF from backbone area must be RAM Vink but not found from 172.12.34.3, Fa Soe) IR4 (config-router)# ESRC Tenn ay esa tes ee Re ere eee ine) Par Pe a ear Ui aT toi ela ne eis eLg Miri eine saat Aah GY ea Ey ae eeu -ERRRCV: cn) pa area must be virtual-link but not found from 172.12. Suse RaBeaty jR4 (config-router)# PEUMPM EPL EPL LSE are ap oC UR ree From backbone area must be virtual-link but not found from 172 By WCAC te g Bru PULPePLte ise are are oh ee ee Rae GCM Maat RL Sha a ae I Ec ed Se) Saeed Sruee CS ae ea CR UC ea a ge rue ea ata Cn a anak hy aee eee Be! say R4(config-router)#area 34 virtual-link 7 A.8.C.D ID (iP addr) associated with virtual link neighbor p4(config-router)#area 34 virtual-link 3.3.3.3 Reet Meee eae ae torr Be EE ea rneto/o Wieeuat eich ue Main RL SEER ney Cae RGEC ee en ie oe Un i ee ane a Rae,yeararenems toys Jan 1 02:24:46.251: %OSPF-4-ERRRCV: Received invalid packet ena Ma nae en ae ae ee aurea) 4(config-router)#area 34 virtual-link ? A.8.C.D ID (IP addr) associated with virtual link neighbor jR4(config-router)#area 34 virtual-link 3.3.3.3 PUM eee TLE aah CUT Be oe een From backbone area mist be virtual-link but not found from 172.12.34.3, Fs rnet IR4(config-router}#area 34 virtual-link 3.3.3.3 cir eacGc pd Rk |*Jan 1 02:24:59.943: %SYS-S-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console er) EEG SC EPTFE Ee eer eet eo OS eee OR OMAR Sr nou eee a a ST) ened Cerra Sart iw aes cs Cor aay iG) frees tT rere: ervais configured, Hello 10, Dead 4( Pare Lao) EEN e eau Seren UP Sag COAL 5 (Hello suppressed) Press First 0x0(0)/0x0(0) Next 0x0(0)/0x0(0) fees sue i peers Ur ae Ua jength is 1, maximum is ere eR eed PAZ aee) Cet aeons rs IR Pete he FMR VERE Ta EP a are 4.1.1.1 [110/65] via 172.12.123.1, 00:02:32, er PRO MEPS ta ee ee a rs 110/65] via 172.12.123.2, 00:02:32, er Tene Me Fag Mary OP ree ree ac ees 3 J) Via 172.12.123.1, 00:02:32, SerialO ca mead (65) via 172.12.123.1, 00:02:33, SerialOcodes: L - local, C - connected, S - static, R - RIP, M D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF ROUEN ea El - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2 i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, 2 ps SPC RCL iT eR LC ee ie ae Ce eC aCe cs iets are ee Pee Me Se CR PIU a BRUNER hat Bere aed cy Graver MMESCY(JSRNGL Weegee sete D OR re EMTALA ed 0.0. a eee ee ad Be 3.3 [110/65] Via 172.12.123.3, 01:30:15, serial0/1/0 CEE ac Re Me id pa POW MEE). weer ERE RC Eee ELT Ea RE ta Pee me ad EGE Wt erate eee SCE e 0/24 1s subnetted, 1 subnets 10.1.1.0 [110/65] via'172.12.123.1, 01:30:15, serial0/1/0 0/16 is _variably subnetted, 4 subnets, 3 masks 2.12.13.0/27 [110/128] via 172.12.123.3, 01:30:15, serial0/1/c 12.34.0/24 [110/74] via 172.12.123.3, 00:14:00, ‘serialo/1/0PIEPER OSCR Par Tor Neri iss se west ree es 172.12.13,0/27 [110/128] via 172.12.123.3, 01 seri SUCISE SEY MPL MEET EZ IMGL cee CEP MMSE Ta ee eee) Re Ce Ta a rt Rea ng 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 4.4.4.4, timeout is 2 seconds: ag rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 128/132/144 ms er COL ase sg [Resuming connection 1 to rl... ] eee CR 2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets Ewe MSEC ys. rs Gr ele ee ae e Ewe EERE EEUU) 3.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, 1 subnets " 3.3.3.3 [110/782] via 172.12.123.3, 00:03:13, serial1/o CXR SE act eee ey i 4.4 [110/792] via 172.12.123.3, 00:03:13, serial1/o /32 is subnetted, 1 subnets 5.5 [110/2] via 10.1.1.5, 00:03:13, Fastethernet0/o 4s variably subnetted, 3 subnets, 2 masks i] via 172:12.123.3, 60:03:13, Careya eg ere Pee ees es oe ee D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA ~ OSPF inter LOMA ie ee ead ee aca eee eer aed i - IS-IS, su - IS-IS summary, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - Is-Is le SCS Rar rT Reet ee ie ae ee eee ae Cee aCe eC ret eerste eee CCM eM aed By IA 7 5 be ar ay a a aad Pere ret 2 NGL Ore Ore Saal ane 2.0.0.0/32 is subnetted, i subnets SSCP. BUS Me MORE PO MRST nate) San Ox Re PT sac eee te Em ered Via 10.1.1.1, 01:31:08, Gigabitethernet0/0 4 x cr Oe Pe rsacs eRe sey CRUE era eC Ste MMU Cr Meat ase) PER ER IC: CRATE ae meee 172.12.13.0/27 [110/782] via 10.i.1.1, 01:33:43, Gigabitethernet’ Beers Ee 0/24 [110/792] via 10.1.1.1, 00:1 reese 172.12.123.0/24 [110/782] via 10.1.1.i, 01:33:43, GigabitethernetWhy The %)$*%( Don’t We Just Use One Big Area ' After you see or hear about the importance of Area 0 for the just might start thinking “Why not just put everything into Area have no design issues, virtual links, or worries!” We use areas because that allows us to create a hierarchy in our That sounds great, and Cisco loves the word “hierarchical” - but it mean? Here's the latest and greatest definition adj: classified according to various criteria into successive levels Using OSPF areas allows us to build a layered network. That the wear and tear on router resources such as memory and layered approach, you'll run into situations where a router routing table in order to reach the destinations it needs to routing table when a lesser number of routes will do? Logically dividing an OSPF network into areas since notifications of changes ina multi-area OSPF ich the change took place. This limiting.ofPRRATCORGW m p in which the change took place. This limiting of LSAs in turn number of routing table recaiculations. Summing it up, using OSPF areas brings us more efficient complete and concise routing tables, fewer overall SPF recalet LSALSA traffic. Speaking of SPF recalculations, you can see how many times that's show ip ospf. If you continually see this number rising, you likely Ravaiail segment in that OSPF area. Check out the full output of this com the bolded info. It is an area border router