The effects of homophobia on men with a homosexual orientation

By:

Maranan, Andrie A.

November 2021

The Problem and Its Background

Introduction

People’s mental and psychological perception of oneself as a woman, a man,

both, in between, or neither is called gender identity. People are the only ones who can

establish gender identity. Sexual orientation is a term that refers to your emotional,

romantic, or sexual attraction patterns. Attraction to the same gender (homosexuality), a

gender other than your own (heterosexuality), both men and women (bisexuality), all

genders (pansexuality), or none (normative sexual orientation) (asexuality).

Homophobia is a culturally induced fear of or prejudices against homosexuals

that can take the form of statutory limitations, bullying, or even violence against gays

(often referred to as "gay-bashing"). Homophobia was coined in the late 1960s, and an

American clinical psychologist named George Weinberg popularized the word in his

book Society and the Healthy Homosexual (1972). Although the suffix phobia usually

alludes to irrational anxiety, homophobia refers to an attitudinal disposition that ranges

from mild dislike to intense dislike of persons who are sexually or romantically attracted

to others of the same sex. Homophobia is a culturally conditioned reaction to

homosexuality, and views toward homosexuals differ greatly between cultures and

throughout time.
 As first year college of bachelor of arts in English language studies, the

researchers would like to trace the effects of homophobia on men with homosexual

orientation.

Statement of the Problem

The purpose of this study is to effects of homophobia on homosexual orientation.

Specifically, it sought answers to the following questions:

1. Profile of respondents

1.1 AGE

1.2 SEXUAL ORIENTATION

1.3 RESIDENCE

1.4 EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

1.5 RELIGIOUS AFFLIATION

2. WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HOMOPHOBIA ON MEN WITH HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATION IN

TERMS

2.1 SOCIAL RELATIONSHIP

2.1.1 FAMILY

2.1.2 FRIENDS

2.1.3 OTHERS

2.2 HEALTH

2.2.1 PHYSICAL

2.2.2 EMOTIONAL

2.2.3 MENTAL

2.3 PERSONAL DEVELOPEMENT

3. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP OF THE PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS TO THE

EFFECTS OF HOMOPHOBIA ON MEN WITH HOMOSEXUAL ORIENTATION ?
4. WHAT RECOMMENDATION OR SUGGESTION CAN BE PRODUCED BASED ON THE FINDINGS

Related Literature

This chapter presents the related literature which were reviewed and helped the

researchers fully understand the topic being investigated.

Related Literature

Homophobia

Francis kuehnle ,msn,rn,-bc- written by danielle dresden on february 11,2021

Homophobia, also known as heterosexism, is the belief that everyone should or

is heterosexual.

This can lead to considerable bias towards those who are attracted to others of
the same gender.

In this article, we shall replace the term "homophobia" with "heterosexism" since
"homophobia" emphasizes an individual's irrational worries rather than the
institutions in place that impair a person's health.

Heterosexism does not refer to prejudice and discrimination based on a person's

gender identification, which is known as cissexism.

Homophobia, often known as heterosexism, is the belief that humans should or

are heterosexual.According to Planned Parenthood, same-sex attraction is
characterized by dread, suspicion, hostility, or discomfort toward others who
experience it.It may also manifest itself in a variety of ways, ranging from the use
of negative and disrespectful words to more extreme forms such as bullying,
abuse, and physical assault.Furthermore, homophobia may manifest as systemic
oppression.Discrimination can occur from the government, religious institutions,
and other enterprises.

Here are several examples:denying same-sex couples the ability to marry being
refused housing because of one's sexual orientation being fired because of one's
sexual orientation Because of their upbringing or strict religious beliefs, a person
may develop homophobic inclinations or ideas.

Homosexual Orientation

WebMD editorial contributors

Medically Reviewed by dan brenan, MD ob june 29,2021

Homosexuality is defined as attraction between persons of the same sex.

It is derived from the Greek word homos, which means "the same."

It is a sexual orientation, not a gender identity like male, female, or non-binary.

People who are homosexual may identify as gay, lesbian, LGBTQ, queer, or a
variety of other labels.

There is no single method to feel same-sex attraction.

Many LGBT persons develop feelings for people of the same sex throughout
their adolescence.

However, it may take some time to discover what you're most drawn to or to feel
comfortable admitting it to yourself and others.

At various stages in their life, people experience sexual, romantic, and emotional
sentiments toward another person in various ways.

Alternative Names for Homosexuality

Because the word "homosexuality" is defunct, there are several synonyms.

The most popular synonyms are "gay" and "lesbian," respectively. Gay typically
refers to a guy being attracted to another man, while lesbian refers to a woman
being attracted to another woman.

The term "queer" refers to someone who is not heterosexual (attracted to the
opposite sex) or cisgender (having a gender identity that corresponds with their
assigned birth gender).

The term "LGBTQ" stands for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and
questioning.

It typically refers to a group of people rather than a single person.

Devin Kowalczyk copyright 2003-2021 Study.com.

Homosexuality has existed for a very long period.

However, just because something has been around for a while does not imply
that it has always been perceived in the same manner.

The origin and definition of the word homosexuality best explain this.

Before we go into the past, let's establish what we're talking about.Homosexuality
is described as same-sex attraction, which refers to the physical, emotional, and
psychological attraction to people of the same gender.Modern research and
sociological definitions of homosexuality have refined it to include a subcategory
of True Homosexuality, which is an exclusive attraction to the same sex.

Effects of Homophobia

Published online: 16 Sep 2020 christopher c.h. cook

Predetermined and opposing religious beliefs have been supported by research
on the reasons of human sexual orientation.While conceding that much remains
unknown, peer-reviewed scientific literature clearly reveals that a mix of genetic
and environmental variables contribute to sexual orientation, with genetic factors
accounting for around one-third of the variance presently assigned to the
former.Much of the known environmental effect appears to be intra-uterine, and
there is now no clear evidence that the social environment has a role.This
collection of evidence has theological implications.More emphasis should be
placed on critical multidisciplinary interaction with religion and science of sexual
orientation.

terminology

Science advances through developing terminology and concepts that can be

tested empirically.It does, however, get concepts from ordinary speech, which
must then be broken down and converted into scientific terminology in order for
research to be conducted.Scientific terminology are not always the same as
those used in everyday discourse or those individuals like to use in relation to
themselves.Human sexuality is notably complicated in this sense, and many
clinical papers contain glossaries of definitions to increase vocabulary clarity.4
Any examination of scientific studies on sexual orientation must thus begin with
clarity of language.

Genetics

Twin studies and molecular genetic marker studies are the two primary sources
of evidence for genetic determinants of sexual orientation.14The identification of
differences between twins is important to twin investigations.Identical twins, also
known as monozygotic (MZ) twins, have 100 percent identical chromosomal
genetic material.Non-identical or dizygotic (DZ) twins, like all other pairs of
siblings, share 50% of their genetic material.If a trait is genetically determined, it
is reasonable to anticipate MZ twin pairs to be more similar than DZ twin
pairs.However, there are a number of issues with twin research, including
difficulty with systematic subject identification and the assumption (not always
correct) that MZ and DZ twins experience similar settings inside the household.

Hormones

Physical sexual traits are widely documented to be influenced by hormonal

effects throughout early (particularly intrauterine) development.Some of these
impacts are reversible ("activational"), while others, such as those that occur
during a key developmental phase, are not.There is some evidence that these
permanent, or "organizational," factors may include brain alterations that define
adult sexual orientation.While this data has severe limitations, most notably the
inability of performing suitable scientific tests on humans ethically, it comes from
a range of sources and, when considered together, provides a body of support
that cannot currently be disregarded.

Journal of the gay aand lesbian medical association volume

2021 springer nature switzerland ag. Part of springer nature

The purpose of this review is to emphasize the repercussions of homophobia, or

hatred or contempt towards homosexual men and lesbians, which is a common
reaction to this relatively unknown and hitherto concealed section of society.

Peer-reviewed and non-peer-reviewed research publications, published and

unpublished survey results, current press coverage of events, and U.S. census
data are all combined to give an overview of homophobia's societal,
psychological, and medical effects.

Synthesis of Information: To offer an update on the existing knowledge

concerning homosexuality and the medical implications of homophobia, the
available evidence was examined from a psychiatric, medical, and social
viewpoint.

Conclusions: Homophobic prejudice has a significant physical and psychological

impact on the growing self-concept of teenagers and adults who acknowledge a
same-sex orientation.

Medical professionals are not immune to cultural prejudice, and they may show
contempt towards homosexual men and lesbians as patients.

Patients sense this contempt, which alienates them from the medical system,
limiting the use of screening modalities and increasing the risk of infection,
cancer, and heart disease morbidity and death.

Being gay or lesbian is not genetically or physiologically dangerous, but

homophobia does carry risk factors.

As a result, homophobia—the training of gays and lesbians against themselves

and the indoctrination of heterosexuals against homosexuals—poses a serious
health risk.
Homophobia resolutions at the governmental, institutional, educational, and
medical levels are explored, with the goal of improving the quality of medical
treatment offered to homosexual men and lesbians, as well as their health and
quality of life.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 June 2021

Mental health

We claim that the impact of homophobia on mental health is undervalued,

unrecognized, and inadequately reported in the research.

In 2010, a meta-analytic review of the literature on the relationship between IH

and mental health among LGBTQIs found that IH is significantly linked to
internalising mental disorders (such as depression, anxiety, stress/trauma-related
disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, eating, and dissociative disorders)
(Newcomb and Mustanski, Reference Newcomb and Mustanski2010).Several
authors include homophobic experiences in the framework of the'minority stress
model,' which states that minority stress stems from a conflict between being a
minority and dominant social and cultural values, and can be based on
homophobic experiences, harassment, maltreatment, discrimination, and
victimization, all of which have an impact on people's physical and mental health
(Meyer, Reference Meyer1995). Newcomb and Mustanski (Reference Newcomb
and Mustanski2010) conducted a meta-analysis of 31 articles on the relationship
between IH and mental health, involving 5831 LGBTQI people, and found that
homophobic experiences were linked to high rates of internalising mental
disorders, which were mostly described in older people and based on prevalent
depressive symptomatology.

After assessing 724 LGB individuals, Van Beusekom et al. (Reference Van
Beusekom, Bos, Kuyper, Overbeek, and Sandfort2018) proposed that
homophobic stigmatization and IH are significant mediators of the association
between gender non-conformity and the onset of mental health issues: subjects
reporting fewer homophobic experiences had lower mental health morbidity.In
their path-analysis model, Lorenzi et al. (Reference Lorenzi, Miscioscia, Ronconi,
Pasquali, and Simonelli2015) discovered that social support is a protective
mediator between IH and anxiety as well as depressive symptoms in LGB
participants in Belgium and Italy.Furthermore, greater levels of IH and social
heteronormativity have been linked to an increase in sexual risk behaviors and
the frequency of sexually transmitted illnesses in LGBs (Perez-Brumer et al.,
Reference Perez-Brumer, Passaro, Oldenburg, Garcia, Sanchez, Salvatierra,
Lama and Clark2019).

Synthesis
 Research Methods

Research Design

Subjects of the Study

Data Gathering Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Results and Discussion

 Summary, Conclusions, and Recommendations

Summary of Findings

The salient findings of the study are as follow:

Conclusion

Recommendations

References: