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დიმიტრი გეგენავა საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სამართალი
დიმიტრი გეგენავა საქართველოს საკონსტიტუციო სამართალი
saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio samarTali
meoTxe gamocema
© dimitri gegenava, beqa qanTaria, lana canava, Tengiz TevzaZe, zurab maWaraZe,
paata javaxiSvili, TinaTin erqvania, Tamar papaSvili, 2016.
© daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, 2016.
ISBN 978-9941-0-9113-1
winaTqma
i
avtorTa saxeliT, minda madloba gadavuxado yvela adamians, romleb-
mac saintereso winadadebebi da ideebi mogvawodes, aseve, yvela dainter-
esebul pirs, romlebmac wina gamocemis saocari popularoba ganapirobes.
saredaqcio TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebuli madloba ekuTvniT, aseve,
Tamar papaSvilsa da paata javaxiSvils, romlebmac, datvirTuli grafikis
miuxedavad, mniSvnelovani saredaqcio samuSaoebi Seasrules.
imeds gamovTqvamT, rom `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTlis~ me-
oTxe gamocema iseTive sasargeblo da saintereso iqneba, rogoric wina
gamocemebi.
dimitri gegenava
daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis institutis direqtori,
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis asistenti
ii
Sinaarsi
iii
4.6. Zalauflebis gamijvna ................................................................................. 38
4.7. parlamentis uzenaesoba ............................................................................. 39
4.8. parlamentarizmi, ndoba-undoblobis votumi ................................... 39
4.9. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mmarTvelobis forma ...... 40
4.10. 1921 wlis konstitucia – yvela drois mniSvnelovani dokumenti... 42
5. sakonstitucio diqtatura sabWoTa saqarTveloSi...............................42
6. sakonstitucio reformebi 1990-1991 wlebSi ...........................................45
6.1. umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo – uzenaesi sabWo.......................... 45
6.2. gardamavali periodi – sabWouridan respublikur
konstituciamde ................................................................................................... 46
6.3. axali sakonstitucio komisia da............................................................. 46
konstituciis proeqtis SemuSavebis mcdeloba ....................................... 46
6.4. sabWoTa da erovnuli kanonmdeblobis Seusabamobis problema .. 46
6.5. referendumi da sareferendumo sakiTxebi ......................................... 47
6.6. saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti ... 48
6.7. prezidentis Tanamdebobis SemoReba da prezidentis arCevnebi . 49
6.8. mmarTvelobis forma ................................................................................... 50
6.9. prezidentis uflebamosileba ................................................................. 51
6.10. mTavroba......................................................................................................... 52
6.11. sasamarTlo ................................................................................................... 53
6.12. uzenaesi sabWos wevris statusi ............................................................ 53
7. 1992-1995 wlebis kvazisakonstitucio reformebi .................................54
7.1. xelisuflebis damxoba da 1921 wlis konstituciis aRdgena ........ 54
7.2. `mcire konstitucia~ ................................................................................... 56
7.2.1. preambula, suverenitetis principi da Zalauflebis gamijvna .. 57
7.2.2. parlamenti ............................................................................................... 57
7.2.3. parlamentis Tavmjdomare-saxelmwifos meTauri..................... 58
7.2.4. ministrTa kabineti................................................................................ 59
7.2.5. SeiaraRebuli Zalebi da uSiSroeba ................................................ 60
7.2.6. sasamarTlo xelisufleba .................................................................. 60
8. sakonstitucio cvlilebebi da reformebi 1995-2015 wlebSi..............60
8.1. 1995 wlis konstituciis proeqtis SemuSaveba da miReba ................ 60
8.2. 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis sakonstitucio reforma .............................. 62
8.3. 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris sakonstitucio reforma ............................ 66
8.4. arSemdgari sakonstitucio reforma .................................................... 72
Tavi III politikuri reJimi da mmarTvelobis formebi .................................. 75
1. politikuri reJimebisa da mmarTvelobis formebis zogadi
daxasiaTeba ............................................................................................................75
2. politikuri reJimi ..........................................................................................75
2.1. demokratia ...................................................................................................... 75
2.2. totalitarizmi ............................................................................................. 77
2.3. avtoritarizmi............................................................................................... 78
3. mmarTvelobis formebi ...................................................................................79
iv
3.1. monarqia ............................................................................................................ 79
3.2. respublika ...................................................................................................... 80
3.3. saprezidento respublika ......................................................................... 81
3.3.1. saprezidento sistemis zogadi daxasiaTeba ................................ 81
3.3.2. Stoebs Soris urTierTgawonasworebis sistema......................... 83
3.3.3. saprezidento mmarTveloba laTinur amerikasa da afrikaSi 85
3.4. saparlamento sistema ................................................................................. 86
3.4.1. saparlamento sistemis istoriuli winamZRvrebi da misi
zogadi daxasiaTeba ......................................................................................... 86
3.4.2. saxelmwifos meTauri ........................................................................... 88
3.4.3. mTavroba ................................................................................................... 89
3.4.3.1. mTavrobis formireba.................................................................90
3.4.3.2. undoblobis votumi ...................................................................91
3.4.4. tradiciuli da racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi .............. 92
3.4.4.1. tradiciuli parlamentarizmis krizisi ..............................92
3.4.4.2. racionalizebuli parlamentarizmi .....................................92
3.4.5. ndobis urTierToba .............................................................................. 94
3.4.6. parlamentis daTxovna ......................................................................... 94
3.4.7. gansxvavebebi saprezidento da saparlamento sistemebs
Soris..................................................................................................................... 95
3.5. Sereuli (naxevrad saprezidento) respublika .................................. 97
3.5.1. Sereuli (naxevrad saprezidento) respublikis zogadi
daxasiTeba ........................................................................................................... 97
3.5.2. Sereuli (naxevrad saprezidento) respublikis klasifikacia ... 97
3.5.3. Sereuli respublikis Taviseburebebi ......................................... 100
3.5.4. kohabitacia ............................................................................................ 101
3.6. mmarTvelobis formebis martivi gamijvnis wesi ............................. 102
4. saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis forma ...........................................................103
4.1. saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis formis istoriuli analizi ........... 103
4.1.1. uZvelesi droidan pirvel konstituciamde .............................. 103
4.1.2. 1921 wlis konstitucia ...................................................................... 103
4.1.3. sabWouri konstituciebi .................................................................. 104
4.1.4. mmarTvelobis formebi damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg .... 104
4.2. saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia .................................................. 105
4.2.1. 1995 wlis konstituciis Tavdapirveli redaqcia ................... 105
4.2.2. mmarTvelobis modeli 2004 wlis Tebervlis Semdeg ............... 107
4.2.2.1. prezidentis roli da statusi saxelmwifo
xelisuflebaSi .......................................................................................107
4.2.2.2. premier-ministris berketebi ................................................108
4.2.2.3. parlamenti da mTavrobis sakontrolo
uflebamosilebebi .................................................................................109
4.3. saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis modeli 2010 wlis sakontitucio
cvlilebebis Semdeg .......................................................................................... 109
v
4.3.1. prezidentis statusi ......................................................................... 109
4.3.2. prezidentis kompetenciebi ............................................................. 110
4.3.3. prezidentis sagareo uflebamosilebebi ................................... 111
4.3.4. prezidenti, rogorc umaRlesi mTavarsardali ...................... 111
4.3.5. kontrasignacia ..................................................................................... 112
4.3.6. mTavrobis statusi.............................................................................. 112
4.3.7. mTavrobis saparlamento kontroli ............................................ 113
4.3.8. 2010 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis Sedegad miRebuli
mmarTvelobis modeli .................................................................................. 115
Tavi IV teritoriuli mowyoba .......................................................................... 118
1. teritoriuli mowyobis zogadi mimoxilva ............................................118
1.1. Sesavali .......................................................................................................... 118
1.2. unitarizmi .................................................................................................... 118
1.2.1. unitarizmis cneba ............................................................................... 118
1.2.2 dekoncentracia da decentralizacia ......................................... 119
1.2.3. centralizebuli da SedarebiT decentralizebuli
unitarizmi........................................................................................................ 119
1.2.4. decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifo ............................ 120
1.2.5. avtonomia ................................................................................................ 121
1.2.6 avtonomiis saxeebi................................................................................ 121
1.2.7. unitarizmis upiratesobebi............................................................. 122
1.3. federalizmi ................................................................................................. 122
1.3.1. federalizmiszogadi daxasiaTeba ................................................ 122
1.3.2. kompetenciaTa gamijvna..................................................................... 124
1.3.3. simetria Tu asimetria? ..................................................................... 125
1.3.4. federaluri erTianobis garantiebi ............................................ 125
1.3.5. federalizmis dadebiTi aspeqtebi................................................ 125
1.3.6. federalizmis `ukuCvenebebi~ ......................................................... 126
1.3.7. federalizmis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebi........................................ 126
1.4. regionalizmi................................................................................................ 128
1.4.1. regionalizmis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi.................................... 128
1.4.2. ra aris regionuli avtonomia? ....................................................... 129
1.4.3. simetria Tu asimetria? ..................................................................... 130
1.4.4. regionebis kompetencia..................................................................... 130
1.4.5. teritoriuli mowyobis gamijvnis sqema ..................................... 131
2. saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba .......................................................133
2.1. istoriuli Sesavali .................................................................................. 133
2.1.1. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos dilema ........................................... 134
2.1.2. sabWoTa saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba .......................... 134
2.2. 1995 wlis konstitucia teritoriuli mowyobis Sesaxeb ............. 135
2.3. Tanamedrove saqarTvelos teritoriuli mowyoba ........................ 136
2.3.1. teritoriuli erTeulebi saqarTveloSi ................................... 136
2.3.2. saxelmwifo rwmunebuli-gubernatori ....................................... 136
vi
2.4. aWaris avtonomiuri respublika ........................................................... 138
2.4.1. aWaris a/r-is kompetencia................................................................. 138
2.4.2. aWaris a/r-is xelisuflebis organizacia da umaRlesi sabWo .. 140
2.4.3. aWaris a/r-is mTavroba....................................................................... 141
2.5. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublika.................................................... 142
2.5.1. afxazeTis a/r-is statusi ................................................................. 142
2.5.2. afxazeTis a/r-is umaRlesi sabWo .................................................. 143
2.5.3. afxazeTis a/r-is mTavroba ............................................................... 143
2.5.4. afxazeTis a/r-is sxva organoebi .................................................... 144
2.6. yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze
Seqmnili droebiTi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli......... 145
Tavi V arCevnebi ................................................................................................... 147
1. arCevnebi da saarCevno samarTali .............................................................147
1.1. Sesavali .......................................................................................................... 147
1.2. arCevnebis saxeebi da perioduloba ..................................................... 147
1.3. saarCevno sistemebi .................................................................................... 149
1.3.1. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema .................................................. 150
1.3.2. proporciuli saarCevno sistema ................................................... 155
1.3.3. Sereuli saarCevno sistema .............................................................. 156
1.4. saarCevno ufleba da cenzebi ................................................................. 156
1.5. arCevnebis principebi ................................................................................ 158
1.6 arCevnebis stabiluroba da demokratiuloba .................................. 159
1.7. referenfumi da plebisciti ................................................................... 161
2. saqarTvelos saarCevno sistema da arCevnebi ........................................162
2.1 arCevnebis istoriuli ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.......................... 162
2.2 saqarTvelos arCevnebis ZiriTadi saxeebi .......................................... 164
2.2.1. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi............................................ 164
2.2.2. saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi ............................................ 165
2.2.3. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa arCevnebi .......... 167
2.2.3.1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi
organos _ sakrebulos arCevnebi .....................................................167
2.2.3.2. TviTmmarTveli qalaqis merisa da TviTmmarTveli Temis
gamgeblis arCevnebi ...............................................................................168
2.3. saqarTvelos saarCevno administracia .............................................. 169
2.4. amomrCevelTa siebi da winasaarCevno kampania ................................. 170
2.5. arCevnebis monitoringi da media .......................................................... 172
2.6. kenWisyris dRe da arCevnebis Sejameba ................................................ 173
2.7. saarCevno davis ganxilva da pasuxismgebloba ................................. 174
2.8. referendumi da plebisciti saqarTveloSi ...................................... 175
Tavi VI parlamenti............................................................................................... 178
1. parlamentarizmis zogadi mimoxilva .......................................................178
1.1. parlamentis institutis genezisi ........................................................ 178
1.2. parlamentis sistemuri klasifikacia ................................................. 181
vii
1.3 parlamentis Sida struqturuli organizacia ................................. 184
1.4. parlamentis wevris statusi................................................................... 184
1.4.1. imuniteti da indemniteti ................................................................ 184
1.4.2. parlamentis wevris statusis SeZena ............................................ 186
1.5. parlamentis damoukidebloba................................................................ 186
1.6. parlamentis uflebamosilebebi ........................................................... 187
2. saqarTvelos parlamenti .............................................................................188
2.1. parlamenti saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriaSi ......................... 188
2.2. saqarTvelos parlamenti 1995 wlis konstituciaSi ...................... 189
2.2.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis statusi da arCevnebi .................... 189
2.2.2. saqarTvelos parlamentis uflebamosilebis Sewyveta ......... 191
2.2.3. saqarTvelos parlamentis muSaobis wesi da pirveli sxdoma .... 191
2.2.4. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevri .................................................... 192
2.2.4.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris statusi........................192
2.2.4.2. saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris imuniteti da
indemniteti .............................................................................................193
2.2.5. saqarTvelos parlamentis struqtura ....................................... 193
2.2.5.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare ...........................194
2.2.5.2. parlamentis biuro ...................................................................194
2.2.5.3. saparlamento fraqcia.............................................................195
2.2.5.5. saqarTvelos parlamentis komiteti ...................................197
2.2.5.6. saqarTvelos parlamentis komisiebi ...................................199
2.2.6. parlamentis funqciebi ..................................................................... 200
2.2.6.1. saqarTvelos parlamentis sakanonmdeblo
uflebamosilebebi: sakanonmdeblo procesi .................................200
2.2.6.1.1. sakanonmdeblo iniciativa ................................................. 202
2.2.6.1.2. sakanonmdeblo winadadeba ................................................. 204
2.2.6.1.3. sakomiteto da plenaruli ganxilvebi .......................... 205
2.2.6.1.4. kanonproeqtis daCqarebuli da gamartivebuli wesiT
ganxilva ..................................................................................................... 208
2.2.6.1.5. kanonproeqtze xelis mowera da gamoqveyneba ............ 209
2.2.6.1.6. konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana.... 210
2.2.6.1.7. saxelmwifo simboloebis Sesaxeb organuli kanonebis
proeqtebis ganxilva ............................................................................. 212
2.2.6.1.8. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis
damtkiceba................................................................................................ 212
2.2.6.1.9. saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqtis ganxilva da
miReba ......................................................................................................... 214
2.2.6.2. parlamentis kontrolis uflebamosilebebi ....................216
2.2.6.2.1. saparlamento kontroli ................................................... 216
2.2.6.2.2. saparlamento kontrolis meqanizmebi .......................... 217
2.2.6.2.2.1. interpelacia .................................................................. 218
2.2.6.2.2.2. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisia .................................. 219
viii
2.2.6.2.2.3. droebiTi komisia ........................................................... 222
2.2.6.2.2.4. parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebuli organoebis
Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmianobis kontroli, maTi
uflebamosilebis Sewyveta da Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba 222
2.2.6.2.2.5. parlamentis mier miRebuli da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis normatiuli aqtebis aRsrulebis kontroli .. 224
2.2.6.2.2.6. impiCmenti ......................................................................... 225
Tavi VII prezidenti ............................................................................................. 228
1. prezidentis institutis zogadi mimoxilva ..........................................228
1.1. Sesavali .......................................................................................................... 228
1.2. prezidentis institutis formireba – mcire istoriuli
eqskursi ................................................................................................................. 228
1.3. prezidenti, rogorc saxelmwifos meTauri...................................... 230
1.3.1. saxelmwifos meTauris instituti ................................................ 230
1.3.2. saxelmwifos meTauris klasifikacia da prezidentis arCevis
zogadi standarti ......................................................................................... 231
1.4. prezidentis instituti mmarTvelobis modelebis mixedviT ..... 232
1.4.1. prezidenti saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saprezidento
modelSi ............................................................................................................. 233
1.4.2. prezidenti saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saparlamento
modelSi ............................................................................................................. 234
1.4.3. prezidenti saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sereul modelSi .... 236
2. saqarTvelos prezidenti.............................................................................237
2.1. sakonstitucio reformebi da prezidenti........................................ 237
2.2. saqarTvelos prezidenti konstituciis mixedviT......................... 239
2.2.1 saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi ............................................. 239
2.2.2. saqarTvelos prezidentis sakonstitucio statusi.............. 240
2.2.3. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi......................... 241
2.2.3.1. saqarTvelos prezidenti, rogorc samxedro Zalebis
umaRlesi mTavarsardali ....................................................................241
2.2.3.2. saqarTvelos prezidentis sagareo uflebamosilebebi 242
2.2.3.3. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi
sakanonmdeblo organosTan mimarTebiT .........................................243
2.2.3.4. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sferoSi .........................................245
2.2.3.5. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi
sasamarTlo xelisuflebasTan mimarTebiT....................................246
2.2.3.6. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi safinanso-
sabiujeto saqmianobis sferoSi ........................................................247
2.2.4. saqarTvelos prezidentis samarTlebrivi aqtebi .................. 247
2.2.5. saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebis droebiT
Sesruleba da Sewyveta ................................................................................. 248
2.3. prezidentis administracia .................................................................... 249
ix
Tavi VIII mTavroba ................................................................................................. 252
1. mTavrobis zogadi mimoxilva ......................................................................252
1.1. mTavrobis cneba da arsi ........................................................................... 252
1.2. samTavrobo modelebi da mTavrobis adili saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva sistemaSi ............................................................ 252
1.3. mTavrobis formireba da uflebamosilebebi ................................... 256
1.4. mTavrobis Semadgenloba .......................................................................... 257
1.5. mTavrobis wevris statusi ....................................................................... 257
1.6. mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba da gadayeneba ............ 258
2. saqarTvelos mTavroba .................................................................................258
2.1. samarTlebrivi warsuli – restrospeqtiva ...................................... 258
2.1.1. demokratiul respublikamde ......................................................... 258
2.1.2. mTavroba saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikaSi ............. 259
2.1.3. mTavroba sabWoTa saqarTveloSi ................................................... 260
2.1.4. damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdgomi periodi,
sakonstitucio reformebi......................................................................... 261
2.2. saqarTvelos mTavrobis sakonstitucio statusi da
uflebamosilebebi ............................................................................................. 263
2.2.1. saqarTvelos mTavroba, rogorc sakonstitucio organo .... 263
2.2.2. mTavrobis formireba ......................................................................... 264
2.2.3. saqarTvelos mTavrobis Semadgenloba, struqtura da
uflebamosilebebi......................................................................................... 266
2.2.4. saqarTvelos prezidentisa da mTavrobis urTierTmimarTeba . 269
2.2.5. mTavrobis angariSvaldebuleba..................................................... 270
2.2.6. mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba ................................ 270
Tavi IX sasamarTlo.............................................................................................. 273
1. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis zogadi mimoxilva ......................................273
1.1. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis daniSnuleba da misi adgili
Zalauflebis gamijvnis sistemaSi ................................................................ 273
1.2. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sakonstitucio safuZvlebi ............. 274
1.3. sasamarTlo sistemis organizacia ....................................................... 276
1.4. mosamarTlis statusi................................................................................ 279
2. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistema.............................................................282
2.1. istoriuli mimoxilva ............................................................................... 282
2.2. sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sakonstitucio ..................................... 283
safuZvlebi saqarTveloSi .............................................................................. 283
2.3. saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema ................................ 284
2.4. saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTlis samarTlebrivi statusi285
2.4.1. mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze gamweseba ..................................... 285
2.4.2. mosamarTleTa damoukideblobis garantiebi ........................... 287
2.4.3. mosamarTleTa disciplinuri pasuxismgebloba,
uflebamosilebis Sewyveta......................................................................... 288
2.5. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferencia......................................... 289
x
2.6. saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo ........................................... 290
Tavi X sakonstitucio kontroli .................................................................... 292
1. sakonstitucio kontrolis zogadi mimoxilva .....................................292
1.1. sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti.............................................. 292
1.2. sakonstitucio kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi ...... 293
1.2.1. sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi ...................................................... 293
1.2.1.1. zogadi mimoxilva ......................................................................293
1.2.1.2. avstriuli modeli....................................................................294
1.2.1.3. germanuli modeli ....................................................................294
1.2.2. saerTo sasamarTloebi da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
eqvivalenti organoebi ................................................................................ 295
1.2.3. sakonstitucio kontrolis ZiriTadi saxeebi .......................... 296
2. sakonstitucio kontroli saqarTveloSi ..............................................298
2.1. sakonstitucio kontrolis sakonstitucio safuZvlebi............ 298
2.2. sakonstitucio kontrolis sakanonmdeblo safuZvlebi............. 299
2.3. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ........................................ 300
2.3.1. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dakompleqteba da struqtura ... 300
2.3.2. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosilebebi, `negatiuri
kanonmdebeli~.................................................................................................. 301
2.3.3. sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoeba ............................................... 303
2.3.4. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqtebi, ........................................... 304
gadawyvetilebis miReba da aRsruleba .................................................. 304
Tavi XI saxelmwifo finansebi da kontroli .................................................. 307
1. saxelmwifos safinanso-ekonomikuri sistema ........................................307
1.1. saxelmwifos safinanso-ekonomikuri sistemis safuZvlebi ........ 307
1.2. gadasaxadebi ................................................................................................. 308
2. saxelmwifo biujeti ......................................................................................310
3. safinanso kontroli .....................................................................................312
3.1. safinanso kontrolis daniSNnuleba da standarti ......................... 312
3.1.1. safinanso kontrolis daniSnuleba .............................................. 312
3.1.2. safinanso kontrolis modelebi, saxeebi da
ganmaxorcielebeli subeiqtebi ................................................................ 314
3.1.3. safinanso kontrolis saerTaSoriso standarti .................... 316
3.1.3.1. saerTaSoriso organizaciebi da deklaraciebi ...............316
3.1.3.2. safinanso kontrolis organoTa damoukidebloba .........317
3.2. safinanso kontrolis evolucia saqarTveloSi.............................. 318
3.3. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri ............................................................. 318
3.3.1. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris funqcia da
uflebamosilebebi......................................................................................... 318
3.3.2. generaluri auditori ....................................................................... 320
3.3.3. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris organizaciuli mowyoba ... 320
3.3.4. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris angariSi ................................... 321
4. erovnuli banki................................................................................................322
xi
4.1. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis istoriuli gza ................................ 322
4.2. erovnuli bankis statusi da funqciebi.............................................. 322
4.3. erovnuli bankis mmarTveloba da struqtura ................................. 324
4.3.1. erovnuli bankis sabWo ....................................................................... 324
4.3.2. erovnuli bankis prezidenti ........................................................... 325
4.4. erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrisa da prezidentis statusi........... 326
4.5. erovnuli banki da saqarTvelos erovnuli valuta – lari ........ 327
Tavi XII saxelmwifos Tavdacva da uSiSroeba ................................................ 329
1. saxelmwifos Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis zogadi daxasiaTeba............329
1.1. saxelmwifos Tavdacva, uSiSroeba da usafrTxoeba ...................... 329
1.2. saxelmwifos uSiSroebis dacvis meqanizmebi .................................... 330
2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Tavdacva da uSiSroeba ................................331
2.1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Tavdacvis arsi da mniSvneloba ........ 331
2.2. saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia ........................ 332
2.3. saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo ........................................ 333
2.3.1. saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis saTaveebTan .................... 333
2.3.2. sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi statusi ..................................... 334
2.3.3. sabWos struqtura da formirebis wesi ....................................... 335
2.3.4. sabWos struqturuli erTeulebi ................................................. 337
2.3.5. sabWos uflebamosilebebi ................................................................ 338
3. saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis .................................................339
sxva instituciuri instrumentebi ...............................................................339
3.1. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro ................................................... 339
3.2. saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabi ............... 340
3.3. saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebi ............................................................... 341
3.4. erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWo............... 343
3.5. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuri....................... 345
Tavi XIII adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba ....................................................... 348
1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis institutis zogadi daxasiaTeba 348
1.1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arsi ................................................ 348
1.2. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ZiriTadi cnebebi ...................... 349
1.3. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ZiriTadi principebi................ 350
1.4. evropuli qartia `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ .... 352
2. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba saqarTveloSi ....................................355
2.1. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganviTareba saqarTveloSi.... 355
2.2. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba saqarTvelos konstituciaSi . 356
2.3. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba . 358
2.4. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis qarTuli sistema ....................... 359
2.5. municipaliteti ........................................................................................... 360
2.5.1. municipalitetis Seqmna, gauqmeba da uflebamosilebebi ..... 360
2.5.2. municipalitetis organoebi............................................................ 361
2.5.2.1. municipalitetis sakrebulo .................................................361
2.5.2.2. municipalitetis gamgebeli/meri.........................................364
xii
2.5.2.3. municipalitetis organoebis samarTlebrivi aqtebi .....366
2.5.3. pirdapiri saxelmwifo mmarTveloba. sakrebulos daTxovna
da saqmianobis SeCereba, sakrebulos da gamgeblis/meris
uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyveta ........................................................ 366
2.5.4. municipalitetis biujeti................................................................ 367
2.5.5. municipalitetis qoneba ................................................................... 368
2.5.6. moqalaqeTa monawileoba ................................................................... 369
TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebaSi ..................................................... 369
2.5.7. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis........................... 371
saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba ............................................. 371
2.5.8. samxareo sakonsultacio sabWo...................................................... 372
2.6. Tbilisis municipaliteti ....................................................................... 372
Tavi XIV adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uflebis dacvis ZiriTadi
meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi ................................................................................. 375
1. adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis zogadi mimoxilva ................................375
1.1. Sesavali .......................................................................................................... 375
1.2. mcire istoriuli eqskursi ..................................................................... 375
1.3. ZiriTadi uflebis arsi da saqarTvelos konstitucia................. 377
1.4. ZiriTadi uflebebis adresati ............................................................... 380
1.5. ZiriTadi uflebebis subieqtebi ........................................................... 381
1.6. ZiriTadi uflebebis klasifikacia....................................................... 383
1.7. ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva da SezRudvis .................................. 386
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi gamarTleba ............................................. 386
2. uflebis dacvis meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi ............................................387
2.1. Sesavali .......................................................................................................... 387
2.2. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebis dacvis
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi saSualeba ................................................ 388
2.3. saerTo sasamarTloebis sistema _ uflebis dacvis
samarTlebrivi meqanizmi ................................................................................. 389
2.4. saxalxo damcvelis instituti, rogorc uflebis dacvis
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi saSualeba ................................................ 390
2.5. davis gadawyvetis alternatiuli saSualebani – mediacia da
arbitraJi .............................................................................................................. 392
2.6. administraciuli saCivari, rogorc uflebis dacvis
samarTlebrivi saSualeba ............................................................................... 393
Tavi XV saxalxo damcveli ................................................................................. 396
1. zogadad ombudsmenis Sesaxeb .....................................................................396
2. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli ................................................................397
2.1. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis statusi ........................................ 397
2.2. saxalxo damcvelis Tanamdebobaze arCeva ......................................... 397
da misi damoukideblobis garantiebi ......................................................... 397
2.3. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis uflebamosilebebi da misi
aparatis struqtura ......................................................................................... 399
xiii
3. specializebuli saombudsmeno dawesebulebebi saqarTveloSi .......404
Tavi XVI moqalaqeoba........................................................................................... 405
1. moqalaqeobis instituti .............................................................................405
1.1. moqalaqeobis cneba .................................................................................... 405
1.2. moqalaqeobis mopovebis gzebi ............................................................... 405
1.3. ormagi moqalaqeoba .................................................................................... 406
2. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba ...........................................................................407
2.1. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopovebis gzebi .................................... 407
2.1.1. dabadebiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba .......................................... 407
2.1.2. naturalizaciiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis mopoveba ........ 408
2.1.2.1. moqalaqeobis Cveulebrivi wesiT miniWeba .........................408
2.1.2.2. moqalaqeobis gamartivebuli wesiT miniWeba ....................408
2.1.2.3. moqalaqeobis sagamonakliso wesiT miniWeba .....................408
2.1.2.4. moqalaqeobis aRdgenis wesiT miniWeba ................................409
2.1.3. moqalaqeobis miRebis damabrkolebeli garemoeba ................. 409
2.1.4. sapatio moqalaqeoba .......................................................................... 409
2.1.5. moqalaqeobis SenarCuneba ................................................................ 410
2.2. moqalaqeobis Sewyveta .............................................................................. 410
2.2.1. moqalaqeobidan gasvla...................................................................... 410
2.2.2. moqalaqeobis dakargva ...................................................................... 410
2.3. saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis dadgena .................................................... 411
2.4. saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ............... 412
2.5. adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebi ........................................................ 412
3. ucxoelebi da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi ..........................................413
3.1. ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa samarTlebrivi
statusi .................................................................................................................. 413
3.2. ucxoelTa ufleba-movaleobebi ........................................................... 414
3.3. TavSesafris ufleba .................................................................................. 414
bibliografia ..................................................................................................... 454
xiv
Tavi I
Sesavali sakonstitucio samarTalSi
1
Sinaarsobrivadac ganasxvaveben:17 `saxelmwifo samarTali~ gacilebiT
farTo cnebaa da saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobasTan, mmarTvelobis Zi-
riTad sakiTxebTan dakavSirebul normaTa erTobliobas gulisxmobs.
Sesabamisad, `saxelmwifo samarTalSi~ SeiZleba moazrebul iqnas
rogorc sakonstitucio, ise administraciuli samarTali da nebismieri
is interdisciplinuri samarTlis dargi18, romelic saxelmwifos fun-
qciebis realizebis raime sakiTxs mainc exeba, maT Soris, moqalaqeTa
ufleba-movaleobebs19 da a.S.
mniSvnelovani sxvaobaa `sakonstituciosa~ da `konstituciurs~ So-
ris. samwuxarod, qarTul samarTlebriv literaturaSi xSirad am or
cnebas erTi mniSvnelobiT gamoiyeneben. `sakonstitucio~ konsti-
tuciisken mimarTuls, misgan gamomdinares, xolo `konstituciuri~ ki _
konstituciasTan dakavSirebuls, masze damyarebuls, Sesabamiss aRniS-
navs. aqedan gamomdinare, `sakonstitucio~ samarTali moiazrebs sa-
marTals, romelic mimarTulia konstituciisken, anu misi Seswavlis,
kvlevis sagani aris konstitucia. `konstituciuri~ samarTali gulisx-
mobs konstituciis Sesabamis, masTan TanxvedraSi myof samarTals, rac
gacilebiT farToa da moicavs nebismier samarTals, romelic kon-
stitucias Seesabameba, maT Soris, rasakvirvelia, sakonstitucio sa-
marTalsac. terminologiuri gansxvaveba qarTuli enis Taviseburebeb-
iTaa gamowveuli, romelic saSualebas iZleva `sakonstitucio~ da `kon-
stituciuri~ sxvadasxva mniSvnelobis matarebel cnebebad miviCnioT.
ucxo enaTa umravlesobaSi ki orive maTgani xSirad erTi cnebiT aRin-
iSneba20.
rac Seexeba sakonstitucio samarTlis mecnierebas, igi saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibebul, saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobasTan da-
kavSirebuli sakiTxebis istoriul, samarTlebriv, filosofiur da
politikur aspeqtebsa21 da xelisuflebis qmedebaTa legitimurobis sa-
kiTxs22, sakonstitucio samarTlis ganviTarebis istorias, sakonstitu-
ciosamarTlebriv normaTa praqtikaSi realizebas, mis subieqtebs, wy-
aroebs23 da a.S. Seiswavlis. Saios ganmartebiT, `konstitucionalizmi
aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebis SezRudva sazogadoebrivi simSvidis Sen-
arCunebisTvis, romelic mowodebulia daacxros mimdinare vnebebi ise,
rom safrTxe ar Seuqmnas mmarTvelobis efeqtianobas~24. konstitucion-
alizms ubralo `kanonierebaze~ gacilebiT meti ram ainteresebs, vinai-
dan xelisuflebis qmedebis kanonierad Seracxva ar gulisxmobs, rom is a
priori konstituciuria; sakonstitucio samarTlis mecnierebis erT-erTi
mizania, daadginos Tu ra aris konstituciuri25.
umetes SemTxvevaSi konstitucionalizms sakonstitucio samarTlis
mecnierebas da ara samarTlis dargs uwodeben, Tumca maT Soris xSirad
gansxvaveba imdenad umniSvneloa, rom mxolod simbolur datvirTvas
iZens. konstitucionalizmi verasdros iqneba Caketili mxolod sa-
marTlis mecnierebis CarCoebSi, ufro metic, zogadad, samarTlis
2
mecnierebis msgavsad, misi kvlevis sfero ar izRudeba romelime
konkretuli saxelmwifos sakonstitucio samarTliT26. vinaidan Tavad
konstitucia racionaluri azrovnebis Sedegia, Zalian rTulia sa-
konstitucio samarTlis, istoriis, filosofiisa da politikuri
mecnierebis erTmaneTisgan mkveTri gamijvna27.
barneti sakonstitucio samarTlis doqtrinis oTx mTavar maxasi-
aTebels gamoyofs: a) saxelisuflebo Zalaufleba unda xorci-
eldebodes sakanonmdeblo organos mier dadgenil farglebSi da misi
ganmaxorcielebeli angariSvaldebulia kanonis winaSe; b) Zalauflebis
ganxorcieleba unda Seesabamebodes adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs; g) Za-
laufleba, misi borotad gamoyenebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, sax-
elmwifo institutebs Soris racionalurad unda iyos ganawilebuli; d)
politikis Seqmnisa da ganxorcielebisas xelisufleba angariSval-
debulia sakuTari amomrCevlis winaSe, romlisganac misi uflebamosile-
ba momdinareobs.28
konstitucionalizmi politikur-samarTlebrivi Teoriaa29 da Zalze
axlosaa sazogadoebriv da politikur mecnierebebTan30. konstitucion-
alizmsa da politologias kvlevis bevri saerTo obieqti aqvT: saxalxo
suvereniteti, warmomadgenloba, Zalauflebis gamijvna, saxelmwifo
organoebi, xelisufleba, mmarTveloba da a.S.31 umravlesobis Zalau-
fleba ar SeiZleba iyos SeuzRudavi, moraluri principebi da samarTli-
anoba masze maRla unda idges32, amas ki sistematizacia sWirdeba, ris gam-
oc sakonstitucio samarTlis mecniereba sxvadasxva saxelmwifos sa-
konstitucio samarTals ganazogadebs, sistemurad aanalizebs33; igi
ikvlevs politikuri xelisuflebis CamoyalibebasTan, Zalaflebis
gadacemasa da ganxorcielebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs34. swored am-
itomac, sruliad marTebulia diuverJeseuli mosazreba _ `Seiswavlo
konstituciuri samarTali es niSnavs imas, rom Seiswavlo politikuri
institutebis iuridiuli aspeqtebi~35.
sakonstitucio samarTali gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania
saqarTvelosTvis, romelic gardamaval etapze imyofeba da romlisTvi-
sac sasicocxloa saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebis swori da dabalansebuli
ganawileba. konstitucionalizmis ZiriTadi amocana xom swored
xelisuflebis SezRudva da Zlieri samoqalaqo sazogadoebis arsebobaa.
3
umiwawylos mier `TavisuflebaTa didi qartiis~ (Magna Carta Libertatum)
miReba miiCneva37. qartia erT-erTi gamorCeuli samarTlebrivi Zeglia,
romelsac aqtualoba ar daukargavs da rac mTavaria, gaerTianebul
samefoSi sxvadasxva formiT dRemde moqmedebs. am aqtiT pirvelad
moxerxda monarqis Zalauflebis SezRudva da saxalxo war-
momadgenlobis uzrunvelyofa, romlis safuZvelze ganxorcielebulma
qmedebebma, Tavis mxriv, parlamentarizms daudo saTave38.
aTvlis wertilad `Tavisuflebis didi qartiis~ miCneva ar niSnavs,
rom manamde arsebuli samarTlebrivi Zeglebi sruliad umniSvneloa,
piriqiT, isini analizisaTvis Zalze sasargeblo da saintereso informa-
cias Seicaven. samarTlebrivi Zeglebi, romlebic saxelmwifos marTva-
gamgeobis sakiTxebs awesrigebdnen, mravladaa SemorCenili sxvadasxva
eris kulturul da istoriul memkvidreobaSi. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
saxelmwifoebma SeimuSaves umniSvnelovanesi sakonstituciosamarTle-
brivi Zeglebi, romlebmac Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebebi da maxasiaTeblebi gansazRvres _ `habeas korpus aqti~,
`bili uflebaTa Sesaxeb~, aSS-is damoukideblobis deklaracia da a.S.39
rac Seexeba Tanamedrove konstitucionalizms, misi ganviTareba Zi-
riTadad oTx etapad mimdinareobda da dakavSirebulia daweril kon-
stituciaTa ganviTarebasTan. pirveli etapis dasawyisi, ra Tqma unda,
1787 wlis aSS-is konstitucias ukavSirdeba, romelic dRemde uZveles
daweril da erT-erT yvelaze myar konstituciad miiCneva40. misi mizani
sruliad axali, gansxvavebuli mmarTvelobis sistemis damkvidreba iyo.41
swored pirvelma dawerilma konstituciam daudo saTave konstitucion-
alizmis sruliad axal eras, ramac, Tavis mxriv, msoflios Zireuli sa-
marTlebrivi da kulturuli gardaqmna ganapiroba. pirveli etapi moi-
cavs 1787 wlidan 1918 wlamde periods, rodesac saxelmwifoTa nawilma
gaiTvaliswina Statebis gamocdileba da Tavadac Seqmna sakuTari kon-
stituciebi, mag., belgiis 1831 wlis, Sveicariis 1874 wlis, argentinis
1853 wlis konstituciebi da a.S.42 pirveli etapis konstituciebi, Zi-
riTadad, saxelmwifo mowyobis sakiTxebs awesrigebda, akanonebda ukve
arsebul weswyobilebas, adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs
ki yuradReba TiTqmis ar eqceoda43.
pirveli msoflio omis dasrulebam msoflios politikuri ruka
srulebiT Secvala. saxelmwifoTa nawili pirvandeli saxiT aRar
arsebobda, ramdenime revoluciis Sedegad Seicvala mmarTvelobis
formebi da rac mTavaria, gaCnda bevri damoukidebeli saxelmwifo. am
procesma gamoiwvia Tvisobrivad axali konstituciebis Seqmna, rac meo-
re msoflio omamde gagrZelda. konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebis
meore etapi swored pirvel da meore msoflio omebs Soris periods moi-
cavs.44 am periodis konstituciebSi SedarebiT wina planzea wamoweuli
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tumca ZiriTadi yuradReba kvlavac sax-
elmwifo mowyobis Temas eTmoba. am periodis Cexoslovakiis, avstriis,
4
luqsemburgis konstituciebma daamkvidra axali saxelmwifo instituti
_ sakonstitucio sasamarTlo45.
konstitucionizmis ganviTarebis mesame etapi meore msoflio omis
dasrulebidan iwyeba da moicavs meoce saukunis TiTqmis mTel meore
naxevars, 90-ian wlebamde. es periodi emTxveva `civ oms~ da msoflio kon-
stitucionalizmis istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gardamtexia46. meore
msoflio omis dasrulebidan ramdenime welSi miRebuli konstituciebi-
dan aRsaniSnavia germaniis, safrangeTis, italiis, iaponiis konstituci-
ebi, romelTac meoce saukunis 50-60-ian wlebSi gaTavisuflebul da ax-
ladSeqmnil saxelmwifoTa ZiriTadi kanonebi mohyva.47 demokratiulma
procesebma, adamianis uflebebis wina planze wamowevam da adamianis,
rogorc uzenaesi Rirebulebis, aRiarebam mniSvnelovnad ganapiroba am
etapis konstituciebis samarTlebrivi arqiteqtura, konstituciebSi
aisaxa meoce saukunis umniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso aqtebi da kon-
venciebi, maT Soris, gaeros adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklara-
cia, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli
konvencia da a.S.
konstitucionalizmis meoTxe, mimdinare etapi meoce saukunis 90-iani
wlebis dasawyiss, kerZod sabWoTa kavSirisa da e.w. `komunisturi banakis~
daSlas, axali saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnas ukavSirdeba. post-
komunisturma saxelmwifoebma mniSvnelovanesi sakonstitucio re-
formebi gaatares da axali konstituciebi miiRes48, romlebSic demo-
kratiuli institutebi, adamianis uflebebia ganmtkicebuli49 da emyare-
ba sxvadasxva qveynis sakonstituciosamarTlebriv gamocdilebas. maTSi
uaryofilia komunisturi midgomebi da xelisuflebis komunisturi
gageba, Tumca sabolood mainc araa gaTavisuflebuli warsulis
naSTebis zegavlenisagan da ufro metad gaTavisuflebul saxelmwifoTa
deklaraciis rols asrulebs50. dasavluri konstitucionalizmis
tradicia, rogorc wesi, meoTxe etaps calke ar gamoyofs da mas mesame
etapis Semadgenel nawilad, ideur gagrZelebad moiazrebs.
5
sakonstitucio samarTlis wyaroebis sam mTavar saxeobas gamoarCeven:
samarTlebrivi aqtebi, Cveuleba da sasamarTlo praqtika55, Tumca, aseve,
aRsaniSnavia sakonstitucio samarTlis mecniereba (doqtrina) da
religiuri xasiaTis wyaroebi, romlebic saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi
sistemis ganuyofeli Semadgeneli nawilia da ufro metic, zogierT Sem-
TxvevaSi, konkretuli religiis wminda werili konstituciaze maRlac ki
dgas (mag., iranis islamuri respublika, aRmosavleTis islamuri sax-
elmwifoebis nawili)56.
sakonstitucio samarTlis wyaroebs Soris ierarqiis mkacri sistema
moqmedebs,57 rac sakonstitucio samarTlis mdgradobas ganapirobebs.
wyaroebs Soris gamoiyofa ZiriTadi da damxmare wyaroebi. ZiriTad wy-
aroebs ganekuTvneba iseTi wyaroebi, romlebic saxelmwifos mieraa aRi-
arebuli da miniWebuli aqvs savaldebulo Zala. damxmare wyaroa yvela-
feri, rac sakonstitucio samarTlis praqtikaSi realizebas aadvilebs
da fakultaturi, arasavaldebulo mniSvneloba aqvs. ZiriTadi da
damxmare wyaroebis erTiani sistema da dayofa ar arsebobs, rac sax-
elmwifoTa samarTlebrivi sistemebis mravalferovnebiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli.
sakonstitucio samarTlis upirvelesi wyaroa samarTlebrivi aqtebi,
romlebic sakonstituciosamarTlebriv normebs adgens.58 marTalia, sa-
marTlebrivi aqtebis klasifikacia konkretulad saxelmwifozea
damokidebuli, Tumca samarTlebriv aqtSi, zogadad, moiazreba kon-
stitucia, konstituciuri, organuli, Cveulebrivi da referendumis
Sedegad miRebuli kanonebi, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanx-
mebebi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis aqtebi da a.S59.
kanonebi da parlamentis mier miRebul normatiul-samarTlebriv aq-
tTa umravlesoba sakanonmdebloa, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ki, Zi-
riTadad, kanonqvemdebare aqtebs gamoscems.60 marTalia, aRmarulebeli
xelisuflebis mier gamocemuli aqtebis raodenoba gacilebiT aRemateba
sakanonmdeblo aqtebis raodenobas, magram yvela maTgani ar aris sa-
konstitucio samarTlis wyaro: maTgan mxolod isini miiCneva sa-
konstitucio samarTlis wyarod, romlebic sakonstituciosamarTle-
briv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoicema61.
sakonstitucio Cveuleba iseTi Cveuleba, romelic awesrigebs sa-
konstituciosamarTlebriv urTierTobebTan dakavSirebul, sax-
elmwifos mier mouwesrigebel sakiTxebs. gaerTianebul samefoSi sa-
konstitucio samarTlis wyaroa e.w. Lex et Consuetudo Parliamenti, romelic
saukuneTa manZilze dagrovebul, parlamentis SigniT arsebuli ur-
TierTobebis momwesrigebel Cveulebebs aerTianebs.62 xSirad, sa-
konstitucio Cveuleba dadgenilia sasamarTlo organoebis mier. msgavsi
wyaroebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria islamur, wynari okeaneTisa da af-
rikis saxelmwifoTa nawilSi. tropikuli afrikis ramdenime qveyanam
CveulebaTa kodifikaciac ki scada, Tumca warumateblad.63
6
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi kanonmdeblobis praqtikaSi gamoyeneba
erovnuli konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebis donis ganmsazRvreli
erT-erTi mniSnelovani kriteriumia.64 sasamarTlo praqtikas didi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba sakonstitucio samarTalSi. xSir SemTxvevaSi, kon-
stituciis normaTa mniSvnelobas swored sasamarTlo (umTavresad, sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo) gansazRvravs da adgens Sesabamisi
ganmartebis gziT.65 Stainbergeris azriT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetileba zogadsavaldebulo normis xasiaTis matarebelia.66
Tumca mecnierTa nawili amiT ar kmayofildeba da mas statusiT norma-
tiul aqtsac ki uTanabrebs, normatiul xasiaTsa da precedentis mniS-
vnelobas aniWebs67.
doqtrina sakonstitucio samarTlis damxmare wyaroa yvela sa-
marTlebriv sistemaSi. ra Tqma unda, mas samarTlebrivad savaldebulo
statusi ar gaaCnia. masSi moiazreba sakonstitucio samarTlis sferos
mecnierTa Sromebi, rekomendaciebi, daskvnebi da a.S.68 msgavsi tipis wy-
aroebi odiTganve samarTlis yvela mimarTulebaSi gamoiyeneba da `iu-
ristebis samarTlis~ saerTo saxeliTaa cnobili69.
saqarTvelo kontinenturi evropis samarTlis ojaxs miekuTvneba,
Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio samarTlis ZiriTad da
savaldebulo wyarod mxolod samarTlebrivi aqtebi miiCneva. kon-
stitucionalizmSi aRiarebuli nebismieri sxva wyaro saqarTveloSi
mxolod fakultatur, damxmare mniSvnelobis wyarod ganixileba.
7
aluri da aramaterialuri sikeTe, romlis realizebis mizniTac sa-
konstitucio samarTlis subieqtebi msgavs urTierTobebSi monawileo-
ben76.
sakonstitucio samarTlis subieqtebi sakonstituciosamarTlebriv
ufleba-movaleobaTa matarebeli pirebi arian.77 sakonstitucio sa-
marTlis moculobidan gamomdinare, misi subieqtebis mravalferovnebac
logikuria. subieqtTa klasifikaciis uamravi varianti arsebobs, rac
metwilad konstitucionalistTa gemovnebasa da saxelmwifos samarTle-
briv sistemazea damokidebuli. sakonstitucio samarTlis subieqtebia:
saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da xalxi, fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebi, sax-
elmwifo da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi, saxelmwifos
administraciul-teritoriuli da avtonomiuri erTeulebi, federaciis
subieqtebi, sazogadoebrivi, politikuri da religiuri gaerTianebebi
da msg.78
saxelmwifo, xelisufleba da xalxi sakonstitucio samarTlis um-
Tavresi subieqtebi arian. isini erTmaneTisadmi dakavSirebul da ur-
TierTganmapirobebel institutebs warmoadgenen. saxelmwifo Zalau-
flebis ganxorcieleba xalxis ndobazea damyarebuli79, igia misi wyaro
da masve ekuTvnis kidevac mTeli Zalaufleba80. am mxriv, sakonstitucio
samarTali gansxvavdeba samarTlis sxva dargebisgan, konstitucional-
izmSi swored xalxia umTavresi da ganmsazRvreli subieqti81.
fizikuri pirebi arian moqalaqeebi, ucxo qveynis moqaleebi, ormagi
moqalaqeobis mqone pirebi (bipatridebi) da moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi
(apatridebi).82 rac Seexeba iuridiul pirebs, sakonstitucio samarTlis
subieqtebi ara yvela, aramed mxolod is iuridiuli pirebia, romlebic
sajarosamarTlebrivi normebis safuZvelze iqmneba (sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli pirebi) saxelisuflebo uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis
mizniT83.
sakonstitucio samarTlis subieqtis statusi SeiZleba sxvadasxva
profesiul, religiur da sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas hqondes.84 poli-
tikur partiad miiCneva adamianTa jgufi, romelsac sakuTari struqtu-
ra aqvs da romlis mizania saxelmwifos xelisuflebis, saxelisuflebo
Zalauflebis mopoveba, SenarCuneba da ganxorcieleba.85 religiuri
gaerTianebebis aqtiuri monawileoba sakonstituciosamarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebSi ZiriTadad aRmosavleTis saxelmwifoebisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTebeli,86 Tumca msgavsi faqtebi tradiciul evropul saxelmwifoebSic
mravladaa.
8
pebis kategoria samarTlis erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan samarTlis
wyarod iqca88.
sakonstitucio samarTlis principebi aerTianebs rogorc samarTlis
zogad, ise uSualod konstitucionalizmisaTvis damaxasiaTebel sax-
elmZRvanelo ideebs. konstitucionalizmis ZiriTadi principebia: Za-
lauflebis gamijvna, Sekaveba da gawonasworeba, saxalxo suvereniteti,
saxalxo warmomadgenlobiToba, demokratiuli, socialuri da sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifo, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis pativiscema da
a.S.89
9
moudgenelia xelisuflebis danawileba da gadanawileba romelime in-
stitutze, radgan xelisufleba aris erTiani, samarTlebrivi fiqcia da
konstruqcia. xelisufleba ramdenime Stosgan Sedgeba, Tumca es rodi
gulisxmobs xelisuflebis erTianobis darRvevas da Selaxvas. mxolod
saxelmwifo Zalaufleba nawildeba maT Soris da imijneba erTmaneTisgan.
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris Zalauflebis gamijvna warmoadgens am prin-
cipis amosaval ideas: Zalaufleba unda akavebdes Zalauflebas da ara
xelisufleba _ xelisuflebas.
Zalauflebis gamijvnis Teoria sami umTavresi principisgan Sedgeba:
funqciuri (uflebamosilebaTa) gamijvna, instituciuri gamijvna,
Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmi.99 funqciuri gamijvnis Tanaxmad,
aucilebelia, xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris uflebamosilebebis
ganawileba ise, rom erTi Sto kompetenciurad meoreSi ar iWrebodes.100
rac Seexeba instituciur gamijvnas, mis mixedviT, savaldebuloa
xelisuflebis TiToeul Stos konkretuli organo (organoebi) war-
moadgendes,101 Sesabamisi ierarqiuli principis dacviT, mag., sakanon-
mdeblos _ parlamenti, sasamarTlos – umaRlesi da sxvadasxva in-
stanciebis sasamarTloebi da a.S.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebi, romlebsac demokratiuli da sa-
marTlebrivi saxelmwifos statusze aqvT pretenzia, aRiareben da
emyarebian Zalauflebis gamijvnis Teorias. ra Tqma unda, droisa da
epoqis Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli Teoriac Seicvala, modifikacia ganicada,
rac, TavisTavad, logikuria. marTalia, gaCnda iseTi saxelmwifo or-
ganoebi, romlebic TavianTi arsiT arcerT Stos miekuTvneba, Tumca es
Tavad principis arapraqtikulobas ar gulisxmobs.
Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis sistemis (Checks and Balances) mixedviT,
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris ara mxolod Zalaufleba unda gadanawil-
des, gaimijnos, aramed TiToeul maTgans mieces saSualeba, akontrolos
danarCenebi. xelisuflebis Stoebi unda akavebdnen erTmaneTis Zalau-
flebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi amoqmedebdnen amisaTvis aucilebel
meqanizmebs.102 mag., parlamenti uflebamosilia ndoba-undobloba gam-
oucxados mTavrobas, impiCmentis wesiT gadaayenos prezidenti, Tavis
mxriv, prezidents SeuZlia, daiTxovos parlamenti da a.S.
ganasxvaveben Zalauflebis horizontalur da vertikalur gamijvnas.
Zalauflebis horizontaluri gamijvnis mixedviT, saxelmwifo Zalau-
fleba nawildeba centraluri xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris, xolo
vertikaluris SemTxvevaSi Zalaufleba gamijnulia saxelmwifos cen-
tralur da teritoriul, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebs
Soris (centri-periferia).
paundis azriT, `Zalauflebis gamijvnis principi zedmiwevniTi si-
zustiT jer arsad ganxorcielebula da is hipoTeturi mijnebi, rom-
lebic xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris ivleba, ufro metad istoriulia,
vidre _ analitikuri~103. yoveli saxelmwifo Tavad wyvets ramdenad
10
zedmiwevniT gamoiyenebs am princips. SesaZloa moinaxos garkveuli
Sualeduri poziciebic, Tumca, ZiriTad SemTxvevebSi, demokratiuli da
samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos xelisufleba iyofa sam Stod, konstitucia
ki cdilobs maqsimalurad moawesrigos maTi uflebamosilebebi da erT-
maneTs Soris urTierTobebi, raTa Zalaufleba realurad akavebdes Za-
lauflebas.
11
miznad adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrunvelyofa unda
daisaxos, maqsimalurad moeridos ZiriTadi uflebebiT dacul sferoSi
Carevas, mkacrad daadginos saxelmwifosa da individis ur-
TierTmimarTebis farglebi.107
12
ZiriTadi norma da misi Teoria daedo safuZvlad xsenebuli principis
aRzevebas. kelzenisTvis konstitucia nebismier sxva samarTlebriv aq-
tze maRla mdgomi dokumentia, romelsac nebismieri aqti Tu qmedeba un-
da Seesabamebodes112.
saxelmwifos gamarTuli funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia sasa-
marTlos damoukidebloba iyos uzrunvelyofili, TiToeul adamians
unda hqondes rwmena, rom mis saqmes obieqturad, miukerZoeblad da sa-
marTlianad gadawyvets kvalificiuri piri. sasamarTlos damoukide-
bloba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos arsebobis erT-erTi aucilebeli win-
apirobaa. samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi yvela adamiani kanonis winaSe Ta-
nasworia, samarTali yvelaze Tanabrad vrceldeba, rac sazogadoebis
TiToeul wevrSi samarTlianobis gancdas ganapirobebs.
2. moZRvreba konstituciaze
2.1. konstituciis arsi
13
mowesrigebiT da urTierTobebis gacilebiT farTo speqtrs exeba122. kon-
stitucia erTdroulad warmoadgens filosofias, politikas, sazoga-
doebasa da samarTals123. warmoudgenelia misi mxolod samarTlebriv
aqtad aRqma.124 igi udidesi socialuri da politikuri mniSvnelobis
matarebelia. xSirad darRveuli saxelmwifo suverenitetis aRdgenisa
da gamTlianebis,125 socialuri integraciis funqciasac asrulebs da er-
is, sazogadoebis erTianobis Camoyalibebas uwyobs xels126. swored kon-
stituciam gaaerTiana inglisis batonobisgan gaTavisuflebuli 13 pro-
vincia127 da `Seqmna eri~128.
holmsis SefasebiT, konstitucia moqnili, cocxali dokumentia, xo-
lo konstituciis teqsti _ cxovrebaSi gatarebuli sadamfuZneblo aq-
ti129, romelic gamowvevebis, moTxovnebisa da sazogadoebrivi moTx-
ovnilebebis Sesabamisad unda ganicdides cvlilebebs, asaxavdes mis
Tanadroul yofas. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dauSvebelia konstituciaSi
cvlilebebis gauazrebeli da xSiri ganxorcieleba, radgan es, Tavis
mxriv, ZiriTadi kanonis samarTlebriv da socialur statuss akninebs,
mis mimarT ndobas amcirebs.
mniSvneloba ara aqvs saxelmwifos uzenaes kanons konstitucia
erqmeva Tu sxva samarTlebrivi cnebiT aRiniSneba130, umTavresia is
damokidebuleba da adgili, romelsac igi saxelmwifoSi, normatiuli
aqtebis ierarqiasa da rac mTavaria, sazogadoebis cnobieraSi ikavebs.
konstitucia damfuZnebeli xasiaTis dokumentia, radgan qmnis mTel
marTlwesrigs. igi samarTlebrivi sistemis safuZvelia,131 uzenaesi aqti,
romelic yvela sxva samarTlebriv normaze maRla dgas132.
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi normebi samarTalSi Seucvlel adgils
ikaveben. saxelmwifos samarTlebrivi sistemidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa
mas ar gaaCndes erTiani, sistematizebuli ZiriTadi kanoni, Tumca ar
arsebobs saxelmwifo, romelsac ar gaaCnia sakonstituciosamarTle-
brivi _ sakonstitucio norma.
konstituciis teqstis mizania momavali TaobebisTvis ZiriTadi
mimarTulebis micema, umravlesobis kontroli da individualur Ri-
rebulebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacva133, Sesabamisad, aRniSnuli mizani
samarTlebrivad swored normebSi aisaxeba, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, sa-
marTlis sistemis erTianobasa da TviTmyofadobas uzrunvelyofen134.
konstitucia, sakonstitucio normebi warmoadgens saxelmwifoSi
arsebuli nebismieri sxva samarTlebrivi aqtis pirdapir Tu arapirdapir
wyaros, safuZvels, romelic Tavad aqtis legitimurobas ganapiro-
bebs.135 konstituciis normebiT ganisazRvreba saxelmwifos mowyobidan
dawyebuli, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis uzrunvelyofiT dam-
Tavrebuli, saxelmwifosa da sazogadoebis mSvidobiani da usafrTxo
arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli sakiTxebi136, `sakonstitucio normebi
ayalibebs wesebs da principebs, romlebic politikuri Zalauflebis
miznebsa da legitimur gamoyenebas gansazRvravs~137.
14
davidis azriT, zogierT saxelmwifoSi sakonstitucio normebis gan-
sakuTrebuli statusi swored maTi politikurobiTaa ganpirobebuli138,
Tumca politikurobis elements miRmac, normaTa am kategorias iseTi
statusi aqvs, rom isini nebismier SemTxvevaSi gamorCeul adgils
daikavebdnen saxelmwifoebriv Tu sazogadoebriv urTierTobebSi.
arsebobs mravali mosazreba, Tu ras unda Seexebodes konstituciis
normebi, romeli saxelmwifo, politikuri da samarTlebrivi insti-
tutebi unda iyos warmodgenili konstituciis teqstSi, ra masStabebiT
unda moxdes maTi asaxva da a.S. kelzeni or rekomendacias iZleva: 1. kon-
stituciis normebi ar unda iyos Zalze zogadi da bundovani; 2 Tuki
msgavsi debulebebi mainc aRmoCndeba konstituciis teqstSi, aqtis kon-
stituciurobis dadgenis Taobaze davisas sasamarTlo maTi gamoyenebis-
gan Tavis Sekavebas maqsimalurad unda ecados.139 sakonstitucio
normebis kelzeniseuli gageba srulebiT ar gulisxmobs normaTa
daviwroebasa da specializebas, ubralod, misTvis konstituciaSi Zalze
zogadi da abstraqciis Zalze maRali xarisxis mqone normebis arsebobaa
miuRebeli, radgan es maT Semdgom gamoyenebas problemurs xdis.
konstituciis normebi unda iyos zogadi, abstraqtuli, ga-
nazogadebdes institutebs, saxelmwifo organoebis ufleba-
movaleobebsa da konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva cnebebs. maTi
xasiaTi unda iZleodes sasamarTlos mier normaTa daviwroebisa da
konkretul saqmeze misadagebis saSualebas140.
15
Zalebis Tanafardobas,146 aseve, politikuri sistemis miznebis ganxor-
cielebas147, wesrigsa da samoqalaqo mSvidobas148.
rac Seexeba konstituciis ideologiur funqcias, Tanamedrove kon-
stitucionalizmSi misi Sinaarsi mkveTrad gansxvavdeba wina wlebis
midgomisagan.149 ideologiuri funqcia vlindeba konstituciis ideebsa
da principebSi, romelsac ZiriTadi kanoni miznad isaxavs. konstituci-
aSi aisaxeba misi damfuZneblebis, xalxis msoflmxedveloba, sazoga-
doebis mTavari Rirebulebebi150 da zneobrivi faseulobebi, maT Soris:
adamianis uflebebis pativiscema, demokratia, samarTlebrivi sax-
elmwifo da sxv.151
mecnierTa nawili konstituciis damfuZnebel da mmarTvelobiT fun-
qciebsac asaxelebs,152 Tumca isini gacilebiT viwro Sinaarsisaa, amasTan,
samarTlebrivi da politikuri funqciebis WrilSic SeiZleba iyos ganx-
iluli.
a) dawerili da dauwereli
16
dadgenilebebis, sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebisa da samarTlebrivi
Cveulebebis erTobliobaa.155
b) kodificirebuli da arakodificirebuli
g) mudmivi da droebiTi
d) naCuqari da saxalxo
17
SualobiTi wesiT konstitucia miiReba Sesabamisi uflebamosili or-
ganos mier. aseTi organo SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifos umaRlesi war-
momadgenlobiTi organo – parlamenti an specialurad konstituciis
misaRebad Seqmnili, warmomadgenlobiTi da damfuZnebeli
uflebamosilebebis mqone sakonstitucio komisia, damfuZnebeli kreba,
yriloba da sxv.160
v) myari da moqnili
z) demokratiuli da arademokratiuli
T) respublikuri da monarqiuli
i) unitaruli da federaluri
18
damokidebulia imaze, Tu romel teritoriul mowyobas adgens sax-
elmwifos konstitucia. federalur konstituciaSi mowesrigebulia
federalur xelisuflebasa da federaciis subieqtebs Soris ur-
TierToba, federaciis subieqtis statusi da sxv.166
k) umaRlesi da daqvemdebarebuli
l) formaluri da faqtobrivi
19
kveTebis gagebaSi gvexmareba. meore nawilis azriT, preambula iseTive
sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi normaa, rogorc konstituciis sxva na-
wilebi.170
saqarTvelos konstituciis preambula, erTgvarad, konstituciis
saprogramo Sesavalia, romelSic saqarTvelos konstituciis ZiriTadi
miznebi da principebia gacxadebuli. masSi yuradReba gamaxvilebulia
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio gamocdilebaze. marTalia, preambulaSi
saubaria, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia aRiarebs 1921 wlis konstitu-
ciis samarTlebriv memkvidreobas, Tumca es debuleba ufro simboluri
xasiaTis matarebelia, vidre Sinaarsobrivi.
ZiriTad debulebebSi mocemulia saxelmwifo mowyobisa da adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebis umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxebi, romlebic Sinaarso-
brivad Sesabamis TavebSia ganawilebuli. gardamaval debulebebSi moce-
mulia konstituciis amoqmedebasTan, gardamaval periodTan, sxva nor-
matiuli aqtebis moqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
konstituciis ZiriTadi teqsti 9 Tavisa da 109 muxlisgan Sedgeba,
Tumca mas sakonstitucio reformebis Sedegad ori Tavi da ramdenime
aTeuli muxli daemata. Sedegad, saqarTvelos konstituciis ZiriTadi
da gardamavali debulebebis struqturuli ganlageba ase gamoiyureba: I
Tavi _ zogadi debulebebi, II Tavi _ saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba. adamian-
is ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, III Tavi _ saqarTvelos par-
lamenti, IV Tavi _ saqarTvelos prezidenti, IV1 Tavi _ saqarTvelos
mTavroba, V Tavi _ sasamarTlo xelisufleba, VI Tavi _ saxelmwifo fi-
nansebi da kontroli, VII Tavi _ saxelmwifos Tavdacva, VII1 Tavi _
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, VIII Tavi _ konstituciis gadasinjva, IX
Tavi _ gardamavali debulebebi.
20
vani piroba: 1. sakonstitucio cvlilebebis uflebamosili iniciatori;
2. gadasinjvis proeqtis sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilva; 3. kenWisyri-
saTvis aucilebeli kvorumi da kenWisyrebs Soris gansazRvruli inter-
vali.
saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis _
masSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis, inicirebis ufleba aqvs
mxolod 2 subieqts _ (1) saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrTa sruli
Semadgenlobis naxevarze mets da (2) 200 000 amomrCevels. saqarTvelos
konstituciis gadasinjvis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi mocemulia kon-
stituciis VIII da parlamentis reglamentis XXVII TavebSi. saqarTvelos
parlamentis reglamentis 173-e-175-e muxlebiT ki dawvrilebiT gan-
isazRvreba amomrCevelTa iniciativiT konstituciis gadasinjvis ka-
nonproeqtis wardgenis proceduruli sakiTxebi.
konstituciis gadasinjvis kanonproeqti waredgineba saqarTvelos
parlaments, romelic aqveynebs kanonproeqts da dadgenilebiT qmnis
komisias sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis. kanonproeqtis sayovel-
Tao-saxalxo ganxilva erTi Tvis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs, ris
Semdegac kanonproeqts ganixilavs saqarTvelos parlamenti. konstitu-
ciaSi cvlilebebi da damatebebi Sedis konstituciuri kanonis gziT,
romlis daCqarebuli an gamartivebuli wesiT saparlamento ganxilva
dauSvebelia.
konstituciis gadasinjvis kanonproeqtis misaRebad saWiroa par-
lamentis or Tanamimdevrul sesiaze sul cota sami Tvis intervaliT
sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami meoTxedis Tanxmoba. saqarTvelos
parlamentis reglamentis 176-e muxli azustebs kenWisyris proceduras.
reglamentis Tanaxmad, sakonstitucio cvlilebebis misaRebad
aucilebeli sami kenWisyridan ori erTsa da imave sesiaze, xolo sabo-
loo, mesame kenWisyra ki sul cota sami Tvis Semdeg, momdevno sesiaze
imarTeba.
21
uli aqtis ori saxe arsebobs: sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare norma-
tiuli aqtebi, romlebic jamSi saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas qmnian.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas, aseve, ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos kon-
stituciuri SeTanxmeba, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da
SeTanxmebebi.
samoqmedo teritoriis mixedviT, arsebobs saqarTvelos, avtonomi-
uri erTeulis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis normatiuli aqtebi.
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebia: saqarTvelos konstitucia,
saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanoni, organuli kanoni, kanoni, par-
lamentis reglamenti da prezidentis dekreti. saqarTvelos normati-
uli aqti moqmedebs mTeli saqarTvelos teritoriaze, Tu kanonmdeblo-
biT sxva ram araa gansazRvruli.
rac Seexeba avtonomiuri erTeulis normatiul aqtebs, maT
ganekuTvneba avtonomiuri respublikis (a/r) konstitucia, a/r-is kon-
stituciuri kanoni, a/r-is kanoni, a/r-is umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi
organos reglamenti da dadgenileba, a/r-is mTavrobis dadgenileba, a/r-
is ministris brZaneba da a/r-is umaRlesi saarCevno komisiis dadgenile-
ba. avtonomiuri respublikis normatiuli aqtebi moqmedebs avtonomi-
uri respublikis, xolo adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis normatiuli
aqtebi _ adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze, Tu ka-
noniT sxva ram ar aris gansazRvruli.
saqarTvelos normatiuli aqtebis, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis,
saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis mimarT
moqmedebs Semdegi ierarqia:
1. saqarTvelos konstitucia, konstituciuri kanoni;
2. saqarTvelos konstituciuri SeTanxmeba;
3. saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi da SeTanxmebebi;
4. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni;
5. saqarTvelos kanoni, parlamentis reglamenti da prezidentis
dekreti;
6. saqarTvelos kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebi.
sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare normatiuli aqtebis ur-
TierTmimarTeba, aseve, kanonqvemdebare aqtebis erTmaneTisadmi ier-
arqiuli qvemdebareoba ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos konstituciiT,
`normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniTa da ramdenime spe-
cialuri sakanonmdeblo aqtiT.
22
marTlebriv sistemas miekuTvneba saxelmwifo. anglosaqsur samarTalSi
sakonstitucio statusi aqvT samarTlebriv aqtebs, romlebic sax-
elmwifo mowyobas da zogadad sakonstituciosamarTlebriv sakiTxebs
awesrigeben, Tumca isini ufro politikuri xasiaTis matarebeli doku-
mentebia.
konstituciuri kanoni ramdenime mizniT miiReba. rig SemTxvevebSi
konstituciuri kanonebi asruleben konstituciis funqcias, qmnian ra im
samarTlebriv bazas cal-calke, romlebic erTiani dokumentisTvis aris
damaxasiaTebeli.172 konstituciuri kanonebiT xdeba konstituciaSi
cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setana, aseve, SesaZlebelia konstitucia
iTvaliswinebdes maTi saSualebiT calkeuli sakiTxebis mowesrigebas.
saqarTveloSi konstituciuri kanoni ierarqiulad konstitucias
uTanabrdeba, mis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgens. konstituciuri kanoni
miiReba sam SemTxvevaSi: (1) Zalauflebis gamijvnis principis sa-
fuZvelze, konstituciuri kanoniT ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifo-teritoriuli mowyoba (Tumca konstituciuri daTqmis Tanax-
mad, aRniSnuli qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqciis
srulad aRdgenis Semdeg ganxorcieldeba); (2) konstituciuri kanoniT
wesrigdeba aWaris da afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikebis statusi da
(3) am tipis kanonebi praqtikaSi konstituciis gadasinjvisaTvis gam-
oiyeneba.
konstituciuri kanonis misaRebad aucilebelia parlamentis sruli
Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami meoTxedis mxardaWera. maRali statusi-
dan da mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, dauSvebelia konstituciuri
kanonis daCqarebuli an gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilva da miReba.
23
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo aRiarebs saqarTvelos samociqulo eklesi-
is gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi. konstituciuri
SeTanxmebiT ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos
samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesiis urTierToba.
konstituciur SeTanxmebas xels aweren saqarTvelos prezidenti da
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi, xolo amtkicebs
saqarTvelos parlamenti da wminda sinodi. SeTanxmeba parlamentis mier
damtkicebulad CaiTvleba, Tuki mas mxars dauWers sruli
Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami mexuTedi.
konstituciuri SeTanxmeba daido 2002 wlis 14 oqtombers sveticxo-
vlis sakaTedro taZarSi da igi 12 muxlisagan Sedgeba, romlebic exeba
saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis ZiriTad aspeqtebs, gan-
sazRvravs samociqulo eklesiis statuss, SeRavaTebsa da a.S. amis mi-
uxedavad, konkordati aRiarebs rwmenisa da aRmsareblobis Tavisu-
flebas da ar zRudavs sxva religiuri gaerTianebebis uflebebs.
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, aucilebelia, konstituciuri SeTanx-
meba Seesabamebodes saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTao principebsa
da normebs adamianis uflebebis sferoSi, raTa ar moxdes romelime
religiuri jgufisa Tu individis ZiriTadi uflebebis Selaxva.
24
riso xelSekrulebis ratifikacias parlamenti axdens dadgenilebiT,
romlis misaRebad saWiroa sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesoba.
3.2.2.5. kanoni
25
3.2.2.6. parlamentis reglamenti da prezidentis dekreti
26
brZanebuleba, SesaZlebelia iyos normatiulic da individualuric. ar-
anormatiulia prezidentis brZanebuleba, romelic sakadro da person-
alur sakiTxebs exeba. saqarTvelos prezidentis normatiuli aqti, ro-
melic saWiroebs kontrasignacias, qveyndeba da samarTlebriv Sedegebs
warmoSobs mxolod kontrasignaciis SemTxvevaSi. kontrasignacia pre-
zidentis aqtebze premier-ministis Tanaxelmoweras gulisxmobs. aseT
aqtebze pasuxismgebloba mTavrobas ekisreba. kontrasignaciis wesi gan-
isazRvreba „saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da
saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT.
saqarTvelos mTavrobis normatiuli aqtia mTavrobis dadgenileba,
romelic saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonebis, normatiuli aqtebis
safuZvelze da maT Sesasruleblad miiReba. rac Seexeba ministris nor-
matiul aqts _ brZanebas, igi SeiZleba gamoices mxolod saqarTvelos
sakanonmdeblo aqtiT, saqarTvelos prezidentis normatiuli aqtiTa da
saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenilebiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebsa da
farglebSi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi or-
ganos _ sakrebulos normatiuli aqti _ dadgenileba miiReba damswre-
Ta umravlesobiT, magram aranakleb sakrebulos siiTi Semadgenlobis
erTi mesamedisa, Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris gansazRvruli. sakrebulos
dadgenileba moqmedebs Sesabamisi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli er-
Teulis teritoriaze.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
27
5. papaSvili T., gegenava d., konstituciis gadasinjvis qarTuli
modeli _ normatiuli mowesrigebis xarvezebi da perspeqtiva, Tbilisi,
2015
6. Bradley A. W., Ewing K. D., Constitutional and Administrative Law, Fourteenth
Edition, London, 2007, 3-12, 93-107
7. Barnett H., Constitutional and Administrative Law, Fourth Edition, London, 2002, 3-
17
8. Tamanaha B. Z., On the Rule of Law, History, Politics, Theory, New York, 2004
28
Tavi II
qarTuli konstitucionalizmis
ganviTarebis etapebi
29
sakonstitucio Sinaarsis cnobebs, samarTlebrivi Zeglebis garda,
uZvelesi qarTuli literaturul-hagiografiuli, istoriuli, arqe-
ologiuri xasiaTis wyaroebic Seicaven. mag., Suasaukuneebis sax-
elmwifoebrivi weswyobilebisa da mmarTvelobis formis samarTlebrivi
bunebis dasadgenad metad sayuradReboa SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyao-
sani~.
30
iSnulebaa mmarTvelobis formis sakiTxebis mowesrigeba, xelisuflebis
centralur Stoebs Soris uflebamosilebaTa ganawileba da politikur
sistemaSi maTi adgilis gansazRvra: „konstitucia aris im ZiriTadi
wesebis krebuli, romelic sazRvravs erTis mxriT saxelmwifos weswyo-
bilebas da mTavrobis formas, saxelmwifos umaRlesi Zalauflebis
matarebeli organoebis urTierTobas, meore mxriT, moqalaqeTa
uflebebs, romlebsac saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs“193. igi gavrcelebuli
tipis konstituciad miiCnevda daweril konstitucias, romlis samaga-
liTo nimuSad safrangeTis mesame respublikis 1875 wlis ZiriTad kanons
moiazrebda194.
erovnul-demokratiuli partiis lideris, giorgi gvazavas azriT,
konstituciis mizani ar aris yoveldRiuri moTxovnilebebisa da
uflebrivi mdgomareobis mowesrigeba, aramed Seqmna im mudmivi princi-
pebisa, romlis farglebSi moqmedebs saxelmwifos cxovreba195. „mudmiv
principebSi“ igi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobis sakonstitucio
safuZvlebs gulisxmobda. parlamentis wevri aleqsandre mdivani kon-
stitucias Seexo statiaSi „konstitucia da misi gadasinjva“196. misi
azriT, „konstitucia ZiriTadi kanonia, romlis mixedviT saxelmwifos
mTeli marTva-gamgeoba moewyoba“197. konstantine miqelaZes miaCnda, rom
konstitucias, pirvel yovlisa, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa
Soris funqciebis ganawileba, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemis Seqmna
unda uzrunveleyo: „konstitucia unda Seicavdes iseT iuridiul
normebs, romlebic sazRvraven saxelmwifos funqciebis ganawilebas or-
ganoTa Soris, organoTa organizacias da saxelmwifosa da moqalaqeTa
Soris urTierTobas“198.
1920 wels gamocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi _ `samarTlis mecniereba~,
konstitucia ganmartebulia, rogorc iuridiuli aqti, romelic Seicavs
saxelmwifosa da moqalaqis uflebebs da amave dros, maTi saqmianobis
iuridiul CarCos: „konstitucia Seicavs aRnusxvas imisas, Tu ra Car-
CoebSi unda xdebodes moRvaweoba erTis mxriT saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis, xolo meore mxriT yoveli moqalaqis. erTi sityviT konstitu-
cia savaldebuloa ara marto aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis _ mTav-
robisaTvis, aramed TviT kanonmdebeli organos _ parlamentisaTvis“199.
proeqtis avtorTa azriT, konstitucia unda yofiliyo demokratiuli
Sinaarsis, romelSic gansazRvruli iqneboda qarTveli eris buneba da
xasiaTi, eris mentaloba. mag., pavle sayvareliZe miuTiTebda: „Cven unda
SevimuSavoT demokratiuli konstitucia saqarTvelosaTvis“200; noe
Jordania aRniSnavda: „iseTi konstitucia unda SevqmnaT, romelic Cveni
xalxis cxovrebas Seegueba. pirdapir sxvis tanze gamoWrili tanisamosi
ar gamogvadgeba“201. deputati ivane CerqeziSvili parlamentis sxdomaze
acxadebda: „Cven unda SevimuSavoT demokratiuli konstitucia Tanaxmad
demokratiuli respublikis bunebisa“202.
31
aRniSnul SexedulebaTa analizi cxadyofs, rom 1921 wlis konstitu-
ciis proeqtis avtorTa azri konstituciis Sesaxeb iyo absoluturad
progresuli da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sakonstitucio safuZvlebis
Seqmnas iTvaliswinebda. qarTveli politikosebi da sazogado
moRvaweebi srulad iazrebdnen evropuli konstitucionalizmis ideebs,
hqondaT Rrma da sistemuri codna, romelic aisaxa kidec maT mier Semu-
Savebul samarTlebriv dokumentebSi.
32
axali demokratiuli qarTuli saxelmwifo, misi arsebiTi saxelisu-
flebo struqturebiT. aqtis ZiriTadi principebi da debulebebi
momavali konstituciisaTvis fuZemdeblur sakanonmdeblo bazas war-
moadgenda.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi
xasiaTis aqtia, vinaidan masSi gansazRvrulia konstitucionalizmis
iseTi arsebiTi sakiTxebi, rogoricaa: saxalxo suverenitetis principi
(pirveli punqti), politikuri wyobilebis forma (me-2 punqti),
moqalaqeTa uflebebi (me-5 punqti) da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis or-
ganizacia (me-7 punqti).
damoukideblobis aqtis pirveli punqtis mixedviT, `saqarTvelos
xalxi suverenul uflebaTa matarebelia da saqarTvelo sruluflebiani
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa~. me-2 punqti damoukidebeli saqarTvelos
politikuri wyobilebis formad `demokratiul respublikas~ aRiarebs.
me-5 punqti ganamtkicebs saxelmwifos valdebulebas saqarTvelos demo-
kratiuli respublikis sazRvrebSi moqalaqeTa ZiriTadi uflebebisa da
Tavisuflebebis dacvisa da ganxorcielebis sferoSi.
damoukideblobis aqtSi calke, me-6 punqti eZRvneba saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikaSi mcxovrebi erebis uflebebs. masSi
naTqvamia, rom saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs erovnul umciresobaTa
uflebebis dacvas. aqtis punqtebis umravlesoba momavalSi demokrati-
uli respublikis konstituciaSi Caiwera. debuleba, romelmac kon-
stituciaSi ver hpova asaxva, damoukideblobis aqtis me-3 punqti iyo,
romlis Tanaxmad, saerTaSoriso omianobaSi saqarTvelo mudmivi nei-
traluri saxelmwifoa. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiaSi (1918-
1921) iyo mcdeloba, rom neitralitetis principi konstituciis te-
qstSic yofiliyo gansazRvruli, rasac sakonstitucio komisiis mier
1920 wels miRebuli proeqtis me-2 muxlic adasturebs, romelic zoga-
dad qarTuli saxelmwifos neitralitets aRiarebda. qveynis geopoli-
tikuri interesebidan gamomdinare, es principi uaryofil iqna.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic damoukideblobis aqtis
me-7 punqtSia mocemuli, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mowyobis princi-
pebia. aqtis mixedviT, damfuZnebeli krebis mowvevamde qveynis marTva-
gamgeobis sakiTxebs gauZRveboda erovnuli sabWo da droebiTi mTav-
roba, romelic politikurad pasuxismgebelia erovnuli sabWos winaSe.
es, faqtobrivad, saqarTveloSi saxelmwifoebrivi mmarTvelobis
saparlamento modelis Casaxvasa da ganviTarebas niSnavda. aqtiT ar
aris gansazRvruli saxelmwifos meTauris instituti, garda amisa,
marTva-gamgeobis uzenaes organod gamocxadda parlamenti (erovnuli
sabWo). saxelmwifo mowyobis es modeli ucvlelad aisaxa konstituci-
aSi. 1918 wlis 26 maisidan 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlamde, vidre damfuZ-
nebeli kreba pirvel konstitucias miiRebda, saqarTveloSi sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebis calkeuli Stoebis (erovnuli sabWosa da
33
droebiTi mTavrobis) urTierTobebi damoukideblobis aqtis me-7 pun-
qtiT iyo gansazRvruli.
damoukideblobis aqtisa da pirveli konstituciis calkeul
debulebaTa SedarebiTi analizi cxadyofs, rom ZiriTadi kanonis nor-
matiuli baza damoukideblobis aqti iyo, SeiZleba iTqvas, misi Sesavali
nawili _ preambula.205 saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komi-
sia damoukideblobis aqts konstituciis teqstis ganuyofel nawilad
miiCnevda. 1920 wels komisiam orjer gamosca konstituciis proeqti da
damoukideblobis aqti orives win daurTo. 1921 wlis martSi, sanam
droebiTi mTavroba datovebda saqarTvelos, pirveli konstituciis
teqsti gamoica q. baTumSi. aq damoukideblobis aqti konstituciis te-
qstSia moTavsebuli da misi struqturis ganuyofeli nawilia.
msgavsadvea 1922 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis mTav-
robis iniciativiT frangul enaze parizSi gamocemuli konstituciis
SemTxvevaSic206.
34
da masSi cvlilebebis Setana mxolod referendumze qarTveli eris nebis
gamoxatulebiT SeiZleboda. garda amisa, ar arsebobs raime racion-
aluri mosazreba, romliTac SesaZlebelia aixsnas damfuZnebeli krebis
mier konstituciis moqmedebis SeCerebis faqti. emigraciaSi myofi dam-
fuZnebeli krebis wevrebi da sxva politikosebi saqarTvelos
damoukideblobisTvis sicocxlis bolomde ibrZodnen. amasTan, ar
arsebobs pirdapiri wyaro, raime dokumenti, romelic konstituciis
moqmedebis SeCerebis faqts daadasturebs. bolo periodSi aqtiurad
midis msjeloba imis Taobaze, rom konstituciis SeCerebis Taobaze Wori
im periodis sabWoTa xelisuflebis kampaniis nawilia, romelic yvela
saSualebiT cdilobda saqarTvelos srul damorCilebas.
24 marts revkomma dekretiT damfuZnebeli kreba daiTxova. imave
dReebSi sabWoTa mTavrobam dagmo damfuZnebeli kreba da mis mier Semu-
Savebuli konstitucia.
35
komisia didad dainteresda `pirdapiri mmarTvelobis~ Sesaxeb rusos
TeoriiT, romelic maSin mxolod SveicariaSi moqmedebda.
4.4. referendumi
36
lideris~ Tanamdebobis dawesebis winaaRmdeg. am institutis danergviT
ganxorcielda uSualo mmarTvelobisa da warmomadgenlobiTi demo-
kratiis principebis sinTezireba. sabolood ki miviReT `naxevrad pirda-
piri~ mmarTvelobis sakonstitucio modeli; Sesabamisad, war-
momadgenlobiT demokratias farTo adgili uWiravs saqarTvelos
pirvel konstituciaSi.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, ramac pirvel konstituciaSi referendumis
damkvidreba gamoiwvia, parlamentis uzenaesobis dasavluri principi
iyo: ar arsebobs sxva Zala, garda xalxisa, romelic parlamentze maRla
dgas.209
saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia iyo erT-erTi demokratiuli kon-
stitucia, romelic kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis procesSi mosax-
leobas farTo uflebamosilebas aniWebda. gaTvaliswinebul iqna saka-
nonmdeblo saxalxo iniciativis sami damoukidebeli forma: a) zogadi
iniciativa, romliTac unda esargebla parlamentis wevrebs da 5000
amomrCevels. amgvari iniciativa mosaxleobas uflebas aniWebda, parla-
mentSi Seetana nebismieri sakanonmdeblo winadadeba. im periodisaTvis
moqmedi arcerTi dasavluri konstitucia zogad iniciativas ar ga-
namtkicebda; b) 30 000 amomrCevels mieniWa sareferendumo iniciativis
ufleba, rac parlamentis mier miRebuli kanonis sayovelTao kenWisy-
raze gatanas gulisxmobda; g) iniciativis yvelaze mniSvnelovani forma
iyo konstituciis gadasinjvis winadadebis Setana parlamentSi, romlis
ufleba parlamentis wevrebTan erTad 50 000 amomrCevels hqonda.
4.5. prezidenti
37
misi funqciebis uaryofac. vin unda upatronos qveyanas, roca mTavroba
droebiT daTxovnilia? _ ra Tqma unda, prezidentma. es azri Semdeg
Seicvala da daiwyo msjeloba prezidentis funqciebis delegirebis
Sesaxeb. uaryofil iqna avstriuli modeli, sadac parlamentis
Tavmjdomare, imavdroulad, prezidentis Tanamdebobasac iTavsebda da
upiratesoba Sveicariul sistemas mieniWa: mTavrobis Tavmjdomare iyo
kolegiuri mTavrobis wevri, romelic gansakuTrebuli prerogativebiT
sargeblobda. Sveicariul da qarTul modelebs Soris gansxvaveba imaSia,
rom SveicariaSi mTavrobis Tavmjdomare imavdroulad konfederaciis
xelmZRvaneli gaxldaT, saqarTveloSi ki mTavrobis Tavmjdomares es
statusi ar gaaCnda.
38
4.7. parlamentis uzenaesoba
39
konstituciaSi upiratesoba mieniWa mTavrobis wevrebis individu-
alur pasuxismgeblobas. amgvari gadawyvetilebis ZiriTadi motivi, erTi
mxriv, is iyo, rom mTavrobis mTliani gadayenebis SemTxvevaSi politikur
krizisebs ar mieRo xangrZlivi xasiaTi da qveyana ar darCeniliyo um-
Tavrobod; meore mxriv ki, Tavidan iqna acilebuli prezidentis
Tanamdebobis SemoReba, vinaidan mTavrobis gunduri gadayeneba moiTxo-
vda saxelmwifos meTauris arsebobas, raTa krizisebis dros mas
Seesrulebina mTavrobis funqciebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom individualuri
pasuxismgeblobis SemoRebiT uzrunvelyofil iqna mTavrobis darCena
xelisuflebaSi, vinaidan erTi ministris cud saqciels ar unda gamoe-
wvia mTlianad kabinetisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom racionalizebuli parlamentarizmis Sesaxeb idea saqarTveloSi
gacilebiT ufro adre arsebobda, vidre _ dasavleTSi.
40
mTavrobis wevrebi da mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, Tumca individu-
alurad, magram politikurad mainc pasuxismgebeli unda yofiliyvnen
parlamentis winaSe;
mTavroba angariSvaldebuli iyo parlamentis winaSe, rac iT-
valiswinebda SekiTxvebis dasmasa da interpelacias, aseve, sagamoZiebo
komisiis Seqmnas;
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare pasuxismgebeli iyo parlamentis winaSe
saerTo politikisaTvis da emorCileboda parlamentis dadgenilebas;
parlaments saerTo kontroli unda gaewia aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis saqmianobisaTvis, rac saparlamento reJimebis erT-erTi
fundamenturi elementia;
sabiujeto sferoSi erT-erTi mTavari ufleba mTavrobas hqonda,
igi waradgenda yovel wels biujetis proeqts;
mTavrobas mieniWa kanonproeqtebis inicirebis ufleba;
parlamentis sxdomis mowvevis ufleba hqonda mTavrobas;
mTavrobis wevrebs ufleba hqondaT, monawileoba mieRoT parlamen-
tisa da misi komisiebis muSaobaSi;
konstitucia ganamtkicebs `avtonomiis princips~, romlis
mixedviT, parlamenti Tavad iRebs reglaments da gansazRvravs misi
moqmedebis wesebs;
konstitucia mTavrobis wevrs uflebas aZlevda yofiliyo par-
lamentis wevri an adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis xmosani. mTavrobis
wevris parlamentis wevrad yofnis principi saparlamento mmarTvelobis
erT-erTi elementia. mTavrobis wevrs, romelic deputatad iyo arCeuli,
parlamentSi xmis micemis ufleba hqonda.
mmarTvelobis warmodgenili modelebidan arcerTi iqna brmad miRe-
buli. pirveli konstitucia iTvaliswinebda dasavluri modelebis zo-
gierT princips. masSi aisaxa konstituciamdeli xanis pirveli respubli-
kis mmarTvelobis gamocdilebac, swored amis gamo konstituciaSi sax-
elmwifoebrivi xelisuflebis mowyobis sistema ar iyo wminda evropuli.
konstituciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa mowyoba
efuZneba ara Zalauflebis gamijvnis sakonstitucio princips, aramed
parlamentarizms _ parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis politikuri pasuxism-
geblobisa da parlamentis uzenaesobis ideas, romelmac realurad
xelisuflebis horizontaluri sistemis disbalansi gamoiwvia.
saqarTvelos pirveli konstituciiT damkvidrebuli saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis formis modeli saparlamento mmarTvelobis absolutur-
ad damoukidebeli, uprecedento da Taviseburi movlena iyo msoflio
konstitucionalizmSi.
41
4.10. 1921 wlis konstitucia – yvela drois mniSvnelovani dokumenti
42
lizmis _ anu im ZiriTadi principebis uaryofa, romlebsac mTlianad
konstitucionalizmi efuZneba. sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstituciebi
amkvidrebdnen diqtaturas sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sferoSi.
swored aqedan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es iyo `sakonstitucio
diqtaturis epoqa~ saqarTveloSi.
sabWoTa respublikebs TavianTi konstitucebi hqondaT, romlebic Zi-
riTadad sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciis dublikati iyo. sabWoTa
kavSiris 1977 wlis 7 oqtombris konstituciis 76-e muxli adgenda, rom
`mokavSire respublikas aqvs Tavisi konstitucia, romelic Seesabameba
ssr kavSiris konstitucias da iTvaliswinebs respublikis Tavisebure-
bebs~.
pirveli sabWouri konstitucia 1922 wlis 2 marts miiRes. misi bevri
debuleba ZiriTadad formalur xasiaTs atarebda. mag., me-5 muxlis
mixedviT, saqarTvelo gamocxadda suverenul saxelmwifod, Tumca mas,
faqtobrivad, sabWoTa kavSiris Semadgenlobidan gasvlis ufleba ar
gaaCnda. sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba sruliad
saqarTvelos centralur aRmasrulebel komitets ekuTvnoda. sabWoTa
saqarTvelos uzenaesi organo iyo muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa
deputatebis sabWoTa yriloba. SemoRebul iqna `saxalxo sasamarTlos~
instituti, romelsac samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi
eqvemdebareboda. aqtiuri da pasiuri saarCevno ufleba yvela moqala-
qisaTvis 18 wlidan ganisazRvra. formalurad, magram mainc, adgili
daeTmo arCevnebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. konstitucia arafers am-
bobs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebze.
sruliad saqarTvelos muSaTa, glexTa da wiTelarmielTa depu-
tatebis sabWoebis 1927 wlis 4 aprilis me-4 yrilobaze miRebul iqna meo-
re sabWoTa konstitucia, romelic SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo sab-
WoTa kavSiris 1924 wlisa da amierkavkasiis sabWoTa federaciuli so-
cialisturi respublikis meore sabWoTa konstituciebis moTxovnebTan.
axali konstituciiT saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa
sistema arsebiTad ar Secvlila. me-19 muxliT dadginda uzenaes organ-
oTa gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi. saqarTvelos socialisturi
sabWoTa respublikis aRmasrulebeli da ganmkargulebeli organo iyo
saxalxo komisarTa sabWo. konstituciaSi mazrebis saxiT adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis axali instituti Cndeba. ganisazRvra sasamarTlosa
da saprokuroro zedamxedvelobis organoebi. konstituciaSi mniSvne-
lovani adgili daeTmo avtonomiuri respublikebisa da olqebis sta-
tuss.
1937 wlis 13 Tebervals sruliad saqarTvelos sabWoebis sagangebo me-
8 yrilobaze damtkicebul iqna sabWoTa saqarTvelos rigiT mesame, e.w.
`stalinuri~ konstitucia. saqarTvelos erTaderT umaRles sakanon-
mdeblo organod 4 wlis vadiT arCeuli saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo
gamocxadda. umaRles aRmasrulebel organod kvlav saxalxo komisarTa
43
sabWo darCa. konstituciiT ganisazRvra saxalxo komisarTa
Semadgenloba, romlebic saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis sxvadasxva dargs
xelmZRvanelobdnen. konstituciis me-5, me-6 da me-7 Tavebi avtonomiuri
erTeulebis umaRlesi organoebis mowyobisa da saqmianobis zogad prin-
cipebs daeTmo.
1937 wlis konstituciaSi yuradRebas ipyrobs me-11 Tavi _ `moqala-
qeTa ZiriTadi uflebani da movaleobani~. uzrunvelyofili iyo Sromisa
da janmrTelobis, dasvenebis, ganaTlebis, sindisis, sityvis, beWdvis,
gaerTianebis, profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnis uflebebi, krebebisa da mi-
tingebis, demonstraciebis Tavisufleba. dadginda Tanasworobis prin-
cipi da xelSeuxleblobis ufleba. konstituciiT moqalaqeebs gane-
sazRvraT garkveuli valdebulebebis Sesruleba, mag., konstituciis,
kanonebis, sazogadoebrivi wesrigis dacva, samxedro samsaxuris moxda da
a.S. ra Tqma unda, am uflebaTa umravlesoba formalur xasiaTs atarebda
da maTi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba ara mxolod gamoricxuli iyo, aramed,
didi albaTobiT, mZime SedegebiT dasruldeboda.
1977 wlis 7 oqtombridan ZalaSi Sevida sabWoTa kavSiris axali kon-
stitucia, romlis ZiriTadi debulebebi unda asaxuliyo sabWoTa sa-
qarTvelos konstituciaSi. 1977 wlis 1 ivliss, saqarTvelos umaRlesi
sabWos gadawyvetilebiT, Seiqmna konstituciis proeqtis mosamzadebeli
komisia eduard SevardnaZis TavmjdomareobiT. komisias proeqtis
Sedgena erT weliwadSi ar gasWirvebia, vinaidan igi, faqtobrivad, sab-
WoTa kavSiris konstituciis analogi unda yofiliyo, miT umetes aseTi
moTxovna pirdapir 1977 wlis konstituciis 121-e muxlidan gamomdi-
nareobda, romlis mixedviT, ssr kavSiris umaRlesi sabWos prezidiumi
kontrols uwevda mokavSire respublikaTa konstituciebisa da ka-
nonebis Sesabamisobas ssr kavSiris konstituciasa da kanonebTan.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos meoTxe, 1978 wlis 14 aprilis konstitucia,
miRebul iqna saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWos riggareSe me-8 sesiaze.
konstitucia Tavisi struqturiTa da SinaarsiT gansxvavdeboda adre mi-
Rebuli sabWoTa saqarTvelos konstituciebisagan. mis preambulaSi
naTqvamia, rom axali konstituciis miReba komunizmis maRali idealebiT
iyo ganpirobebuli. konstituciiT aRiarebuli demokratiuli
Rirebulebebi ZiriTadad formalur xasiaTs atarebda. me-2 muxliT
ganmtkicda saxalxo suverenitetis principi. mTeli Zalaufleba xalxis
kuTvnilebad gamocxadda. me-5 muxlis mixedviT, yvela umniSvnelovanesi
saxelmwifoebrivi sakiTxi sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvas an referen-
dums eqvemdebareboda. konstitucia erTaderT politikur Zalad
komunistur partias aRiarebda. daculi iqna demokratiuli centraliz-
mis principi, masStaburi xasiaTi SeiZina adamianis ZiriTadma uflebebma.
TvalSisacemia is garemoeba, rom konstituciaSi jer adamianis uflebeb-
zea saubari, Semdeg ki saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebze. saqarTve-
los saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRles organod gamocxadda
44
saqarTvelos ssr umaRlesi sabWo. SemoRebul iqna ministrTa sabWos in-
stituti, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli
da ganmkargulebeli organo, romelic umaRlesi sabWos winaSe iyo an-
gariSvaldebuli.
sabWoTa saqarTvelos 1978 wlis konstituciaSi 1984-1991 wlebSi
Setanilma cvlilebebma arsebiTad Secvala misi Sinaarsi.
45
6.2. gardamavali periodi – sabWouridan respublikur konstituciamde
46
doebrivma organoebma, sawarmoebma, dawesebulebebma da moqalaqeebma
saqarTvelos ssr da mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi samxreT oseTis avtono-
miuri olqis xelisuflebis organoebis mier miRebuli am brZanebaSi
dasaxelebuli aqtebis debulebani, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba ssr
kavSiris moqmed kanonmdeblobas~. saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom dagmo
prezident gorbaCovis brZanebuleba da 1991 wlis 9 ianvars dadge-
nilebiTve upasuxa: `saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciisa da ssr
kavSiris konstituciis Tanaxmad, respublikis uzenaes sabWos ufleba
aqvs gadawyvitos erovnul-saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis yvela sakiTxi.
saqarTvelos respublikis saxelmwifo xelisuflebis umaRlesma organ-
om isargebla aRniSnuli uflebiT da gaauqma Tavis droze ukanonod Se-
qmnili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi~.
saintereso iyo imave sxdomaze iusticiis ministris, joni xecurianis
gamosvla: `ssr kavSiris prezidents ufleba ar aqvs iuridiuli Zala
daukargos kanonebs, romlebic saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesma sab-
Wom daamtkica. mxolod igia da mxolod igia suverenuli respublikis
xelisuflebis uzenaesi organo, romelic Tavis uflebebs axorcielebs
mTel mis teritoriaze~212.
47
kiTxva: `Tanaxma xarT Tu ara, aRsdges saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi
damoukidebloba 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aqtis sa-
fuZvelze?~. saqarTvelos centraluri sareferendumo komisiis 1991
wlis 4 aprilis Semajamebeli oqmidan irkveva, rom 3 672 403 amom-
rCevlidan referendumSi monawileoba miiRo 3 326 100 moqalaqem.
sareferendumod gamotanil sakiTxs xma misca – `diax~ 3 295 493, xolo
uaryofiTi xma – `ara~ 16 917 amomrCevelma. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis
absoluturma umravlesobam mxari dauWira saqarTvelos damoukide-
blobis aRdgenas saqarTvelos 1918 wlis 26 maisis damoukideblobis aq-
tis safuZvelze.
48
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1990 wlis 14 noembris kanoni. aR-
niSnuli aqtiT, saqarTvelos uzenaesma sabWom saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio komisias daavala, daeCqarebina konstituciis proeqtze
muSaoba 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciis debulebaTa safuZvelze.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti sa-
konstitucio xarisxSi iqna ayvanili, rasac adasturebs 9 aprilis
`saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciisa da kanonmdeblobis
moqmedebis Sesaxeb~ aqtis me-3 punqti, romlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos
respublikis kanonmdebloba SesabamisobaSi unda yofiliyo moyvanili 9
aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtTan.
saqarTvelos respublikam 1991 wlis 9 aprilidan daiwyo srulu-
flebiani damoukidebeli cxovreba, rogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlis
subieqtma.
49
rCevelTa raodenoba iyo 3 594 810. xmebis 87,03% zviad gamsaxurdiam mii-
Ro.
1991 wlis 7 ivniss axlad arCeulma prezidentma dado `Tavisuflebisa
da damoukideblobis erTgulebis fici~. imave dRes, saqarTvelos cen-
traluri saarCevno komisiis wardginebis safuZvelze, saqarTvelos uz-
enaesma sabWom cno saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosileba.
sainteresoa 1991 wlis 23 maisis saqarTvelos respublikis kanoni
`saqarTvelos respublikis prezidentis pativisa da Rirsebis dacvis
Sesaxeb~. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsSi Setanili cvlilebebiT, dasjadi
iyo qmedeba, romelic iTvaliswinebda prezidentis sajaro Seuracxyo-
fas an mis mimarT ciliswamebas.
50
Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis nairsaxeobis arsebobas kidev ufro
amyarebs sami umniSvnelovanesi sakonstitucio debuleba: saqarTvelos
respublikis mTavroba, saqarTvelos kanonebisa da uzenaesi sabWos sxva
gadawyvetilebaTa, saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebaTa sa-
fuZvelze da maT Sesasruleblad gamoscemda dadgenilebebsa da
gankargulebebs da mTavroba pasuxismgebeli iyo uzenaesi sabWosa da
prezidentis winaSe. ZiriTadad, Sereuli da saparalamento mod-
elebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organos daTx-
ovnis SesaZlebloba. prezidents ufleba hqonda, uzenaesi sabWos
Tavmjdomaresa da mTavrobis TavmjdomaresTan konsultaciebis Semdeg,
daeTxova saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo.
51
uflebamosili iyo, gaeuqmebina saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadge-
nilebebi da gankargulebebi, saministroebisa da sxva saqveuwyebo or-
ganoTa aqtebi, prefeqtebis gankargulebebi da brZanebebi;
aRWurvili iyo sakonstitucio kontrolis funqciiT – SeeZlo See-
Cerebina avtonomiuri respublikebis ministrTa sabWos dadgenilebebi
da gankargulebebi, aseve, kanonebi, Tu isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen
saqarTvelos respublikis konstitucias da kanonebs;
yovelwliurad gansazRvravda samxedro samsaxurSi gasawvev pirTa
ricxvs;
Tanamdebobebze niSnavda sardlebsa da generlebs, aniWebda samxe-
dro wodebebs;
awarmoebda molaparakebas da xels awerda saqarTvelos saerTaSo-
riso xelSekrulebebs, iRebda akreditebul ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebis
diplomatiur warmomadgenelTa rwmunebulebisa da gawvevis sigelebs,
niSnavda da gamoiwvevda saqarTvelos respublikis diplomatiur war-
momadgenlebs ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebsa da saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebSi, aniWebda umaRles diplomatiur rangebs da sxva specialur
wodebebs;
wyvetda saqarTvelos moqalaqed miRebis, gasvlisa da moqalaqeobis
CamorTmevis, TavSesafris micemis sakiTxebs, gamoscemda Sewyalebis
aqts;
acxadebda saomar mdgomareobas da dauyovnebliv Sehqonda es sa-
kiTxi uzenaes sabWoSi gansaxilvelad.
saqarTvelos prezidenti saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonebis
safuZvelze da maT Sesasruleblad gamoscemda brZanebulebebsa da
gankargulebebs, romlebsac savaldebulo Zala hqondaT qveynis mTel
teritoriaze. prezidenti iyo xelSeuxlebeli. misi gadayenebis ufleba
hqonda mxolod uzenaes sabWos samSoblos Ralatis SemTxvevaSi.
saqarTvelos prezidentis mier movaleobis Seusruleblobis dros misi
uflebamosileba daekisreboda uzenaesi sabWos Tavmjdomares, xolo Tu
esec SeuZlebeli iyo _ mTavrobis Tavmjdomares.
6.10. mTavroba
52
rovnulad ayalibebda saqarTvelos uzenaesi sabWo, romlis winaSec
mTavroba iyo pasuxismgebeli.
1991 wlis 14 aprilis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT, saqarTvelos
mTavroba iyo respublikis aRmasrulebel-ganmkargulebeli organo, ro-
melic eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos prezidents.
6.11. sasamarTlo
53
deputatis uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyveta SeeZlo mxolod uzenaes
sabWos, romelmac Tavis droze cno am deputatis uflebamosileba. ka-
noniT dadginda deputatis vadamde gawvevis safuZvlebi: kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli SemTxvevebi, aseve, amomrCevlebisa Tu politikuri partiebis
mier deputatTa gawvevis aqtebi. kanonis Tanaxmad, deputatis gawvevis
sakiTxis aRZvris ufleba hqondaT imaT, vinc igi deputatobis kandi-
datad daasaxela.
54
grZelebs, anu aRadgens saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriv damoukide-
blobas~214.
1992 wlis 21 Tebervals samxedro sabWom miiRo deklaracia saqarTve-
los 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstituciis aRdgenis Taobaze. deklara-
ciaSi naTqvami iyo: `saqarTvelos respublikis fuZemdebluri sax-
elmwifoebrivi dokumentebia: 1918 wlis maisis damoukideblobis aqti da
1921 wlis konstitucia~. saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedeba gan-
isazRvra `mudmiv da Seuwyvetliv~. misi miRebis Semdeg saqarTvelos
parlaments ar daudgenia sakanonmdeblo aqtiT konstituciis gauqmeba
an SeCereba, amgvari dadgenilebis miReba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod da
mxolod sareferendumo gadawyvetilebiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa
mier, ris gareSec saqarTvelos damfuZnebel krebas ar hqonda
uflebamosileba, gaeuqmebina konstitucia an SeeCerebina misi moqmedeba.
saqarTvelos xelisuflebam uaryo saqarTvelos demokratiuli respu-
blikis samarTalmemkvidreobiToba, ar aRadgina 1921 wlis konstitucia
da demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRdgenis nacvlad saqarTveloSi
avtoritaruli reJimi daamyara~. Tumca, samwuxaroa, rom samxedro sab-
Wom ar gaiTvaliswina 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saxelmwifoebrivi damoukide-
blobis aqtSi arsebuli Canaweri, romlis mixedviT, zviad gamsaxurdias
mTavroba 1921 wlis konstitucias aRiarebda, rogorc iuridiuli Zalis
mqone dokuments da ar mouxdenia misi ugulebelyofa.
samxedro sabWom 1992 wlis 24 Tebervals dadgenilebiT miznad daisaxa
konstituciis uzenaesobis uzrunvelmyofi RonisZiebebis ganxorciele-
ba. dadgenilebaSi naTqvami iyo: `1921 wlis konstituciis uzenaesobisa
da dRevandeli realobis gaTvaliswinebiT~: a) moqmedi kanonmdeblobis
saqarTvelos konstituciis principebTan SesabamisobaSi moyvanamde
saqarTvelos respublikis teritoriaze moqmedebs dRemde arsebuli ka-
nonmdebloba, garda misi im nawilebisa, romlebic ewinaaRmdegeba
saqarTvelos konstituciis principebs; b) daevalos saqarTvelos
respublikis droebiT mTavrobas moqmedi kanonmdebloba Seusabamos
saqarTvelos konstituciis principebs.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom samxedro sabWos ar hqonda konstitu-
ciis moqmedebis aRdgenis uflebamosileba. igi ar iyo legitimuri or-
gano, ar gamoxatavda xalxis nebas. gasaTvaliswinebelia is faqti, rom
1921 wlis konstitucia legitimuri organos – xalxis mier arCeuli
saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli krebis mier iyo miRebuli da Sesabamisad,
misi moqmedebis aRdgenasac xalxis mier arCeuli legitimuri organos
neba sWirdeboda.
1992 wlis 29 Tebervals saqarTvelos samoqalaqo saxalxo Sekrebaze
aRiniSna, rom `saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedebis gagrZeleba niS-
navs damoukidebeli saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas~.
sruliad saqarTvelos kaTalikos-patriarqma ilia meorem ganacxada,
rom `saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis aRdgena ar unda iyos mar-
55
tooden Tavisuflebis deklarireba. mTavaria varT Tu ara Cven mzad am
TavisuflebisaTvis, demokratiisTvis~215.
aRsaniSnavia, rom xelisuflebas araferia gaukeTebia imisaTvis, rom
konstitucia realurad amoqmedebuliyo. presaSi gaCnda werilebi, sadac
dagmobili iyo xelisuflebis pozicia konstituciis umoqmedebis gamo.
mag., gazeT `saqarTvelos respublikis~ 1992 wlis 8 aprilis nomerSi dai-
beWda statia saTauriT: `konstituciis amoqmedebisTvis deklaraciis
miReba ar kmara~. imave gazeTis 29 aprilis nomerSi saintereso statiaa
mocemuli prof. Tamaz SavguliZis avtorobiT, romelic konstituciis
aRdgenis iuridiul aspeqtebs exeba.
1992 wlis 11 oqtombers saqarTvelos parlamentis proporciul-
maJoritaruli arCevnebi moqmedi, 1921 wlis konstituciis darRveviT
Catarda, vinaidan es ukanaskneli mxolod proporciul sistemas cnobda.
4 noembers parlamentis Tavmjdomared eduard SevardnaZe airCies, 6
noembers parlamentis dadgenilebiT igi gaxda saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifos meTauri, riTac moxda misi danaSaulebrivi xelisuflebis
`legitimacia~.
1992 wlis 4 noembers droebiTma mTavrobam (saqarTvelos droebiTi
mTavrobis debulebiT, mTavrobas saxelmwifo sabWos prezidiumTan
SeTanxmebiT ayalibebda saqarTvelos respublikis mTavrobis
Tavmjdomare – premier-ministri. mTavroba axorcielebda aR-
masrulebel da ganmkargulebel saqmianobas) uflebamosileba
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe moixsna da masve daekisra
uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba axali mTavrobis Sedgenamde.
56
gano iyo ministrTa kabineti. kanoni aRiarebda sasamarTlos damoukideb-
lobas.
`saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni saqarTvelos axali kons-
tituciis miRebamde saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis Zi-
riTadi momwesrigebeli aqti iyo, Tumca mas WeSmariti konstituciis
funqcia ar Seusrulebia.217
7.2.2. parlamenti
57
robisaTvis ndobis gamocxadeba, sxva qveynebTan da saerTaSoriso organ-
izaciebTan urTierTobebis sakiTxis ganxilva, saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa ratifikacia da denonsacia,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mowyoba, saomari mdgomareobis gamocxadeba, am-
nistia, biujetis damtkiceba da masSi cvlilebebis Setana, umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis pirebis arCeva, daniSvna, gaTavisufleba da sxv.
saqarTvelos parlaments ufleba hqonda kanonebi da dadgenilebebi
mieRo parlamentis wevrTa siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT. me-13
muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo konstituciis miReba da `saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~ kanonSi clilebebisa da damatebebis Setana siiTi
Semadgenlobis 2/3-is umravlesobiT. kanoniT ganisazRvra sakanon-
mdeblo iniciativis uflebis mqone subieqtTa wre. eseni iyvnen: sax-
elmwifos meTauri, parlamentis wevri, parlamentis komisia, ministrTa
kabineti, uzenaesi sasamarTlo, uzenaesi saarbitraJo sasamarTlo, gen-
eraluri prokurori, avtonomiuri respublikis saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi, moqalaqeTa jgufi,
romlis iniciativa dadasturebuli iqneboda 10 000 amomrCevlis xel-
moweriT.
dadginda deputatis xelSeuxleblobis instituti da Tavisufali
mandati. deputats ufleba hqonda, SekiTxviT miemarTa saxelmwifo or-
ganoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis.
58
formaciis komitetis Tavmjdomaris moadgileebis daniSvna; premier-
ministris an ministrTa kabinetis wevrisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis
Sesaxeb parlamentSi winadadebis Setana; saxelmwifo rwmunebulis (gan-
sakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi) da umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebis daniSvna;
umaRlesi samxedro wodebebis, umaRlesi diplomatiuri rangebisa da
sxva specialuri wodebebis miniWeba; ucxoeTis saxelmwifoebTan mo-
laparakebebis warmoeba da saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanx-
mebebisaTvis xelismowera; parlamentTan SeTanxmebiT saqarTvelos
respublikis sruluflebiani da sagangebo elCebis daniSvna da gamowveva;
saqarTvelos respublikaze samxedro Tavdasxmis SemTxvevaSi saomari
mdgomareobis gamocxadeba; sagangebo wesebis gamocxadeba; saqarTvelos
respublikis ordenebiTa da medlebiT dajildoeba; saqarTvelos
moqalaqed miRebisa da TavSesafris micemis sakiTxis gadawyveta;
Sewyalebis aqtis gamocema. aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebis gas-
axorcieleblad saxelmwifos meTauri gamoscemda brZanebulebebsa da
gankargulebebs.
kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo saxelmwifos meTauris impiCmentis
procedura, romlis safuZvlad ganisazRvra: samSoblos Ralati, kon-
stituciuri kanonebis uxeSi darRveva an sxva safuZvlebi. impiCmentis
proceduris aZRvris ufleba parlamentis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis
aranakleb 1/4-s hqonda. saxelmwifos meTauri gadayenebulad
CaiTvleboda, Tu mas mxars parlamentis wevrTa saerTo raodenobis ara-
nakleb 2/3 dauWerda.
saxelmwifos meTauris uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis an mis mier
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis SeuZleblobis SemTxvevaSi sax-
elmwifos meTauris movaleobas asrulebda premier-ministri, xolo
premier-ministris mier am movaleobis Seusruleblobis SemTxvevaSi _
parlamentis spikeri.
59
25-e muxli gansazRvravs funqciebis gamijvnis princips, romlis
Tanaxmad, ministrTa kabineti uflebamosilia gadawyvitos saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis yvela sakiTxi, romelic ar Sedis parlamentis, parlamen-
tis Tavmjdomaris, saxelmwifos meTauris kompetenciaSi. premier-
ministrs ufleba hqonda saxelmwifos meTaurisTvis waredgina
winadadeba ministrTa kabinetis struqturisa da personaluri
Semadgenlobis Sesaxeb. am struqturas amtkicebda parlamenti. min-
istrTa kabinetis samarTlebrivi dokumenti iyo dadgenileba, xolo
premier ministrisa – gankarguleba. ministrTa kabinetis kompetenciaTa
arealSi Sedioda avtonomiuri republikebis saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis
umaRlesi organoebis, aseve, adgilobrivi organoebis samarTlebrivi
aqtebis SeCereba.
ministrTa kabineti iyo kolegiuri organo. premieris gadadgoma
iwvevda mTlianad kabinetis gadadgomas.
60
flebis Sesaxeb~ kanoni ver uzrunvelyofda saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
mowyobasTan dakavSirebul yvela arsebiT sakiTxs.
1993 wlis 19 Tebervals saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica
saqarTvelos konstituciis proeqtis SemmuSavebeli saxelmwifo sa-
konstitucio komisia. Tavmjdomared saxelmwifos meTauri da par-
lamentis Tavmjdomare, eduard SevardnaZe airCies, moadgileebad _
respublikuri partiis erovnuli komitetis wevri vaxtang xmalaZe da
Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis iuridiuli fakultetis dekani
givi inwkirveli, komisiis mdivnad _ saxelmwifos meTauris aparatis sa-
konstitucio sakiTxebis ganyofilebis ufrosi avTandil demetraSvili.
saqarTvelos parlamentis 1993 wlis 23 martis dadgenilebiT, sax-
elmwifo sakonstitucio komisia eqvemdebareboda saqarTvelos parla-
ments da yovelTviurad warudgenda informacias muSaobis mimdi-
nareobis Sesaxeb218.
komisiis Semadgenloba sakmaod didi iyo, masSi 118 adamiani Sedioda.
Seiqmna samuSao jgufebi, romlebsac konstituciis proeqtis calkeuli
Tavebis momzadeba daevalaT. proeqtis SedgenaSi aqtiurad iyvnen Car-
Tuli ucxoeli eqspertebi, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia euTos misia da
veneciis komisia. sakonstitucio sakiTxebi ganxilul iqna Cikagos kon-
ferenciaze, romelSic sakonstitucio komisiis wevrebi monawileobdnen.
Tavdapirvelad, sakonstitucio komisiaSi gaCnda idea, rom
cvlilebebi SeetanaT saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciaSi. Tumca es
idea maleve uaryves da saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia axali kon-
stituciis proeqtis SemuSavebas Seudga. SeTanxmdnen, rom konstituciis
redaqciaSi gaTvaliswinebuli iqneboda pirveli konstituciis princi-
pebi, rac Semdgom aisaxa kidevac mis preambulaSi.
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam 1995 wlis agvistoSi daasrula
proeqtze muSaoba da igi gansaxilvelad gadasca saqarTvelos parla-
ments. parlamentma proqti 158 xmiT 8-is winaaRmdeg daamtkica 24 agvis-
tos, 17 saaTsa da 50 wuTze, e.w. `imelis~ SenobaSi. 1995 wlis 17 seqtembers
saqarTvelos konstituciis teqsts xeli moaweres sakonstitucio
komisiisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrebma.
am aqtiT saqarTveloSi dasrulda gardamavali kvazisakonstitucio
epoqa. pirvandeli redaqciiT konstitucia Sedgeboda preambulis, 9
Tavisa da 109 muxlisagan. konstituciiT ganisazRvra konstitucional-
izmis fundamenturi principebi: demokratiuli respublikanizmi, Za-
lauflebis gamijvna da adamianis fundamenturi uflebebi. igi
amkvidrebda saprezidento respublikis models. saqarTvelos pre-
zidenti iyo saxelmwifosa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri.
mTavrobis wevrebi pasuxismgebelni da angariSvaldebulni iyvnen pre-
zidentis winaSe. farTod iqna warmodgenili saxelmwifos meTauris
uflebamosilebebi. parlamenti gamocxadda qveynis umaRles war-
momadgenlobiT organod, romelic Sedgeboda proporciuli sistemiT
61
arCeuli 150 da maJoritaruli sistemiT arCeuli 85 wevrisagan.
damkvidrda sakonstitucio sasamarTlos instituti. konstituciiT
SemoRebul iqna saxalxo damcvelis Tanamdeboba.
konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis kanonproeqtis
Setanis ufleba mieniWaT saqarTvelos prezidents, parlamentis wevrTa
sruli Semadgenlobis naxevarze mets da 200 000 amomrCevels. konstitu-
ciam daamkvidra cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis rTuli proce-
dura.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos konstitucia myar konstituciaTa
rigebs miekuTvneba, masSi 1999 wlidan dRemde Setanilia 33 cvlileba,
aqedan ori (2004 da 2010 wlebis sakonstitucio reformebi) SeiZleba miC-
neul iqnas ara mxolod cvlilebad an damatebad, aramed masStabur sa-
konstitucio reformad, romelmac arsebiTad Secvala mmarTvelobis
sistema.
62
momzadda konstituciuri kanonis proeqti – naTqvamia ganmartebiT bar-
aTSi.221
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi calke, IV1 Tavi daeTmo saqarTvelos
mTavrobas, rac misi samarTlebrivi statusis konstituciurad aRiare-
bis pirveli mcdeloba iyo. mTavroba uzrunvelyofda aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis, qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis ganxorcielebas.
ganisazRvra mTavrobis ormagi pasuxismgeblobis principi, erTi mxriv,
prezidentisa da meore mxriv, parlamentis winaSe. mTavrobas normati-
uli aqtebis gamocemis ufleba mieniWa. sakonstitucio reformis sa-
fuZvelze, konstituciiT dadginda mTavrobis formirebisa da daTx-
ovnis samarTlebrivi meqanizmi; prezidents CamoerTva aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis xelmZRvanelis funqcia; mTavrobis Tavmjdomare gaxda
premier-ministri. mTavroba gardaiqmna kolegiur organod. mas mieniWa
parlamentisadmi sakanonmdeblo iniciativiT mimarTvisa da wardgenili
kanonproeqtis riggareSe ganxilvis moTxovnis uflebamosileba.
biujetis kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebul procedurebze sruli pasux-
ismgebloba daekisra mTavrobas. konstituciuri kanoniT ganisazRvra
premier-ministrisa da parlamentis Tavmjdomaris movaleobaTa
Sesrulebis wesic. gaTvaliswinebul iqna mTavrobis mier miRebuli nor-
matiuli aqtebis sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis SesaZle-
bloba. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom prezidents, romelic aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileobs, mieniWa
ufleba, gaeuqmebina mTavrobisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
dawesebulebebis aqtebi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini ewinaaRmdege-
bodnen saqarTvelos konstitucias, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da
SeTanxmebebs, kanonebsa da prezidentis normatiul aqtebs.
prezident gamsaxurdias sakonstitucio reformebis222 Semdeg
saqarTveloSi 2004 wels meored damkvidrda parlamentis daTxovnis in-
stituti, romelic, ZiriTadad, saparlamento reJimebisaTvis aris damax-
asiaTebeli, Tumca konstituciiT mkacrad ganisazRvra daTxovnis kon-
stituciuri SemTxvevebi. aRniSnuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT
gazrdilia prezidentisa da mTavrobis uflebebi.
2004 wlis sakonstitucio reformam sazogadoebaSi azrTa
sxvadasxvaoba gamoiwvia. qarTvel konstitucionalistebs Soris
gavrcelebuli mosazrebis Tanaxmad, 2004 wlis sakonstitucio reforma
Seusabamo iyo rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT223. kritikosebis TqmiT,
teqsti sajarod ar gamouqveynebiaT, sul mcire, erTi TviT adre,
rogorc amas konstituciis 102-e muxlis me-2 punqti moiTxovs224.
konstituciur kanonproeqtze saintereso daskvna aqvs veneciis komi-
siasac. kanonproeqtis inglisurenovani Targmani komisiam 2004 wlis 29
ianvars miiRo. `saqarTvelos konstituciis cvlilebebisa da damate-
bebis proeqtTan dakavSirebuli daskvna~ veneciis komisiis 12-13 martis
58-e plenarul sxdomaze iqna miRebuli. cvlilebebi ki saqarTvelos
63
parlamentma 2004 wlis 6 Tebervals daamtkica, anu gacilebiT adre,
vidre komisia daskvnas warmoadgenda. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos par-
lamenti veneciis komisiis rekomendaciebs ver gaiTvaliswinebda. unda
aRiniSnos, rom daskvnaSi konstituciur kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebiT
kritikac da SeniSvnac bevri iyo.
veneciis komisia aRniSnavs, rom konstituciuri kanonproeqtis mi-
zania arsebuli saprezidento modelis naxevrad saprezidento sistemiT
Canacvleba. es ukanaskneli ki saqarTvelos evropul praqtikasTan
aaxloebs, rac, Tavis mxriv, misasalmebelia. TumcaRa, unda aRiniSnos,
rom am miznis srulad realizeba ar momxdara 225. absoluturad sa-
marTlianad unda CaiTvalos is SeniSvna, romelic prezidentis mier
parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe mTavrobis daniSvnis sakiTxs exeba.
cvlileba-damatebebi xSir SemTxvevaSi prezidents utovebs met Zalau-
flebas, aniWebs ra uflebamosilebas, daniSnos ministrebi parlamentis
damtkicebis gareSe, an dautovos SezRuduli funqciebi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom parlamentma undobloba gamoucxada mTavrobas226. aseTi ur-
TierToba xelisuflebis calkeul Stoebs Soris, rogorc veneciis
komisiis daskvnaSia aRniSnuli, naxevrad saprezidento models ar
Seesabameba, vinaidan `mTavrobis gadadgomis sakiTxi ar SeiZleba pre-
zidentis diskreciis qveS darCes~227.
veneciis komisia kritikuli iyo im debulebis mimarT, romelic pre-
zidentis mier biujetis dekretiT damtkicebas iTvaliswinebda. komisia
mkafiod miuTiTebda, rom `mTavrobis gadayenebasa da parlamentis
daTxovnas ar unda mivyavdeT finansur sferoSi prezidentis
uflebamosilebis gazrdamde~228.
sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT, sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba
mTavrobasac mieniWa `mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi~. komisiis
azriT, rogorc naxevrad saprezidento, ise saparlamento sistemaSi
mTavrobas sakanonmdeblo iniciativis zogadi ufleba aqvs. piroba
uflebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb – `mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi~ –
amoRebul unda iqnes. amasTan, kiTxvis niSnis qveS dgeba, SenarCundes Tu
ara prezidentis sakanonmdeblo iniciativa229.
erT-erTi mniSvnelovani debuleba, romelic veneciis komisiam bo-
lomde moiwona da kritikulad ar iyo ganwyobili, iyo konstituciuri
kanonproeqtiT mocemuli cvlileba, romlis mixedviT, saxelmwifos me-
Tauri imavdroulad ar iyo aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri. das-
kvnaSi naTqvamia: `winamdebare cvlileba-damateba metad mniSvnelovania,
imdenad ramdenadac gamoxatavs mTavrobis naxevrad saprezidento
sistemaze gadayvanis survils~230.
kritikuli SeniSvnebis miuxedavad, komisiam mTlianobaSi dadebiTad
Seafasa konstituciuri kanonproeqti, vinaidan `warmodgenili cvlile-
ba-damatebebi Sors gamiznuli da mniSvnelovania~, `komisia mTlianobaSi
miesalma sakonstitucio cvlilebebis mizans, iseve rogorc war-
64
modgenil debulebebs~.231 Tumca daskvniT nawilSi xelisuflebas
mouwoda cvlilebebTan dakavSirebiT, maTi srulyofis mizniT, Semdgomi
arsebiTi diskusiis gagrZelebisaken.
profesorma babekma, romelic qarTuli sakonstitucio reformebis
kvlevis erT-erTi TvalsaCino ucxoeli warmomadgeneli gaxlavT,
mravali naSromi da interviu miuZRvna 2004 da 2010 wlebis reformebs.
misi sityvebidan naTlad Cans, Tu ra uaryofiTad iyo ganwyobili
sazogadoebis didi nawili 2004 wlis cvlilebebisadmi da rogor moiTx-
ovdnen mis arsebiT gadasinjvas232. misi azriT, 2004 wlis Sesworebam
saqarTvelos saprezidento sistemaSi prezidents gauZliera (mravali
TvalsazrisiT) Zalaufleba. premier-ministris instituti ki mkafiod
gansazRvruli ar iyo233. babekis azriT, 73-e muxlSi Sesuli cvlileba,
romelic iTvaliswinebda Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa da iusticiis min-
istrebis prezidentis winaSe angariSvaldebulebis princips (preziden-
tis diskrecia iyo, es sami ministri Tanamdebobidan gaeTavisuflebina da
daemtkicebina maTi saministroTa debulebebi), zians ayenebs premier-
ministris pozicias da ewinaaRmdegeba naxevrad saprezidento siste-
mas234.
2004 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebis kritikis obieqti prezidentis
mniSvnelovani da TvalSisacemi konstituciurad ganmtkicebuli Zalau-
fleba iyo. babekis azriT, arsebobs kritikuli SeniSvnebi im sa-
konstitucio debulebebis mimarT, romlebic iTvaliswinebda:
prezidentis gazrdil Zalauflebas mTavrobis mimarT, kerZod, mas
SeeZlo gansakuTrebul saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT
moewvia mTavrobis sxdoma da sxdomaze miRebuli gadawyvetileba sa-
kuTari aqtiT gaeformebina;
prezidentis diskreciul uflebamosilebas, parlamentis Tanx-
mobis gareSe daeniSna premier-ministri;
prezidentis uflebamosilebas, mTavrobisa da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi aqtebis SeCerebis an gauqmebis Sesaxeb, Tu
isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos konstitucias an prezidentis
normatiul aqts;
prezidentis uflebamosilebas, dekretiT daemtkicebina sax-
elmwifos biujeti.
mravali kritikisa da gansxvavebuli mosazrebis miuxedavad, 2004 wlis
sakonstitucio reforma, saxelmwifos sakonstitucio sistemis ganvi-
Tarebis TvalsazirisiT, wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo. yvela sakonstitu-
cio cvlilebasa da reformas, miuxedavad maTi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi
mxareebisa, udavod aqvs arsebobis ufleba, Tu isini qveynis mdgrad
ganviTarebas met-naklebad xels Seuwyoben. 2004 wlis sakonstitucio
cvlilebebis mTavar Rirsebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos mTavrobis rolis win
wamoweva, rac konstituciis pirvandeli redaqciiT ar iyo uzrun-
65
velyofili da mTel aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas prezidenti flobda.
aseTi farTomasStabiani cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba sxva qveynebis gam-
ocdilebis gaazreba-gaTvaliswinebas moiTxovs. samwuxarod, saqarTve-
los ar gauvlia sakonstitucio ganviTarebis didi etapi, Sesabamisad, ar
gvaqvs sakmarisi gamocdileba, rom ucxoeli eqspertebis daxmarebis ga-
reSe efeqturi da Sorsgamiznuli sakonstitucio reformebi ganxor-
cieldes, _ kargi da warmatebuli konstitucia davweroT. amitom
aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa (mag., ve-
neciis komisia) da damoukidebeli eqspertebis rCevebi, romlebsac sa-
konstituciosamarTlebriv sferoSi didi gamocdileba daugrovdaT.
2004 wlis Semdeg meore didi sakonstitucio reforma 2010 wels ganx-
orcielda. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2009 wlis 23 ivnisis
brZanebulebiT damtkicda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio
komisiis debuleba, romlis me-2 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebis Tanax-
mad: `1. komisiis ZiriTadi amocanebia qveynis Tanamedrove, mdgradi da
stabiluri ganviTarebis, samarTlis uzenaesobis, samoqalaqo sazoga-
doebasa da saxelmwifos Soris civiluri urTierTobebis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis Sesabamisi Sinaarsis konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis
momzadeba. 2. konstituciuri gadasinjvis farglebSi moiazreba sax-
elmwifos boWva ZiriTadi uflebebiT, saxelisuflebo ganStoebaTa
efeqtiani, gawonasworebuli sistema da konstituciis sxva valdebule-
baTa axleburi xedva~. saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis paralelu-
lad, muSaoba daiwyo sazogadoebrivma sakonstitucio komisiam, romelic
2009 wlis 1 maiss Seiqmna sazogadoebriv sawyisebze, yovelgvari
dafinansebis gareSe. sazogadoebrivi sakonstitucio komisia sax-
elmwifo sakonstitucio komisias ar eTanxmeboda235.
2010 wlis 19 ivliss, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisi-
is sruli Semadgenlobis bolo sxdomaze, 40 xmiT 5-is winaaRmdeg
miRebul iqna konstituciuri kanonproeqtis bolo versia, romelic
saqarTvelos prezidents gadaegzavna. yovelgvari cvlilebebis gareSe,
saqarTvelos prezidentma isargebla Tavisi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
uflebiT da konstituciuri kanonproeqti saqarTvelos parlamentSi
Seitana236.
2010 wlis 15 oqtombris konstituciuri kanonproeqtis miReba
ganpirobebuli iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis efeqturi
sakonstitucio modelis Camoyalibebis aucileblobiT.237 cvlilebebi
Seexo ara mxolod calkeul muxlebs, aramed arsebiTad Seicvala qveynis
saxelmwifoebrivi mowyobis modeli. qveyana saparlamento respublikaze
orientirebul reJimze gadavida. sakonstitucio komisiis 2010 wlis 11
maisis sxdomaze sabaziso variantad miRebul iqna demetraSvilisa da
66
SarmanaSvilis proeqti, romelic warmoadgenda Sereuli mmarTvelobis
models, sadac saparlamento mmarTvelobis elementebi sWarbobs238. kon-
stituciuri kanonis proeqtis ZiriTadi moculoba 2013 wlis morigi
saprezidento arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli prezidentis mier ficis
dadebis momentidan (2013 wlis 17 noemberi) amoqmedda.
konstituciaSi Sesatani cvlilebebi saqarTvelos prezidentis
brZanebulebiT Seqmnilma saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiam moamzada,
romlis Tavmjdomare prof. demetraSvili gaxldaT.239 proeqtis Semu-
SavebaSi monawileobdnen ucxoeli eqspertebi. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT
aRsaniSnavia berlinis konferencia, romelic saqarTvelos konstituci-
is gadasinjvis sakiTxebs mieZRvna. nawilobriv gaTvaliswinebul iqna ve-
neciis komisiis winaswari rekomendaciebi, Tumca misi saboloo daskvna
proeqtSi ar aisaxa, radgan parlamentma cvlilebebi, 2004 wlis msgavsad,
veneciis komisiis daskvnis SemuSavebamde miiRo.
mcireodeni cvlileba ganicada saqarTvelos konstituciis preambu-
lam, agreTve, gadaisinja adamianis uflebebis nawili. sakonstitucio
reformiT prezidentis roli saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemaSi da-
sustda da mTavrobis uflebamosilebebi gaizarda. cvlilebebis Sedegad
gauqmda konstituciis debuleba, romlis mixedviT, `saqarTvelos pre-
zidenti warmarTavs da axorcielebs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politi-
kas~ (69-e muxli). Tu adrindeli redaqciiT, prezidenti mimarTavda par-
laments saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebisa da SeTanxmebis ratificirebis,
denonsirebisa da gauqmebis Taobaze, sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad,
aRniSnuli uflebamosileba mTavrobis xelSi gadavida.
saqarTvelos prezidents CamoerTva sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
ufleba. cvlilebebiT, mTavrobis mier wardgenil iniciativas
saqarTvelos parlamenti, misive moTxovniT, riggareSed ganixilavs.
Seicvala saqarTvelos prezidentobis kandidatis dabadebiT saqarTve-
los moqalaqed yofnis moTxovna da `binadrobis cenzi~. kandidati
arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde bolo 3 wlis manZilze unda cxovrobdes
saqarTveloSi. prezidents aekrZala partiuli Tanamdebobis dakaveba.
cvlilebebi gansakuTrebiT Seexo saqarTvelos konstituciis 73-e
muxls, romelic prezidentis uflebamosilebebs gansazRvravs. pre-
zidents aRar aqvs premier-ministris parlamentisgan damoukideblad
daniSvnis, ukanasknelis mier ministrebis daniSvnaze Tanxmobis, mTav-
robis, iusticiis, Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis ministrebis gadayenebis
uflebamosileba240.
prezidents CamoerTva sakonstitucio da administraciuli iustici-
is ganxorcielebis uflebamosileba, kerZod, konstituciis 73-e muxlis
me-3 punqtis Tanaxmad, prezidenti uflebamosili iyo SeeCerebina an
gaeuqmebina mTavrobisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebule-
baTa aqtebi, Tu isini saqarTvelos konstitucias, saerTaSoriso
xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs, kanonebsa da prezidentis normatiul
67
aqtebs ewinaaRmdegebodnen241. konstitucias daemata axali 731-e muxli,
romliTac pirvelad qarTul sinamdvileSi prezidentis samarTlebriv
aqtebze kontrasignaciis instituti damkvidrda242.
mTavroba Camoyalibda aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRles or-
ganod da ganisazRvra aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis damoukidebel sax-
elisuflebo Stod Camoyalibebis sakonstitucio garantiebi243. ax-
leburad ganisazRvra mTavrobis formirebis, aseve, mTavrobisaTvis un-
doblobis gamocxadebis procesi. SemoRebul iqna undoblobis kon-
struqciuli votumis meqanizmi.
gadaisinja konstituciis 811-e muxli, romelic saxelmwifo
rwmunebulis _ gubernatoris Tanamdebobas gansazRvravs. Tuki manamde
gubernators Tanamdebobaze niSnavda prezidenti, es uflebamosileba
mTavrobas gadaeca. axleburad Camoyalibda konstituciis 86-e muxli,
romliTac saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa uvadod daniSvna gan-
isazRvra.
konstitucias daemata sruliad axali, me-71 Tavi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb, romelSic ganmtkicebulia adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis formirebisa da saxelmwifo
zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebis wesi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
damoukideblobis garantiebi.
dRemde praqtikulad xelSeuxebeli darCa konstituciis ramdenime
Tavi, mag., zogadi debulebebi da adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi. mraval-
ricxovan swavlulTa da eqspertTa azriT, konstituciis am debulebebis
stabiluroba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom aq aRiarebulia iseTi faseulo-
bebi, rogorebicaa: Tavisufleba, demokratia, samarTlis uzenaesoba,
romelsac dRevandeli evropa eyrdnoba da romlebsac qarTuli sazoga-
doebac iziarebs244.
raihenbeheris azriT, bolo sakonstitucio reformis Sesafaseblad
Zalze mniSvnelovania veneciis komisiisa da sxva ucxoeli eqspertebis
mier warmodgenili moxsenebebi245. qarTveli da ucxoeli eqspertebis
daskvnebis Sefasebisas erTi garemoeba ikveTeba: ucxoelebi sa-
konstitucio reformis Sefasebisas ufro TavSekavebulobas iCenen, ar
arian radikalurebi da mas, saboloo jamSi, ufro dadebiTad ganixilav-
en, qarTveli eqspertebis nawili ki piriqiT – yvela sakiTxs uaryofiT
elfers aZlevs.
iyo Tu ara 2010 wlis sakonstitucio reforma sajaro diskusiebisa da
ganxilvebis Sedegi? aq saintereso iqneba stiven fiSis mosazrebis ilus-
trireba. igi ambobs, rom naCqarevi, moufiqrebeli modelebis nacvlad,
saqarTvelom Tavisi sakonstitucio cvlilebebi intensiuri sajaro da
eqspertTa ganxilvebis Sedegad Camoayaliba246. am kuTxiT, rogorc aRin-
iSna, mniSvnelovani iyo berlinis konferencia da misi Sedegebi, Tumca,
rogorc babeki miuTiTebs, samwuxarod, berlinis konferenciis Sedeg-
ebis detaluri ganxilvisa da maTi kargad Camoyalibebuli sakonstitu-
68
cio dokumentad gardaqmnisTvis dro aRar datoves247. saerTaSoriso
eqspertebis rCevebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia, miT umetes, rodesac
isini iseTi maRali rangis politikur-samarTlebriv dokuments exeba,
rogoricaa konstitucia. maSin ra mniSvneloba da azri aqvs konfer-
enciebis Catarebas, saerTaSoriso eqspertebis an veneciis komisiis rek-
omendaciebs, Tu isini, garkveulwilad, konstituciaSi ar aisaxa?
eqspertTa daskvnebis analizisas, sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad
damkvidrebuli mmarTvelobis modelis mimarT araerTgvarovan
Sexedulebebs vxvdebiT. calsaxaa, rom sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT
mkafiod ar aris dadgenili mmarTvelobis klasikuri modelebidan erT-
erTi – saprezidento, naxevrad saprezidento Tu saparlamento. Tumca,
unda iTqvas, rom reforma prezidentis Zalauflebis Sesasusteblad
udavod win gadadgmuli nabiji iyo. Tanamedrove demokratiuli kon-
stitucionalizmis analizi gviCvenebs, rom mraval saxelmwifoSi sapar-
lamento modeli damkvidrda, rasac safuZvlad daedo aRiarebuli prin-
cipi: rac ufro Zlieria parlamenti, miT ufro Zlieria demokratia.
veneciis komisia 2010 wlis konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis daskvna-
Si aRniSnavs, rom prezidentis da mTavrobis Tanabari uflebamosileba
ufro metad Seesabameba saparlamento sistemas. am formulirebidan gam-
omdinare, SeiZleba davsvaT kiTxva: kompetenciebis TvalsazrisiT, aris
Tu ara konstituciis axali redaqciiT prezidentsa da mTavrobas Soris
balansi? rasakvirvelia ara, vinaidan, prezidentTan SedarebiT, mTav-
robis samarTlebrivi mdgomareoba ufro gamyarebulia. Sesabamisad,
modeli mxolod uaxlovdeba saparlamento demokratias da wminda tipis
saparlamento mmarTvelobas ar warmoadgens.
sazogadoebriv sakonstitucio komisiaSi miaCndaT, rom mmarTvelobis
optimaluri forma saparlamento sistema iyo da igi 2010 wlis 9 aprils
warmodgenil `saqarTvelos konstituciis axali redaqciis ganvrcobiT
koncefciaSi~ miuTiTebda, rom, marTalia, mmarTvelobis saparlamento
modeli ar aris raRac `jadosnuri kverTxi~, romlis erTi Sexeba
sakmarisi aRmoCndeba Cveni problemebis mosagvareblad, magram sax-
elmwifos mowyobis es sistema, sxvebisgan gansxvavebiT, saSualebas
iZleva, konstituciis farglebSi da mis safuZvelze, Tavad sistemis Sig-
niT ukeT gadavWraT yvela is problema, romelic xels uSlis demokra-
tiuli institutebis Camoyalibebas.248
profesori babeki aRniSnavs, rom am cvlilebebiT xdeba supersapre-
zidento sakonstitucio sistemis gadasvla saparlamento demokrati-
aze249. Tumca prof. kobaxiZe am Sexedulebas ar eTanxmeba da aRniSnavs,
rom sakonstitucio cvlilebebi xasiaTdeba mTeli rigi Taviseburebeb-
iT, romlebic ucxoa saparlamento respublikis klasikuri modeli-
saTvis. kerZod, metismetad Sesustebulia parlamentis roli premier-
ministrisa da mTavrobis saqmianobis kontrolis sferoSi. amis sa-
pirispirod, araadekvaturad aris gaZlierebuli premier-ministris
69
politikuri poziciebi saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemaSi250. babekis
msgavsad, gansxvavebuli pozicia hqonda stiven fiSs, romelic pre-
zidentis uflebamosilebis fonze parlamentisa da premier-ministris
uflebamosilebis gazrdaze amaxvilebda yuradRebas251.
prof. kaxianis azriT, konstituciis axali redaqcia mmarTvelobis
saparlamento modelze, an ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, Sereuli
mmarTvelobis imgvar modelze gadasvlas iTvaliswinebs, romelic
saparlamento respublikisTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebiT uxvadaa
gajerebuli252. fiSi aRniSnavs, rom saqarTvelom Zalauflebis koncen-
trirebis nacvlad, prezidentis aRmasrulebeli uflebamosilebis
Sesustebisa da Zalauflebis gamijvnis gza airCia253. veneciis komisiam
dadebiTad Seafasa prezidentis kompetenciebis Semcirebis tendencia.
komisiis azriT, pozitiur Sefasebas imsaxurebs konstituciis 73-e mux-
lis me-3 puqntis gauqmeba, romelic prezidents sakonstitucio
zedamxedvelobis uflebamosilebas aniWebda. Tumca komisia kritikulad
iyo ganwyobili saerTaSoriso urTerTobebis sferoSi prezidentis kom-
petenciebis mimarT da aucileblobad miaCnda normis meti sicxadiT
formulireba. daskvnaSi naTqvami iyo: `sagareo saqmeebis sferoSi pre-
zidentsa da mTavrobas Soris uflebamosilebebis gamijvna ar aris
sruliad garkveuli~254. veneciis komisia `yvelaze mniSvnelovan
cvlilebad~ prezidentisTvis im uflebamosilebis CamorTmevas ganixi-
lavs, romelic mTavrobis wevrebis dasaniSnad Tanxmobis micemas iT-
valiswinebda.
veneciis komisia da saerTaSoriso eqspertebi dadebiTad afaseben
parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgeblobis dadgenas.
Zveli redaqciiT, mTavroba pasuxismgebeli iyo prezidentisa da par-
lamentis winaSe. prof. babeki miuTiTebs, rom axali debulebebis
mixedviT, mTavroba pasuxismgebelia parlamentis winaSe da es
misasalmebelia255. Tumca gakvirvebas iwvevs konstituciis axali
redaqciis 78-e muxlis 1-li punqtis bolo winadadeba, romlis mixedviT,
`mTavroba angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe~. teqstSi ar Cans
sityva `pasuxismgebelia~. zogierTi mkvlevari am or cnebas erTmaneTTan
aigivebs256, rac marTebuli araa. rogorc pasuxismgeblobas, ise angariS-
valdebulebas, konstituciis mixedviT, Tavisi formebi aqvs. angariS-
valdebulebis formebia mTavrobis wevrebisadmi kiTxviT an SekiTxviT
mimarTva, rodesac mTavroba valdebulia pasuxi gasces, anu angariSi Caa-
baros im organos, romelmac mas ndoba gamoucxada. rac Seexeba
pasuximgeblobas, es ufro rTuli formiTaa warmodgenili konstituci-
aSi. mag., mTavroba parlamentis winaSe pasuximgeblobas grZnobs, roca
mas parlamenti ndobas an undoblobas ucxadebs an roca mTavrobis wevrs
impiCmentiT gadaayenebs.
sakonstitucio reformam yvelaze meti kritika parlamentis mxridan
mTavrobis kontrolis arasakmarisi meqanizmebis gamo daimsaxura.
70
xmalaZe da jibRaSvili aRniSnaven, rom 79-e muxlis me-2 punqtis axali
redaqciiT, premier-ministri gaTavisuflda prezidentisTvis mTav-
robis saqmianobis Sesaxeb moxsenebis wardgenis valdebulebisgan da
mTavrobis saqmianobisaTvis mis winaSe pasuximgeblobisagan, rac
savsebiT marTebulia, magram 78-e muxlis msgavsad, aqac saerTod daikar-
ga mTavrobis saqmianobisaTvis misi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi. arada,
premier-ministris farTo uflebebi mTavrobis wevrebis mimarT par-
lamentis winaSe piradi pasuxismgeblobis valdebulebiT unda iyos
gawonasworebuli.257
rogorc saerTaSoriso, ise adgilobrivi eqspertebis samarTliani
kritikis sagani gaxda mTavrobis formirebis an misTvis undoblobis
gamocxadebis procesis vadebi. kobaxiZe miuTiTebs, rom vercerTi demo-
kratiuli qveynis konstituciaSi SexvdebiT ndobis gamocxadebisTvis
dadgenil esoden xangrZliv vadebs258. xmalaZe da jibRaSvilic imave azrs
aviTareben da aRniSnaven, rom `undoblobis gamocxadebis procesis Sesa-
Zlo xangrZlivoba uzomod aRemateba yovelgvar gonivrul vadas~259.
berlinis konferenciaze blankenageli aRniSnavda, rom krizisis
gagrZeleba destabilizaciis risks qmnis. man saqarTvelos konstituci-
is 81-e muxlis proeqtiT SemoTavazebul procedurasTan dakavSirebiT
sami problema daasaxela: pirveli iyo proceduruli etapebis raodeno-
ba, meore – vadebi da bolos qvorumi260. miuxedavad aRniSnuli SeniS-
vnebisa, saqarTvelos parlaments arcerTi ar gauTvaliswinebia. 2013
wlis 10 maiss saqarTvelos universitetebis sakonstitucio samarTlis
leqtorebisa da mkvlevarebis erTma jgufma mimarTva gaavrcela
saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomaris saxelze, sadac isini iTxovdnen
am procedurebis gamartivebasa da Sesabamisi konstituciuri kanonpro-
eqtic ki warmoadgines261.
veneciis komisia sabolooo daskvnaSi aRniSnavs, rom SemoTavazebuli
sakonstitucio cvlilebebi uzrunvelyofs ramdenime mniSvnelovan
gaumjobesebas da sayuradRebo nabijs kargi mimarTulebiT. Tumca kon-
stituciur kanoproeqts komisia ar miiCnevda srulyofilad da gamoT-
qvamda survils, Sesuliyo masSi Sesworebebi, rac maT miRebamde unda
ganxiluliyo.
imedis momcemi iyo stiven fiSis daskvna, _ misi azriT, saqarTvelos
sakonstitucio cvlileba, Tuki mas xelisuflebaSi myofi pirebi sa-
kuTari politikuri ambiciebis miRwevis mizniT zians ar miayeneben,
imeds iZleva, rom eqneba is efeqti, romelic mis avtorebs aqvT Cafi-
qrebuli262. samwuxaro daskvnas akeTebs babeki. misi azriT, sakonstitu-
cio sistema, romelic uwyebaTa Soris problemis gadaWris gonivrul
gzebs ver uzrunvelyofs, advilad eqvemdebareba gareSe Zalebis Carevas.
amrigad, saqarTvelos emuqreba Tavisi uaxlesi istoriis gagrZeleba –
saxelmwifo gadatrialebebi da revoluciebi. aseTi SesaZleblobis Tav-
71
idan acileba, ra Tqma unda, SesaZlebelia, pasuxismgebel politikosebs
Soris pasuxismgebluri dialogiT263.
heberle sworad mianiSnebs, rom sakonstitucio samarTali aris
erTdroulad kompromisisa da konfliqtebis samarTali264. bunebaSi ar
arsebobs idealuri konstitucia, romelic xelisuflebis organizaci-
asTan dakavSirebul yvela sakiTxs pozitiurad gadawyvets, mTavaria, igi
iyos mravalferovani politikuri konsensusis Sedegi da ara politikur
koniunqturaze morgebuli.
72
stitucias, Cven vgegmavT arsebuli konstituciis gaumjobesebas. Sesa-
bamisad, vimoqmedebT arsebuli konstituciis farglebSi~.
2014 wlis 12 maiss gaimarTa sakonstitucio komisiis saqarTvelos
parlamentis, prezidentisa da mTavrobis sakiTxTa samuSao jgufis
sxdoma. miRebul iqna gadawyvetileba, rom jgufi imuSavebda Semdegi
mimarTulebiT: mTavrobis Semadgenloba, misi formirebis procedura da
pasuxismgebloba, premier-ministris arCevis wesi, valdebulebebi da
uflebamosileba, ministrebis daniSvnis winapiroba, mTavrobis
uflebamosilebis dawyeba da Sewyveta, premier-ministris, parlamentisa
da prezidentis urTierTvaldebuleba. sxdomaze aRiniSna, rom jgufis
funqciaa, Seqmnas axali cvlilebebis modeli, romliTac prezidentis,
parlamentisa da mTavrobis uflebamosileba dabalansdeba.
saqarTvelos parlamentis 2013 wlis 4 oqtombris dadgenilebiT, sax-
elmwifo sakonstitucio komisias saqarTvelos konstituciis
gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti parlamentisTvis unda waredgina 2014
wlis 1 seqtembramde. Tumca SemdgomSi komisiis samuSao jgufebis mier
gamoikveTa sakiTxTa didi wre, romlebic damatebiT msjelobas
saWiroebda. aqedan gamomdinare, parlamentma 2014 wlis 30 ivlisis
dadgenilebiT konstituciis gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis
wardgenis vadad 2015 wlis 1 marti ganisazRvra, xolo 2015 wlis 19 Te-
bervlis dadgenilebiT ki axali vada _ 2015 wlis 1 seqtemberi dadginda.
saboloo jamSi, sakonstitucio komisiam muSaoba ise daasrula, rom
erTi, saboloo proeqti ar miuRia. komisiis araefeqturad muSaobis mTa-
vari mizezi SeiZleba is iyos, rom mmarTvel politikur elitas ar hqon-
da sakonstitucio cvlilebebis ganxorcilebis imedi, vinaidan ar gaaC-
nda gadasinjvisTvis aucilebeli sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb 3/4-is
mxardaWera. amitomac komisiis muSaoba ver aRmoCnda efeqturi. faqti ki
kvlavac faqtad rCeba _ Dsamwuxarod, saqarTvelos konstituciaSi
dRemde uamravi teqnikuri Tu Sinaarsobrivi xasiaTis problema rCeba,
romelic aucilebel gadawyvetas moiTxovs.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
73
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74
Tavi III
politikuri reJimi da mmarTvelobis formebi
2. politikuri reJimi
2.1. demokratia
75
monawileobs Tavisi arCeuli warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT. aRniSnuli
Tanamedrove epoqaSi demokratiis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa.270
demokratiuli reJimis Semadgeneli e.w. instituciuri elementebi,
upirveles yovlisa, politikuri konkurenciis pirobebSi Catarebuli
sayovelTao arCevnebiT ganisazRvreba da ZiriTadad partiul plural-
izms gulisxmobs. lovos ganmartebiT, `demokratia es aris institucion-
aluri reJimi, sadac xelmZRvanelebis daniSvna gansazRvruli vadiT
mSvidobianad, kanonierad Catarebuli arCevnebiT xdeba~271. demokratia
mas Semdeg arsebobs, rac moqalaqeTa erToblioba uflebas iRebs,
Tavisuflad airCios xelmZRvanelebi perioduli intervaliT. xalxis
warmomadgenlobiTi organoebi mxolod gansazRvruli vadiT arian ar-
Ceuli. amasTan, arCevnebi azrs kargavs, Tu xalxs ar eqneba SesaZlebloba,
realuri arCevani gaakeTos sxvadasxva partias Soris. aqedan gamomdi-
nare, partiaTa pluralizmi demokratiis aucilebeli postulatia.272
umravlesobis mmarTveloba SesaZlebelia Zalian sastiki aRmoCndes
calkeuli adamianebisa da sxvadasxva umciresobis mimarT. swored um-
ravlesobam gamoutana sasikvdilo ganaCeni sokrates. amitomac,
Tanamedrove gagebiT, demokratia umravlesobis SezRuduli Zalau-
flebaa, SezRuduli yvela im uflebiTa da TavisuflebiT, romlebic
calkeul adamianebs ekuTvniT.273
demokratia sami formiT gamoixateba: (1) monawileoba _ xmis micema da
arCevnebi, (2) konkurencia _ politikuri partiebis Sejibreba, (3)
Tavisufleba (liberalizmi) _ sityvis, Sekrebis Tavisufleba, adamianis
sxva uflebebi. amitom, demokratia SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc poli-
tikuri Zalaufleba, romelic xorcieldeba pirdapir an arapirdapir,
monawileobis, konkurenciisa da liberalizmis meSveobiT.274 am defini-
ciis mesame elementi (liberalizmi) SeiZleba subieqturad iqnes miC-
neuli.275 mravali mecnieri aseTi tipis demokratias liberalur demo-
kratias uwodebs da Tavisuflebis xarisxis mixedviT, gamoyofs demo-
kratiuli reJimis or tips: dasavlur, anu liberalur demokratiebs da
aRmosavlur, anu marqsistul demokratiebs. TviT iseT saxelmwifosac
ki, romelic mTlianad spobs pirovnul `Tavisuflebas~ da uaryofs lib-
eralur ideals, SeuZlia demokratiis damyareba, oRond sax-
elmwifoebrivi wyoba am wyobaze daqvemdebarebulma pirebma unda Seqm-
nan. amrigad, bolSevizmi da faSizmi, yvela diqtaturis msgavsad, an-
tiliberaluria, magram aucilebeli ar aris antidemokratiulic (um-
ravlesobis nebasTan Seusabamo) iyos.276
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom demokratia da liberalizmi erTgvar
dapirispirebaSi imyofeba. demokratia umravlesobis mmarTvelobaa, xo-
lo liberalizmi aris samarTaldaqvemdebarebuli pirovnuli Tavisu-
flebis koncefcia. dasavleTis ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli
demokratiuli reJimebi Tavis TavSi moicavs liberalizms. umravleso-
76
bis mmarTveloba xorcieldeba TiToeuli pirovnebis individualuri
Tavisuflebis dacviT.
2.2. totalitarizmi
77
2. Zaladobis, rogorc arsebuli institutebis gardaqmnis saSualebad
gamoyeneba; 3. Zlieri ideologiuri miznis arseboba.280
2.3. avtoritarizmi
78
da arc demokratiul institutebs scemen saTanado pativs. aRniSnul
kategoriaSi mravali qveyana moiazreba. isini arc `Tavisufali~ da arc
`araTavisuflebi~ arian, `demokratiasa~ da `arademokratias~ Soris
imyofebian. aRmasrulebel, sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebas aqvs mniSvnelovani Zalaufleba, arCevnebi regularulad tarde-
ba, Tumca procesebi ganuWvreteli da SezRudulia. politikuri konku-
rencia SeiZleba arsebobdes qaRaldze, realurad ki politikuri opo-
nentebi idevnebodnen.282
3. mmarTvelobis formebi
3.1. monarqia
79
umeteswilad vaJze, zogjer qaliSvilzec (ganasxvaveben taxtis
memkvidreobiT gadacemis salikur, kastiliur, Svedur (Tanamedrove
kastiliur), avstriul, arabul da sxv. sistemebs)286. Tu Svili
mcirewlovania, mis srulwlovanebamde, an taxtis vakanturobis,
monarqis xangrZlivi avadmyofobis Tu droebiTi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi,
saxelmwifos marTavs regenti an regentTa sabWo.
ganasxvaveben absolutur, dualistur da saparlamento (konstitu-
ciur) monarqiebs. absoluturi, anu SeuzRudavi monarqia mmarTvelobis
iseTi formaa, romelSic saxelmwifo xelisuflebis samive Sto (sakanon-
mdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da sasamarTlo) erTi piris _ monarqis xelSia.
aseT saxelmwifoebSi ar arsebobs arc konstitucia da arc arCeviTi or-
ganoebi. mTavroba ki mefis ojaxis wevrebisgan Sedgeba. absoluturi
monarqiis qveynebSi monarqi, rogorc wesi, umaRles sasuliero pirad
miiCneva, igi ganagebs qveynis religiur cxovrebas (saudis arabeTi, bah-
reini da sxv.).
dualistur monarqiaSi sustad, magram mainc arsebobs saxelmwifo Za-
lauflebis gamijvna sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas
Soris. rac Seexeba sasamarTlo sistemas, mas ZiriTadad monarqi axor-
cielebs. dualistur monarqiaSi erTgvari `orxelisuflebianobaa~ (mag.,
maroko, nepalis samefo, iordania).
konstituciuri monarqiebi Zalian hgavs saparlamento respublikebs.
gansxvavebas warmoadgens is, rom saxelmwifos meTauri aris ara
garkveuli vadiT arCeuli prezidenti, aramed monarqi, romelsac Za-
laufleba memkvidreobiT aqvs miRebuli. monarqi aris eris erTianobis
simbolo da aqvs ceremoniuli funqciebi. misi aqtebi ZalaSi Sedis mxo-
lod premier-ministris an ministris Tanaxelmoweris Semdeg. am Sem-
TxvevaSi, `mefe mefobs, magram ar marTavs~. monarqias demokratiisTvis
garkveuli upiratesobac aqvs. monarqia uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifos me-
Taurs, romelic erTianobis apolitikuri da miukerZoebeli simboloa.
politikur partiebze maRla mdgomi saxelmwifos meTauri eris inter-
esebs warmoadgens, monarqi, amave dros, miiCneva eris istoriuli
memkvidreobisa da kulturis udides simbolod. mraval evropul sax-
elmwifoSi konstituciuri monarqiaa, maT Soris iseT qveynebSi,
rogoricaa: gaerTianebuli samefo, dania, niderlandebi, SvedeTi, bel-
gia, espaneTi, luqsemburgi da a.S. aseve, evropis gareT konstituciuri
monarqiaa iaponia, romelsac saTaveSi imperatori udgas.
3.2. respublika
80
sazogadoeba saxelmwifos saerTo keTildReobis miRwevisaTvis, _
respublikuri mmarTveloba warmomadgenlobiTi xasiaTisaa. medisoni
respublikas gansazRvravda rogorc „qveyanas, romelSic kanonebs qmnian
da aRasruleben xalxis mier arCeuli warmomadgenlebi“. xalxis war-
momadgenlebi xelisuflebas ganageben gansazRvruli vadis ganmavlobaSi
an arakeTilsindisieri saqcielis Cadenamde.287
respublikuri mmarTveloba efuZneba Zalauflebis gamijvnis prin-
cips da ganasxvavebs xelisuflebis sam damoukidebel Stos: sakanon-
mdeblo, aRmasrulebel da sasamarTlo xelisuflebas. imis mixedviT, Tu
rogoraa Zalaufleba gadanawilebuli am Stoebs Soris, ganasxvaveben
respublikuri marTva-gamgeobis saprezidento, saparlamento da
Sereul modelebs.
81
zidenti aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas marto axorcielebs da min-
istrebTan gadawyvetilebis miRebis uflebas ar iyofs. prezidents
mTavrobis sferoSi gadawyvetilebis miRebis sruli Tavisufleba aqvs.
es kargad Cans linkolnis sityvebSi, romelic Tavis mdivnebTan mon-
aTmflobelobis gauqmebis Taobaze konsultaciis dros ganacxada:
`Svidi winaaRmdegi, erTi momxre: gadawyvetileba miRebulia~.291 kabineti
pasuxismgebelia prezidentis da ara parlamentis winaSe. kabinetis wev-
ris gadayenebis ufleba aqvs prezidents.292 es niSnavs, rom saprezidento
respublikaSi aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba monisturia, erTi piri
udgas saTaveSi, rodesac saparlamento respublikaSi mas kolegiuri or-
gano marTavs.
sqema 1
saprezidento sistema
amomrCevlebi
kabineti
82
instituciuri meqanizmebi, rogoricaa undoblobis votumi, romelic
parlamentis an mTavrobis ganaxlebis saSualebas iZleva.294
konstituciis mama-damfuZneblebma aSS-is prezidents mianiWes
Semdegi uflebamosilebebi: veto, romelic kongress SeuZlia gadalaxos;
samxedro Zalebis mTavarsardloba, Tumca omis gamocxadebis ufleba
mxolod kongress mieniWa; xelSekrulebebis dadebis ufleba (senatis
TanxobiTa da rCeviT), aseve, ucxo qveynebis aRiarebis ufleba; elCebis,
mosamarTleebis daniSvna (senatis TanxmobiT); Sewyalebis ufleba; sax-
elmwifos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb kongresis informireba da kanonis
miRebis rekomendaciis miReba; kongresis specialuri sesiis mowveva.295
83
axdenen, magram konstitucia iTvaliswinebs meqanizmebs, riTac xelisu-
flebis es ganStoebebi erTdroulad SeiZleba iyvnen gayofilni da amave
dros, _ urTierTdamokidebulnic.298 prezidenti, Tavisi didi Zalau-
flebis miuxedavad, iZulebulia iTanamSromlos parlamentTan, Tundac
im martivi mizezis gamo, rom, Tu parlamentma saTanado asignebebi ar
gamoyo, igi ver ganaxorcielebs Tavis funqciebs. kongresis Tanxmobis
gareSe, mas saxelmwifo biujetidan erTi centis aRebac ki ar SeuZlia.
aseve, misi Tanxmobis gareSe ver Seqmnis raime samsaxurs.299
xelSekrulebebze molaparakeba SeiZleba awarmoos prezidentma, Tumca
isini senatma unda daamtkicos. prezidenti asaxelebs Tanamdebobis
pirebs, maT Soris, umaRlesi sasamarTlos wevrebs, Tumca es senatma unda
daadasturos. mdivnebi Tanamdebobaze senatis TanxmobiT iniSnebian300,
Tumca konstituciiT maTi gaTavisuflebis sakiTxi gaTvaliswinebuli
araa. sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis uzenaesobis momxreebs miaCndaT, rom
maTi TanxmobiT daniSnuli pirebi maTive TanxmobiT unda gaTavisu-
flebuliyvnen, magram umaRlesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebiT sabo-
lood ganisazRvra, rom ar SeiZleba prezidenti pasuxismgebeli iyos aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobaze da amave dros, iZulebuli iyos
imuSaos maTTan, visTanac muSaoba ar SeuZlia301.
amerikis damfuZnebelma mamebma senati Seqmnes ara mxolod sakanon-
mdeblo organod, aramed mas mniSvnelovani prerogativebi mianiWes aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebasTan mimarTebiT _ senati prezidents fun-
qciebs umsubuqebs. Zalauflebis gamijvna xSirad warmoSobs Cixs,
rodesac rTuli da mniSvnelovani sakiTxebi ganixileba. prezidenti did
sirTuleebs awydeba ucxo erebTan SeTanxmebebis miRwevisas kongresis
SesaZlo oponirebis gamo.302
saprezidento sistema mTavrobis angariSvaldebulebis sistemas ori
gancalkevebuli StosTvis SezRudvebis dawesebis gziT qmnis. am or Stos
SeiZleba gansxvavebuli xedvebi hqondes, rac gadawyvetilebis misaRebad
debatebisa da molaparakebis gamarTvas saWiroebs. es windauxedavi da
moufiqrebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebas ufro rTuls xdis. Zalau-
flebis gamijvna da Sekavebisa da gawonasworebis meqanizmi Tavis TavSi
uwesrigobisa da araorganizebulobis potencials atarebs, razec aSS-is
uzenaesma sasamarTlom gadawyvetilebaSi _ Immigration and Naturalization
Service v. Chadha ganacxada, rom `komforti da efeqtianoba demokratiuli
mmarTvelobis arc upirvelesi mizani da arc ganmasxvavebeli niSania~303.
marTlac, `xelisuflebis gamijvna-danawilebis doqtrina 1787 wlis kon-
venciam aRiara ara imisTvis, rom efeqtianoba waexalisebina, aramed
imisTvis, rom gamoricxuliyo xelisuflebis TviTneburi gamoyeneba. mi-
zani iyo ara is, rom Tavidan yofiliyo acilebuli uTanxmoeba, aramed is,
rom xalxi daculi yofiliyo avtokratiisagan saxelisuflebo
uflebamosilebis sam seqciad gadanawilebis Tanmxlebi gardauvali
uTanxmoebis saSualebiT.~304
84
saprezidento sistemaSi, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Zalauflebis
gawonasworebis mizniT, saparlamento komisiebs gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva warmomadgenlebi,
garda kabinetisa, komitetebSi regularulad ikiTxebian. arsebobs
sazedamxedvelo da sagamoZiebo komisiebi. sagamoZiebo komisiebs ufro
meti mniSvneloba aqvs amerikaSi, vidre saparlamento reJimebSi.305 aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis monopolizaciisa da borotad gamoyenebis
SezRudvis mizniT, saprezidento sistemaSi arsebobs SezRudva pre-
zidentis xelaxal arCevaze. mxolod erTi vadiT airCevian meqsikisa da
nikaraguas prezidentebi, mraval qveyanaSi dasaSvebia meore vadiT arCe-
vac.306
prezidentis Zalauflebis SezRudvis mniSvelovan meqanizms war-
moadgens teritoriuli mowyoba. aSS-Si arsebuli federaluri terito-
riuli mowyoba respublikis prezidentis Zalauflebis damatebiT
gamawonasworebel berkets warmoadgens, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac
Statis mTavroba araa im partiis xelSi, romelic federalur donezea
mmarTveli. magram es dadebiTi efeqti, rac liberaluri logikiTaa
nakarnaxevi, SeiZleba sapirispiro Sedegamde mivides im kuTxiT, rom
erovnuli politika sustdeba da arastabiluri xdeba.307
85
amerikuli modeli XX saukuneSi, aseve, SemoRebul iqna afrikis
qveynebis mier, damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg. rogorc Cans, es
metad morgebuli formaa im qveynebisTvis, romlebic damoukidebeli
saxelmwifos mSeneblobis procesSi uamrav sirTules awydebian. am sax-
elmwifoTa umetesobaSi avtoritaruli mTavrobis gamoCena sapreziden-
to konstituciis Cveulebriv `gverdiT efeqts~ warmoadgens, sanam isini
ufro demokratiul da dabalansebul sistemas daaarseben.310
86
saparlamento respublikis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli parlamentis
winaSe mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobaa. rogorc lovo aRniSnavs, parlamen-
tarizmis gansazRvrisTvis pasuxismgeblobis principi sakmarisia313.
mTavrobis pasuxismgebloba mTavrobis mimarT undoblobis gamo-
cxadebasa da misi daTxovnis uflebamosilebaSi gamoixateba. sapar-
lamento sistema popularulia rogorc akademiur, ise politikur
wreebSi. amis mTavari mizezi swored parlamentis uflebamosilebaa,
daiTxovos mTavroba undoblobis votumis gziT314.
parlamentarizmis ZiriTadi idea mdgomareobs imaSi, rom mTavrobas
unda hqondes parlamentis ndoba.315 mTavrobisTvis ndobis gamocxadeba,
pirvel yovlisa, xdeba mTavrobis formirebisas, romelic dRis wesrigSi
parlamentis axali Semadgenlobis mowvevis an Zveli mTvarobis gaday-
enebis Semdeg dgeba. ndoba-undoblobis sakiTxi wamoiWreba mTavrobis
funqcionirebis TiTqmis yvela etapze, es moicavs ara mxolod mTavrobis
formirebasa da mTavrobis gadayenebas316, aramed mxardaWeras calkeul
kanonproeqtebze, mTavrobis programaze da a.S.
saparlamento sistema im sistemis antiTezaa, romelic Zalauflebis
gamijvnazea dafuZnebuli.317 saprezidento sistemaSi erTmaneTisgan
damoukideblad formirdeba sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba. garda amisa, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis arseboba
damokidebuli araa sakanonmdeblo organos nebaze. aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba Tanamdebobaze yofnas agrZelebs, parlamentSi umravles-
obis Secvlis miuxedavad. saparlamento sistemaSi ki aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebas qmnis sakanonmdeblo organo. Tu saparlamento umrav-
lesoba daiSala, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba arsebobas wyvets.
Zalauflebis gamijvna saprezidento sistemaSi, aseve, erTi piris mier
erTdroulad sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli mandatis SeTavsebis
dauSveblobas gulisxmobs. amis sapirispirod, saparlamento sistemaSi
erTi da igive pirovneba SeiZleba iyos rogorc parlamentis, ise mTav-
robis wevri. zogierT saparlamento sistemaSi, mag., gaerTianebul same-
fosa da mis yofil koloniebSi, savaldebuloa, rom mTavrobis war-
momadgeneli iyos parlamentis wevri. sxva qveynebSi ki dasaSvebia (magram
aucilebeli araa) parlamentis mandatisa da ministris portfelis
SeTavseba (gamonaklisia niderlandebi, norvegia da luqsemburgi, sadac
maTi SeTavseba akrZalulia).318
saparlamento mmarTvelobaSi xelisuflebis erTianoba ufro
ikveTeba, vidre Zalauflebis gamijvna. saparlamento sistemaSi Zalau-
flebis gamijvnis klasikur Teoriebs naklebi yuradReba eqceva. realu-
rad, Zaluflebis gamijvna ara xelisuflebis Stoebs, aramed samTavrobo
umravlesobasa da saparlamento opozicias Soris xdeba319.
87
sqema 2
saparlamento sistema
amomrCevlebi
parlamenti
aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba
(kabineti, romelsac premier-
ministri xelmZRvanelobs)
88
prezidentis roli gansakuTrebulia samTavrobo krizisis dros. igi
uflebamosilia, gadaayenos mTavroba an daiTxovos parlamenti imis
Sesabamisad, Tu ras miiCnevs mizanSewonilad. mag., italiaSi, rodesac
parlamenti undoblobas gamoucxadebs kabinets, es ukanaskneli unda
gadadges, magram SesaZloa respublikis prezidentma ar miiRos kabinetis
gadadgoma da daiTxovs parlamenti, Tu fiqrobs, rom SeuZlebelia axali
kabinetis Camoyalibeba, romelsac parlamentis wevrTa umravlesoba
dauWers mxars.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saparlamento respublikaSi pasuxismgebloba da
Zalaufleba erTmaneTTan TanxvedraSia. aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas
flobs mTavroba, prezidenti ki formaluri figuraa, Sesabamisad, par-
lamentis winaSe pasuxismgebelia mTavroba da ara _ prezidenti.
saparlamento respublikis modelSi prezidentis arCeva parlamentis
mier xorcieldeba, Tumca es ar aris am modelis principuli niSani. pre-
zidentis arCevis gansxvavebuli variaciebic gvxvdeba, rodesac
arCevnebSi teritoriuli warmomadgenlobac CarTulia. saxelmwifos
meTauris cduneba, SeiWras kabinetis kompetenciaSi, saparlamento
sistemaSi didia, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac saxelmwifos meTaurs
politikuri kariera hqonda warsulSi. saparlamento sistema cdilobs
es riski minimumamde daiyvanos, im gziT, rom prezidents ar aZlevs
uflebas, `nagulisxmevi~ Zalaufleba miiRos xalxis mier pirdapiri
arCevis meSveobiT. amitom, rogorc wesi, saparlamento sistemaSi pre-
zidents parlamenti irCevs.323
3.4.3. mTavroba
89
saparlamento sistemaSi mTavroba saparlamento gziT yalibdeba.
parlamenti irCevs an amtkicebs mTavrobis meTaursa da wevrebs. premier-
ministrisa da ministrebis daniSvna saxelmwifos meTauris prerogati-
vaa, magram es formalur xasiaTs atarebs. parlamenti mxolod ministrTa
kabinetis formirebas rodi axdens, ufro mniSvnelovani isaa, rom par-
lamentze arsebiTadaa damokidebuli kabinetis Semdgomi funqcionire-
ba327.
90
mania). amisgan gansxvavebiT, SvedeTSi ndobis misaRebad sakmarisia imis
damtkiceba, rom absoluturi umravlesoba araa premier-ministris
winaaRmdegi. praqtikaSi es gulisxmobs imas, rom premier-ministri
umciresobis mierac SeiZleba airCes.332 Sesabamisad, ganasxvaveben
pozitiuri da negatiuri formirebis wesebs. negatiuri wesi miuTiTebs,
rom sakmarisia mTavroba iyos absoluturi umravlesobis mxridan
tolerirebuli, Sewynarebuli, maSin, rodesac pozitiuri wesi moiTxovs
sul mcire fardobiTi umravlesobis mxridan mxardaWeras.333
orpalatian sistemaSi, rogorc wesi, mTavroba ndobas qveda palatis-
gan iRebs. Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisebic, mag., italiaSi mTavrobam
ndoba orive palatisgan unda miiRos.334
91
saparlamento arCevnebis Catareba. am gadawyvetilebas saxelmwifos me-
Tauri iRebs.
92
stituciebSi aisaxa kidec. Tumca, es racionalizacia marcxiT
dasrulda, ar gaamarTla ra parlamentis zedmetad gaZlierebam.
gamudmebuli krizisebi xSirad iwvevda mTavrobis paralizebas.343 meore
msoflio omis Semdeg parlamentisa da mTavrobis urTierTobis racion-
alizaciis meore talRa daiwyo. am SemTxvevaSi, evropis kontinentis
didi qveynebis mizani iyo, uzrunveleyoT samTavrobo stabiluroba.344
omis Semdgom, xSiri krizisebis Tavidan asacileblad Zireuli
cvlilebebi ganaxorcieles dasavleT evropis saxelmwifoebma.345
klasikuri saparlamento sistemis pirobebSi kabinetis mier Semo-
tanili kanonproeqtis uaryofa mTavrobis Semdgomi funqcionirebis ka-
nonierebas avtomaturad kiTxvis niSnis qveS ayenebs. racionalizaciis
Sedegad mTavrobisadmi undoblobis gamocxadeba calke procedura
gaxda, anu undoblobis gamocxadeba SesaZlebelia mxolod winaswar-
ganzraxulad. garda amisa, garTulda TviTon undoblobis procedura.
undoblobis votumis sakiTxis dasayeneblad saWiroa deputatTa
garkveuli raodenobis xelmowera. aseve, undoblobis votumis xSiri
gamoyenebis Sesamcireblad SemoRebul iqna undoblobis sakiTxis dasmis
garkveuli periodiT akrZalva; ganisazRvra undoblobis votumis ganx-
ilvis vadebi. undoblobis votumis gamosacxadeblad saWiroa xmaTa ab-
soluturi umravlesoba, rodesac klasikuri parlamentarizmis
mixedviT, ubralo umravlesobac sakmarisia.346
racionalizebuli parlamentis umZlavresi iaraRia undoblobis kon-
struqciuli votumi.347 yvelaze mniSvnelovani meqanizmi, rac mTavrobis
stabilurobis gansamtkiceblad iqna SemuSavebuli, aris swored ger-
maniis federaciuli respublikis ZiriTadi kanonis novacia _ un-
doblobis konstruqciuli votumi. germaniis ZiriTadi kanonis 67-e mux-
lis Tanaxmad, undoblobis Sedegad kancleri mxolod im SemTxvevaSi
gadadgeba, Tu parlaments misi Semcvleli hyavs. warmatebulma un-
doblobis votumma imavdroulad alternatiuli mTavroba unda war-
moadginos. Sesabamisad, mTavroba SeiZleba mxolod im koaliciis mier
iqnes gadayenebuli, romelic mzadaa, erTad Seudges muSaobas. mTavroba
ver iqneba gadayenebuli im koaliciis mier, romelic, stromis sityvebis
Tanaxmad, sxva araferia, Tu ara ukmayofilo kanonmdeblebis sa-
sowarkveTili brbo.348
specialuri instituciuri garantiebi miznad isaxavda mTavrobis
saparlamento amboxebisgan ufro met dacvas, mTavrobis imunitetis
gazrdas parlamentis sanqciebze.349 racionalizebuli parlamenti
aZlierebs kabinetebs da icavs maT undoblobis sakiTxis wamoWrisgan,
romelmac SeiZleba arastabiluroba gamoiwvios.350
dRes arsebul saparlamento saxelmwifoebSi arsebobs rogorc
tradiciuli parlamentarizmis sistemebi, ise _ racionalizebuli. ker-
Zod, belgiaSi, daniaSi, SvedeTSi, fineTsa da irlandiaSi mTavroba gad-
93
adgeba, rodesac mniSvnelovani kanonproeqti vardeba parlamentSi,
maSinac ki, Tu, konstituciis Tanaxmad, es savaldebulo araa.
94
uflebis sapirwonea. es ori meqanizmi (gadayenebisa da daSlis
uflebamosilebebi) aiZulebs sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisu-
flebas, iyvnen urTierTdamokidebulni.357 miuxedavad amisa, lovo
acxadebs, rom parlamentis daTxovna araa saparlamento sistemisTvis
organuli. misi azriT, is jer koniunqturuli da Semdeg ki Teoriuli
xasiaTisaa.358
saparlamento sistemaSi ndoba-undoblobis meqanizmebi marTlac isea
mowyobili, rom parlamenti da mTavroba erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli,
iqmneba maTi ormxrivi urTierTdamokidebulebis sistema. amitom aq
Stoebis Serwyma da erTianoba ikveTeba, vidre maTi erTmaneTisgan gam-
ijvna.
saparlamento saprezidento
95
kabinetis SerCeva premier-ministri niS- prezidenti niSnavs mTav-
navs ministrebs Tavisi robis wevrebs Tavisi
arCevaniT an koalici- arCevaniT, Tumca, par-
uri molaparakebis lamentis TanxmobiT.
mixedviT.
kabinetis buneba kabineti aris prezidenti aris gad-
koleqtiuri organo; awyvetilebis mimRebi er-
ministrebi floben TaderTi piri. ministrebs
mniSvnelovan Zalau- SeuZliaT mxolod urCion
flebas (gan- prezidents.
sakuTrebiT koalici-
ur mTavrobaSi), prem-
ier-ministri aris
pirveli TanasworTa
Soris.
ministrebi da dasaSvebia, ministri mkacri gamijvna: dauSvebe-
sakanonmdeblo iyos parlamentis wev- lia mTavrobis wevrobisa
organo ri. da parlamentis mandatis
erTmaneTTan SeTavseba.
aRmasrulebeli mTavroba politiku- aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
xelisuflebis rad pasuxismgebelia fleba (prezidenti) pasux-
pasuxismgebloba parlamentis winaSe. ismgeblia mxolod xalxis
undoblobis gamo- winaSe. prezidenti ar-
cxadebiT parlaments Ceulia winaswar gan-
SeuZlia gadaayenos sazRvruli vadiT, romlis
mTavroba da daniSnos ganmavlobaSic is ver
axali mTavroba. aR- moixsneba Tanamdebobidan
masrulebeli xelisu- politikuri uTanxmoebis
fleba yovelTvis aris gamo.
potenciuri daTx-
ovnis safrTxis qveS,
parlamentis umrav-
lesobis mier `un-
doblobis votumis~
SesaZlo gamocxadebis
meSveobiT.
96
3.5. Sereuli (naxevrad saprezidento) respublika
3.5.1. Sereuli (naxevrad saprezidento) respublikis zogadi daxasiTeba
97
zidentiT~ (avstria, irlandia, da islandia); 2. sistema `sruli Zalau-
flebis mqone prezidentiT~ (safrangeTi); 3. sistema, prezidentisa da
mTavrobis balansiT (vaimaris germania, fineTi da portugalia).364 diu-
verJes garda araerTi mecnieri naxevrad saprezidento reJimis gan-
sxvavebul tipebs gamoarCevs. mecnierTa nawili Sereul respublikas
yofs naxevrad saprezidento da naxevrad saparlamento respublikebad.
naxevrad saparlamentos uwodeben sistemas, sadac sakanonmdeblo or-
ganos meti uflebamosileba aqvs, vidre _ aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas.
xolo naxevrad saprezidentos uwodeben im sistemas, sadac aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebas dominanti roli aqvs.365
profesorebi, Sugarti da keri, iyvnen pirveli mecnierebi, romlebmac
naxevrad saprezidento sistemis saxeebs Soris ufro metad sistemur
gansxvavebebs miaqcies yuradReba. Tanamedrove samecniero litera-
turaSi naxevrad saprezidento sistemis qveynebis klasifikaciisaTvis
yvelaze metad Sugartisa da keris mier warmodgenili kriteriumebi gam-
oiyeneba. isini gamoyofdnen naxevrad saprezidento sistemis or tips:
premieri-prezidentTan erTad da saprezidento-saparlamentos. Sugar-
tisa da kerisaTvis premieri-prezidentTan erTad da saprezidento-
saparlamentos Soris mTavari gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom premi-
eri-prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi prezidents aqvs mTavrobis
formirebaSi garkveuli roli, magram premier-ministri da kabineti
eqskluziurad saparlamento umravlesobis winaSea angariSvaldebuli
(anu mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebamosilebas flobs parlamenti da ara
prezidenti), maSin, rodesac saprezidento-saparlamentoSi premier-
ministri da kabineti ormagad _ prezidentisa da saparlamento umrav-
lesobis winaSea pasuxismgebeli (prezidentsac da parlamentsac aqvs
mTavrobis gadayenebis uflebamosileba).366
saparlamento sistemaSi sakanonmdeblo organo irCevs da Tavadve
gadaayenebs kabinets. saprezidento sistemaSi prezidenti irCevs da
prizidentive gadaayenebs kabinets. naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi ki
saxelmwifo instituti, romelic irCevs mTavrobas, araa is organo, ro-
melic gadaayenebs mas. premieri-prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi pre-
zidenti irCevs premier-ministrs, magram kabinetis daTxovnis
uflebamosileba mxolod kanonmdeblis xelSia. is faqti, rom preziden-
ti ver uzrunvelyofs TavisTvis sasurveli kabinetis SenarCunebas,
zRudavs prezidentis realur Zalauflebas premier-ministris arCevi-
sas. daniSvnis Semdeg kabineti eqvemdebareba parlaments da ara pre-
zidents. magram praqtikaSi kabineti eqvemdebareba prezidents, rodesac
prezidenti da parlamentis umravlesoba erTsa da imave partias
ganekuTvneba. saprezidento-saparlamento sistemaSi prezidenti irCevs
kabinets da aseve, flobs misi gadayenebis uflebamosilebas. sapre-
zidento-saparlamento sistemaSi kabineti pasuxismgebelia rogorc
prezidentis, ise parlamentis mimarT.367
98
mocemuli sqemebi miuTiTebs mTavrobis formirebisa da moxsnis
uflebamosilebebze.
sqema 3
premieri-prezidentTan erTad
amomrCevlebi
parlamenti prezidenti
kabineti
sqema 4
saprezidento-saparlamento
amomrCevlebi
parlamenti prezidenti
kabineti
99
3.5.3. Sereuli respublikis Taviseburebebi
100
prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi prezidents ara aqvs veto, an susti veto
aqvs, rac parlamentis kompetencias zrdis.372 Sugarti da keri preziden-
ti-parlamentTan erTad sistemis demokratiulobas eWqveS ayeneben.
aseTi sistema arsebobda germaniaSi e.w. vaimaris respublikaSi (1919-
1933), rac faSizmis mosvliT dasrulda, dRes mocemulia ruseTis fed-
eraciis respublikasa da sxva saxelmwifoebSi. miiCneven, rom am sistemaSi
darRveulia Sekaveba-gawonasworebis meqanizmebi.
3.5.4. kohabitacia
101
aseT SemTxvevaSi prezidenti ukan ixevs da sistema funqcionirebs,
rogorc saparlamento. amitom diuverJe naxevrad saprezidento respu-
blikas uwodebda sistemas, romelic monacvleobs saprezidento da
saparlamento sistemebs Soris. roca prezidenti da saparlamento um-
ravlesoba erT partias warmoadgens, sistema saprezidentoa, xolo roca
ase araa, sistema funqcionirebs, rogorc saparlamento.376
aRsaniSnavia, rom kohabitacia ufro xSirad xdeba premieri-
prezidentTan erTad sistemaSi, vidre saprezidento-saparlamento
sistemaSi.
saprezidento sistema
saparlamento sistema
Sereuli sistemebi
102
4. saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis forma
4.1. saqarTvelos mmarTvelobis formis istoriuli analizi
4.1.1. uZvelesi droidan pirvel konstituciamde
103
4.1.3. sabWouri konstituciebi
104
daekisra. 1978 wlis konstituciaSi cvlilebebis simravlem konstituci-
is teqsti arsebiTad waukiTxavi gaxada. SeiZleba iTqvas, mmarTvelobis
forma saprezidento-saparlamento Sereuli mmarTvelobis modelis
Canasaxi iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom axalma xelisuflebam Caatara referendu-
mi, romlis Sedegebis gaTvaliswinebiT miiRo `saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqti~.
1991 wels zviad gamsaxurdias kanonieri xelisufleba Zaladobrivi
gziT daamxes, iqmneba samxedro sabWo, romelic Zaladakargulad
acxadebs 1978 wlis konstitucias da iRebs deklaracias 1921 wlis kon-
stituciis aRdgenis Taobaze. cxadia, es iyo simboluri gadawyvetileba,
Tavad sabWom 3 dRis Semdeg daadgina, rom 1921 wlis konstitucia
amoqmedda `realobis gaTvaliswinebiT~.378 amdenad, es iyo saqarTvelos
pirveli konstituciis amoqmedebis meore uSedego cda.
1992 wlis martSi samxedro sabWom TviTlikvidacia gamoacxada da
Seiqmna saxelmwifo sabWo eduard SevardnaZis TavmjdomareobiT. sax-
elmwifo sabWom daadastura 1921 wlis konstituciis moqmedeba da
gamoacxada saparlamento arCevnebi.
1992 wels arCeulma parlamentma 6 noembers `mcire konstituciis~
saxeliT cnobili ,,saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~ konstituciuri
kanoni miiRo, riTac ukve mesamed saparlamento respublikis aRiareba
moxda. novacia is iyo, rom parlaments hyavda amomrCevlebis mier pir-
dapiri wesiT arCeuli parlamentis Tavjdomare, romelic Semdgom par-
lamentma saxelmwifos meTauradac airCia. qarTul konstitucionaliz-
mSi saxelmwifos meTauri ukve mesamed gaxda SeTavsebadi figura.
1993 wels parlamentis mier arCeulma sakonstitucio komisiam axal
konstituciaze daiwyo muSaoba. 1995 wels miRebulma konstituciam
mmarTvelobis formad saprezidento respublika daamkvidra.
105
saqarTvelos prezidenti iyo saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri, warmarTavda da axorcielebda
saxelmwifos saSinao da sagareo politikas, uzrunvelyofda qveynis er-
Tianobasa da mTlianobas, saxelmwifo organoTa saqmianobas konstitu-
ciis Sesabamisad. saqarTvelos prezidenti iyo saqarTvelos umaRlesi
warmomadgeneli sagareo urTierTobebSi da umaRlesi mTavarsardali.
saprezidento respublikis koncefciis Sesabamisad, mTavroba ar iyo
damoukidebeli organo, igi prezidentis saTaTbiros warmoadgenda.
saqarTvelos parlamenti iyo qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi
organo, romelic axorcielebda sakanonmdeblo Zalaufleba, gan-
sazRvravda qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis ZiriTad mimar-
Tulebebs, konstituciiT gansazRvrul farglebSi kontrols uwevda
mTavrobis saqmianobas da axorcielebda sxva uflebamosilebebs. sasa-
marTlo xelisufleba ki xorcieldeboda sakonstitucio kontrolis,
marTlmsajulebis da kanoniT dadgenili sxva formebis meSveobiT.
prezidents ar hqonda parlamentis daTxovnis ufleba, xolo par-
lamenti uflebamosili iyo, impiCmentis wesiT gadaeyenebina prezidenti.
Tumca impiCmentis proceduris sirTulis gamo, es TiTqmis SeuZlebeli
iyo. samive Stos erTmaneTisgan mkafio gamijvnis miuxedavad, isini verc
absoluturad izolirebulad moqmedebdnen. didi iyo im uflebamosile-
baTa wre, romelic xelisuflebis orive Stos monawileobiT unda ganx-
orcielebuliyo. kerZod:
a) parlamentis mier kanonis miRebisas prezidents hqonda SeyovnebiTi
veto, romlis daZlevac parlaments siiTi Semadgenlobis 3/5-iT SeeZlo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom vetos daZlevisTvis gansazRvruli kvorumi Zalze
maRali iyo;
b) sakanonmdeblo iniciativis ufleba prezidentsac hqonda, rac
damaxasiaTebeli araa arc saprezidento da arc saparlamento respu-
blikebisTvis da arRvevda wonasworobas prezidentis sasargeblod.
ufro metic, prezidenti uflebamosili iyo, moeTxova gansakuTrebuli
uflebebi sakanonmdeblo procesSi, rogoricaa, kanonproeqtis rigga-
reSe ganxilvis ufleba;
g) sagangebo da saomar mdgomareobas acxadebda prezidenti da
amtkicebda parlamenti;
d) ministrebs niSnavda prezidenti parlamentis TanxmobiT, magram aT-
avisuflebda erTpirovnulad;
e) saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis dadebis, elCebisa da diplomati-
uri warmomadgenlebis daniSvnisa da rigi sakiTxebis gadawyvetisas
orive ganStoeba iRebda monawileobas;
v) biujetis wardgenis uflebiT sargeblobda mxolod prezidenti,
parlaments, prezidentis Tanxmobis gareSe, ar hqonda masSi cvlilebis
Setanis ufleba. amis sapirispirod, aSS-Si prezidenti biujetis
asignebebis gamoyofis SemTxvevaSi mTlianad parlamentzea damokidebu-
106
li. Tu saqarTvelos parlamenti biujets ar miiRebda, aRmsarulebeli
xelisufleba nakisr valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad aucilebel xar-
jebs wina wlis biujetis mixedviT faravda.
am sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT TanamSromloba Sedgeboda manam, sanam
saparlamento umravlesobasa da prezidents Soris mkveTri politikuri
dapirispireba ar moxdeboda, xolo aseTi dapirispirebis warmoSobis
SemTxvevaSi iqmneboda Cixuri mdgomareoba _ prezidenti ver daiTxovda
parlaments, parlamenti ver gadaayenebda prezidents. Cixis daZleva ki,
rogorc wesi, konstituciis darRvevis xarjze xorcieldeboda.381
garda amisa, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis SeboWvas aSS-Si damatebiT
sxva iseTi faqtorebic ganapirobebs, rac qarTul sinamdvileSi ar
arsebobda, kerZod, orpalatiani sakanonmdeblo organo, Zalauflebis
gamijvna vertikalurad _ federalizmis principebiT da a.S.
107
marTalia, prezidenti gamijnuli iyo mTavrobisgan, magram hqonda
uflebamosili, nebismier dros moewvia da Tavmjdomareoba gaewia mTav-
robis sxdomisTvis. prezidentis aqtebi ierarqiiT ufro maRla idga
mTavrobisa da ministris (mTlianad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis) aq-
tebze. frangul modelSi gamijnulia uflebamosilebebi, romelsac
prezidenti damoukideblad axorcielebs da uflebamosilebebi, ro-
melTan dakavSirebiTac aucilebelia Sesabamisi dargis ministris Tanax-
elmowera. konstituciis 2004 wlis redaqciiT, prezidenti aRWurvili
iyo uflebamosilebiT, nebismier sakiTxze gamoeca brZanebuleba. aseTi
uflebamosilebiT sargebloben ruseTis, somxeTisa da yirgizeTis pre-
zidentebi.383
prezidenti uflebamosili iyo, Tavad gaeuqmebina ministris aqtebi,
Tu isini ar Seesabameboda konstitucias, kanonebsa da prezidentis nor-
matiul aqtebs. prezidents daekisra sakonstitucio kontrolisa da ad-
ministraciuli iusticiis funqcia, rac Zalauflebis gamijvnis princi-
pis darRveva iyo384.
prezidenti uflebamosili iyo nebismier dros, sakuTari iniciativiT
an konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi gadaayenebina mTavroba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa da iusticiis
ministrebi pirdapir eqvemdebarebodnen prezidents. prezidenti iyo
saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavarsardali da monawileo-
bas iRebda yvela maRali Tanamdebobis piris daniSvnaSi. igi Tanxmobas
aZlevda mTavrobas saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis parla-
mentSi wardgenaze; prezidents mieniWa ufleba, sagadasaxado da sabiu-
jeto sakiTxebze gamoeca kanonis Zalis mqone dekretebi, Tu parlamenti
daTxovnili iyo, agreTve, dekretiT daemtkicebina saxelmwifo biujeti,
Tu parlamenti droulad ar daamtkicebda mas. sagangebo da saomari
mdgomareobis gamocxadebis dros prezidents eniWeboda adamianis Zi-
riTadi uflebebis SezRudvis ufleba.
108
is~ (cohabtition) problema. rac praqtikaSi realobad 2012 wlis sapar-
lamento arCevnebis Semdeg iqca da 2013 wlis oqtombris morig sapre-
zidento arCevnebamde gagrZelda.
109
dRemde bolo 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda saqarTveloSi. aRniSnuli
saarCevno cenzi prezidentobis kandidatis qveyanasTan sakmarisi
kavSirebis uzrunvelyofas emsaxureba. sakonstitucio cvlilebis nova-
cias warmoadgens prezidentobis kandidatisaTvis dabadebiT saqarTve-
los moqalaqeobis moTxovnis gauqmeba.
110
saqarTvelos prezidents SeunarCunda referendumis daniSvnis
ufleba, Tumca sakuTari iniciativiT daniSvnis ufleba CamoerTva. pre-
zidentis mniSvnelovani kompetenciaa sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis
mimarTva kanonis arakonstituciurobasTan dakavSirebiT. mas, aseve, aqvs
suspenziuri vetos uflebamosileba.
111
4.3.5. kontrasignacia
112
mTavroba uflebamosilebas ixsnis axalarCeuli parlamentis da ara
prezidentis winaSe, rogorc es 2004 wlis redaqciaSi iyo. axalarCeuli
parlamentis cnobisTanave mTavrobis uflebamosileba moxsnilad miiC-
neva, Tumca axali mTavrobis formirebamde prezidenti masve akisrebs
movaleobis Sesrulebas.
mTavrobis formireba ganisazRvreba konstituciis me-80 muxliT.
mTavrobis formirebis modelTan dakavSirebiT araerTi SeniSvna gamoi-
Tqva mecnierebis mxridan. pirvel yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia, mTavrobis
formirebis vadebi. konstituciis mixedviT, aRniSnuli procedura
SeiZleba gagrZeldes 102 dRes, rac safrTxes uqmnis mTavrobis sta-
bilur funqcionirebas. premier-ministrobis kandidati, romlis mier
wardgenilma mTavrobis Semadgenlobam ver miiRo ndoba, uflebamosilia
30 dRis ganmavlobaSi waradginos mTavrobis igive an axali Semadgenloba
parlamentSi ndobis misaRebad. prezidents axali premier-ministrobis
kandidati SeuZlia warudginos mxolod aRniSnuli 30 dRiani vadis
gasvlis Semdeg. ndobis gamocxadebis proceduris gamartivebisaTvis,
aucilebelia SeizRudos premier-ministrobis kandidatis mier mTav-
robis Semadgenlobis wardgenis vada.391
aseve, SeniSvnebi daimsaxura konstituciis normam, romelic pre-
zidents avaldebulebs parlaments Tavdapirvelad warudginos par-
lamentis arCevnebSi saukeTeso Sedegis mqone saarCevno subieqtis mier
SerCeuli kandidati. aRniSnuli ar iTvaliswinebs iseT SemTxvevas,
rodesac saukeTeso Sedegis mqone subieqti parlamentSi ar flobs man-
datebis umravlesobas. aseT SemTxvevaSi sxva partiebis mier, romlebic
meore, mesame da Semdgom adgilze gavidnen, koaliciis Seqmnis SemTxveva-
Si saparlamento umravlesobas qmnis aRniSnuli koalicia da ara sau-
keTeso Sedegis mqone partia. am SemTxvevaSi saparlamento umravlesoba
TiTqmis Tve-naxevris ganmavlobaSi unda elodos misTvis sasurveli kan-
didatis dasaxelebasa da Semdgom ndobis miniWebas.392
aRsaniSnavia, rom parlamentisgan ndobas iRebs ara mxolod premier-
ministri, aramed mTavrobis mTeli Semadgenloba. Sesabamisad, mTavrobis
Semadgenlobis erTi mesamediT, magram ara nakleb 5 wevriT ganaxlebis
SemTxvevaSi, mTavroba saWiroebs parlamentis mier xelaxali ndobis gam-
ocxadebas.
113
pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi, romelzec reagirebis valdebuleba premier-
ministrs ar gaaCnia, es mxolod mis keTil nebazea damokidebuli. 2004
wlis redaqciiT ki, Tu premier-ministri ar gaaTavisuflebda mTavrobis
wevrs, aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi ori kviris vadaSi parlaments warudgenda
Tavis motivirebul gadawyvetilebas. aseve, maRalia Tavad pasux-
ismgeblobis sakiTxis dasmisTvis saWiro kvorumi _ sruli
Semadgenlobis umravlesoba. igi aRemateba mTavrobis ndobis sakiTxis
dasayeneblad saWiro kvorums.
garTulda sagamoZiebo da sxva droebiTi komisiebis Seqmnac. marTa-
lia, es sakiTxi SeiZleba daayenos deputatTa erTma mexuTedma, magram
komisiis Seqmnis gadawyvetileba parlamentma unda miiRos, rac umrav-
lesobis nebazea damokidebuli. 2010 wlis cvlilebebamde ki deputatTa
aranakleb erTi meoTxedis moTxovna sakmarisi iyo sagamoZiebo an sxva
droebiTi komisiebis Sesaqmnelad da ara sakiTxis aRsaZvrelad. Sesabami-
sad, mniSvneloba ar aqvs komisiis Seqmnas meoTxedi moiTxovs Tu mex-
uTedi, Tu gadawyvetileba umravlesobam unda miiRos, _ es saparlamen-
to kontrolSi opoziciis rols akninebs.393
kontrolis yvelaze aqtualuri da qmediTi formaa ndoba-
undoblobis gamocxadeba. undoblobis destruqciuli modelis
sanacvlod, undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi iqna SemoTavazebuli,
rac wingadadgmuli nabijia, Tumca mis efeqturobas didad amcirebs kon-
struqciuli votumis araordinaluri maxasiaTeblebi.394 saqarTvelos
konstituciis 81-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebul undoblobis kon-
struqciul votumTan dakavSirebiT veneciis komisiam konstitucional-
izmis koncefciasTan Seusabamo ramdenime sakiTxi gamoyo: proceduruli
etapebis raodenoba; vadebi; kvorumi; prezidentis roli undoblobis
konstruqciul votumSi.395
undoblobis gamocxadebis procesis SesaZlo xangrZlivoba yvelanair
gonivrul vadas aRemateba _ procesi SeiZleba 131 dRemde gagrZeldes,
xolo, Tu mas mosdevs parlamentis riggareSe arCevnebi (3 Tve) da axali
mTavrobis Seqmna, amas SesaZloa mohyves 297 dRiani politikuri
krizisi.396 esoden xangrZliv vadebs ar icnobs demokratiuli qveynebis
kanonmdebloba. germaniis federaluri respublikis ZiriaTadi kanonis
mixedviT, undoblobis gamocxadebis Sesaxeb winadadebis wardgenasa da
kenWisyras Soris unda gavides ormocdarva saaTi. espaneTis kontituci-
is mixedviT ki, undoblobis rezolucia SeiZleba dayenebul iqnes ken-
Wisyraze misi Setanidan xuTi dRis Semdeg.
mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxi daismeba parlamen-
tis wevrTa 2/5-is umravlesobiT. rogorc wesi, undoblobis sakiTxis
dasmisTvis saWiro parlamentarTa raodenoba ar aRemateba parlamentis
wevrTa 1/4-s.397 aseve, konstitucia iTvaliswinebs mizanSeuwonel proce-
durul etapebs. undoblobis sakiTxis aRZvra calke kenWisyras
saWiroebs, rac undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis tradiciul
114
meqanizmSi ar arsebobs. undoblobis konstruqciul votumSi ndoba da
undobloba erT mTels qmnis: mTavrobisTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba
da mTavrobis axali SemadgenlobisTvis ndobis gamocxadeba warmoadgens
erTian proceduras, erTi kenWisyris sagans, rac qarTul modelSi, aseve,
darRveulia.
mniSvnelovani faqtia undoblobis konstruqciuli votumis ganxor-
cielebis procesSi prezidentisTvis `vetos~ ufleba. gaugebaria, ratom
mieniWa aRniSnuli uflebamosileba prezidents, rodesac igi mTavrobis
formirebis procesSi raime realur kompetencias ar flobs.398 aRniSnu-
li zrdis prezidentis rols, Tumca amcirebs parlamentis kompetencias,
eWvqveS ayenebs parlamentis winaSe pasuxismgebeli mTavrobis arsebobis
ideas. rogorc prof. babeki SeniSnavs, undoblobis proceduris mizani
ara premier-ministris, aramed saqarTvelos dacva unda iyos.399 Tu
uflebis SezRudva safrTxes uqmnis Tavad am uflebis ganxorcielebas,
aRniSnuli misi gauqmebis tolfasia. Sesabamisad, undoblobis gamo-
cxadeba imdenad rTul proceduras warmoadgens, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
parlaments es ufleba CamorTmeuli aqvs.
115
dacvisa da sagareo urTierTobebis sferoSi.400 undoblobis kon-
struqciuli votumis ganxorcielebisas prezidents vetos meqanizmiT
aqtiuri roli mieniWa. garda amisa, prezidents aqvs sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlosadmi mimarTvis ufleba, rac mas parlamentis mier miRebuli sa-
kanonmdeblo aqtebis gauqmebis sakiTxis dasmis uflebiT aRWuravs. pre-
zidents SeunarCunda suspenziuri vetos ufleba, es damaxasiaTebeli
araa saparlamento respublikis prezidentisTvis. aRniSnuli zrdis
prezidentis rols, ramdenadac mTavrobis mier wardgenili kanoni par-
lamentis mier miRebis SemTxvevaSi, prezidentma SeiZleba `dablokos~,
rac premier-ministrs masTan molaparakebas aiZulebs. zemoT
dasaxelebuli uflebamosilebebi sakmarisi araa prezidentis mier
damoukidebeli politikis gasatareblad, Tumca aRniSnuli mas angariS-
gasawev figurad aqcevs. am uflebebis mTavrobis mxridan
ugulebelyofis SemTxvevaSi, prezidents SeuZlia krizisi gamoiwvios,
Tu igi sakonstitucio uflebamosilebebis praqtikaSi realizacias ec-
deba.
saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebi klasikuri saparlamen-
to respublikis prezidentis funqciebs aRemateba. imis dasadgenad,
gvaqvs Tu ara Sereuli respublika, saWiroa pasuxi gaeces kiTxvas: pre-
zidentis uflebamosilebebi sakmarisia Tu ara aRniSnulis `mniSvnelo-
van kompetenciad~ miCnevisaTvis? diuverJes Tanaxmad, Tu prezidents
mTavrobis formirebis, parlamentis daTxovnis an vetos dadebis
uflebaTagan romelime miniWebuli aqvs, es sakmarisia misi kompetenciis
`sakmaod mniSvnelovnad~ miCnevisTvis. saqarTvelos konstituciiT, pre-
zidents vetos ufleba aqvs. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, saqarTveloSi
Sereuli mmarTvelobis modeli moqmedebs. amave dros, igi ufro sapar-
lamentoskenaa gadaxrili, vidre _ saprezidentosken. amitomac da-
saSvebia, rom igi, aseve, daxasiaTdes, rogorc naxevrad saparlamento
respublika. mmarTvelobis modelTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia prof.
kobaxiZis mosazreba, romelic aRniSnulis Sereul modelad aRqmas
problemurad miiCnevs da mas kvazisaparlamento respublikad axasi-
aTebs.
rogorc Saio aRniSnavs `xelisuflebis danawilebisa da mowyobis
mravali sxvadasxva gza arsebobs. sakiTxis nebismier gadawyvetas
arsebobis ufleba aqvs, Tu Tavisuflebis SezRudvis saSualebebi
gamoricxuli an Tavidan acilebulia~401. konstituciis 2010 wlis
cvlilebebis redaqciiT SemoTavazebuli Zalauflebis gamijvnis
modeli ki am funqcias ver uzrunvelyofs. 2004 wlis konstituciis
redaqciiT Zalauflebis koncentraciis centri prezidenti iyo, 2010
wlis redaqciiT ki es premier-ministria. parlamenti kvlav ar flobs
mTavrobis kontrolis qmediT instrumentebs. aRniSnuli naklovanebebi
saWiroebs siRrmiseul gaazrebasa da konstituciis xelaxal
gadasinjvas.
116
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
117
Tavi IV
teritoriuli mowyoba
1.2. unitarizmi
1.2.1. unitarizmis cneba
118
administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulebis samarTlebrivi statusis
gansazRvra centraluri xelisuflebis mier _ saxelmwifo adgens ter-
itoriuli erTeulebis raodenobas, maT gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sa-
kiTxebs; 2. centraluri xelisuflebis mier adgilobrivi organoebis
saqmianobis pirdapiri an iribi kontroli.
119
daniSnul prefeqtTan erTad arsebobs uSualod mosaxleobis mier ar-
Ceuli municipaluri organoebi, departamentis sabWoebi. es SeiZleba
ganxilul iqnas, rogorc dekoncentraciisa da decentralizaciis Ta-
naarseboba, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom adgilobrivi arCeviTi organoebis
kompetencia sagrZnoblad SezRudulia, xolo samTavrobo emisrebi ara
mxolod farTo administraciuli uflebamosilebiT arian aRWurvilni,
aramed municipaluri sabWos saqmeebSi Carevis uflebac aqvT.406 amasTan,
SedarebiTi decentralizaciis dros ar arsebobs adgilobrivi kanon-
mdebloba, adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianoba ZiriTadad administra-
ciuli xasiaTisaa.
120
sxvavdeba. 1922-1972 wlebSi CrdiloeT irlandiaSi `stormontis sistem-
is~ saxeliT cnobili adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis struqtura moqmedeb-
da, romelic orpalatiani parlamentisa da mTavrobis funqcionirebas
gulisxmobda. 1972 wels CrdiloeT irlandiaSi gauqmda adgilobrivi
mmarTveloba da centris pirdapiri mmarTveloba damyarda.410 amis Semdeg
CrdiloeT irlandiaSi centralurma xelisuflebam araerTxel aRadgina
da gaauqma devolucia. 2007 wels CrdiloeT irlandias mexuTed mieniWa
adgilobrivi marTvis uflebamosilebani.
didi britaneTis devolucia aris lokaluri organoebisTvis
uflebamosilebaTa iseTi gadacema, rodesac centralur xelisuflebas
misi Secvla nebismier dros SeuZlia. federaciul saxelmwifoSi feder-
aciis subieqtis uflebamosilebebi ganmtkicebulia konstituciiT,
romlis calmxrivad Secvlis ufleba federalur xelisuflebas ara
aqvs. devoluciis SemTxvevaSi ki centraluri xelisufleba uflebamo-
silia, sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtis msgavsad, nebismier dros gaauqmos
Sotlandiis, uelsisa da CrdiloeT irlandiisTvis uflebamosilebis
mimniWebeli sakanonmdeblo aqtebi. centraluri xelisufleba axdens
rogorc de-, ise recentralizacias, amis TvalsaCino magaliTia Crdilo-
eT irlandia.411
1.2.5. avtonomia
121
uxedavad. eqsteritoriuli avtonomia naklebadaa saxelmwifos terito-
riuli mowyobis forma, ramdenadac erovnul jgufebs ucxo qveynis ter-
itoriaze teritoriuli warmonaqmnis gareSe aZlevs saSualebas,
isargeblon socialur-kulturuli uflebebiT415. personaluri
avtonomiis dros am uflebiT aRWurvili xalxis uflebebis dasacavad
Seqmnilia sajaro samarTlis organizacia, romelic umciresobas war-
moadgens da uzrunvelyofs maTi interesebis ganxorcielebas kul-
turis, enis, aRzrda-ganaTlebis sferoSi.
teritoriuli avtonomiis SemTxvevaSi esa Tu is teritoria flobs
gansakuTrebul statuss, avtonomiuri uflebebiT sargeblobs Sesabamis
teritoriaze mcxovrebi yvela piri da ara mxolod eTnikuri jgufis
wevri.416 unitaruli saxelmwifos teritoriul avtonomiebs warmoadgens
alandis kunZulebi fineTSi, grenlandia da fareris kunZulebi _ dani-
aSi, madeirasa da azoris arqipelagi _ portugaliaSi, korsika _ saf-
rangeTSi. zogierT avtonomias TviTgamorkvevis uflebis uzrun-
velsayofad da centraluri xelisuflebis mxridan saxelmwifos er-
Tianobis SesanarCuneblad aqvs imdenad farTo kompetencia, rom misi
uflebamosilebebi federaciis subieqtis uflebamosilebebsac ki aRe-
mateba. amis magaliTia alandis kunZulebi fineTSi da grenlandiisa da
fareris kunZulebi daniaSi. Tumca am SemTxvevaSic warmodgenilia uni-
taruli saxelmwifos ori ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli: maTi statusis
dadgena centraluri xelisuflebis mier da centraluri xelisuflebis
zedamxedveloba avtonomiebze.
1.3. federalizmi
1.3.1. federalizmiszogadi daxasiaTeba
122
tiul formadaa miCneuli.419 federaluri saxelmwifo sakonstitucio
doneze pirvelad amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi Camoyalibda, rodesac
sazogadoebaSi arsebobda erovnuli mTlianobis miRwevisa da amave dros,
Statebis adgilobrivi Tavisuflebis SenarCunebis ori gansxvavebuli
neba-survili.420 swored am ori interesis wonasworobaze aigo amerikis
federaluri wyobileba.
ganasxvaveben saxelSekrulebo da arasaxelSekrulebo (sakonstitu-
cio) federalizms. saxelSekrulebo federalizmi warmoiSoba unita-
ruli saxelmwifoebis gaerTianebis gziT. rogorc wesi, isini Tavda-
pirvelad qmnian saxelmwifoTa konfederacias da Semdeg gadadian fed-
eralur wyobaze. ase moxda SeerTebul Statebsa da SveicariaSi. aR-
niSnuls adgili aqvs maSin, rodesac saqme saerTo warmomavlobis an
Tanacxovrebis xangrZlivi istoriis mqone mosaxleobis daaxloebas exe-
ba.421 arasaxelSekrulebo anu sakonstitucio federalizmis dros fed-
eralizmis damfuZneblad gvevlineba konstitucia da ara suverenul
saxelmwifoebs Soris SeTanxmeba. am SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisu-
fleba Tavis administraciul-teritoriul erTeulebs konstituciiT
saxelmwifoebriv uflebamosilebebs aniWebs.
federalizmi SeiZleba daxasiaTdes, rogorc rTuli sakavSiro sax-
elmwifo, romelic qvesaxelmwifoebrivi warmonaqmnebisgan Sedgeba.
teritoriuli erTeulebis saxelmwifoebrioba gamoixateba imaSi, rom
maT aqvT sakuTari konstitucia, parlamenti, mTavroba da sasamarTlo
xelisufleba, finansuri damoukidebloba da a.S. federalur sax-
elmwifoebSi moqmedebs federaciis subieqtis moqalaqeoba; federaciis
subieqtebs aqvT sakuTari droSa, gerbi da himni.422 praqtikulad, erT
suverenul saxelmwifoSi gaerTianebulia ramdenime arasuverenuli sax-
elmwifo423.
federalizmSi arsebobs xelisuflebis ori done: saerTo feder-
aluri xelisufleba da federaciis subieqtebis xelisufleba. feder-
aciis subieqtis teritoria ormagi zemoqmedebis obieqtia: masze
erTdroulad vrceldeba rogorc federaciis subieqtis, ise feder-
aluri xelisuflebis kanonmdebloba, Tumca maTi kompetenciebi gam-
ijnulia.424
federalur sistemaSi federaciis subieqti monawilobs saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi, federaciis
subieqtebis moculobisa da mosaxleobis raodenobis miuxedavad.
yvelaze efeqturad federaciis subieqtebis sakanonmdeblo Zalau-
flebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoben. yvela federaciur sax-
elmwifoSi arsebobs specifikuri organo _ parlamentis zeda palata,
romlis movaleobac federaciis subieqtebis warmomadgenlobis uzrun-
velyofaa. dakompleqtebis procesSi, yvelaze naklebmniSvnelovani er-
Teulebis paritetis dacvis mizniT, federaciis subieqtebis war-
momadgenloba Tanasworia. uflebamosilebis TvalsazrisiT, feder-
123
aciul saxelmwifoebSi es palata mniSvnelovan kompetenciebs flobs. am
kuTxiT federalizmSi sami tipis zeda palatis gamoyofa SeiZleba: 1.
zeda palata qveda palatasTan SedarebiT damatebiT uflebamosi-
lebebsac flobs (aSS); 2. orive palata sruliad Tanasworuflebiania; 3.
Tanabar uflebebs flobs mxolod federaciis kanonmdeblobisa da ad-
ministraciis sakiTxebSi (germania).425
aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis ganxorcielebaSi monawileoba aris
SedarebiT iribi da susti. Tumca maRali donis moxeleebis daniSvnisas
Sesabamisi proporciiT unda iyos warmodgenili yvela miwa (germania).
sxva federalur uwyebebSi momuSave pirebi unda aiyvanon im miwidan, sa-
dac moqmedeben es uwyebebi. mniSvnelovani kvota modis regionebisaTvis
sasamarTlo xelisuflebaSic.426 sakonstitucio cvlilebebi
damtkicebuli unda iqnes federaciis subieqtebis kvalificiuri umrav-
lesobis mier.427
124
federalur saxelmwifoTa nawili ganamtkicebs federaciis centris
uflebamosilebas, danarCeni ki federaciis subieqtis gamgeblobas
miekuTvneba. nawili ganamtkicebs rogorc centris, ise subieqtebis an
konkurenciul uflebamosilebas. saxelmwifoTa nawili yvela saxes gan-
sazRvravs konstituciiT.430
125
ar arsebobs erovnuli umciresoba, arsebobs saxelmwifos damaarsebeli
erT-erTi subieqti. federalizmSi arsebobs ara regionuli enebi, aramed
saxelmwifo enebi, romlebic Tanabrad gamoiyeneba centraluri xelisu-
flebis mier (mag., Sveicaria).433 federalizmi boWavs centraluri
xelisuflebis tiranias434, warmoadgens Zalauflebis gamijvnas
vertikalur doneze, riTac uzrunvelyofs adamianTa koleqtiur
Tavisuflebas. igi uzrunvelyofs politikur pluralizms, federaciis
sxvadasxva subieqtSi gansxvavebuli partiebis arsebobas, mmarTvelobaSi
xalxis monawileobas rogorc centralur, ise adgilobriv doneze. ma-
terialuri resursebis erT centrSi Tavmoyris nacvlad, xels uwyobs
ekonomikis Tanabar ganviTarebas.
126
izacia kompetenciis TvalsazrisiTac naklebia federalurze, ZiriTa-
dad, socilur-kulturul sferoebs moicavs da amave dros, xSirad
dekoncentraciis elementebTan erTad gvxvdeba. federaciuli sax-
elmwifo ufro metia, vidre ubralod decentralizacia.
decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifosgan ganmasxvavebeli
niSnebi Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba Camoyalibdes:
1. federalizmSi adgilobrivi organoebi damfuZnebeli Zalauflebi-
Taa aRWurvili, romlic maT imanenturad aqvT da ara saxelmwifos mier
boZebuli. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos arc misi warTmeva SeuZlia. damfuZ-
nebeli xelisufleba gamoixateba federaciis subieqtis mier sakuTari
konstituciis miRebaSi, romelsac ar sWirdeba centraluri xelisu-
flebis mxridan nebarTva an damtkiceba. adgilobrivi xelisufleba kon-
stituciis SemuSavebisas SeboWilia mxolod saerTo federaluri kon-
stituciiT, romelTan SesabamisobaSi unda iyos mis mier gansazRvruli
wesebi; aseve, federaciis subieqtTa gansazRvruli raodenobis Tanx-
mobis gareSe SeuZlebelia federalur konstituciaSi cvlilebebis
Setana;
2. federaciis subieqti Tavis saqmianobaSi aris damoukidebeli da ar
eqvemdebareba centraluri xelisuflebis administraciul kontrols.
federaciis subieqts aqvs saboloo gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba.
federaluri xelisufleba da federacis subieqtebi Tanasworebi arian
da arc erTi flobs maTi urTierTobis calmxrivad Secvlis uflebas.439
adgilze warmodgenili araa centraluri xelisuflebis war-
momadgenelebi. centrsa da subieqtebs Soris dava wydeba neitraluri
organos _ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier, romlis wevrebis daniS-
vnaSic federaciis subieqtebi monawileoben;
3. federaciis subieqtebi arian ara saxelmwifos Semadgeneli na-
wilebi, aramed erTi saerTo saxelmwifos damaarsebeli subieqtebi,
romlebic saxelmwifos daarsebis Semdegac inarCuneben TavianT Zalau-
flebas. es gamoixateba, erTi mxriv, federaciis subieqtis farTo kompe-
tenciiT da meore mxriv, saxelmwifos marTvis procesSi monawileobiT.
decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifos zeda palatebisgan gan-
sxvavebiT, federaciis subieqtebis interesebis gamomxatveli sakanon-
mdeblo organos zeda palata mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs sakanon-
mdeblo procesSi. federaciis subieqtebs meti politikuri wona aqvT,
yvela mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiReba mxolod maTi TanxmobiTa da
monawileobiT. federaciis subieqtebi centraluri xelisuflebis
nebismier organoSia warmodgenili da maT realuri SesaZlebloba aqvT,
gavlena moaxdinon qveynis marTvaze. unitarul saxelmwifoSi decen-
tralizaciis farglebSi teritoriuli erTeulis uflebamosilebaTa
wre zog SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa federaciis subieqtisasac aRematebodes,
magram ganmasxvavebeli niSani maT Soris isaa, rom maT naklebad ekiTxe-
baT saxelmwifos saerTo bedi440;
127
4. Zalauflebis vertikaluri gamijvnis principi federalur sax-
elmwifoSi SeiZleba sasamarTlo xelisuflebazec gavrceldes. unita-
rul decentralizebul saxelmwifoSi sasamarTlo xelisufleba decen-
tralizacias ar eqvemdebareba;
5. iuridiul literaturaSi aRniSnulia, rom federalizmi decen-
tralizaciis yvelze myari da Zlieri saSualebaa.441 Tumca federalizmi
Tavisi arsiT ufro noncentralizaciaa, vidre decentralizacia. non-
centralizacia gulisxmobs erTi super centris ararsebobas, centri-
periferiis modelis uaryofas, piriqiT, qveynis masStabiT mravali Ta-
naswori subieqti arsebobs.442
1.4. regionalizmi
1.4.1. regionalizmis istoriuli wanamZRvrebi
128
espaneTis 1978 wlebis konstituciebSi. mogvianebiT misi recefcia moxda
Sri-lankasa da samxreT afrikaSi.
129
cesi mTlianad centralur xelisuflebazea damokidebuli, igi
uflebamosilia calmxrivad gaauqmos decentralizacia.
130
avtonomiur gaerTianebasa da saxelmwifos an avtonomiur gaerTianebebs
Soris davas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo wyvets.
uflebamosilebis arsebobas azri ar eqneboda, Tu regionebs finansu-
ri saxsrebi ar miecemodaT. regionebs aqvT sakuTari finansuri
resursebi, rac gamoixateba sakuTari gadasaxadebis arsebobaSi, saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebidan garkveuli wilis miRebasa da sax-
elmwifo subvenciebis gadaricxvaSi. am Semosavlebs avtonomia Tavisi
survilisamebr anawilebs mis teritoriaze.
regionuli enebi saxelmwifo enasTan erTad oficialur enas war-
moadgens. regionebs ufleba aqvT sakuTar droSasa da gerbze. funqciu-
ri TvalsazrisiT, regionalizmi federalur standartebTan miax-
loebuli saxelmwifoa, Tumca regionebze xorcieldeba administra-
ciuli zedamxedveloba, rac federaluri wesrigisTvis miuRebelia. re-
gionebSi, Tavis mxriv, arsebobs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis er-
Teulebi, rac qveyanaSi samdoniani saxelisuflebo sistemis arsebobas
ganapirobebs.
131
damokidebu- xdeba ormxrivi federaluri
lia cen- monawileobiT. xelisufleba da
traluri federacis
statusis Secvla
132
SesaZlebloba teritoriuli er- yvela mniSvnelo-
ara aqvT, Teulebis war- vani gad-
saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv
sakiTxebSi monawileoba
gavlena momadgenlobiTi or- awyvetileba
moaxdinon gano, parlamentis zeda miiReba mxolod
qveynis marT- palata aRWurvili araa federaciis
vaze. farTo subieqtebis Tanx-
uflebamosilebebiT. mobiTa da
mas naklebad ekiTxeba monawileobiT.
saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi sa-
kiTxebis gadawyvetis
bedi
monawileoba
133
ruseTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. saqarTvelosTvis miuRebeli iyo
rusuli centralisturi biurokratia. amis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda
qarTuli sazogadoeba. teritoriul mowyobasTan dakavSirebiT XIX-XX
saukunis moRvaweebs gansakuTrebiT saintereso mosazrebebi aqvT
Camoyalibebuli. bolo saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrioba ar hqonia, ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi saqarTvelo Tavad iyo ruseTis gubernia.
134
azeTis damoukideblobis moTxovnis safuZveli swored is gaxda, rom
afxazeTi saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSi ar yofila da sabWoTa kavSiris
daSlis Semdeg damoukidebloba ekuTvnoda. Tumca es samarTlebriv sa-
fuZvels moklebulia, radgan 1937 da 1978 wlebis konstituciiT afxa-
zeTi kvlav saqarTvelos avtonomiur respublikad iqna miCneuli, anu
samokavSireo xelSekruleba Tavad sabWoTa konstituciebma gaauqma.
aRsaniSnavia, aseve, rom sabWoTa kavSirTan mierTebis Semdeg, 1922 wels
samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis saxiT kidev erTi avtonomia Seiqmna.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis mopovebis Semdeg kvlav gaaqtiurda sep-
aratistuli moZraoba da saqarTvelos iurisdiqciidan gamovida afxa-
zeTi da e.w. `samxreT oseTi~.455
135
ijvna, orpalatiani parlamentisa da misi zeda palatis _ senatis _
rogorc teritoriuli erTeulebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos,
arseboba damaxasiaTebelia farTo decentralizaciis an federalizmi-
saTvis.
vinaidan saqarTvelos konstituciis pirveli muxlis Canaweri er-
Tianobisa da ganuyoflobis Sesaxeb, SeuTavsebelia federalizmTan, es
niSnavs, rom kanonmdebeli Sesabamisi pirobebis Seqmnisas regionuli an
decentralizebuli unitaruli saxelmwifos sasargeblod gaakeTebs
arCevans. aRsaniSnavia, rom kanonmdeblis mxridan centralizaciaze
uaris Tqma mizanSewonilad unda CaiTvalos arsebuli realobidan gam-
omdinare: pirveli, eTnokonfliqtebi da arsebuli avtonomiebi; meore,
zogadad teritoriuli erTeulebis rolisa da mniSvnelobis gazrdis
saWiroeba; mesame, decentralizacia aris saqarTvelos istoriis or-
ganuli nawili, misi mravalferovnebis wyaro.
136
eTSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi, imereTSi, raWa-leCxumi-qvemo svaneTSi, guriasa
da samegrelo-zemo svaneTSi saxelmwifo rwmunebulebi moqmedeben, ara
rogorc prezidentis rwmunebulebi, aramed rogorc aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebi da amave dros, maT saxelwodebaSi
miTiTebulia ara istoriul-geografiuli regionis, aramed am regionSi
Semavali TviTmmarTveli erTeulebis dasaxeleba458, radgan samxareo
dayofa konstituciasTan Seusabamoa saTanado konstituciuri kanonis
gareSe.
saxelmwifo rwmunebuli-gubernatori Tanamdebobaze iniSneba mTav-
robis mier da igi uzrunvelyofs mxolod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
warmomadgenlobas saqarTvelos administraciul-teritoriul er-
TeulebSi. rwmunebulis uflebamosilebebis wre sakmaod farToa.
`saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis
wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis mixedviT, mTavrobis davalebis Sem-
TxvevaSi igi koordinacias uwevs saqarTvelos saministroebis terito-
riuli organoebis saqmianobas; mTavrobis davalebiT koordinacias
uwevs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis reformis calkeuli Ro-
nisZiebebis ganxorcielebas; uflebamosilia saTaTbiro xmis uflebiT
monawileoba miiRos mTavrobis sxdomebSi; Tavisi uflebamosilebis far-
glebSi gamoscems individualur-samarTlebriv aqtebs; axorcielebs
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
saxelmwifo rwmunebuli-gubernatori Tavis saqmianobas axorcielebs
saxelmwifo rwmunebulis-gubernatoris administraciis meSveobiT,
romlis saStato nusxasa da sajaro mosamsaxureTa Tanamdebobrivi sar-
goebis ganakveTebs amtkicebs mTavroba. saxelmwifo rwmunebulis-
gubernatoris da misi administraciis saqmianoba finansdeba saxelmwifo
biujetidan. saxelmwifo rwmunebulis-gubernatoris samarTlebriv aq-
tis gauqmeba SeuZlia saqarTvelos mTavrobas, aseve, samarTlebrivi aqti
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT SeiZleba gasaCivrdes
sasamarTloSi.459
rogorc vxedavT, regionuli mmarTveloba mTlianad centralizebu-
lia. sabolood ki, unda arsebobdes Tu ara momavalSi rwmunebulis in-
stituti saqarTveloSi? federaluri saxelmwifoebi ar cnoben feder-
aciis subieqtebze administraciul meurveobas da saxelmwifo war-
momadgenlis arsebobas. es damaxasiaTebelia unitaruli sax-
elmwifoebisTvis, maT Soris, decentralizebuli unitaruli da region-
uli qveynebisTvisac. safrangeTSi arsebobs regionuli komisari, itali-
aSi 2001 wlamde arsebobda samTavrobo komisari. espaneTSi naklebi mniS-
vneloba eniWeba saxelmwifos warmomadgenels regionSi, rac regionebis
farTo kompetenciiT aris ganpirobebuli. am etapze, rodesac regionul
doneze decentralizacia ar ganxorcielebula, ar arsebobs rwmunebu-
lis Zalauflebis damabalansebeli sapirwone organo, saxelmwifo
rwmunebulis instituti regionuli Zalauflebis erTi piris xelSi kon-
137
centrirebis safuZvels warmoadgens. Zalaufleba unda dabalansdes
vertikaluradac.
138
e) adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis biblioTekebi da muzeumebi;
v) turizmi, kultura da sporti;
z) adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis mSenebloba da urbanuli ganviTareba;
T) adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saavtomobilo gzebi da sxva komu-
nikaciebi;
i) sanitaria, janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialuri uzrunvelyofis
sakiTxebis gadawyvetaSi monawileoba;
k) soflis meurneoba da samonadireo saqme;
l) sursaTi da sakvebi produqtebis xarisxis kontroli;
m) bazrobebi, bazrebi da gamofenebi;
n) saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT dadgenili wesiT, aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis Semosavlebis farglebSi sabiujeto politi-
kis gansazRvra da ganxorcieleba, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis biu-
jetis proeqtis SemuSaveba, biujetis damtkiceba da Sesrulebis
kontroli;
o) saqarTvelos kanonebiT gansazRvruli adgilobrivi gadasaxadebisa
da mosakreblebis SemoReba da gauqmeba;
p) aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis qonebis marTva da gankargva;
J) aWaris avtonomiuri respublikisaTvis saWiro saarqivo samsaxuri;
r) satyeo meurneobis marTva;
s) saxanZro dacva.
saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul
gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi mocemulia saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis me-3 muxlSi. amave muxlis Tanaxmad, erTobliv gamgeblobas
mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke ganisazRvreba, magram arc erTi sakanon-
mdeblo aqti ar awesrigebs saxelmwifosa da aWaris a/r-is erTobliv
gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul sakiTxebs. narCeni kompetencia centraluri
xelisuflebis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili – `is sakiTxebi, rom-
lebic saqarTvelos konstituciisa da am kanonis Sesabamisad ar
ganekuTvneba saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas, wesrigdeba
saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT~. Tu aWaris a/r ar awesrigebs mis
gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas mikuTvnebul romelime sakiTxs, misi
mowesrigeba SeuZlia saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organos Tavisi
kompetenciis farglebSi. dauSvebelia aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis-
aTvis saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa gansakuTrebul
gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli uflebamosilebebis delegireba. aWaris
avtonomiur respublikas ara aqvs ufleba, normatiuli aqtiT moawesri-
gos saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT gaTvaliswinebuli sa-
kiTxebi; daadginos iseTi SezRudvebi an ganaxorcielos iseTi Ro-
nisZiebebi, romlebic pirdapir an iribad xels SeuSlis moqalaqis,
saqonlis, momsaxurebis an kapitalis Tavisufal gadaadgilebas aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis teritoriaze an am teritoriis gavliT.
139
aWaris a/r-s aqvs sakuTari droSa da gerbi. aWaris a/r-is administra-
ciuli sazRvrebis Secvla dasaSvebia aWaris a/r-is umaRlesi sabWos
sruli Semadgenlobis ori mesamedis iniciativis safuZvelze. aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis administraciuli sazRvrebis Secvlis Taoba-
ze gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos parlamenti saqarTvelos or-
ganuli kanoniT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aWaris a/r-is gansakuTrebul gamgeblobas mi-
kuTvnebuli sakiTxebis nawili emTxveva adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
eqskluziur uflebamosilebebs, rac kompetenciaTa dublirebas iwvevs.
140
sruli Semadgenlobis ori mesamediT undobloba gamoucxados aWaris
a/r-is mTavrobas; axorcielebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiTa da aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciiT mis kompetencias mikuTvnebul
sxva uflebamosilebebs.
aWaris a/r-is kanons xels awers da aqveynebs aWaris a/r-is mTavrobis
Tavmjdomare. igi uflebamosilia kanoni SeniSvnebiT daubrunos
umaRles sabWos. umaRlesi sabWo kenWs uyris mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris
SeniSvnebs, romelTa misaRebad sakmarisia aWaris a/r-is kanonis
miRebisaTvis dadgenili xmaTa umravlesoba. aWaris a/r-is kanonis pir-
vandeli redaqciiT miRebisaTvis saWiroa umaRlesi sabWos sruli
Semadgenlobis sami mexuTedis mxardaWera.
saqarTvelos parlamenti uflebamosilia, dadgenilebis safuZvelze,
konstituciuri wardginebiT mimarTos saqarTvelos sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos da moiTxovos aWaris a/r-is umaRlesi sabWos aqtis gauqme-
ba, Tu is ewinaaRmdegeba saqarTvelos konstitucias, „aWaris avtonomi-
uri respublikis Sesaxeb“ konstituciur kanons, saqarTvelos saer-
TaSoriso xelSekrulebebsa da SeTanxmebebs da saqarTvelos kanonebs.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis konstituciuri wardginebis gansaxilvelad miReba iwvevs aWaris a/r-
is umaRlesi sabWos Sesabamisi aqtis moqmedebis SeCerebas.
141
mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba da prezidentis mier aWaris
a/r-is mTavrobis gadayeneba.
aWaris a/r SezRudulia organizaciuli TvalsazrisiTac. mas SeuZlia
mxolod ramdenime sferoSi Seqmnas saministro. esenia: ekonomika, fi-
nansebi da turizmi; jandacva da socialuri uzrunvelyofa; ganaTleba,
kultura da sporti; soflis meurneoba. akrZalulia aWaris a/r-Si Sina-
gan saqmeTa, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis, Tavdacvis saminitroebis an sxva
gasamxedroebuli organos Seqmna. mis teritoriaze SeiZleba arsebobdes
mxolod saqarTvelos Sesabamisi organosadmi daqvemdebarebuli qveda-
nayofi.
prezidenti aWaris a/r-is mTavrobis daTxovnis uflebamosilebiTaa
aRWurvili, Tu mTavrobis moqmedebiT safrTxe Seeqmneba qveynis su-
verenitets, teritoriul mTlianobas, saxelmwifo xelisuflebis or-
ganoTa konstituciur uflebamosilebaTa ganxorcielebas an ver axor-
cielebs konstituciiT misTvis miniWebul uflebamosilebebs. mTav-
robis daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi mis uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs pre-
zidentis saxelmwifo rwmunebuli da misi administracia. umaRlesi sab-
Wosa da mTavrobis daTxovnis sakmaod bevri safuZveli arsebobs, amas-
Tan, konstituciur uflebamosilebaTa verganxorcileba, qveynis su-
verenitetisTvis safrTxis Seqmna iseTi cnebebia, romlebic SeiZleba
Zalian farTod ganimartos.
saqarTvelos prezidenti axorcielebs samarTlebriv zedamxedvelo-
bas a/r-is organoebis saqmianobaze. igi uflebamosilia SeaCeros an gaau-
qmos aqti a/r-is mTavrobis an mTavrobis Tavmjdomaris aqti, Tu igi
ewinaaRmdegeba konstitucias, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebs, kanonebsa
da TviT prezidentis aqtebsac ki. garda amisa, aWaris a/r-is mTavrobis
samarTlebrivi aqtebi SesabamisobaSi unda iyos ara mxolod saerTo-
saxelmwifoebriv kanonebTan, aramed kanonqvemdebare aqtTanac (pre-
zidentis aqti). yovelive zemoaRniSnulis Semdeg Znelia aWaris avtono-
miurobaze saubari, Tumca Tu sakiTxs meore mxridan SevxedavT, aWara,
saqarTvelos sxva regionebTan SedarebiT, ukeTes mdgomareobaSia. mas
aqvs garkveuli finansuri avtonomia, igi gankargavs adgilobriv
gadasaxadebsa da mosakreblebs, aseve, iRebs wils saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadebidan, rac met-naklebad aisaxeba kidec
aWaris ekonomikaze.
142
bilebis formaa demokratiuli respublika. afxazeTis konstitucia
Seesabameba saqarTvelos konstitucias, misi yvela sxva samarTlebrivi
aqti ki unda Seesabamebodes saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis a/r-is kon-
stituciebs. igi damoukideblad wyvets sakiTxebs, romlebic mis
gamgeblobaSi Sedis.
konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelosa da afxazeTis a/r-is erTo-
blivi da afxazeTis a/r-is gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke
ganisazRvreba, Tumca afxazeTis eqskluziuri uflebamosilebebi da
erTobliv gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebi calke arcerTi kanoni-
Taa gansazRvruli. saqarTvelos gamgeblobas mikuTvnebuli sakiTxebis
gadawyvetaSi afxazeTis a/r monawileobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis Sesabamisi umaRlesi organoebis meSveobiT. afxazeTis a/r
Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi akontrolebs da koordinacias
uwevs mis teritoriaze ganlagebuli saqarTvelos saxelmwifo or-
ganoebis struqturuli erTeulebis saqmianobas. afxazeTis a/r-is sax-
elmwifo enebia qarTuli da afxazuri. afxazeTis a/r-is kanonebi,
umaRlesi sabWos dadgenilebebi da sxva aqtebi qveyndeba qarTul da afx-
azur enebze. afxazeTis a/r-is konstituciaSi cvlilebebi Seitaneba
umaRlesi sabWos deputatTa sruli Semadgenlobis ori mesamediT da mas
ar sWirdeba saqarTvelos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa Tanxmoba.
143
sazRvravs afxazeTis a/r-is aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobis
ZiriTad mimarTulebebs. mTavroba Sedgeba mTavrobis Tavmjdomarisa
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebebis xelmZRvanelebisagan,
maT Soris, afxazeTis ministrebisagan.
afxazeTis a/r-is mTavrobis Tavmjdomare aris afxazeTis umaRlesi
Tanamdebobis piri da warmoadgens afxazeTis a/r-s. mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares, saqarTvelos prezidentis TanxmobiT, Tanamdebobaze niS-
navs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs umaRlesi sabWo. afxazeTis mTav-
roba pasuxismgebeli da angariSvaldebulia saqarTvelos prezidentisa
da umaRlesi sabWos winaSe, xolo afxazeTis umaRlesi sabWos sesiebs So-
ris periodSi _ saqarTvelos prezidentisa da afxazeTis umaRlesi sab-
Wos prezidiumis winaSe. mTavrobis calkeuli wevris uflebamosilebis
Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi mTavrobis Sesabamis axal wevrs niSnavs mTavrobis
Tavmjdomare. Tu umaRlesi sabWos mier mTavrobis Semadgenlobis
damtkicebis Semdeg, mTavrobis Semadgenloba naxevarze metiT ganaxlda,
mTavrobis Tavmjdomare umaRles sabWos dasamtkiceblad warudgens
afxazeTis mTavrobis ganaxlebul Semadgenlobas.
144
2.6. yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis teritoriaze
Seqmnili droebiTi administraciul-teritoriuli erTeuli
145
2. `mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis VIII1-IX Tavebi
literatura
146
Tavi V
arCevnebi
147
kandidats, amomrCevelsa da kandidats Soris ar arsebobs aranairi
Sualeduri rgoli, anu amomrCeveli uSualod, piradad irCevs sasurvel
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoebis wevrebs. xSirad pirdapiri arCevnebis wesiT xdeba saxelmwifos
meTauris _ prezidentis arCeva. pirdapiri arCevnebiT airCeva erTpala-
tiani parlamentebi da yvela SemTxvevaSi orpalatiani parlamentis qve-
da palatebi464 (mag., aSS-Si orive palata, rogorc senati, ise war-
momadgenlobiTi sabWo pirdapiri wesiT airCeva465).
XIX saukuneSi sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis principi, didi
winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, evropaSi ganuxrelad mkvidrdeboda. in-
glisSi arCevnebi yovelTvis mxolod pirdapiri wesiT tardeboda, vinai-
dan britanelebs miaCndaT, rom gonivrulia arCevnebi, rodesac amom-
rCeveli asarCevs uSualod irCevs da es urTierToba amomrCevlis erT
saarCevno xmazea damokidebuli.466 msgavsi wesiT irCevdnen deputatebs
Sveicariis mraval kantonSi. safrangeTSi amrCevebis instituti 1814
wlis qartiiT gauqmda, xolo Semdeg 1848, 1852 da 1875 wlebis kon-
stituciebSi pirdapiri arCevnebis principi ganmtkicda.
arapirdapiria arCevnebi, rodesac amomrCevelsa da kandidats Soris
aris Sualeduri rgoli, anu sasurveli kandidatis arCevis sakiTxs wy-
veten ara uSualod amomrCevlebi, aramed maT mier arCeuli pirebi. xSir
SemTxvevaSi esenia deputatebi an amrCevebi (rumineTi, espaneTi).467 ara-
pirdapir arCevnebSi, Tavis mxriv, or saxes gamoyofen: iribi da
mravalsafexuriani arCevnebi. iribi arCevnebis dros iqmneba amrCevebis
specialuri jgufi an sabWo, romelic uSualod amomrCevlis saxeliTa da
nebis gaTvaliswinebiT, irCevs konkretul Tanamdebobis pirs.
mravalsafexuriani arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi amomrCevlis nebis gamomxat-
velad gamodis mudmivmoqmedi organo, mag., parlamenti an parlamentis
erT-erTi palata (italia).468
periodulobis mixedviT, arsebobs sayovelTao, Sualeduri, morigi
da riggareSe arCevnebi.469 sayovelTaoa arCevnebi, rodesac arCevnebSi
monawileobas iRebs qveynis yvela amomrCeveli. mag., saprezidento da
naxevrad saprezidento respublikebSi parlamentis da prezidentis
arCevnebi. sayovelTao arCevnebs miekuTvneba, aseve, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebic, romelSi monawileobis uflebac re-
gionis da administraciuli erTeulis yvela amomrCevels aqvs.
Sualeduria arCevnebi, romliTac sakanonmdeblo an warmomadgenlobiTi
organoebis nawilobrivi ganaxleba xdeba, anu uflebamosilebis vadis
amowurvamde wevrebis gamoklebis SemTxvevaSi xdeba axali wevrebiT
Canacvleba. Sualeduri arCevnebi kanoniTaa gansazRvruli da rogorc
wesi, misi Catareba savaldebuloa.470
morigi arCevnebi tardeba konstituciasa da kanonSi miTiTebul
vadebSi an maSin, rodesac Sesabamis organos gasdis uflebamosilebis
vada. riggareSe arCevnebi saWiroa im SemTxvevaSi, Tu parlamenti an misi
148
romelime palata daSlilia, aseve, prezidentisa da arCeuli
Tanamdebobis piris gardacvalebis, Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis, impiC-
mentis an vadamde gadadgomis SemTxvevaSi.471
Catarebis teritoriis mixedviT, arCevnebi iyofa erovnul, regionul
da adgilobriv arCevnebad. erovnulia arCevnebi, romelic qveynis
xelisuflebis asarCevad mTeli qveynis teritoriaze tardeba. regionu-
li arCevnebi qveynis SigniT, konkretul regionSi, xolo adgilobrivi
arCevnebi administraciul-teritoriul erTeulSi, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis arCevis mizniT tardeba.472
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arCevnebis saboloo Sedegi amomrCevlis mier
erTjeradad kenWisyraSi monawileobiT dgeba, arCevnebi imarTeba erT
turad, xolo Tu Sedegis dadgenisaTvis saWiroa ori an meti turi, _
arCevnebi ramdenime turad imarTeba. Tu arCevnebi ar Sedga an misi
Sedegebi baTilad iqna cnobili, imarTeba xelaxali arCevnebi (calkeuli
ubnis Sedegebis baTilad cnobis Semdeg imarTeba ganmeorebiTi
arCevnebi).
arCevnebis perioduloba demokratiisa da saxalxo suverenitetis
ganxorcielebisaTvis umniSvnelovanesi winapirobaa, vinaidan periodu-
loba ganisazRvreba arCeviTi organoebis uflebamosilebis vadiT, ro-
melic gawerilia konstituciiTa da Sesabamisi kanonmdeblobiT.473
arCevnebis perioduloba da misi winaswar gansazRvrul droSi Catareba
uzrunvelyofs politikuri partiebis Tu arCeviT Tanamdebobebze
asarCevi kandidatebis mobilizebas, maT mier amomrCevlebisa da
moqalaqeebis interesebis maqsimalurad gaTvaliswinebas, arCeul pirebs
an politikur gaerTianebebs aiZulebs, angariSi gauwion amomrCevelTa
survilebs da Sexedulebebs konkretuli sakiTxebis mimarT. arCevnebis
perioduloba xels uwyobs arCeuli pirebisa da politikuri gaerTiane-
bebis maRal legitimacias. parlamentisa da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis uflebamosileba,
rogorc wesi, 4-5, xolo prezidentisa 4-7 wliT ganisazRvreba,474 Sesabam-
isad, arCevnebis periodulobac maszea mibmuli.
149
saarCevno sistema erT-erTi mniSvnelovani institutia, romelic
sazogadoebis demokratizaciis procesze axdens gavlenas. moqalaqeTa
saarCevno uflebebis praqtikuli realizacia mniSvnelovanwilad
konkretul qveyanaSi moqmed saarCevno sistemazea damokidebuli.
saarCevno sistemebi, romlebic politikur subieqtebs xelisu-
flebisaTvis brZolis garkveul wesrigs ganusazRvraven, aseve, par-
tiuli sistemebis xasiaTsa da mTel saarCevno kampaniaze uSualo
zegavlenas axdenen.475
farTo gagebiT, saarCevno sistema aris saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa Seqmnis wesi, romelsac Sesa-
bamisi saarCevno kanonmdebloba awesrigebs. viwro gagebiT, saarCevno
sistema sadeputato mandatebis ganawilebis xerxia: kandidatebs Soris
amomrCevelTa xmis micemis Sedegebis gansazRvrisa da deputatTa man-
datebis ganawilebis wesi. wesi ramdenimea da TiToeuli maTganis gam-
oyenebam SesaZloa gansxvavebuli Sedegi mogvces.
gamoyofen maJoritarul, proporciul da Sereul saarCevno sis-
temebs. saarCevno samarTalSi TiToeuli maTgani kargadaa damuSavebuli
da TavianTi dadebiTi Tu uaryofiTi mxareebi aqvs. romelime maTgan-
isTvis upiratesobis miniWeba ufro metad gemovnebis sakiTxia. saarCevno
sistemebs Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad Sedegebis daTvlisa da misi ganx-
orcielebis procesSia.
150
Tavis droze swored am sistemiT daiwyo saparlamento arCevnebis
Catareba. xangrZlivi istoriuli periodis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda
misi ramdenime varianti: fardobiTi, absoluturi da kvalificiuri ma-
Joritaruli sistemebi.
fardobiTi maJoritaruli saarCevno sistema maJoritaruli sistemis
saxesxvaobebs Soris yvelaze metadaa gavrcelebuli. amJamad igi msof-
lios 50-mde qveyanaSi gamoiyeneba (aSS, safrangeTi, kanada, iaponia).A am
sistemis dros arCeulad miiCneva kandidati, romelmac TiToeul
metoqeze meti xma miiRo, Tundac es upiratesoba sul ramdenime xmas
Seadgendes. mas uwodeben `finiSTan pirvelad misulis sistemas~ anda
sistemas, romliTac gamarjvebuli yvelafers iRebs. esaa yvelaze mar-
tivi modeli. fardobiTi umravlesobis maJoritaruli sistema yovel-
Tvis Sedegiania, radganac viRac aucileblad moipovebs sxvebze met xmas.
mis did upiratesobas isic warmoadgens, rom meore turi gamoricxulia.
am sistemis dros, Cveulebriv, ar dgindeba xmis micemaSi monawile amom-
rCevelTa savaldebulo minimumi. arCevnebi Semdgarad miiCneva, Tuki xma
misca Tundac erTma amomrCevelma. Tu erT adgilze mxolod erTi kandi-
datia wamoyenebuli, igi arCeulad iTvleba xmis micemis gareSec.477 es
sistema xelsayrelia tradiciuli partiebisTvis, gansakuTrebul
mdgomareobaSi ayenebs saxelisuflebo partias, romelsac SesaZlebloba
eZleva, umravlesoba im SemTxvevaSic ki moipovos, rodesac amomrCevel-
Ta umravlesoba mxars ar uWers (ix. nax. #1).
nax. #1.
151
absoluturi umravlesobis maJoritarul saarCevno sistemas zogjer
frangul modelsac uwodeben, radgan is tradiciulad safrangeTSi gam-
oiyeneba. fardobiTi maJoritaruli sistemisgan gansxvavebiT, am siste-
maSi gamarjvebisaTvis aucilebelia kenWisyraSi monawile amomrCevlis
ara ubralo, aramed absoluturi umravlesobis (50%+1) mxardaWera. aR-
niSnuli saarCevno sistema, Cveulebisamebr, erTmandatian saarCevno
olqebSi gamoiyeneba. Tu vercerTi kandidati moagrovebs xmaTa
aucilebel raodenobas, im or kandidats Soris, romlebmac xmebis
yvelaze meti raodenoba miiRes, imarTeba meore turi. fardobiTi um-
ravlesobis sistemasTan mimarTebiT, am sistemis upiratesoba isaa, rom
arCeulad miiCneva kandidati, romelmac arCevnebSi monawile amom-
rCevlis umravlesobis mxardaWera moipova.478 (ix. nax. #2)
nax. #2.
152
Tavisebureba isaa, rom, rogorc wesi, parlamentSi yvela Rirseuli da
popularuli kandidati xvdeba, vinaidan iqmneba mravalamandatiani
saarCevno olqebi, anu amomrCevels aqvs naklebi xma, vidre asarCevi dep-
utatebis raodenobaa. mag., Tu arCevnebi tardeba sammandatian olqSi da
arCevnebSi monawile kandidatebis raodenoba aris rva, (ix. nax. #3) ara-
nairi mniSvneloba ara aqvs xmebis ra raodenobas miiReben isini (procen-
tuli maCvenebeli iqneba _ 34%-27%-22%; 82%-13%-3%...), radgan Sesa-
bamis mandats nebismier SemTxvevaSi sami saukeTeso Sedegis mqone kandi-
dati miiRebs. (ix. nax. #4)
nax. #3.
nax. #4.
153
kumulaciuri votumis maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemac mravalman-
datian olqSi gamoiyeneba da erT amomrCevels imdeni saarCevno xma aqvs,
ramdeni mandatic aqvs Sesabamis olqs. amomrCevels SeuZlia es xmebi gad-
aanawilos ramdenime kandidatze an yvela xma misces erT, misTvis sasur-
vel kandidats. arCeulad is kandidatebi CaiTvlebian, romlebic xmebis
umravlesobas miiReben. rogorc kumulaciuri votumis, ise erTaderTi
argadasacemi sistemis dros, Znelia gamovlindes amomrCevlis WeSmariti
neba, vinaidan arsebobs riski, xmebis udidesi raodenoba miiRos erTma
kandidatma, xolo danarCeni kandidatebi airCion xmebis aSkarad dabali
raodenobiT. (ix. nax. #5)
nax. #5.
154
sakmaod didia albaToba, gaimarjvos iseTma kandidatma, romelic
farTod ar aris cnobili sazogadoebisaTvis, magram popularobiT
sargeblobs konkretul saarCevno olqSi, an am kandidats finansuri in-
teresebi aqvs aRniSnul olqSi da didia masze amomrCevlis
damokidebuleba;
saWiroa damatebiTi finansuri, teqnikuri da adamianuri resursis
mobilizeba;
konfliqtur da safrTxis Semcvel saarCevno olqebSi didia poli-
tikuri krizisis gamowvevis an arCevnebis arademokratiulad Catarebis
Sansi.
155
politikur da aqtiur partiul saqmianobaSi CarTulia ramdenime
kandidati, sxva kandidatebisaTvis isini garkveulwilad lokomotivs
warmoadgenen.
proporciuli saarCevno sistemisaTvis umniSvnelovanesia e.w.
saarCevno kvota. igi uzrunvelyofs proporciuli saarCevno sistemis
naklovanebebis aRmofxvrasa da maqsimalurad gamosworebas. saarCevno
kvota _ es aris saarCevno barieri, xmaTa raodenobis is minimumi, rome-
lic konkretulma politikurma subieqtma unda miiRos. saarCevno kvota
SeiZleba ganisazRvros rogorc calkeul saarCevno olqebSi, ise
mTlianad, saxelmwifos masStabiT.
156
saarCevno uflebis SemoRebis mxardaWeris mowodebas gamoexmaura:
,,gamdidrdiT, batonebo da Tqvenc iqnebiT amomrCevlebi~485. dReisaTvis
arCevnebi tardeba sayovelTao saarCevno uflebis gamoyenebiT, magram
sruli moculobiT es arsad xorcieldeba, vinaidan moqmedebs garkveuli
SezRudvebi _ cenzebi, romelTac umetes SemTxvevaSi Tavad konstitu-
cia awesebs.
saxelmwifoebSi gansxvavebuli cenzebi moqmedebs. saarCevno sistemis
ganviTarebasTan erTad, pirdapirma akrZalvebma da SezRudvebma liber-
alizacia ganicada.
cenzebi ama Tu im xarisxiT zRudavs mTavar saarCevno uflebas.486
sakmaod gavrcelebulia asakobrivi, moqalaqeobisa da binadrobis,
SedarebiT iSviaTad _ ganaTlebis, qonebrivi, sqesobrivi da religiuri
cenzebi, vinaidan demokratiuli qveynebisaTvis msgavsi saarCevno
uflebis SezRudva ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. ufro metic, avtori-
taruli da totalitaruli qveynebic ki eridebian msgavsi saarCevno
cenzebis dawesebas. CamoTvlili cenzebis garda, saarCevno uflebis
SezRudva, aseve, SeiZleba gamoiwvios sasamarTlos mier gamotanilma ga-
naCenma, romlis meSveobiTac pirebi sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi
(patimrobaSi) imyofebian. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac sasamarTlo pirs
saarCevno uflebas ganaCeniT uCerebs an droebiT arTmevs.487
xsenebuli cenzebi exeba rogorc aqtiur, ise pasiur saarCevno
uflebas, magram pasiuri saarCevno uflebis SezRudva SedarebiT mocu-
lobiT xasiaTs atarebs da xSir SemTxvevaSi metadac aris SezRuduli.
konstitucionalizmSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli asakobrivi
cenzia. asakobrivi cenzis arseboba ganpirobebulia surviliT,
moqalaqes gacnobierebuli hqondes Tavisi gadawyvetilebis arsi, gamo-
diodes qveynis interesebidan. aqtiuri saarCevno uflebiT sargeblobis
minimaluri asaki 18 wliT ganisazRvreba (arsebobs 19-21 wliani mini-
mumic). gamonaklisis saxiT, zogierT qveyanaSi asakobrivi cenzis qveda
zRvari 18 wels qveviTac kia (mag., Sveicaria).
aqtiurTan SedarebiT, pasiuri saarCevno uflebis realizaciisas,
rogorc wesi, gacilebiT maRali asakobrivi zRvari dgindeba. maRalia
mosamarTlis Tanamdebobis dakavebisaTvis aucilebeli minimaluri asa-
ki. zogadad, yvelaze maRali cenzi prezidentis SemTxvevaSi moqmedebs,
xolo yvelaze dabali asakobrivi cenzi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebis arCevisTvis aris dadgenili. aq xSir SemTxvevaSi erTmaneTs
utoldeba aqtiuri da pasiuri saarCevno uflebis ganxorcielebis mini-
maluri asaki.488
moqalaqeobis cenzi _ am SemTxvevaSi saarCevno ufleba, rogorc wesi,
konkretuli saxelmwifos moqalaqes aqvs. xandaxan mxolod moqalaqeoba
ar aris sakmarisi saarCevno uflebis miRebisaTvis, mag., roca natural-
izebul moqalaqeebs pasiuri saarCevno ufleba SezRuduli aqvT. aris
157
SemTxvevebi, rodesac moqalaqeobasTan erTad pirisTvis dadgenilia aR-
niSnul qveyanaSi cxovrebis garkveuli staJi.
binadrobis cenzi SezRudvaa, romliTac moqalaqe valdebulia moce-
mul qveyanasa Tu administraciul erTeulSi minimaluri (garkveuli)
drois ganmavlobaSi cxovrobdes. sxva cenzebis msgavsad, am viTarebaSic
pasiuri saarCevno uflebisaTvis es dro ufro metia, vidre aqtiuri
saarCevno uflebis SemTxvevaSi.489
ganaTlebis cenzi Tanamedrove samyaroSi iSviaTad gamoiyeneba, Tumca
sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva qveyanaSi am saxis saarCevno SezRudva
arsebobda. mag., portugaliasa da italiaSi dadgenili ganaTlebis cenzi
gulisxmobda, rom amomrCevels minimum wera-kiTxva unda scodnoda.
mosamarTled ki SeiZleboda arCeuliyo mxolod is piri, romelsac
umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba hqonda.
qonebrivi, rasobrivi da sqesobrivi cenzebi dResdReobiT TiTze Ca-
mosaTvlel qveynebSi Tu moqmedebs. religiuri cenzi me-20 saukunemde
arsebobda saxelmwifoebSi, sadac religiis gavlena didi iyo.
TanamedroveobaSi ki aRniSnuli cenzi, ZiriTadad, monarqiul qveynebSia
(mag., gaerTianebuli samefo, dania).490
arsebobs iseTi cenzebi, romelTa SemTxvevaSic saarCevno uflebis
gamoyenebas sasamarTlo zRudavs. aseTia qmedunarianobisa da moraluri
cenzebi. pirvelis SemTxvevaSi, pirs, romelsac sasamarTlo
qmeduunarod (mxardaWeris mimRebad) cnobs, arCevnebSi monawileobis
ufleba ar gaaCnia. moraluri cenziT, saarCevno ufleba ezRudebaT im
pirebs, romlebic sasjelaRsrulebis dawesebulebaSi imyofebian.
aRsaniSnavia aurCevlobisa da SeuTavseblobis cenzebi, riTac sa-
kanonmdeblo doneze ganisazRvreba SezRudvebi. msgavsi cenzebis mi-
zania, Tavidan iqnas acilebuli erTi da imave piris erTdroulad ram-
denime Tanamdebobaze yofna da xelisuflebis Stoebis funqciuri aR-
reva.491
158
rasac zogjer `jerimenderingsac~ uwodeben492 da romlis mixedviTac,
xelisuflebis saTaveSi myofi administracia iseT saarCevno olqebs
adgens, sadac gamarjveba garantirebuli eqneba minimaluri upirateso-
biT, xolo sxva partiebis eleqtorati iseT olqebSi moiyris Tavs, sadac
xelisuflebis mxardamWerebi udidesi upiratesobiT gaimarjveben.493
pirdapiri arCevnebi amomrCevlis SesaZleblobaa, pirdapir airCios
sajaro xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevrebi, an Tavad
iqnes uSualod arCeuli amomrCevelTa mier. kenWisyris farulobis
principi gulisxmobs, rom aravis aqvs ufleba, daakvirdes an raime saxis
zegavlena iqonios amomrCevlis nebasa da saarCevno uflebis gamoxat-
vaze.494 farulobis dacvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis mniSvnelovani roli
akisria rogorc saarCevno administracias, ise konretuli arCevnebis
Catarebis dros arsebul mmarTvel saxelisuflebo Zalas.495
amomrCevelTa nebis Tavisufali gamovlena, igive Tavisufali
arCevnebis principi mxolod aqtiuri saarCevno uflebis mqone amom-
rCevlebs exeba, vinaidan amomrCeveli Tavad wyvets, mivides Tu ara
arCevnebze, vis sasargeblod SeaCeros arCevani da saerTod, endos Tu
ara mocemul momentSi warmodgenil asarCev kandidatebs Tu politikur
subieqtebs. ar SeiZleba vinmem SezRudos an xeli SeuSalos amomrCevels
Tavisi nebis gamoxatvaSi, vinaidan aravis aqvs ufleba, amomrCeveli ai-
Zulos da daavaldebulos, romelime kandidats an politikur partias
dauWiros mxari, aukrZalos arCevnebze misvla da Tavisi nebis gamoxatva.
mniSvnelovania, aseve, nebis Tavisufali gamovlenis farglebSi amom-
rCevels mieces asarCevi kandidatebisa da politikuri partiebis
Tavisufali Sefasebis saSualeba.
amomrCevelTa mier kenWisyraSi monawileobisagan nebayoflobiT
Tavis aridebas, Tavis Sekavebas, absenteizmi hqvia.496 misi mTavari ganma-
pirobebeli faqtori amomrCevlis mxridan saarCevno procesis mimarT
gulgrili damokidebuleba an/da kandidatebis mimarT simpaTiis
arqonaa, ris gamoc igi arcerT maTgans ucxadebs ndobas. arCevnebSi ar-
gamocxadeba SeiZleba politikuri protestis saSualebadac moiazre-
bodes.497 absenteizmis Sesamcireblad, zogierT qveyanaSi SemoRebulia
savaldebulo votumi, zogan ki arCevnebze gamoucxadeblobisTvis amom-
rCevels garkveuli sanqciebic ekisreba.
159
erTaderTi misaRebi da oficialuri ideologiaa, demokratiul reJims
axasiaTebs xelisuflebis formirebaSi xalxis monawileoba da maTi ganx-
orcielebisaTvis realuri sakonstitucio garantiebis arseboba.
arCevnebi uSualo demokratiis formaa, romliTac saxalxo su-
verenitetis realizeba xdeba. 1948 wlis adamianisa da moqalaqis
uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciam adamianis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes
uflebad swored arCevnebi aRiara: `xalxis neba unda iyos mTavrobis,
xelisuflebis safuZveli: es neba unda gamoixatos periodul da ara-
falsificirebul arCevnebSi, faruli kenWisyriT an TanabarmniSvnelo-
vani formebiT, romlebic uzrunvelyofen xmis micemis Tavisuflebas~498.
saarCevno sistema politikuri sistemis Semadgeneli nawilia, ro-
melsac monawileobisa da interesebis agregaciis procesSi centraluri
adgili ukavia. Tavad saarCevno sistema iyofa struqturul komponen-
tebad, romelTa Soris unda gamoiyos saarCevno samarTali – Teoriul-
iuridiuli komponenti da saarCevno procesi, romelic praqtikul-
organizaciul komponents moicavs. arCevnebis stabilurobisaTvis mniS-
vnelovania, rogorc swori da moqnili samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba, ise
politikuri garantiebi, raTa adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba ar SeizRudos.
xelisuflebasa da mmarTvel Zalas ufro meti pasuxismgebloba ekis-
reba, vinaidan igia arCevnebis Catarebaze pasuxismgebeli. man unda uz-
runvelyos rogorc samarTlebrivi, ise politikuri garantiebi, Seqmnas
stabiluri saarCevno garemo. saarCevno garemoSi igulisxmeba arCevnebis
Catareba, aseve, winasaarCevno periodis dros saTanado pirobebis Seqmna,
raTa politikur subieqtebs Tavis saqmianobaSi xeli ar SeeSaloT.
stabiluri da demokratiuli arCevnebis CatarebisaTvis arsebobs sami
ZiriTadi kriteriumi:
1. politikuri monawileoba da Tavisufleba _ normatiuli Teoriis
TvalTaxedviT, politikur monawileobasa da Tavisuflebas Soris
kavSiri aSkaraa. pirovnebas unda hqondes Tavisufleba, monawileoba mii-
Ros (an ar miiRos) Zalauflebis ganxorcielebasa da politikaSi im gziT
da im doziT, rogorc mas surs. idealur SemTxvevaSi, moxsnili unda iyos
yvela barieri, rogoricaa, mag., xmis micemis registraciis SemzRudavi
sistema da saarCevno kampaniisTvis xarjebis SezRudva. amasTan, arc xmis
micema unda iyos savaldebulo. Teoriulad, monawileobis Tavisufleba
imasac gulisxmobs, rom pirovnebas unda SeeZlos Tavisi simdidris,
kavSirebis, codnis, organizaciuli niWis an sxva SesaZleblobebis gam-
oyeneba mTavrobis gadawyvetilebebze gavlenis mosaxdenad (igulisxmeba
kanonieri gzebi). yvela am saSualebidan individualuri xmis micema,
Tavisuflebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba iyos yvelaze susti da poli-
tikuri zegavlenis mosaxdenad _ yvelaze naklebad mniSvnelovani.
naTelia, rom Tavisufleba, rogorc faseuloba, sxva faqtorebTan
SedarebiT, politikuri monawileobis dros yvelaze ukeT emsaxureba
160
imaT, visac sakuTari politikuri interesis dakmayofilebisaTvis
yvelaze meti resursi aqvs.499
2. stabiluri sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba _ saarCevno kanoni (an ka-
nonebi) arCevnebis samarTlebriv safuZvelsa da proceduras adgens. mi-
zanSewonili araa saarCevno kanonSi xSiri cvlilebebi, vinaidan es
arCevnebis stabilurobas uqmnis problemas. wamyvan demokratiul
qveynebSic ki kanonmdebloba srulad ver iZleva samarTlebriv gar-
antiebs, Tumca saxelmwifo da xelisufleba sazogadoebis daxmarebiT
maqsimalurad cdilobs, TiToeuli amomrCevlis ufleba da interesi
SeZlebisdagvarad iyos daculi, radganac arCevnebi demokratiis sa-
fuZvelia, romlis dazianebac, arc ise grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi, sax-
elmwifos swor ganviTarebas Seaferxebs an srulebiT moSlis.
3. saerTaSoriso sazogadoeba da misi mniSvneloba _ arCevnebis sta-
bilur da demokratiul garemoSi CatarebaSi didi rols saerTaSoriso
sazogadoeba TamaSobs, gansakuTrebiT, maTi sadamkvirveblo misiebi da
is pasuxismgebloba, rac konkretul qveyanaSi mimdinare saarCevno pro-
cesze akisriaT. saerTaSoriso sazogadoebis CarTuloba mxolod
arCevnebis dRes an winasaarCevno periodSi ar gamoixateba. maTi roli
kidev ufro didia im qveynebSi, romelTac arCevnebis didi istoria ar
gaaCniaT da saarCevno sistema Camoyalibebis procesSia.
mniSvnelovania, politikuri partiebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi
grZnobdnen pasuxismgeblobas sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifos winaSe.
isini Tavad unda iyvnen dainteresebulni jansaRi saarCevno garemos Se-
qmniT, radgan swored es SeiZleba gaxdes qveyanaSi stabiluri da demo-
kratiuli saarCevno sistemis Camoyalibebis winapiroba.
161
lebis Zala. demokratiul saxelmwifoSi xelisufleba amomrCevelTa um-
ravlesobis mier gamoTqmuli mosazrebis gaTvaliswinebas Znelad Tu
aaridebs Tavs.
arsebobs savaldebulo da sakonsultacio referendumebi.
savaldebulo referendumis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetileba mboWavi
xasiaTisaa, igi aucileblad unda Sesruldes. sakonsultacio referen-
dumze miRebuli gadawyvetileba Sesasruleblad savaldebulo araa da
misi gaTvaliswineba xelisuflebis diskreciaa. savaldebulo referen-
dumebi, Tavis mxriv, iyofa aucilebel da fakultatur referendumebad.
aucilebelia referendumi, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis gadawyveta mxolod
referendumis saSualebiT SeiZleba. fakultaturi ewodeba referen-
dums, Tu mocemuli sakiTxis gadasawyvetad misi gamarTva savaldebulo
ar aris. fakultatur referendums niSnavs konstituciiT an kanoniT
uflebamosili organo Tavisi iniciativiT an kanoniT gansazRvrul
subieqtTa moTxovniT.
referendumic da plebiscitic (laT. Plebs – ubralo xalxi da scitum –
gadawyvetileba, dadgena) saerTo-saxalxo sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT
gamokiTxvis xasiaTs atarebs. plebisciti amomrCevelTa azris gasagebad
tardeba da mas mxolod sarekomendacio xasiaTi aqvs. saqarTvelos
magaliTze, referendumi mTel teritoriaze sayovelTao kenWisyris sa-
fuZvelze, xolo plebisciti saqarTvelos yvela amomrCevlis an misi na-
wilis azris gasagebad tardeba. plebiscitze igive wesebi vrceldeba,
rac referendumis gamarTvaze.500
162
droisTvis, proporciuli saarCevno sistemiT arCevnebis Catareba axali
da popularuli iyo evropis qveynebSi. debulebis mixedviT, arCevnebSi
monawileobis ufleba hqonda 20 wlis nebismier moqalaqes. Zalian
mkacrad ganisazRvreboda da kontroldeboda rogorc saarCevno, ise
sakandidato siebi. damfuZnebel krebaSi ganxilvis Semdeg saparlamento
arCevnebis sakiTxi, faqtobrivad, gadasawyvetad samomavlod gadades da
konstituciis 47-e muxlSi mokled aRiniSna: `parlamentis arCevis wess
gansazRvravs calke kanoni~. samwuxarod, calke kanonis SemuSaveba dam-
fuZnebel krebas aRar dascalda.503
sabWoTa ruseTis mier saqarTvelos okupaciis Semdeg, TiTqmis 70 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, saqarTveloSi Tavisufali arCevnebi ar gamarTula. im
procesis Sedegi, romelsac mxolod pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba ewodos
`arCevnebi~, komunisturi partiis umaRles organoebSi winaswar igegme-
boda. arCevnebi ualternativo iyo da demokratiis iluzias qmnida,
vinaidan komunisturi tipis totalitarul politikur sistemaSi
arCevnebi umeteswilad politikuri propagandis funqcias asrulebda.
arCevnebi regularulad tardeboda, magram arCevanis saSualeba faqto-
brivad ar arsebobda, qveyanaSi daSvebuli iyo mxolod erTi, sabWoTa
kavSiris komunisturi partiis arseboba da ikrZaleboda nebismieri `an-
tisabWouri~ saqmianoba.
1990 wlis agvistoSi, erovnuli moZraobis pirobebSi, maSindeli sab-
WoTa saqarTvelos xelisufleba da sabWoTa ruseTis mmarTvelebi iZu-
lebulni gaxdnen, gadasuliyvnen mravalpartiul saarCevno sistemaze,
mieRoT mravalpartiuli arCevnebis kanoni. SeiZleba iTqvas, es kanoni
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove saarCevno samarTals daedo safuZvlad. 1990
wlis 28 oqtombris arCevnebSi monawileobda 14 politikuri partia da
partiaTa bloki. arCevnebi Catarda Sereuli sistemiT. uzenaes sabWoSi
250 deputatis adgilisaTvis ibrZoda 2000-ze meti kandidati. saboloo
jamSi, proporciuli sistemiT 4%-iani saarCevno barieri gadalaxa da
uzenaes sabWoSi moxvda ori partia (bloki `mrgvali magida Tavisufali
saqarTvelo~ da `saqarTvelos komunisturi partia~). maJoritaruli
sistemiT uzenaes sabWoSi, zemoaRniSnuli ori partiis garda, kidev samma
politikurma subieqtma (`saxalxo fronti~, `demokratiuli saqarTve-
lo~, `rusTavelis sazogadeba~) moaxerxa Tavisi warmomadgenlebis Sey-
vana.
1991 wels miRebul iqna kanoni `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoTa – sakrebuloTa arCevnebis Sesaxeb~, romelsac safuZvlad erTa-
derTi gadasacemi xmis ufleba daedo. 1992 wels miRebuli kanoniT,
sistema kvlav Sereuli iyo, magram mandamde arsebuli saarCevno sistem-
isagan gansxvavdeboda. parlamentis 150 deputati 10 mravalmandatiani
saarCevno olqis mixedviT, proporciuli saarCevno sistemis sa-
fuZvelze, xolo 85 deputati _ erTmandatiani saarCevno olqebis
mixedviT, fardobiTi umravlesobis maJoritaruli sistemiT airCeoda.
163
2.2 saqarTvelos arCevnebis ZiriTadi saxeebi504
2.2.1. saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevnebi
164
2.2.2. saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebi
165
mier maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis konstituciis moTxovnaTa
darRveviT dadgenis safrTxes. oTxma wevrma mxari dauWira ar-
dakmayofilebas im motiviT, rom ceskos mier uflebamosilebis borotad
gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi, nebismier amomrCevels SeuZlia idavos ceskos
gankargulebis konstituciurobaze.46
saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT
saarCevno komisiaSi registrirebul partias, saarCevno bloks da ma-
Joritar kandidats. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu politikur partias ar hyavs war-
momadgeneli parlamentSi da igi ar iTvleba kvalificiur saarCevno
subieqtad, mas registraciisaTvis sWirdeba 25 000 amomrCevlis mxardaW-
era (es ricxvi ar unda aRematebodes amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenobis
1%-s).
maJoritarul saarCevno olqSi arCeulad CaiTvleba saqarTvelos
parlamentis wevrobis is kandidati, romelic arCevnebSi monawileTa
naxevarze metis xmebs miiRebs (50%+1). arCevnebSi monawileTa xmebis
raodenobaSi ar CaiTvleba baTilad cnobili biuletenebiT gaT-
valiswinebuli xmebis raodenoba.
proporciuli sistemiT Catarebuli arCevnebis Sedegad parlamentis
mandatebi ganawildeba im politikur subieqtebs Soris, romlebic
miiReben arCevnebSi monawile amomrCevelTa 5%-s mainc. partiuli siis
mier miRebuli mandatebis raodenobis dasadgenad, am siis mier miRebuli
xmebis raodenoba unda gamravldes 77-ze da gaiyos saarCevno
subieqtebis mier miRebul xmebis jamze. miRebuli ricxvis mTeli nawili
warmoadgens partiuli siis mier miRebuli mandatebis raodenobas. Tu
partiebis/saarCevno blokebis mier miRebuli mandatebis raodenobaTa
jami 77-ze naklebi aRmoCnda, gaunawilebeli mandatebi, upirveles
yovlisa, mandatebis raodenobis 6-mde Sesavsebad daemateba rigrigobiT
im saarCevno subieqtebs, romlebmac gadalaxes saarCevno barieri da
miRebuli mandatebis raodenoba 6-ze naklebi aqvT.
saolqo da saubno komisiebisgan miRebuli oqmebisa da sasamarTlos
saboloo gadawyvetilebebis safuZvelze, kenWisyridan araugvianes me-19
dRes, centraluri saarCevno komisia Tavis sxdomaze ajamebs saqarTve-
los parlamentis arCevnebis Sedegebs da adgens Semajamebel oqms.
saqarTvelos parlamentis arCevnebis arCatarebulad gamocxadebis an
maJoritarul saarCevno olqSi arCevnebis Sedegebis baTilad cnobis
SemTxvevaSi, ori Tvis vadaSi imarTeba xelaxali arCevnebi. proporciuli
saarCevno sistemiT Catarebuli arCevnebis SemTxvevaSi, Tu vercerTma
partiam gadalaxa 5%-iani barieri, centraluri saarCevno komisiis
gankargulebiT, arCevnebis Sejamebidan 2 kviris vadaSi tardeba xelax-
ali kenWisyra da masSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT mxolod im politikur
subieqtebsa da partiebs, romlebmac saerTo arCevnebSi miiRes xmebis 2%
mainc.
166
saqarTvelos parlamentis vadamde daTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, tardeba
riggareSe arCevnebi, mis TariRs saqarTvelos prezidenti niSnavs par-
lamentis vadamde daTxovnis Sesaxeb brZanebulebis amoqmedebisTanave.
maJoritaruli saarCevno olqidan arCeuli parlamentis wevris
gamoklebis SemTxvevaSi, aprilSi an oqtomberSi saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis Sualeduri arCevnebi imarTeba. Tu parlamentis wevrs
uflebamosileba Seuwyda 15 Tebervlidan 15 ivlisamde, Sualeduri
arCevnebi imarTeba imave wlis oqtomberSi, xolo Tu parlamentis wevrs
uflebamosileba Seuwyda 15 ivlisidan 15 Tebervlamde, maSin _ uaxloes
aprilSi. saqarTvelos parlamentis morigi arCevnebis wels Sualeduri
arCevnebi ar imarTeba.
167
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos _
sakrebulos arCevnebi tardeba proporciuli da maJoritaruli
saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze. TviTmmarTveli Temi sakrebulo Sedgeba
proporciuli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 15 wevrisa da
Sesabamis teritoriaze arsebuli yvela Temidan da qalaqidan maJori-
taruli wesiT arCeuli TiTo wevrisgan.
TviTmmarTveli qalaqis (garda Tbilisisa) sakrebulo Sedgeba:
maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 10 wev-
risa da proporciuli saarCevevno sistemis safuZvelze ar-
Ceuli 15 wevrisgan, Tu amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba 75 000-
s aRemateba;
maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 5 wev-
risa da proporciuli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeul
10 wevrisgan, Tu amomrCevelTa saerTo raodenoba 75 000-s ar
aRemateba.
Tbilisis sakrebulo Sedgeba 50 wevrisgan, saidanac 25 wevri airCeva
adgilobrivi erTmandatiani maJoritaruli saarCevno olqebis terito-
riaze, xolo 25 wevri proporciuli wesiT Tbilisis mTel teritoriaze.
Tbilisis sakrebulos arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvT partias,
saarCevno bloks, amomrCevelTa 5 kaciani sainiciativo jgufis mier war-
modgenil kandidatebs. arCevnebSi kandidatad wardgenili piri ar
SeiZleba imavdroulad Tbilisis meris, sxva TviTmmarTveli erTeulis
sakrebulos, meris/gamgeblis arCevnebSi kandidatad iyos registri-
rebuli.
sakrebulos wevrad SeiZleba airCes saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac
kenWisyris dRisaTvis Seusrulda 21 weli da saqarTveloSi mudmivad
ucxovria sul cota 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, maT Soris, arCevnebis daniSvnis
dRemde bolo 2 weli mainc. maJoritaruli saarCevno sistemis sa-
fuZvelze sakrebuloSi arCeulad iTvleba is kandidati, romelic sxveb-
ze met xmas miiRebs. Tu orma kandidatma miiRo xmebis Tanabari raodeno-
ba, arCeulad CaiTvleba is kandidati, romelic ufro adre iyo daregis-
trirebuli Sesabamis saolqo saarCevno komisiaSi.
partiuli siis mier miRebuli mandatebis raodenobis dasadgenad,
partiuli siis mier miRebuli xmebis raodenoba mravldeba saarCevno
olqSi proporciuli wesiT ganawilebuli mandatebis raodenobaze da
iyofa im partiebis/saarCevno blokebis mier miRebuli xmebis raodeno-
bis jamze, romlebmac arCevnebSi xmebis aranakleb 4% miiRes.
168
asakidan, romelsac saqarTveloSi mudmivad ucxovria sul cota 5 wlis
ganmavlobaSi, maT Soris arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde bolo 2 weli mainc.
merebi da gamgeblebi airCevian pirdapiri wesiT. meri airCeva
saqarTvelos 12 TviTmmarTvel qalaqSi (Tbilisi, baTumi, quTaisi,
rusTavi, foTi, ozurgeTi, zugdidi, ambrolauri, axalcixe, gori, mcxe-
Ta, Telavi). meris/gamgeblis arCevnebSi arCeulad CaiTvleba is kandi-
dati, romelic arCevnebSi monawileTa xmebis 50%-ze mets miiRebs. Tu
vercerTi kandidati miiRebs xmaTa Sesabamis raodenobas, iniSneba meore
turi, romelSic monawileobas iRebs pirvel turSi saukeTeso Sedegebi
mqone ori kandidati. meore turi tardeba misi daniSvnis Sesaxeb ceskos
gankargulebis miRebidan araugvianes me-14 dRisa.
169
sertifikati. gansxvavebulia partiebis mier ceskoSi daniSnuli 7 wevris
SerCevis wesi. ceskos TiTo wevrs niSnaven is politikuri gaerTianebebi,
romlebic `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-
los organuli kanonis Sesabamisad,47 dafinansebas saxelmwifo biujeti-
dan iReben.
Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi, cesko dadgenilebiT iRebs
saqarTvelos saarCevno administraciis reglaments. garkveuli moTx-
ovnebis SemTxvevaSi, igi uflebamosilia, dadgenilebiT gansazRvros Ca-
satarebeli arCevnebis saarCevno RonisZiebebis vadebi, aseve, aucile-
blobis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos prezidents warudginos winadadeba
arCevnebis axali TariRis daniSvnis Taobaze; gankargulebiT qmnis
saarCevno olqebs da azustebs maT sazRvrebs, adgens saarCevno Ro-
nisZiebaTa grafiks. amasTan, cesko gansazRvravs da gankargulebiT niS-
navs riggareSe, xelaxal da Sualedur arCevnebs, ganmeorebiT kenWisy-
rasa da arCevnebis meore turs. centraluri saarCevno komisia angariS-
valdebulia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe, romelsac warudgens an-
gariSs Sedegebis Sejamebidan 60 dRis ganmavlobaSi.
umaRlesi saarCevno komisia moqmedebs avtonomiuri respublikis
teritoriaze da misi mTavari mizania, uzrunvelyos avtonomiuri respu-
blikis umaRlesi sabWos arCevnebis Catareba. saolqo saarCevno komisia
aris saqarTvelos saarCevno administraciis mudmivmoqmedi teritori-
uli organo. saolqo saarCevno komisiebs qmnis cesko sruli
Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT. kenWisyris Casatareblad da xmebis da-
saTvlelad saarCevno olqebi iyofa saarCevno ubnebad, romlebSic
moqmedebs saubno saarCevno komisia. saarCevno ubani iqmneba aranakleb 20
da araumetes 1500 amomrCevlisTvis. saarCevno ubnebis sazRvrebs da maT
nomrebs adgens Sesabamisi saolqo saarCevno komisia.
170
amomrCevelTa specialur siaSi SehyavT saarCevno administraciis
moxeleebi, romlebic saarCevno komisiebSi saqmianobis gamo kenWisyris
dRes arCevnebSi ver monawileoben TavianTi registraciis adgilis
mixedviT; amomrCevlebi, romlebic mkurnaloben saavadmyofoSi,
imyofebian patimrobaSi; saqarTvelos Tavdacvis da Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros TanamSromlebi, romlebic imyofebian vadian da sa-
kontraqto samsaxurSi, aseve pirebi, romelebic dganan sakonsulo aR-
ricxvaze. amomrCevelTa specialur siaSi Setanili monacemebis sis-
woreze pasuxismgebelia Sesabamisi dawesebulebis xelmZRvaneli, rac
dasturdeba misi xelmoweriT.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu amomrCevels kenWisyris dRes ar SeuZlia kenWisyris
SenobaSi misvla, mas aqvs ufleba, gadasatani saarCevno yuTiT xmis mi-
cemis moTxovniT, mimarTos saubno saarCevno komisias. msgavsi amom-
rCevlebi Seiyvaneba gadasatani saarCevno yuTis siaSi. amomrCevelma
saubno saarCevno komisias `gadasatani yuTis~ moTxovnis Taobaze unda
mimarTos kenWisyris dRemde 2 dRiT adre mainc.
winasaarCevno kampaniasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi dawvrilebiTaa
gawerili saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsiT, xolo misi darRvevisaTvis
dawesebulia administraciuli an sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasux-
ismgebloba. winasaarCevno kampania iwyeba arCevnebis daniSvnis momenti-
dan da kandidatebi am dRidan sargebloben Tanaswori uflebebiT
saarCevno kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT. arCevnebis meore turis, ganmeo-
rebiTi kenWisyris, Sualeduri an xelaxali arCevnebis daniSvis momenti-
dan, winasaarCevno kampania ganaxldeba.
arCevnebis daniSvnis dRidan kandidats ufleba aqvs daamzados
winasaarCevno mowodebebi, gancxadebebi, warwerebi, furclebi, foto-
masalebi da sxva saxis winasaarCevnod saWiro inventari. akrZalulia ma-
Ti gavrcelebisaTvis xelis SeSla da CamorTmeva, aseve, saagitacio dan-
iSnulebis avtosantrasporto da specialuri mowyobilebebiT aRWur-
vili sxva saSualebebis CamorTmeva an winasaarCevno agitaciis mizniT
maTi gamoyenebisaTvis xelis SeSla. saarCevno programa ar unda Seicav-
des omisa da Zaladobis propagandas, arsebuli saxelmwifo da sazoga-
doebrivi wyobilebis ZaladobiT Secvlis an damxobis, saqarTvelos ter-
itoriuli mTlianobis darRvevisken, erovnuli SuRlis, religiuri da
eTnikuri dapirispirebisaken mowodebas.
imisaTvis, rom xelisuflebis warmomadgenlebma TavianTi Tanamdebo-
brivi mdgomareoba ar gamoiyenon zemoaRniSnuli Tanabari SesaZle-
blobebis dasarRvevad, winasaarCevno agitaciaSi monawileoba saerTod
ekrZalebaT saarCevno komisiebis wevrebs, aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis sajaro
moxeleebs, rodesac isini uSualod asruleben samsaxurebriv funqciebs.
kampaniaSi monawileoba, aseve, ekrZalebaT mosamarTleebs, proku-
raturis, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa saministros da Tavdacvis
171
saministros moxeleebs, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebs, saqvelmoqmedo da
religiur organizaciebs.
arCevnebis daniSvnidan saboloo Sedegis gamoqeveynebamde kanoni
krZalavs subieqtTa da maT warmomadgenelTa mier amomrCevlisTvis fu-
ladi saxsrebis, saCuqrebisa da sxva materialuri faseulebebis
gadacemas, SeRavaTian fasebSi saqonlis miyidvasa da materialur fa-
seulobaTa gadacemis dapirebas.
172
itoriaze momuSave warmomadgelebis akreditacias _ Sesabamisi saolqo
saarCevno komisiis mdivani.
kenWisyris dRes presisa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebis
erTsa da imave organizacias ufleba aqvs saarCevno ubanSi erTdroulad
hyavdes araumetes 3 warmomadgeneli.
173
osvlis Semdeg, amomrCeveli biuletens aTavsebs specialur konvertSi,
Semdeg ki, saarCevno yuTSi.
arCevnebis Sedegebis Sejameba saarCevno ubnebis kenWisyris Sedegebis
SejamebiT iwyeba. es procedura Zalian mniSvnelovania da mas
dawvrilebiT awesrigebs organuli kanoni. Sejamebis procesi sajaroa _
yoveli Sedegi xmamaRla cxaddeba da Seitaneba oqmSi.
pirveli etapi aris saarCevno yuTis gaxsna. saubno saarCevno komisiis
Tavmjdomare saubno saarCevno komisiis wevrebisa da kenWisyris SenobaSi
yofnis uflebis mqone pirTa TandaswrebiT amowmebs saarCevno yuTze
luqis mTlianobas, rasac mosdevs xmebis daTvla. biuletenebs Tvlian
komisiis wevrebi, pirveli mTvleli saarCevno konvertidan iRebs
biuletens, acxadebs xmamaRla da gadascems meore mTvlels, meore saxis
biuletens gadascems mesame mTvlels da a.S.
kenWisyrisa da arCevnebis Sedegebi aisaxeba ceskos, saolqo da saubno
saarCevno komisiebis kenWisyrisa da arCevnebis Sedegebis Semajamebel
oqmebSi. Semajamebeli oqmi aris kenWisyrisa da arCevnebis Sedegebis dam-
adasturebeli individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti.
Semajamebel oqms da mis asls, romelic organuli kanonis wesiT aris
damowmebuli, Tanabari iuridiuli Zala aqvT.
cesko, saolqo da saubno saarCevno komisiebisgan miRebuli oqmebis
safuZvelze, kenWisyris Catarebidan araugvianes me-19 dRisa, Tavis
sxdomaze ajamebs saqarTvelos parlamentis, saqarTvelos prezidentisa
da qalaq Tbilisis meris arCevnebis Sedegebs, ris Sedegadac adgens
arCevnebis Sedegebis Semajamebel oqms. oqmSi aRiniSneba: amomrCevelTa
raodenoba, arCevnebSi monawileTa raodenoba, baTilad miCneul
saarCevno biuletenTa raodenoba, saarCevno subieqtebisaTvis micemul
xmaTa raodenoba.
akrZalulia ceskos mier arCevnebis Sedegebis Sejameba saerTo sasa-
marTloebSi arsebuli Sesabamisi sarCevno davebis dasrulebamde da am
sasamarTloebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebis srulad gaTvaliswine-
bis gareSe.
174
saarCevno procesTan dakavSirebul sakiTxTa gasaCivrebisa da saCi-
varTa ganxilvis vada, arCevnebis specifikidan gamomdinare,
dawvrilebiT aris gansazRvruli da amavdroulad, Zalian SezRuduli.
garda amisa, ceskos gadawyvetileba parlamentis wevris arCevis Taobaze
SeiZleba gasaCivrdes parlamentSi, xolo parlamentis gadawyvetileba
parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an arcnobis Taobaze _
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi.
saarCevno kanonmdeblobis darRvevisaTvis dawesebulia sakmaod
mkacri administraciuli da sisxlisamarTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba.
garda amisa, arCevnebis dros gamoyenebuli saxsrebis angariSebis
warudgenlobis SemTxvevaSi, dadgenilia arCevnebisaTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli specifikuri pasuxismgebloba.
175
Tu referendumis gamarTvis iniciativa amomrCevels ekuTvnis, iqmneba
sainiciativo jgufi. sainiciativo jgufis siaSi unda iyos miTiTebuli
TiToeuli wevris saxeli, gvari da sacxovrebeli adgili. sareferen-
dumod SemoTavazebuli sakiTxi saniciativo jgufma mkafiod da
konkretulad unda Camoayalibos. jgufi centralur saarCevno komisias
mimarTavs TxovniT, registraciaSi gaataros sainiciativo jgufis mier
sareferendumod SemoTavazebuli sakiTxi, sakiTxis formulireba unda
dazustdes sainiciativo jgufTan SeTanxmebiT. centraluri saarCevno
komisia sareferendumod SemoTavazebul sakiTxs da sainiciativo jgu-
fis Semadgenlobas registraciaSi atarebs, oficialur presaSi aqveynebs
informacias da sainiciativo jgufis misamarTs. sareferendumo sa-
kiTxis registraciaSi gatarebaze uari SesaZlebelia gasaCivrdes Sesa-
bamis raionul (saqalaqo) sasamarTloSi, romelic 5 dRis vadaSi ganixi-
lavs saCivars da iRebs gadawyvetilebas. sainiciativo jgufs SeuZlia
saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebis miRebamde gamoiTxovos ref-
erenedumis mowyobis Sesaxeb iniciativa.
referendumis mowyobis moTxovnasTan dakavSirebiT saqarTvelos
prezidenti: niSnavs referendumis TariRs da iRebs gadawyvetilebas
misi uzrunvelyofis Sesaxeb; an iRebs gadawyvetilebas referendumis
mowyobis moTxovnaze motivirebuli uaris Sesaxeb. referendumis daniS-
vnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba qveyndeba saqarTvelos prezidentis
brZanebulebiT, referendumis mowyobis Taobaze saqarTvelos par-
lamentis/saqarTvelos mTavrobis moTxovnis, agreTve, saqarTvelos
centraluri saarCevno komisiis daskvnis miRebidan 30 dRis ganmav-
lobaSi. saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba saWiroebs saqarTvelos
premier-ministris kontrasignacias, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac ref-
erendumi iniSneba saqarTvelos mTavrobis moTxovniT.
referendumis gamarTvis Sesaxeb brZanebulebaSi mocemuli unda iyos
misi mowyobis TariRi da sareferendumod gamotanili sakiTxis zusti
formulireba. es brZanebuleba mosaxleobas ecnobeba oficialuri pre-
siTa da masobrivi informaciis sxva saSualebebiT, brZanebulebis gamo-
cemidan araugvianes 3 dRisa. referendumis TariRis daniSvnis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebis gamoqveynebidan 7 dRis vadaSi
saqarTvelos mTavroba iRebs dadgenilebas referendumis mowyobis uz-
runvelyofis Sesaxeb, romliTac ganisazRvreba dafinansebisa da refer-
endumis mowyobasTan dakavSirebuli sxva sakiTxebi. referendumis
momzadebasa da gamarTvas uzrunvelyofen, centraluri, saolqo da
saubno saarCevno komisiebi.
sarefendumo sakiTxi dadebiTad gadawyvetilad CaiTvleba, Tu mas xma
misca referendumSi monawileTa naxevarze metma. referendumSi
monawileTa xmebis raodenobaSi ar CaiTvleba baTilad cnobili
biuletenebis raodenoba. referendumis daniSvnidan misi Sedegebis gam-
oqveynebamde dauSvebelia sareferendumo sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis
176
miReba. referendumis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetileba ZalaSi Sedis
misi gamoqveynebis dRidan, aqvs iuridiuli Zala da sabolooa.
referendumis Sedegebs aqvs pirdapiri moqmedebis Zala. saqarTvelos
sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba valdebulia, referen-
dumis Sedegebidan gamomdinare, erT TveSi SesabamisobaSi moiyvanos
saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba da sxva aqtebi. referendumis Sedegad
miRebuli gadawyvetilebis Secvla an gauqmeba SeiZleba mxolod refer-
endumiT, xolo Sedegebis baTilad cnobis ufleba aqvs saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos kanonmdeblobiTi dadgenili wesiT.
plebisciti aris kenWisyriT saerTo-saxalxo gamokiTxva gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebriv sakiTxebze saqarTvelos
amomrCevelTa an maTi nawilis azris gasagebad. plebiscits niSnavs
saqarTvelos premier-ministri. plebiscitis Sedegebi saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organoebisaTvis sarekomendacio xasiaTisaa. plebiscit-
ze vrceldeba referendumisaTvis dadgenili wesebi.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
177
Tavi VI
parlamenti
178
inglisisgan gansxavebiT, sadac movlenebi evoluciuri dinamikiT vi-
Tardeboda da parlamenti nabij-nabij iZenda monarqTan mimarTebiT
wamyvan poziciebs, safrangeTSi yovelive radikalurad gansxvavebuli
scenariT warimarTa da viTareba 1789 wlis revoluciamde mivida. amave
periodsa da movlenebTanaa dakavSirebuli politikuri war-
momadgenlobis arsis gansazRvra. 1789 wlis gazafxulze, safrangeTSi,
generaluri Statebis (safrangeTis parlamenti) mowveva emTxveva peri-
ods, rodesac monarqi sakmaod Zlieri uflebamosilebebiT aris aRWur-
vili, rogorc aRmasrulebel, ise kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi. sax-
elmwifos erTianoba xorcSesxmulia monarqis institutSi, romelic,
generalur StatebTan SedarebiT, umaRles instancias warmoadgens.
mesame Stati (romelic Sedgeba burJuaziis warmomadgenlebisgan), erT-
gvarad, SezRudul mdgomareobaSi iyo pirvel da meore StatTan (rom-
lebic warmoadgenden saero didgvarovnebsa da sasuliero dass) da maT
koaliciasTan SedarebiT, roca pirveli da meore Stati daaxloebiT 200
000 piris warmomadgeneli iyo, mesame Statis SemTxvevaSi ki es ricxvi 25
milions aRwevda.
safrangeTis generalur StatebSi gadawyvetileba miRebulad miiC-
neoda, Tu gadawyvetilebas sami Statidan ori mainc dauWerda mxars.
rogorc wesi, pirveli da meore Statis poziciebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda
da Sesabamisad, mesame Statis Sexeduleba naklebad ganmsazRvreli iyo.
mesame Statis Tavdapirveli moTxovna wevrTa raodenobis gazrdis
Sesaxeb (raTa umciresobaSi ar yofiliyvnen), imTaviTve arasakmaris
moTxovnad miiCnies da Sesabamisad, wamoyenebul iqna axali moTxovna,
romelic Tavad warmomadgenlobis arsis cvlilebas gulisxmobda.
cvlilebiT, warmomadgenloba moxdeboda ara wodebriv-warmomadgen-
lobiT privilegiaze dayrdnobiT, aramed misi safuZveli da sayrdeni
individi iqneboda. mocemuli transformaciis periodSi xalxmac (rome-
lic individebisgan Sedgeba), rogorc uzenaesi nebis matarebel
subieqtma, gansxvavebuli datvirTva SeiZina. is aRar iqneboda sxvadasxva
nawilisgan Semdgari, aramed ganixileboda erTian koleqtivad, romlis
safuZvelic individi iyo. swored individis survili unda yofiliyo
ganmsazRvreli garemoeba510.
XVIII saukunis Sua wlebSi sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis centraluri
adgili, misi uzenaesoba wamyvan idead iqca511, rac dakavSirebulia Tavad
institutis Camoyalibebis istoriul pirobebTan da misi funqciebis
filosofiur safuZvlebTan. individi, romelic am periodSi moRvawe
filosofosTa mzeris centralur figurad iqca, uflebamosilia
isargeblos im bunebiTi uflebebiT, romelic mas, rogorc individs aqvs,
rac imas gulisxmobs, rom Tavad (da ara monarqs) eZleva saSualeba,
daadginos is wesebi, romelsac Semdgom TviTonve unda daemorCilos.
aRniSnuli ufleba yovel individs ekuTvnis, rac, jamSi aRebuli, qmnis
sazogadoebas. ai, swored am viTarebaSi xdeba parlamentis namdvili fun-
179
qciisa da rolis Camoyalibeba. ramdenadac sazogadoebas, misi demo-
grafiuli da teritoriuli moculobidan gamomdinare, ar ZaluZs gad-
awyvetilebebi uSualod miiRos, swored parlamenti gvevlineba sazoga-
doebis, xalxis warmomadgenlobiT organod da uflebamosil institu-
ciad, daadginos qcevis zogadsavaldebulo wesebi.512
restavraciis periodSi revoluciis mTeli rigi monapovari, marTa-
lia, droebiT, Tumca mainc gaqarwylebul iqna. miuxedavad amisa, bur-
Juaziis mier mopovebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc politikuri, ise
ekonomikuri, ar iZleva imis saSualebas, rom moxdes 1789 wlis winarevo-
luciuri suraTis srulad aRdgena. mag., 1814 wels safrangeTSi burbon-
Ta dinastiis aRdgenisas SemuSavda konstitucia, romelic, marTalia,
zRudavda, Tumca mainc utovebda garkveul areals warmomadgenlobis
safuZvlebs, romelic, Tavis mxriv, gafarTovda orleanisturi monarqi-
is periodSi, 1830 wels ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT.
sxvagan, sadac restavraciis periodi SedarebiT naklebad moqnilia,
damaxasiaTebelia revoluciebi, gamosvlebi, protestebi, ramac axali
konstituciebis miRebisa (Tundac droebiT da mosaCveneblad) da war-
momadgenlobiTi organoebis Camoyalibebis safuZveli Seqmna, mag., bel-
gia, romelic 1831 wels gaxda damoukidebeli, italia _ 1848 w., germania
_ 1848-49 wlebSi da a.S. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Tundac gansxvavebul vi-
Tarebasa da droSi, im periodis evropis TiTqmis mTel kontinentze
msgavsi suraTia: erT mxares gvevlineba monarqi, xolo meore mxares _
burJuazia da warmomadgenlobiTi organo, romelic sul ufro da ufro
ikrefda Zalebs. swored am dualisturi sazogadoebis fonze, orpala-
tianma parlamentma Tavisi specifikuri mniSvneloba SeiZina, ra drosac
zeda palataSi Tavs iyrida didgvarovanTa, xolo qveda palataSi _ bur-
Juaziis warmomadgenlebi.
parlamentarizmis da zogadad, yovelgvari parlamentis arsebobis
dasasabuTeblad demokratiis kritikosebma _ gizom, tokvilma da am
cnebis liberalma interpretatorma, milma parlamentarizmis axal, an-
tidemokratiul an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, demokratiis TvalsazrisiT, nei-
tralur rols miagnes. maTi azriT, parlamenti ara xalxis nebis, aramed
gonebis organoa. parlamenti esaa sadiskusio forumi, sadac gonivruli
gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad saWiro sazogadoebrivi Semecneba xor-
cieldeba. saparlamento debatebis meSveobiT da mis Sedegad depu-
tatebi WeSmaritebasTan axlos aRmoCndebian.513 jon stiuart milic par-
laments politikuri Sexedulebebis urTierTgaziarebis forumad miiC-
nevda, magram antidemokratiulad ganwyobili gizosgan gansxvavebiT, mas
warmomadgenlobiTi mmarTveloba ufro farTo sazogadoebrivi pro-
gramis nawilad miaCnda. mmarTvelobis es forma ewereba saerTo sulier
progresSi da Tavis Tavs amarTlebs, rogorc am progresis saukeTeso
saSualeba.514
180
dResdReobiT, im formalur-samarTlebrivi statusis miuxedavad,
romelic Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi parlaments aqvs, materialur-
politikuri TvalsazrisiT, unda aRiniSnos, rom misi roli imdenadve
Zlieri ar aris. es yovelive XIX saukunis meore naxevridan iRebs saTaves,
rodesac parlamentarizmis koncefcia sabolood damkvidrda da misi
prestiJis Selaxvac daiwyo: parlaments sul ufro naklebad miiCnevdnen
gadawyvetilebunarianad.515 Tanamedrove konstitucionalizmSi gavrce-
lebulia mosazreba, rom aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan SedarebiT,516
sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebam roli dakarga. „mocemuli gamomdinareobs
e.w. sakanonmdeblo saxelmwifodan e.w. mmarTvel saxelmwifoze
gadasvlis momentidan, anu im viTarebidan, sadac ZiriTadi gad-
awyvetilebebi miiReboda parlamentis mier kanoniT reglamentirebis
saSualebiT, im viTarebaze gadasvliT, sadac gadawyvetileba, mniSvne-
lovanwilad, swored aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier miiReba“517.
parlamentis rolis erTgvari Semcirebis miuxedavad, is saxelisu-
flebo triadaSi mainc warmodgeba subieqtad, romelsac umniSvnelo-
vanesi funqciebi akisria. parlamenti qveynis umaRlesi warmomadgenlo-
biTi organoa, romelic iRebs kanonebsa da sxva mniSvnelovan gad-
awyvetilebebs, gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis Zi-
riTad mimarTulebebs, saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi monawileobs aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis formirebasa da kontrolSi da a.S.
181
Zod, es iyo upiratesobis mqone socialuri klasisTvis (ZiriTadad,
aristokratiuli elitisTvis) garkveuli politikuri Zalauflebisa da
garantiebis micema, rac upiratesad inglisuri revoluciis komporomi-
suli socialuri bunebiT aris determinirebuli~519.
Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa daaxloebiT 40%-Si funqcionirebs bika-
meruli, xolo 60%-Si _ monokameruli parlamenti. SeiniSneba tenden-
cia, romlis Tanaxmadac, praqtikulad, federaciuli saxelmwifoebis
absolutur umravlesobaSi orpalatiani parlamenti moqmedebs, sadac
zeda palataSi teritoriuli erTeulebis warmomadgenlobis uzrun-
velyofa xdeba. aqve unda aRiniSnos kidev erTi statistikuri monacemi,
romlis Tanaxmadac, ukanaskneli 25 wlis ganmavlobaSi orpalatian sa-
kanonmdeblo organoTa raodenoba TiTqmis gaormagda, rac savaraudod,
aRmosavleT evropaSi postkomunisturi qveynebis demokratizaciis
Sedegia520.
bikameruli parlamentis klasificirebac SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva
niSnis mixedviT, mag., arsebobs bikameruli parlamenti, sadac orive pal-
atas Tanabari funqciebi aqvs, aseT SemTxvevaSi saubaria e.w. Zlier zeda
palataze; Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom Tanamedrove tendenciiT, sax-
elmwifoTa umravlesoba upiratesobas aniWebs orpalatiani parlamen-
tis iseT sistemas, sadac zeda palata SedarebiT naklebi politikuri
wonisa da funqciebis matarebelia, swored amitomac, aseT zeda palatas
sust zeda palatas uwodeben da modelic amave saxelwodebiT aris cno-
bili521.
e.w. susti zeda palatis bikameralur sistemebSi, rogorc aRiniSna,
zeda palata, qveda palatasTan SedarebiT, SezRuduli
uflebamosilebebiT aris aRWurvili. am SemTxvevaSi, SezRudva SesaZloa
gulisxmobdes, sakanonmdeblo funqciis ganxorcielebisas, zeda pala-
tis SedarebiT SezRudul monawileobas, garkveuli saxis kanonproe-
qtebTan mimarTebiT zeda palata SesaZloa saerTod ar monawileobdes
kanonSemoqmedebiT procesSi. susti zeda palatis mqone sistemebSi zeda
palata, rogorc wesi, monawileobs mxolod im kanonproeqtebis ganxil-
vaSi/miRebaSi, romelic sakonstitucio cvlilebebs, saxelmwifo biu-
jets an qveynis teritoriul mowyobasTan dakavSirebul kanons
ukavSirdeba. rogorc aRiniSna, susti zeda palata SesaZloa saerTod ar
monawileobdes kanonproeqtebis ganxilva/miRebaSi an Tu monawileobs,
am SemTxvevaSic, SezRuduli masStabiT da mxolod e.w. SeyovnebiTi (sus-
penziuri) vetos uflebiT sargebloba SeuZlia, ra drosac misi pozicia
gadamwyveti mniSvnelobis matarebeli ver iqneba. SesaZloa zeda palatis
susti poziciebi parlamentis sakontrolo uflebamosilebebSic gam-
oixatos, ra drosac aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba mxolod qveda pala-
tis mimarT aris pasuxismgebeli da mxolod qveda palataa ndo-
ba/undoblobis procedurebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqti.
182
aRsaniSnavia, rom Zlieri zeda palatebi Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebSi
gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi moqmedebs. gamonaklisis magaliTia italiis
respublika, sadac orive palata Tanabrad axorcielebs par-
lamentisTvis gansazRvrul funqciebs. Tumca italiis respublikaSi aT-
wleulebia kamaToben aRniSnuli bikameruli sistemis (e.w. Zlieri zeda
palatiT) reformirebis Taobaze.
uflebamosilebebis arsenalis mixedviT, parlamenti pirobiTad
SeiZleba daiyos ganusazRvrel, SedarebiT gansazRvrul da absolutur-
ad gansazRvruli kompetenciis mqone parlamentebad. parlamenti ga-
nusazRvreli kompetenciisaa, rodesac mxolod mas aqvs kanonis miRebis
ufleba, nebismieri sfero da sakiTxi kanoniT SeiZleba mowesrigdes da
kanons upiratesi samarTlebrivi Zala aqvs sxva normatiuli aqtebis
mimarT, mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos aqvs saxelmwifo biujetis
damtkicebisa da gadasaxadebis dawesebis ufleba, mTavroba pasux-
ismgebelia parlamentis winaSe. parlamentis aseTi kompetencia damaxasi-
aTebelia konstituciuri monarqiebisa da saparlamento respublike-
bisaTvis (mag., gaerTianebuli samefo, kanada, iaponia da sxv.).522
parlamenti absoluturad gansazRvruli kompetenciis mqonea, Tu
konstituciiT zustadaa gansazRvruli yvela is sfero da zustadaa
CamoTvlili yvela is sakiTxi, romelTa gadawyvetis uflebac parla-
ments aqvs da igi sxva sakiTxebs ver Seexeba (mag., safrangeTi, araerTi
ganviTarebadi qveyana).523 SedarebiT gansazRvruli kompetenciis mqonea
parlamenti, romelsac erT-erTi an ramdenime mocemuli niSani mainc
aqvs: parlamentis kompetencia SezRudulia qveynis teritoriuli er-
Teulebis kompetenciiT; parlamentis garda, mTavrobas an/da pre-
zidentsac aqvs kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebis gamocemis ufleba (e.w. dele-
girebuli kanonmdebloba), sustia parlamentis roli mTavrobis
formirebisas; parlaments mTavrobis gadayenebis ufleba ar gaaCnia an
aqvs, magram Zalian rTuli proceduriT.524
TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva e.w. vestminsteruli tipis parlamenti, ro-
melic did britaneTSi Camoyalibda da Semdeg misi recefcia inglisis
yofil koloniebsa Tu sxva anglosaqsur saxelmwifoebSi (mag., avstral-
ia, indoeTi, kanada, axali zelandia, singapuri) ganxorcielda. aren lip-
ardma525 Camoayaliba mocemuli modelis parlamentebisTvis damaxasi-
aTebeli niSnebi, romelTa Sorisac unda aRiniSnos: maJoritaruli
saarCevno sistemis arseboba (proporciuli saarCevno sistemis uar-
yofa)526, bipartiuloba527, aRmasruleblis dominanturi mdgomareoba
parlamentTan mimarTebiT528, interesTa jgufebis simravle, aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis siZliere529, aramultipartiuli mTavroba.
TiToeuli aq CamoTvlili erTmaneTTan sakmaod mWidro kavSirSia da
qmnis sakuTar, gansxvavebuli modelis mqone sistemas. maJoritaruli
sistema xels uwyobs arCevnebSi msxvili partiebis warmomadgenlebis
gamarjvebas, ris safuZvelzec, rogorc wesi, parlamentSi aris ori an
183
sami partia. mocemuli, ra Tqma unda, ar gamoricxavs sxva, SedarebiT
patara partiebis arCevnebSi monawileobasa da garkveuli raodenobis
mandatebis mopovebas, Tumca es ricxvi verasodes iqneba ganmsazRvreli.
Sesabamisad, aseTi umravlesobis mier dakompleqtebuli mTavroba
sakmaod stabiluria da Zlieri poziciebi aqvs. amasTan, gasaT-
valiswinebelia, rom aRmasrulebel struqturebSi Tanamdebobebs ikave-
ben partiuli liderebi, romelTa partiebic parlamentSi umravleso-
baSia.
184
mxridan. unda aRiniSnos, rom imperatiuli mandatis uaryofa da
Tavisufali mandatis gavrceleba dakavSirebulia saxalxo war-
momadgenlobis Teoriis damkvidrebasTan da parlamentis, rogorc
xalxis warmomadgenlobiTi organos, statusis gansazRvrasTan. moce-
muli Teoriis Tanaxmad, deputati ara konkretuli amomrCevlis war-
momadgeneli, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis interesebis gamomxatvelia.
saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi parlamentis wevri sakanonmdeblo, sa-
kontrolo, Tu parlamentisTvis dakisrebuli sxva funqciebis ganxor-
cielebisas mTavari subieqtia. aRniSnuli maRali statusidan gamomdi-
nare, igi, erTi mxriv, sakmaod didi uflebebiT sargeblobs da meore
mxriv, Sesabamisi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba. parlamentis wevri angariS-
valdebulia xalxisa da yvela amomrCevlis winaSe.
parlamentis wevri sargeblobs sadeputato imunitetiTa da sadepu-
tato indemnitetiT. deputatis imuniteti dakavSirebulia, erTi mxriv,
Tavad parlamentis damoukideblobisa da misi funqciebis ganxor-
cielebis TavisuflebasTan da meore mxriv, kanonierebisa da kanonis
winaSe yoveli moqalaqis TanasworuflebianobasTan, rac ar unda iqces
deputatis privilegiad. imuniteti deputatze dakisrebuli funqciebis
ganxorcielebis xelSemwyob garemoebad unda aRiqmebodes. miuxedavad
imisa, rom Tavad parlamentis institutis warmoSoba, Sejerebuli azris
Tanaxmad, Sua saukuneebis periodTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tavad
imunitetis sakiTxs, SesaZloa ufro didi istoria hqondes. mag., romis
samarTlis mixedviT, tribunebi (warmoadgendnen plebeebs da airCeodnen
Concilium Plebis-ze) xelSeuxeblebad miiCneodnen da uflebamosilebaTa
ganxorcieleba garantirebuli hqondaT532.
parlamentis wevris imunitetis klasikuri gageba mainc did brita-
neTSi parlamentis instituciis Camoyalibebas ukavSirdeba. didgva-
rovanTa Tavdapirveli Sekrebebis wevrebi monarqs garkveul rCevebs
aZleevdnen da maTTvis privilegiebisa da imunitetis boZeba Tavadve
monarqis interesebSi Sedioda. Sesabamisad, imuniteti monarqis mier bo-
Zebul privilegiad aRiqmeboda. maleve is gardaiqmna da sxva datvirTva
SeiZina, igi monarqisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisgan damcav saSu-
alebad Camoyalibda. inglisSi brZolaTa qarcecxlSi Camoyalibda e.w.
saparlamento privilegiebi (Parlamentary Privileges). masSi, pirvel
yovlisa, moisazreboda: sityvis Tavisufleba, xelSeuxebloba (dapatim-
rebis akrZalva) da sxv.
indemnitetis sakiTxi dakavSirebulia parlamentis wevrisaTvis saqmi-
anobis saTanado pirobebis SeqmnasTan. indemniteti moicavs parlamentis
wevris uflebas, saTanado anazRaurebasa da uflebamosilebis gasvlis
Semdeg saTanado pensiaze da a.S. indemnitetiT daculia parlamentis
wevri da rogorc mandatis qonisas, ise statusis Sewyvetis Semdeg
veravin daavaldebulebs mas, gasces informacia, romelic sadeputato
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis procesSi miiRo.
185
1.4.2. parlamentis wevris statusis SeZena
186
omdinare), Tumca, mag., safrangeTis konstituciis 61-e muxli iT-
valiswinebs sakonstitucio sabWos mxridan reglamentis normebis
savaldebulo da prevenciul kontrols.
parlamentis avtonomiurobis uzrunvelyofis erT-erTi mniSvnelo-
vani meqanizmia e.w. finansuri avtonomia, romlis Tanaxmadac, parlamenti
misTvis gamoyofil finansur saSualebebs Tavad gankargavs.
damoukideblobis erT-erT formad miiCneva garemoeba, romlis
Tanxmadac, parlamenti ikribeba gansazRvruli wesiT da mas ar sWirdeba
saxelmwifos meTauris mier mowveva, rogorc es parlamentarizmis
adreul etapze iyo. aRsaniSnavia, rom rig saxelmwifoebSi (mag., italiis
respublika, niderlandebi) parlamenti uflebamosilia Seikribos sa-
kuTari Sexedulebisamebr. amis sapirispirod, saxelmwifoTa did nawilSi
parlamenti ikribeba konstituciiT gansazRvruli sasesio periodis
ganmavlobaSi. SesaZlebelia, aseve, mocemuli periodisgan gansxvavebul
dros sagangebo sesiis mowveva.
187
Tulebebis Sesrulebze saparlamento kontrolis procedurul normebs
moicavs. kontrolis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi formaa parlamentis
mier mTavrobisadmi ndoba/undoblobis gamocxadebis procedura, ro-
melic saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTvelobis saxelmwifoebisaTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli.
sazRvargareTis saxelmwifoebSi ndobis procedurebis mowesrigebis
sakmaod didi mravalferovneba SeiniSneba. zogierT qveyanaSi parlamen-
tis mxridan mTavrobis mimarT e.w. sawyisi ndobaa saWiro (belgia, sa-
berZneTi, italia), zogan konstitucia moiTxovs ndobis gamocxadebas
ara mTlianad mTavrobis Semadgenlobis, aramed mTavrobis meTauris
mimarT, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, parlaments saxelmwifos meTauri
warudgens (germania, espaneTi da yofili socialisturi banakis sax-
elmwifoTa nawili), an SesaZloa misi wardgenac parlamentis prerogati-
va iyos (iaponia, irlandia). zogierT saxelmwifoSi araa dadgenili aR-
niSnuli sawyisi ndobis gamoxatvis saWiroeba da igi mxolod igulisxmeba
(msgavsi mdgomareoba damaxasiaTebelia CrdiloeT evropis sax-
elmwifoebisTvis _ dania, fineTi, norvegia).
yoveli saparlamento da Sereuli mmarTvelobis saxelmwifosaTvis
parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis instituciur-politikuri pasux-
ismgeblobaa damaxasiaTebeli. politikuri pasuxismgebloba politiku-
ri motivebiT subieqtis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis SesaZleblobas
gulisxmobs. mTavrobis politikuri pasuxismgebloba, rogorc wesi, mis
mimarT parlamentis mxridan undoblobis gamocxadebis proceduris
warmoebaSi vlindeba. undoblobis proceduris Sedegad, zogierTi
qveynis konstitucia mTavrobis upirobod gadayenebas iTvaliswinebs,
zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseTi ram pirdapir ar aris gawerili, Tumca, ram-
denadac konstitucia mTavrobis funqciebis ganxorcielebisaTvis par-
lamentis mxridan ndobis saWiroebaze miuTiTebs, aseTi ndobis ar-
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi, igulisxmeba, rom mTavroba ar aris uflebamo-
sili, gaagrZelos saqmianoba. zogierT saxelmwifoSi saxelmwifos me-
Tauri aRWurvilia kompetenciiT, ar gaiTvaliswinos parlamentis mxri-
dan gamoxatuli undobloba da saSualeba misces mTavrobas, gaagrZelos
saqmianoba.
parlamentebs kontrolis sxva qmediTi meqanizmebic aqvT, rogoricaa,
parlamentis wevrTa ufleba, SekiTxviT mimarTon aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis wevrebs, komitetebisa da komisiebisTvis Sesabamisi
uflebamosilebebis miniWeba, saxalxo damcvelis arCeva da sxv.
2. saqarTvelos parlamenti534
2.1. parlamenti saqarTvelos saxelmwifos istoriaSi
188
wodebuli periodi, rodesac saqarTvelo saxelmwifoebrivi ganviTare-
bis TvalsazrisiTac erT-erT wamyvan qveyanas warmoadgenda. swored
maSin, rodesac evropaSi Tanamedrove saxelmwifo triadis erT-erTi Zi-
riTadi rgolis, parlamentis instituciis Camoyalibebasa da monarqis
erTpirovnuli Zalauflebis SezRudvas safuZvlebi eyreboda,
saqarTveloSic iyo mcdeloba, daefuZnebinaT organo, romelic monarqs
daavaldebulebda, mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebis
miRebisas gaeTvaliswinebina misi poziciac. `karavi~, romlis daarseba-
sac yuTlu-arslanis politikuri dasi iTxovda, unda mdgariyo isanSi,
mefis sasaxlis maxloblad da monawileoba mieRo qveynisTvis mniSvnelo-
vani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi. marTalia, `karavi~, misTvis
dakisrebuli funqciebiT, Sors idga im statusisgan, romelic par-
lamentma, rogorc warmomadgenlobiTma organom, mogvianebiT SeiZina,
Tumca aRniSnuli faqti kidev erTi dasturia, rom im periodis
saqarTvelo, ara marto samxedro TvalsazrisiT, zesaxelmwifos war-
moadgenda535.
`pirveli qarTuli konstituciiT gansazRvruli mmarTvelobis
sistema im periodisaTvis popularul, evropuli tipis saparlamento
sistemaTa jgufs SeiZleba mivakuTnoT~,536 sadac parlamenti, SeiZleba
iTqvas, wamyvan institucias warmoadgenda. `konstituciis 46-e muxlis
Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos parlamenti airCeoda sayovelTao, Tanaswori,
pirdapiri, faruli da proporciuli kenWisyris safuZvelze 3 wlis va-
diT. es debuleba sakmaod progresuli iyo im periodisaTvis. masSi
Tanamedrove demokratiuli saarCevno sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
yvela principi aisaxeboda. gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo mamakacTa Ta-
naswori qalTa saarCevno ufleba~537.
1921 wlis konstituciis 54-e muxlis Tanaxmad, parlamentis kompeten-
ciaSi Sedioda sakanonmdeblo saqmianoba, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis
saerTo kontroli, biujetis damtkiceba, omis gamocxadeba da kon-
stituciiT gansazRvruli sxva uflebamosilebebi. parlamenti
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis umTavresi saxelmwifoebrivi
da politikuri organo iyo, romelic, faqtobrivad, mTavrobis meSve-
obiT marTavda qveyanas.
189
saqarTvelos parlamenti Sedgeba sayovelTao, Tanaswori da pir-
dapiri saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT, 4 wlis va-
diT, proporciuli wesiT arCeuli 77 da maJoritaruli wesiT arCeuli 73
parlamentis wevrisgan.
saqarTvelos parlamentis morigi arCevnebi tardeba parlamentis
uflebamosilebis vadis amowurvis kalendaruli wlis oqtomberSi.
arCevnebis TariRs niSnavs prezidenti arCevnebamde araugvianes 60 dRi-
sa. Tu arCevnebis vada emTxveva qveynis mTel teritoriaze sagangebo an
saomar mdgomareobas, arCevnebi tardeba am mdgomareobis gauqmebidan
araugvianes 60 dRisa.
saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrad SeiZleba airCes saarCevno uflebis
mqone saqarTvelos moqalaqe 21 wlis asakidan, romelmac icis qarTuli
ena. rac Seexeba negatiur kriteriumebs, saqarTvelos saarCevno ko-
deqsis Tanaxmad, parlamentis wevrad ar SeiZleba airCes moqalaqe, ro-
melsac ukanaskneli 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi ar ucxovria saqarTveloSi da
arcerT qveyanaSi ar dgas saqarTvelos sakonsulo aRricxvaze.
saqarTvelos parlamentis wevrad ar SeiZleba, agreTve, airCes narkomani
an narkotikebis momxmarebeli, xolo Tu es piri Sesabamisma saarCevno
komisiam arCeulad gamoacxada, saqarTvelos parlaments ufleba ara
aqvs, cnos misi uflebamosileba.
kandidatis arCevnebSi monawileobis uflebasTan dakavSirebuli
zemoaRniSnuli cenzebis garda, saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsis 112-e
muxli iTvaliswinebs, aseve, parlamentis wevrobis kandidatis statusis
Tanamdebobriv mdgomareobasTan SeuTavseblobas, kerZod, aRniSnuli
muxlis Tanaxmad, parlamentis wevrobis kandidatad registraciis
Sesaxeb Sesabamisi saarCevno komisiisaTvis gancxadebis wardgenidan
araugvianes me-2 dRisa dakavebuli Tanamdebobidan unda gadadgnen da
gaTavisufldnen Semdegi Tanamdebobis pirebi: saqarTvelos prezidenti;
saqarTvelos, agreTve, avtonomiuri respublikis ministrebi, samTavro-
bo da saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebulebaTa xelmZRvanelebi da maTi
moadgileebi; saqarTvelos uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi (garda parlamen-
tis wevrebisa); saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrebi; gen-
eraluri auditori da misi moadgileebi; saxelmwifo rwmunebulebi-
gubernatorebi da maTi moadgileebi; sakrebulos Tavmjdomare,
gamgebeli, qalaqis meri; saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis
saministroebis, dazvervis samsaxurisa da saxelmwifo dacvis spe-
cialuri samsaxuris oficrebi; mosamarTleebi; saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli da misi moadgile; saqarTvelos prezidentis mrCevlebi;
saqarTvelos iusticiis sabWos wevrebi (romlebic ar arian parlamentis
wevrebi); sajaro samsaxuris biuros ufrosi da misi moadgileebi; pro-
kurorebi, maTi moadgileebi, TanaSemweebi da gamomZieblebi; saqarTve-
los komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiisa da saqarTvelos energetikisa
da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiis wevrebi.
190
saqarTvelos konstituciis 50-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad,
proporciuli wesiT arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba aqvs kanoniT
dadgenili wesiT registrirebul moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebas,
romlis mxardaWerac dadasturebulia amomrCevelTa xelmowerebiT or-
ganuli kanoniT dadgenili wesiT, an romelsac hyavs warmomadgeneli
parlamentSi arCevnebis daniSvnis droisaTvis. arCevnebSi 5%-iani
barieris gadamlaxavi partia iRebs Sesabamisi raodenobis sadeputato
mandats.
191
komisiis mier gacemuli droebiTi mowmobebis safuZvelze, axorcielebs
parlamentis aparati. axalarCeuli parlamentis pirvel sxdomas xsnis
saqarTvelos prezidenti. saqarTvelos prezidenti sityvas aZlevs ux-
uces parlamentis wevrs, romelic parlamentis Tavmjdomaris arCevne-
bamde uZRveba parlamentis pirvel sxdomas.
192
elmwifo dawesebulebas, miiRos da Seafasos pasuxebi; parlamentis re-
glamentiT dadgenili wesiT, Sesabamisi organoebis winaSe dasvas
saqarTvelos kanonebisa da sxva normatiuli aqtebis Sesrulebis
Semowmebis sakiTxi; Seuferxeblad Sevides yvela saxelmwifo organiza-
ciaSi, garda saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili gamonaklisi Sem-
Txvevebisa; Sexvdes saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvrul da sxva
Tanamdebobis pirebs.
193
teritoriul erTeulebSi arCeuli wevrebisa da saqarTvelos preziden-
tis mier daniSnuli 5 wevrisagan. saqarTvelos konstitucia sxva detal-
ebs ar akonkretebs da arCevis wess, palataTa uflebamosilebebsa da maT
kompetenciur urTierTmimarTebas organuli kanonis reglamentacias
ukavSirebs.
194
debulebebs, iRebs gadawyvetilebebs parlamentis muSaobis calkeul
organizaciul sakiTxebze; aseve, axorcielebs reglamentiTa da sxva sa-
kanonmdeblo aqtebiT misTvis miniWebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
parlamentis biuros sxdomebs iwvevs da Tavmjdomareobs parlamentis
Tavmjdomare an misi davalebiT _ parlamentis Tavmjdomaris moadgile.
195
ukanaskneli, Tavis mxriv, Tavis daskvnas warudgens parlamentis biuros
uaxloes sxdomaze, romelic iRebs gadawyvetilebas. Tu fraqcia ar
akmayofilebs kanoniT gansazRvrul moTxovnebs, da am safuZvliT mas
uari eTqmeva registraciaze, ufleba aqvs, biuros gadawyvetilebis
marTlzomierebis sakiTxi daayenos plenarul sxdomaze.
saparlamento fraqcia umniSvnelovanes rols asrulebs saparlamen-
to cxovrebaSi. ukve aRniSnuli sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis
garda, fraqcia sxva mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebiT sargeblobs, ro-
melTa Soris SeiZleba gamoiyos konstituciis 59-e muxlis me-2 punqtiT
gaTvaliswinebuli SekiTxvis ufleba.
fraqcias ufleba aqvs, aseve, komitetisa da parlamentis plenarul
sxdomebze, parlamentis reglamentiT dadgenili wesiT gamoTqvas Tavisi
mosazreba parlamentis mier asarCevi kandidaturebis Sesaxeb an im kan-
didaturebis Taobaze, romelTa daniSvnazedac Tanxmobas parlamenti
iZleva, agreTve, monawileoba miiRos kamaTSi, moiTxovos politikuri
debatebis gamarTva da ganaxorcielos saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
misTvis miniWebuli sxva uflebamosilebani. fraqciis erT-erT mniSvne-
lovan uflebamosilebas warmoadgens, misTvis gansazRvruli kvotis
farglebSi, daniSnos komitetebSi wevrebi. fraqcia (aseve, umciresoba da
e.w. ufraqcio 6 kaciani jgufi) uflebamosilia waradginos komitetis
Tavmjdomaris, misi moadgilis (ara pirvelis, romlis wardgenis eqsk-
luziuri prerogativac, komitetis Tavmjdomares ekuTvnis), aseve
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Tavmjdomaris kandidatura.
parlamentSi kanonproeqtis an sxva sakiTxis momzadebisas an ganx-
ilvisas warmoSobil azrTa sxvadasxvaobis aRmofxvrisa da calkeul
debulebaTa dakonkreteba-Sejerebis mizniT, fraqciebTan konsultaci-
is safuZvelze, parlamentis Tavmjdomaris brZanebiT, iqmneba inter-
fraqciuli jgufi. es ukanaskneli fraqciaTa urTierTTanamSromlobisa
da partiuli pluralizmis mniSvnelovani formaa.
fraqciis saqmianobis uzrunvelsayofad iqmneba saTanado pirobebi da
gamoiyofa Sesabamisi Tanxa. fraqcias parlamentis sxdomaTa darbazSi
gamoeyofa Sesabamisi adgili, xolo parlamentis SenobaSi _ samuSao
farTobi. fraqciis saqmianobas uzrunvelyofs fraqciis aparati.
fraqciis aparatis TanamSromelTa saxelfaso fonds, romelic gan-
isazRvreba warmomadgenlobiTobis proporciulad, parlamentis xazi-
nadarTa sabWos wardginebiT amtkicebs biuro.
196
arc erT fraqciaSi, Tu gaerTianebul parlamentis wevrTa saerTo
raodenoba aRemateba parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevars.
mxolod umravlesobis Seqmnis SemTxvevaSi SesaZlebelia umciresobis
Seqmna. im SemTxvevaSi Tu fraqciaSi gaerTianebul parlamentis wevrTa
saerTo raodenoba aRemateba umravlesobis gareT darCenil parlamen-
tis wevrTa raodenobis naxevars, fraqcia Tavisi moTxovnis safuZvelze
iZens umciresobis statuss. umciresobis Seqmna SeuZliaT fraqciebsa da
maTdami mimxrobil parlamentis wevrebs, romlebic ar arian gaer-
Tianebuli arc erT fraqciaSi, Tu gaerTianebul parlamentis wevrTa
saerTo raodenoba aRemateba umravlesobis gareT darCevnil parlamen-
tis wevrTa raodenobis naxevars.
umravlesoba da umciresoba uflebamosilebas iZenen parlamentis
biuros mier maTi registraciis Semdeg, xolo axalarCeuli parlamentis
pirvel sxdomaze _ parlamentis droebiTi samandato komisiis mier reg-
istraciis Semdeg. umravlesobasa da umciresobaSi sxva subieqtebTan
erTad Tanamdebobis pirebad gvevlinebian umravlesobisa da umcireso-
bis liderebi.
umravlesobasa da umciresobas ufleba aqvT waradginon komitetis
Tavmjdomaris kandidatura. komitetis Tavmjdomaris erTi moadgilis
vakansiaze kandidaturis wardgenis ufleba eqskluziurad ekuTvnis um-
ravlesobas. sxva moadgileebze kandidatis wardgenis uflebas
umciresoba inawilebs fraqciasTan da e.w. ufraqcio 6 kacian jgufTan.
umravlesobasa da umciresobas ufleba aqvT waradginon droebiTi
sagamoZiebo komisiis Tavmjdomaris kandidatura. umravlesoba da
umciresoba uflebamosilia moiTxovos politikuri debatebis dRis dan-
iSvna, sadac TiToeuls 45 wuTi eZleva (SedarebisTvis, fraqciebs gamo-
eyofaT 15-15 wuTi). aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sagamoZiebo da sxva
droebiT komisiebSi umravlesobis warmomadgenloba ar unda aRemate-
bodes komisiis wevrTa raodenobis naxevars.
fraqciis msgavsad, umravlesobisa da umciresobis saqmianobis uz-
runvelsayofadac iqmneba aparati, Sesabamisi saxelfaso fondiT.
197
kis; diasporisa da kavkasiis sakiTxTa; evropasTan integraciis; Tav-
dacvisa da uSiSroebis; iuridiul sakiTxTa; regionuli politikisa da
TviTmmarTvelobis; sagareo urTierTobaTa; saproceduro sakiTxTa da
wesebis; safinanso-sabiujeto; sportisa da axalgazrdul saqmeTa;
janmrTelobis dacvisa da socialur sakiTxTa.
komitetebis dakompleqtebis sakiTxSi fraqciebs mniSvnelovani roli
akisriaT. komitetis Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba fraqciaTa war-
momadgenlobisa da im parlamentis wevrTa raodenobis proporciulad,
romlebic ar arian gaerTianebuli arcerT fraqciaSi. komitetebis wev-
rTa raodenobasa da proporciuli warmomadgenlobis kvotebs gan-
sazRvravs parlamentis saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komiteti da
amtkicebs parlamentis biuro, xolo axalarCeuli parlamentis pirvel
sxdomaze _ parlamentis droebiTi samandato komisia da dadgenilebiT
amtkicebs parlamenti.
komitetis SemadgenlobaSi mxolod parlamentis wevri SeiZleba Se-
vides. TiToeul komitetSi 10 parlamentis wevri maincaa, amasTan, Ti-
Toeuli deputati valdebulia erT komitetSi mainc iyos gawevrianebu-
li. parlamentis Tavmjdomare da misi pirveli moadgile ar SeiZleba iyv-
nen komitetis SemadgenlobaSi. rac Seexeba sxva moadgileebs, aseve, um-
ravlesobisa da umciresobis liderebs, fraqciebis Tavmjdomareebs,
komitetSi maTi gawevrebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs Sesabamisi
fraqcia proporciuli warmomadgenlobis kvotebiT dadgenili raode-
nobis Sesabamisad. komitetis sxdoma uflebamosilia, Tu mas eswreba
komitetis siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesoba.
komiteti parlamentis sakmaod mniSvnelovan struqturul erTeuls
warmoadgens. is SeimuSavebs, ganixilavs da parlamentis plenaruli
sxdomisaTvis amzadebs saqarTvelos kanonebis, parlamentis dadge-
nilebebisa da sxva gadawyvetilebebis proeqtebs; monawileobs par-
lamentisTvis wardgenili kanonproeqtebis an sxva aqtebis proeqtebis
ganxilvasa da damuSavebaSi, amzadebs daskvnebs da kanonproeqtis Taoba-
ze warmodgenili SeniSvnebis kanonproeqtSi gaTvaliswinebis
mdgomareobis amsaxvel furcels gadascems parlamentis Sesabamis or-
ganosa da TiToeuli SeniSvnis avtors.
komiteti saqarTvelos mTavrobisaTvis ndobis gamocxadebis Sem-
TxvevaSi ganixilavs mTavrobis wevrTa kandidaturebs, agreTve, im
Tanamdebobis pirTa kandidaturebs, romlebsac irCevs da romelTa dan-
iSvnazedac Tanxmobas iZleva parlamenti, aseve, gadascems daskvnebs
parlamentis aparatis saorganizacio departaments parlamentis
biurosaTvis warsadgenad.
parlamentis reglamentis Tanaxmad, komiteti akontrolebs
saqarTvelos kanonebis, parlamentis dadgenilebebisa da sxva gad-
awyvetilebebis Sesrulebas da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamis das-
kvnas warudgens parlaments; aseve, axorcielebs kontrols saqarTve-
198
los mTavrobisa da parlamentis winaSe angariSvaldebuli saxelmwifo
organoebis saqmianobaze da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Sesabamis daskvnas
warudgens parlaments.
199
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis garda, SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas droebi-
Ti komisiac: teritoriuli mTlianobis aRdgenisa da deokupaciis sa-
kiTxebTan dakavSirebiT; peticiis an saCivris Sesaswavlad, Tu saqme
Seexeba saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis problemebs; saxelmwifo
auditis samsaxuris saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zemoaRniSnuli komisiebis Seqmnisa da maTi saqmiano-
bis safuZvlebi sakmaod mniSvnelovan berkets qmnian saparlamento
kontrolis ganxorcielebisas.
200
cnebiT samarTlis wignebsac aRniSnavdnen, ramdenadac igi saTnoebisa da
borotmoqmedebis sazomad miiCneoda. qarTul samarTalSi „kanons“
mravalgvari mniSvneloba hqonda: igi aRniSnavda samarTlis wignis
muxls, kanonebis krebulsac, samarTlis wigns an Zeglsac.542
sakanonmdeblo procesi aris procedurebis erToblioba, romelic
gulisxmobs: sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis mqone subieqtis mier
kanonproeqtis momzadebas, parlamentisaTvis wardgenas, parlamentis
mier kanonproeqtis ganxilvas, miRebas, saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis
xelmosawerad gadacemas, prezidentis uflebas – SeniSvnebiT daubrunos
parlaments miRebuli kanonproeqti, parlamentis mier prezidentis
SeniSvnebiT dabrunebuli kanonproeqtis ganxilvas, miRebul kanonproe-
qtze prezidentis mier xelis moweras da kanonis gamoqveynebas.
sakanonmdeblo procesis Tavdapirveli stadia (konstituciis 67-e
muxlis pirveli punqtiT gansazRvruli) sakanonmdeblo iniciativis
uflebiT aRWurvili subieqtebis mier kanonproeqtis saqarTvelos par-
amentSi wardgenaa. Semdeg, saqarTvelos parlamentis aparatis Sesabamisi
samsaxurebis daskvnebis safuZvelze, parlamentis biuro registraciaSi
atarebs warmodgenil iniciativas da gansazRvravs Sesabamis komitetebs
(wamyvan da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi savaldebulos), romlebic mas ganixi-
laven pirveli mosmenis reJimSi da gadascemen plenarul sxdmaze gansax-
ilvelad da kenWis sayrelad. Tu parlamenti kenWs uyris pirveli
mosmeniT kanonproeqts, is ubrundeba wamyvan komitets, romelic mas,
amjerad, meore mosmenis reJimSi ganicxilavs (muxlobrivad da punqto-
brivad) da gadascems plenarul sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, romelic
wardgenil kanonproeqts ganixilavs (isic meore mosmenis reJimSi, anu
muxlobrivad da punqtobrivad). aRniSulis Semdeg, kanonproeqti
ubrundeba isev wamyvan komitets, romelic mas ganixilavs mesame mosmenis
reJimSi (redaqciulad) da ganxilvisa da kenWisyris Semdeg gadascems
plenarul sxdomaze gansaxilvelad, romelic kanonproeqts ganixilavs
mesame mosmenis reJimSi da kenWs uyris kanonproeqtis saboloo
redaqcias.
aRniSnulis Semdeg parlamenti 7 (samuSao) dRis vadaSi (am xnis ganmav-
lobaSi, parlamentis aparatSi kanonproeqti muSavdeba redaqciulad)
egzavneba saqarTvelos prezidents promulgaciisTvis _ xelmosawerad
da gamosaqveyneblad, risTvisac saxelmwifos meTaurs, konstituciis
Tanaxmad, 10 dRe aqvs gansazRvruli. prezidenti am vadaSi an awers xels
da aqveynebs kanons an ukan ubrunebs parlaments motivirebuli SeniS-
vnebiT.
parlamenti Tavdapirvelad ganixilavs prezidentis motivirebul
SeniSvnebsa da prezidentis mierve wardgenil kanonproeqts uyris kenWs
da Tu parlamentis saTanado raodenobam (sakmarisia xmaTa igive raode-
noba, rac am saxis kanonproeqtisaTvisaa dadgenili) mxari dauWira mas,
201
kvlavindeburad gadaegzavneba prezidents, romelic xels awers da
aqveynebs kanons.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu prezidentis motivirebulma SeniSvnebma da ka-
nonproeqtma (aucilebelia Tavdapirvelad parlamentma swored es proe-
qti ganixilos) ver miiRo xmaTa saWiro raodenoba, Semdgom kenWisyraze
dgeba (pirdapir) pirvandeli redaqcia (kanonprieqti, romelis par-
lamentis mier me-3 mosmeniT iqna miRebuli da romelsac prezidentma
veto daado). Tu parlamenti mas xmaTa saWiro raodenobiT (am SemTxvevaSi
saWiroa xmaTa ufro meti raodenoba) kvlavindeburad miiRebs kanonpro-
eqts, is gadegzavneba prezidents, romelic mas an awers xels da aqveynebs
an uars ambobs xelmoweraze. am SemTxvevaSi parlamentis Tavmjdomare
awers da aqveynebs kanons.
202
nonproeqtis Sesaxeb; kanonproeqtis finansuri dasabuTeba; kanonproe-
qtis mimarTeba saerTaSorisosamarTlebriv standartebTan; kanonproe-
qtis momzadebis procesSi miRebuli konsultaciebi; kanonproeqtis
avtori; kanonproeqtis iniciatori.
parlamentSi Sesuli kanonproeqti registraciisaTvis gadaecema
parlamentis aparatis saorganizacio departaments, ris Semdegac es
ukanaskneli kanonproeqts gadascems parlamentis aparatis iuridiul
departamentsa da parlamentis sabiujeto ofiss daskvnebis
mosamzadeblad (aparatis iuridiuli departamenti amzadebs daskvnas
kanonproeqtis ganmartebiT baraTSi aRniSnul samarTlebriv, xolo
sabiujeto ofisi ki _ finansur mxareebTan dakavSirebiT). daskvnis
miRebis Semdeg saorganizacio departamenti kanonproeqts, aRniSnuli
daskvniTurT, gadascems biuros, romelic uaxloes sxdomaze iRebs gad-
awyvetilebas kanonproeqtis ganxilvis proceduris dawyebis Sesaxeb.
Tu wardgenili kanonproeqti ar Seesabameba reglamentis moTxovnebs,
parlamentis biuro uflebamosilia, parlamentis aparatis iuridiuli
departamentisa da parlamentis sabiujeto ofisis motivirebuli das-
kvnebis safuZvelze, kanonproeqti xarvezis gamosasworeblad
daubrunos mis iniciators. Tu warmodgenili kanonproeqti
akmayofilebs gansazRvrul moTxovnebs, biuro kanonproeqts gadascems
wamyvan komitets, sxva komitetebs, fraqciebs, umravlesobas, umcireso-
bas, parlamentis aparatis iuridiul departaments, agreTve, saqarTve-
los mTavrobas.
kanonproeqtis miRebidan 3 dReSi komiteti iwyebs kanonproeqtis
ganxilvas da araugvianes sami kvirisa valdebulia daasrulos ganxilva,
ris Semdegac, kanonproeqti gadaecema kvlav biuros, pirveli mosmeniT
ganxilvisaTvis uaxloesi plenaruli sxdomis dRis wesrigSi Sesatanad.
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze pirveli mosmeniT ganxilvisa da
miRebis Semdeg kanonproeqti isev gadaecema wamyvan komitets pirveli
mosmenisas gaTvaliswinebuli SeniSvnebis asaxvisaTvis da parlamentis
plenarul sxdomaze meore mosmeniT ganxilvisa da kenWisyrisaTvis
mosamzadeblad.
wamyvani komitetis mier ganxilvis Semdeg kanonproeqti Sesabamisi
daskvnebiTa da alternatiuli winadadebebiT kvlav gadaecema par-
lamentis biuros meore mosmeniT ganxilvisaTvis uaxloesi plenaruli
sxdomis dRis wesrigSi Sesatanad.
meore mosmeniT ganxilvis Semdeg kanonproeqti egzavneba komitets,
romelic sxdomaze gamoTqmul SeniSvnebs asaxavs da gadascems biuros
mesame mosmeniT ganxilvisaTvis parlamentis plenaruli sxdomis dRis
wesrigSi Sesatanad.
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze mesame mosmeniT ganxilvis Semdeg ka-
nonproeqtis saboloo redaqtirebuli varianti, romlis Tavfurceli
vizirebulia kanonproeqtis Taobaze momxseneblis, wamyvani komitetis
203
Tavmjdomaris (misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi _ misi movaleobis Semsrule-
blis), komitetis aparatis pasuxismgebeli piris, parlamentis aparatis
iuridiuli departamentis ufrosis (misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi – misi
movaleobis Semsruleblis) da iuridiuli departamentis saredaqcio
ganyofilebis ufrosis (misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi – misi movaleobis
Semsruleblis) mier, dgeba kenWisyraze saboloo redaqciiT misaRebad.
kanonproeqti mesame mosmeniT miRebidan 7 dRis vadaSi gadaecema
saqarTvelos prezidents xelmosawerad da kanonis gamosaqveyneblad.
kanonproeqtis iniciators ufleba aqvs, saTanado motivirebiT
gamoiTxovos igi pirveli mosmeniT miRebamde. aseve, unda iTqvas, rom
parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis SemTxvevaSi mis
mier sakanonmdeblo iniciativis wesiT wardgenili da ganxilvis proces-
Si myofi kanonproeqtebi uaryofilad miiCneva. amis Sesaxeb wamyvani
komiteti acnobebs parlamentis biuros.
204
Sedegad sakanonmdeblo winadadeba motivirebuli gadawyvetilebiT
SeiZleba cnobil iqnes miRebulad an uaryofilad. Tu sakanonmdeblo
winadadeba wardgenilia mosamzadebeli kanonproeqtis ZiriTadi princi-
pebis an konkretuli winadadebebis saxiT da wamyvanma komitetma igi
misaRebad cno, komiteti, parlamentis biurosTan SeTanxmebiT, gan-
sazRvrul vadaSi SeimuSavebs kanonproeqts da reglamentiT dadgenili
wesiT gadascems biuros. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sakanonmdeblo winadadeba
wardgenilia kanonproeqtis saxiT da wamyvanma komitetma igi misaRebad
cno, kanonproeqti reglamentiT dadgenili wesiT da gansazRvrul va-
daSi gadaecema parlamentis biuros. sakanonmdeblo winadadebis miRebis
SemTxvevaSi sakanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebis mqone subieqtad wamyva-
ni komiteti miiCneva. sakanonmdeblo winadadebis avtors ufleba aqvs,
gamoiTxovos winadadeba sakomiteto ganxilvamde.
205
mas Semdeg, rac kanonproeqts pirveli mosmeniT miiRebs komiteti,
gadaecema biuros, romelic gansazRvravs mocemuli kanonproeqtis ple-
narul sxdomaze pirveli mosmeniT ganxilvis TariRs.
kanonproeqtis pirveli mosmenisas parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze
ganixileba misi zogadi principebi da ZiriTadi debulebebi. pirveli
mosmenis dasrulebis Semdeg, parlamenti kenWisyriT iRebs erT-erT
Semdeg gadawyvetilebas: a) kanonproeqtis (alternatiuli kanonproe-
qtebidan erT-erTis safuZvlad) pirveli mosmeniT miRebis Sesaxeb; b)
gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT axali kanonproeqtis SemuSave-
bis Sesaxeb.
kanonproeqti, romelic pirveli mosmeniT kenWisyrisas ver daa-
grovebs misi miRebisaTvis saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da parlamentis
reglamentiT dadgenil xmaTa saWiro raodenobas, uaryofilad iTvleba
da formdeba dadgenileba kanonproeqtis uaryofis Sesaxeb. pirveli
mosmeniT ganxilvisas uaryofili kanonproeqtis imave sesiaze ganmeo-
rebiT gatana dasaSvebia, Tu igi arsebiTad gadamuSavda, razedac das-
kvnas waradgens parlamentis aparatis iuridiuli departamenti.
kanonproeqtis pirveli mosmeniT miRebis Semdeg igi masze gamoTqmuli
da gaTvaliswinebuli SeniSvnebis proeqtSi asaxvisa da meore mosmeniT
ganxilvisaTvis momzadebis mizniT gadaecema wamyvan komitets, romelic
kanonproeqts pirveli mosmeniT miRebidan 2 kviris vadaSi ganixilavs.
wamyvani komitetis sxdomaze kanonproeqti ganixileba qvepunqtebis, pun-
qtebis (nawilebis), muxlebis, Tavebis an/da karebis mixedviT da kenWi
eyreba erTianad.
parlamentis mier pirveli mosmeniT ganxilvisas gamoTqmuli SeniS-
vnebis gaTvaliswinebiT gadamuSavebuli kanonproeqti pirveli mosmeniT
miRebidan 3 kviris vadaSi komitetis Tavmjdomaris, xolo misi aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi – uflebamosili moadgilis xelmoweriT, werilobiTi
formiT egzavneba parlamentis aparatis saorganizacio departaments,
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze meore mosmeniT ganxilvisa da ken-
WisyrisaTvis. amasTanave, kanonproeqtis TiToeuli gverdi vizirebuli
unda iqnes komitetis aparatis ufrosis mier.
parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze meore mosmenisas kanonproeqti
ganixileba qvepunqtebis, punqtebis (nawilebis), muxlebis, Tavebis an/da
karebis mixedviT da kenWi eyreba erTianad. parlamentis plenarul
sxdomaze kanonproeqtis meore mosmenisas misi ganxilvis formis (qve-
punqtebis, punqtebis (nawilebis), muxlebis, Tavebis an/da karebis
mixedviT ganxilvis) Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas wamyvani komitetis
winadadebis safuZvelze iRebs sxdomis Tavmjdomare.
dasaSvebia kanonproeqtis meore mosmeniT miReba calkeuli muxlebis
gamoklebiT, isini SeiZleba Semotanil iqnes mesame mosmenisas. meore
mosmenisas kanonproeqts mTlianad eyreba kenWi. pirvel yovlisa, alter-
natiul winadadebas uyrian kenWs. kanonproeqtis meore mosmenis
206
dasrulebis Semdeg parlamenti kenWisyriT iRebs erT-erT Semdeg gad-
awyvetilebas: a) kanonproeqtis meore mosmeniT miRebis Sesaxeb; b)
damatebiTi damuSavebisaTvis kanonproeqtis wamyvan komitetSi dabrune-
bis Sesaxeb.
kanonproeqti, romelic meore mosmeniT kenWisyrisas ver daagrovebs
misi miRebisaTvis saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da parlamentis re-
glamentiT dadgenil xmaTa saWiro raodenobas, Cavardnilad iTvleba.
aseT SemTxvevaSi formdeba dadgenileba kanonproeqtis meore mosmeniT
miuReblobis Sesaxeb. Tu plenarul sxdomaze meore mosmenisas Cavard-
nili kanonproeqti sasesio periodSi 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iniciatoris
moTxovniT ar dadgeba plenarul sxdomaze kenWisyraze, igi uaryofilad
CaiTvleba. aseve, uaryofilad CaiTvleba kanonproeqti, romelic meore
mosmeniT kenWisyris Sedegad erTi sesiis ganmavlobaSi 3-jer ver daa-
grovebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas. amis Sesaxeb plenaruli sxdomis
Tavmjdomare acnobebs parlaments. aRniSnuli faqti formdeba plenar-
uli sxdomis oqmiT.
kanonproeqtis mesame mosmeniT ganxilvisas SesaZlebelia mxolod
redaqciuli cvlilebebis Setana. mesame mosmenisaTvis parlamentis wev-
rebs egzavnebaT kanonproeqtis Sesworebuli varianti, romelSic as-
axulia kanonproeqtis meore mosmenisas gamoTqmuli da gaT-
valiswinebuli SeniSvnebi. parlamentis plenaruli sxdomisaTvis mesame
mosmeniT wardgenil kanonproeqts unda erTvodes wamyvani komitetis
mier momzadebuli, meore mosmeniT kenWisyris Sedegad gaTvaliswinebu-
li SeniSvnebis proeqtSi gaTvaliswinebis mdgomareobis amsaxveli fur-
celi, aseve, wamyvani komitetisa da parlamentis aparatis iuridiuli
departamentis daskvnebi.
meore mosmenisas damatebiTi ganxilvisaTvis gadadebuli muxlebi
kenWisyraze calke dgeba. SeiZleba kanonproeqtis miReba am muxlebis ga-
reSec, Tu isini kanonproeqtis principuli debulebebi araa.
mesame mosmeniT kenWisyris win savaldebuloa kanonproeqtis saboloo
redaqtirebuli variantis parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze darigeba
mesame mosmenisas gamoTqmuli da gaTvaliswinebuli SeniSvnebis asaxviT.
aRniSnuli variantis Tavfurceli vizirebuli unda iyos kanonproeqtis
Taobaze momxseneblis, wamyvani komitetis Tavmjdomaris (misi aryofnis
SemTxvevaSi – misi movaleobis Semsruleblis), komitetis aparatis
pasuxismgebeli piris, parlamentis aparatis iuridiuli departamentis
ufrosis (misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi – misi movaleobis Semsruleblis) da
iuridiuli departamentis saredaqcio ganyofilebis ufrosis (misi ar-
yofnis SemTxvevaSi – misi movaleobis Semsruleblis) mier.
mesame mosmenisas kanonproeqtis saboloo redaqtirebul variants
mTlianad eyreba kenWi. kanonproeqti, romelic mesame mosmeniT ken-
Wisyrisas ver daagrovebs misi miRebisaTvis saqarTvelos konstitucii-
Ta da reglamentiT dadgenil xmaTa saWiro raodenobas, Cavardnilad
207
iTvleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi formdeba dadgenileba kanonproeqtis mesame
mosmeniT miuReblobis Sesaxeb.
mocemul SemTxvevaSic, meore mosmenisas Cavardnili kanonproeqtis
msgavsad, Tu plenarul sxdomaze mesame mosmenisas Cavardnili ka-
nonproeqti sasesio periodSi 1 Tvis ganmavlobaSi iniciatoris moTx-
ovniT ar dadgeba plenarul sxdomaze kenWisyraze, igi uaryofilad
CaiTvleba. aseve, uaryofilad CaiTvleba kanonproeqti, romelic mesame
mosmeniT kenWisyris Sedegad erTi sesiis ganmavlobaSi 3-jer ver daa-
grovebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas. amis Sesaxeb plenaruli sxdomis
Tavmjdomare acnobebs parlaments. aRniSnuli faqti formdeba plenar-
uli sxdomis oqmiT.
meore da mesame mosmenebisas uaryofil kanonproeqts, wardgenis Sem-
TxvevaSi, parlamenti maT axali sakanonmdeblo iniciativis wesiT ganix-
ilavs.
aqve SeiZleba aRiniSnos kidev erTi mniSvnelovani procedura, romlis
safuZvelzedac, plenarul sxdomaze kanonproeqtis ganxilvisas,
aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi, momxseneblis an Tanamomxseneblis motivi-
rebuli winadadebis safuZvelze parlamentma SeiZleba dadgenilebiT
miiRos gadawyvetileba mesame mosmenidan kanonproeqtis meore mosmeniT
plenarul sxdomaze ganxilvisaTvis dabrunebis Sesaxeb.
rac Seexeba kanonproeqtis misaRebad saWiro kvorums, konstituciis
66-e muxlis pirveli punqtis Tanaxmad, kanonproeqti an dadgenileba
miRebulad iTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers damswreTa umravlesoba, ma-
gram aranakleb parlamentis sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedisa, Tu
konstituciiT ar aris gansazRvruli kanonproeqtis an dadgenilebis
miRebis sxva wesi. organuli kanonis proeqts parlamenti iRebs siiTi
Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT.
kanonis, dadgenilebis proeqtis an parlamentis sxva aqtis miRebis
TariRad parlamentis mier misi saboloo redaqciiT miRebis dRe miiC-
neva.
208
sakiTxs ganixilavs da gadawyvetilebas iRebs parlamentis plenaruli
sxdoma.
parlamentis reglamentiT gansazRvrulia rigi debulebebi, ra vi-
TarebaSic dauSvebelia kanonproeqtis daCqarebuli wesiT ganxil-
va/miReba, kerZod: 1. dauSvebelia daCqarebuli wesiT saqarTvelos kon-
stituciisa da konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis ganxilva da miReba; 2.
daCqarebuli wesiT kanonproeqti ganixileba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu igi iT-
valiswinebs mxolod kanonSi cvlilebis Setanas da ara axali kanonproe-
qtis miRebas.
daCqarebuli procedurebis garda, reglamenti iTvaliswinebs,
agreTve, e.w. gamartivebul procedurebs reglamentiTve gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi. saqarTvelos kanonis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis
Sesaxeb kanonproeqti, agreTve, im kanonSi cvlilebis Setanis Sesaxeb ka-
nonproeqti, romelic Seexeba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli TariRis (vadis)
an terminologiuri xasiaTis cvlilebas, parlamentis sxdomaze ganix-
ileba da miiReba gamartivebuli wesiT – erTi mosmeniT.
kanonproeqtis (garda kanonis Zaladakargulad gamocxadebis Sesaxeb
kanonproeqtisa, romelic ganixileba parlamentis biuros gad-
awyvetilebis gareSe) gamartivebuli wesiT ganxilvis Sesaxeb gad-
awyvetilebas iRebs parlamentis biuro, kanonproeqtis iniciatoris an
wamyvani komitetis winadadebis safuZvelze.
daCqarebuli da gamartivebuli wesiT dauSvebelia saqarTvelos kon-
stituciisa da konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis ganxilva da miReba.
209
prezidentis vetos dasaZlevad dadgenili kvorumi konstituciis 68-e
muxlis me-4 punqtiT ganisazRvreba: prezidentis vetos SemTxvevaSi,
kanonis proeqti miRebulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas mxars dauWers parlamen-
tis siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti, organuli kanonis SemTxvevaSi
xmaTa savaldebulo raodenoba sruli Semadgenlobis naxevarze mets,
konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis SemTxvevaSi ki _ parlamentis sruli
Semadgenlobis aranakleb sam meoTxeds Seadgens.
vetos daZlevis Semdeg kanonproeqti kvlavac prezidents egzavneba
da Tu igi dadgenil vadaSi ar gamoaqveynebs kanons, mas xels awers da 5
dReSi aqveynebs parlamentis Tavmjdomare.
prezidentis vetos SemTxvevaSi, Tu kanonproeqti kenWisyrisas ver
daagrovebs xmaTa saWiro raodenobas, igi uaryofilad iTvleba. parla-
ments SeuZlia momdevno morig sesiaze, saqarTvelos prezidentTan kon-
sultaciis Semdeg daubrundes dadgenili wesiT mis ganxilvas.
kanoni oficialurad qveyndeba sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris –
`saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes~ veb-gverdze (www.matsne.gov.ge) da
amoqmeddeba gamoqveynebidan me-15 dRes, Tu kanoniT sxva vada ar aris
gansazRvruli.
210
erTvodes saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi
gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti da sainiciativo jgufis wevrTa mona-
cemebi. am masalebs parlamentis biuro 3 dRis vadaSi gadascems par-
lamentis saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitets. parlamentis
saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komiteti sainiciativo jgufis reg-
istraciaSi gatarebis Sesaxeb gancxadebiT mimarTvidan 7 dRis vadaSi
sainiciativo jgufs gadascems saregistracio mowmobas an motivirebul
uars eubneba registraciaze. sainiciativo jgufi saregistracio mowmo-
bis miRebis dRidan uflebamosilia daiwyos saqarTvelos konstituciis
zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis mxardamWerTa
xelmowerebis Segroveba. xelmowerebis Sesagroveblad parlamentis
saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitetis mier dadgenili formis
TiToeul furcels xels awers ara umetes 50 amomrCevlisa. isini pi-
radad aRniSnaven Semdeg monacemebs: saxels, gvars, dabadebis wels, Tvesa
da ricxvs, misamarTs, pirad nomers, telefonis nomersa da xelmoweris
TariRs. yovel aseT furcels xelmoweriT adasturebs xelmowerebis
SegrovebisTvis pasuxismgebeli piri, romelic pasuxismgebelia xelmow-
erebis sisworisaTvis da pasuxs agebs xelmowerebis gayalbebisaTvis.
TiToeuli pasuxismgebeli piris xelmowera unda damowmdes sanotaro
biuroSi.
Sevsebul xelmowerebis furclebs sainiciativo jgufi saregistra-
cio mowmobis miRebidan 4 Tvis vadaSi warudgens parlamentis biuros,
romelic maT parlamentis saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitets
gadascems. komiteti xelmowerebis furclebis miRebidan 1 Tvis vadaSi
amowmebs xelmowerebis namdvilobas da Sedegebs warudgens parlamentis
biuros. Tu dadginda, rom xelmowerebi Sesrulebulia parlamentis re-
glamentis moTxovnaTa darRveviT, parlamentis biuro uars eubneba
sainiciativo jgufs saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi
gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis parlamentSi gansaxilvelad
wardgenaze. Tu Semowmebis Sedegad namdvil xelmoweraTa raodenoba 200
000-ze naklebi aRmoCnda, amomrCevelTa iniciativiT, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis
wardgenis uflebis ganxorcieleba uaryofilad iTvleba.
amomrCevelTa xelmowerebis namdvilobis Sesaxeb parlamentis
saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komitetis dadebiTi daskvna da 200 000
amomrCevlis mier warmodgenili saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi an
nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqti waredgineba parlamentis
biuros, romelsac sakiTxi Seaqvs parlamentis uaxloesi plenaruli
sxdomebis dRis wesrigSi konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis gam-
oqveynebisa da sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvis saorganizacio komisiis
Seqmnis mizniT, xolo xelmowerebis furclebi gadaecema parlamentis
aparatis saorganizacio departaments.
211
erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi procedura, romelic saqarTvelos kon-
stituciaSi cvlileba/damatebebis ganxorcielebas gansakuTrebul
mniSvnelobas sZens, konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis sayovelTao-
saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis wardgenaa. saqarTvelos konstituciis zogadi
an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtis sayovelTao-saxalxo
ganxilvis uzrunvelyofis mizniT, parlamenti iRebs gadawyvetilebas
sayovelTao-saxalxo ganxilvis saorganizacio komisiis Seqmnis Taobaze.
aRniSnuli komisia 1 Tvis vadaSi ganixilavs saqarTvelos konstituciis
zogadi an nawilobrivi gadasinjvis Sesaxeb kanonproeqtTan da-
kavSirebul masalebs. parlamenti am kanonproeqtis ganxilvas iwyebs misi
gamoqveynebidan 1 Tvis Semdeg.
212
ileba da miiReba erTi mosmeniT da is miRebulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas mxars
dauWers parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesoba.
im SemTxvevaSi, Tu parlamenti ar daamtkicebs aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis konstitucias, miiReba dadgenileba konstituciis mimarT
gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebis Taobaze. Tavis mxriv, Tu aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis umaRlesi sabWo gaiziarebs aRniSnul SeniSvnebs, kon-
stituciis proeqti ganmeorebiT waredgineba parlaments, winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi, iqmneba SemTanxmebeli komisia.
SemTanxmebeli komisia 1 Tvis vadaSi SeimuSavebs „aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis konstituciis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis proeqtisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis
SeTanxmebul teqstebs da warudgens parlaments. parlamenti erTi
mosmeniT ganixilavs SeTanxmebul teqstebs da iRebs dadgenilebas
„aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis damtkicebis Taobaze“
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqtisa da aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis konstituciis SeTanxmebuli teqstebis safuZvlad miRebis
da maTi aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWosTvis
gadacemis Sesaxeb“. aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWo
ganixilavs da kenWs uyris aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituci-
is SeTanxmebul teqsts da avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis
miRebis SemTxvevaSi, parlaments warudgens „aWaris avtonomiuri respu-
blikis konstituciis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis proeqtsa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstitucias.
parlamentis mier dadgenili wesiT damtkicebuli aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis konstitucia da parlamentis mier miRebuli „aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqti egzavneba saqarTvelos pre-
zidents. saqarTvelos prezidenti 10 dRis vadaSi xels awers da
aqveynebs „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis damtkicebis
Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organul kanons an motivirebuli SeniSvnebiT
ubrunebs parlaments organuli kanonis proeqts da aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikis konstitucias. Tu parlamenti ar miiRebs saqarTvelos
prezidentis SeniSvnebs, kenWi eyreba organuli kanonis proeqtis pir-
vandel redaqcias, romelic miRebulad CaiTvleba, Tu mas parlamentis
siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb sami mexuTedi mainc dauWers mxars.
Tu sakanonmdeblo organo saqarTvelos prezidentis SeniSvnebs
miiRebs, parlamenti 5 dRis vadaSi saqarTvelos prezidentis mier war-
modgenil SeniSvnebs aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRles sabWos
ugzavnis. Tavis mxriv, Tu aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi
sabWo miiRebs saqarTvelos prezidentis SeniSvnebs, igi 5 dRis vadaSi
parlaments warudgens aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciisa
da „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituciis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqtis saboloo redaqciebs. par-
213
lamentis mier miRebuli „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis konstituci-
is damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqti 5 dRis
vadaSi egzavneba saqarTvelos prezidents. saqarTvelos prezidenti 7
dRis vadaSi xels awers da aqveynebs „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
konstituciis damtkicebis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos organul kanons.
Tu aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWo ar miiRebs
saqarTvelos prezidentis SeniSvnebs, iqmneba SemTanxmebeli komisia da
muSavdeba SeTanxmebuli proeqti.
214
elmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqti parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze
ganixileba erTi mosmeniT.
plenarul sxdomaze saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqts da mimdi-
nare wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb mox-
senebas waradgens (waradgenen) saqarTvelos premier-ministri an
saqarTvelos mTavrobis romelime wevri (wevrebi) saqarTvelos premier-
ministris Sesabamisi aqtiT miRebuli davalebiT.
saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqtis ganxilvaSi Sesvenebis gamo-
cxadebidan 2 dRis vadaSi, magram araugvianes 14 noembrisa, komitetebi,
fraqciebi, umravlesoba da umciresoba, damoukidebeli parlamentis
wevrebi TavianT daskvnebsa da winadadebebs (SeniSvnebs) warudgenen par-
lamentis safinanso-sabiujeto komitets, romelic maT Tavis daskvnas-
Tan da winadadebebTan (SeniSvnebTan) erTad imave dRes ugzavnis par-
lamentis Tavmjdomares. parlamentis Tavmjdomare daskvnebsa da
winadadebebs (SeniSvnebs) miRebidan 1 dRis vadaSi, magram araugvianes 15
noembrisa, ugzavnis saqarTvelos mTavrobas.
saqarTvelos mTavroba daskvnebisa da winadadebebis (SeniSvnebis)
gadacemis Semdeg, magram araugvianes 30 noembrisa, warudgens parla-
ments saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqtis (romlis TiToeuli gverdi
vizirebulia misi momzadebisaTvis pasuxismgebeli piris mier) da qveynis
ZiriTadi monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis dokumentis saboloo varian-
tebs parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze gamoTqmuli winadadebebisa da
SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informaciasTan er-
Tad, romlebic momdevno dRes egzavneba parlamentis komitetebs,
fraqciebs, umravlesobas, umciresobas, damoukidebel parlamentis wev-
rebs, agreTve, saqarTvelos erovnul banksa da saxelmwifo auditis sam-
saxurs.
saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqts parlamenti plenarul
sxdomaze ganixilavs saqarTvelos mTavrobis mier misi saboloo vari-
antis wardgenidan arauadres 5 dRisa. parlamenti saxelmwifo biujetis
kanonis proeqts iRebs siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT. saxelmwifo
biujetis kanonis proeqts kenWi eyreba araugvianes dekembris mesame par-
askevisa.
Tu parlamenti ver miiRebs saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqts
araugvianes dekembris mesame paraskevisa, SesaZlebelia saxelmwifo biu-
jetis kanonis proeqtis imave variants an saqarTvelos mTavrobisa da
parlamentis wevrTa SemTanxmebeli komisiis monawileobiT gada-
muSavebul proeqts xelaxla eyaros kenWi 10 dRis vadaSi, magram araugvi-
anes 31 dekembrisa. Tu momdevno sabiujeto wlis dawyebamde parlamenti
ver miiRebs saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis proeqts, xarjebi daifareba
wina wlis saxelmwifo biujetis kanonis mixedviT.
215
2.2.6.2. parlamentis kontrolis uflebamosilebebi
2.2.6.2.1. saparlamento kontroli
216
unda, SesaZloa prezidents ar hyavdes `sakuTari umravlesoba“, magram
garkveul saparlamento jgufTan hqondes kavSiri.
saparlamento mmarTvelobis saxelmwifoebSi, rogorc aRiniSna, im
pirobebSi, rodesac aRmasrulebel xelsuflebas esaWiroeba parlamen-
tis, e.i. misi umravlesobis ndoba, praqtikulad gamoricxulia, rom, Tu
mTavroba ar sargeblobs saparlamento umravlesobis mxardaWeriT, man
SeZlos saqmianobis ganxorcieleba. swored amitom, aseT SemTxvevebSi,
saparlamento umciresobaa dainteresebuli subieqti, isargeblos kon-
stituciiT gansazRvruli kontrolis procedurebiT. yovelive
zemoaRniSnulze saubrisas, bunebrivia, yuradReba maxvildeboda par-
lamentis sakontrolo funqciis ganxorcielebis efeqturobaze, ram-
denadac nebismieri mmarTvelobis formis saxelmwifoSi, aRniSnuli fun-
qciiT sargeblobis ufleba aqvs parlamentsa da mis wevrebs. saparlamen-
to kontrolis ganmaxorcielebel subieqtebTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli
statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze, SesaZlebelia iTqvas, rom am
uflebamosilebebiT, rogorc wesi, saparlamento umciresoba
sargeblobs da es ara marto saqarTvelos sinamdvilisTvisaa damaxasi-
aTebeli. aseTi praqtikaa sxva qveynebSic da swored amitom mniSvnelo-
vania, rom umciresobisTvisac iyos garantirebuli saparlamento
kontrolis gasaxorcieleblad saWiro proceduruli mowesrigeba.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 48-e muxlis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos par-
lamenti gansazRvravs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikis ZiriTad
mimarTulebebs da Semdeg ukve konstituciiT gansazRvrul sazRvrebSi
kontrols uwevs mTavrobis mier ganxorcielebul qmedebebs. parlamen-
tis mier kontrolis farglebi saqarTvelos konstituciiTa
SemosazRvruli da sakanonmdeblo organo mas ver gacdeba.
217
rogoc aRiniSna, saparlamento kontrolis formebi da safuZvlebi
saqarTvelos konstituciaSia gawerili, Tumca meqanizmebi, sazRvar-
gareTis qveynebSi damkvidrebuli praqtikis msgavsad, ufro detalurad
parlamentis reglamentSia gawerili.
2.2.6.2.2.1. interpelacia
218
samTavrobo saaTze mosmenili sakiTxebi SeiZleba gaxdes parlamentis
ganxilvis sagani, risTvisac gadawyvetilebis proeqtis mosamzadeblad
SeiZleba Seiqmnas specialuri jgufi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi am sa-
kiTxebis iniciatorTa aranakleb TiTo warmomadgeneli mainc Sedis.
Tanamdebobis pirs ufleba aqvs, kiTxvisa da SekiTxvas pasuxi ar gasces
mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu informacia saxelmwifo an samxedro saidum-
loebas Seicavs.
parlamentis komitetebi da sxva droebiTi komisiebi maTi kompe-
tenciisTvis mikuTvnebul sakiTxebze informaciis mosmenis, kontroli-
sa da Semowmebis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstituciisa da kanonebis
darRvevis gamovlenil faqtebze SeimuSaveben da saqarTvelos mTavro-
bas, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis sxva organoebs ugzavnian rek-
omendaciebs. maTi ganxilvis Sedegebi an miRebuli zomebi ara ugvianes
erTi Tvisa an winaswar dadgenil vadaSi ecnobeba parlamentis Sesabamis
komitetsa da komisias.
saparlamento kontrolis kidev erT saxes iTvaliswinebs parlamentis
reglamentis 225-e muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac, parlamentis plenaruli
sxdoma, biuro, komiteti uflebamosilia aqtualuri sakiTxis Seswavlisa
da Sesabamisi gadawyvetilebis proeqtis momzadebis mizniT, parlamentis
wevrTagan daniSnos momxsenebeli an momxsenebelTa jgufi, romelic
Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs mTavar momxsenebels. momxsenebeli
adgens sakiTxis Seswavlis gegmasa da grafiks, gansazRvravs mis
SeswavlaSi monawile specialistebs, xelmZRvanelobs sakiTxis
Seswavlas, pasuxismgebelia misi damuSavebisa da gadawyvetilebis proe-
qtis momzadebisaTvis. parlamentis plenaruli sxdomis mier daniSnul
momxsenebels ufleba aqvs, administraciuli organosagan gamoiTxovos
da miiRos nebismieri informacia (maT Soris, konfidencialuri) da axsna-
ganmarteba nebismier sakiTxze. momxsenebeli gadawyvetilebis proeqts
gansaxilvelad warudgens parlamentis biuros an komitetis sxdomas.
219
aramarTlzomieri xarjvis Sesaxeb; romlis Seswavlac saxelmwifo da
sazogadoebrivi TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania.
rac Seexeba droebiTi komisiis Seqmnis moTxovnis uflebamosilebiT
aRWurvil subieqtebs, esenia: parlamentis Tavmjdomare, komiteti,
fraqcia, parlamentis Semadgenlobis aranakleb erT mexuTedi. aRniSnu-
li subieqtebi wardginebiT mimarTaven biuros, sakiTxis uaxloesi ple-
naruli sxdomis dRis wesrigSi Sesatanad. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisi-
is Seqmnis mizanSewonilobis sakiTxs parlamenti kenWs uyris plenarul
sxdomaze damswreTa xmebis umravlesobiT, magram aranakleb parlamen-
tis sruli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamedisa. parlamentis gad-
awyvetilebaSi miTiTebuli unda iyos droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis
Seqmnis safuZveli, gamosakvlev sakiTxTa wre, komisiis uflebamosilebis
vada da wevrTa raodenoba.
mas Semdeg, rac parlamentis plenarul sxdomaze mizanSewonilad
iqneba miCneuli droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Seqmna, parlamentis
saproceduro sakiTxTa da wesebis komiteti gansazRvravs droebiT
sagamoZiebo komisiaSi proporciuli warmomadgenlobis kvotebs, rasac
Semdeg parlamentis biuro amtkicebs. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis
Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba fraqciebSi gaerTianebul parlamentis
wevrTa da im parlamentis wevrTa raodenobis proporciulad, romlebic
ar arian gaerTianebuli arcerT fraqciaSi. rac mTavaria, unda aRin-
iSnos, rom droebiT sagamoZiebo komisiaSi umravlesobis war-
momadgenloba ar unda aRematebodes komisiis wevrTa raodenobis naxe-
vars.
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis wevrTa kandidaturebis SerCevis
Semdeg ukve kenWi eyreba droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb
gadawyvetilebis proeqts. masSi miTiTebuli unda iyos droebiTi sagamo-
Ziebo komisiis uflebamosilebis vada da wevrebis, maT Soris, droebiTi
sagamoZiebo komisiis Tavmjdomaris vinaoba.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis
Tavmjdomaris kandidaturis wardgenis ufleba aqvT fraqcias, umrav-
lesobas, umciresobas, parlamentis wevrTa eqvskacian jgufs. Tu
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Tavmjdomared wardgenilia 2 an 2-ze
meti kandidati, komisiis Tavmjdomare airCeva komitetis Tavmjdomaris
arCevisaTvis gansazRvruli wesiT. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Se-
qmnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba miiReba parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis
umravlesobiT.
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisia iqmneba mxolod konkretuli sakiTxis
Sesaswavlad da uqmdeba parlamentis reglamentiT dadgenili wesiT, sa-
kiTxis SeswavlisTanave. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis
uflebamosilebis vadas gansazRvravs parlamenti. droebiTi sagamoZiebo
komisia SeiZleba Seiqmnas ara umetes 3 Tvis vadiT. komisiis
220
uflebamosilebis vada SeiZleba gagrZeldes TiTo TviT. saerTo jamSi,
komisiis uflebamosilebis saerTo vada ar unda aRematebodes 6 Tves.
rac Seexeba droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis prerogativebs, unda aRin-
iSnos, rom parlamentis reglamentis 64-e muxlis Tanaxmad, droebiTi
sagamoZiebo komisiis moTxovnis SemTxvevaSi, mis sxdomaze gamocxadeba
savaldebuloa. aseve, droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis moTxovnis Sem-
TxvevaSi, saxelmwifo organoebi, Tanamdebobis pirebi, iuridiuli da
fizikuri pirebi valdebuli arian, komisiis mier gansazRvrul vadaSi,
dadgenili wesiT waradginon sakiTxis gamokvlevisaTvis aucilebeli
daskvnebi da sxva saWiro masalebi. droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisia
uflebamosilia, werilobiT moiTxovos da saqarTvelos mTavari proku-
roris nebarTviT, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT
dadgenili wesiT adgilze gaecnos sisxlis samarTlis saqmes, agreTve,
gamoZiebis ardawyebis Sesaxeb arsebul masalebs, Tu komisias miaCnia,
rom aRniSnul saqmeSi an masalebSi moipoveba mis mier gansaxilveli sa-
kiTxis gamokvlevisaTvis saWiro monacemebi. gamomZiebeli valdebulia
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis werilobiTi moTxovnis safuZvelze,
saqarTvelos mTavari prokuroris davalebiT uzrunvelyos komisiis
wevrebisaTvis sisxlis samarTlis saqmisa da masalebis adgilze gacnobis
SesaZlebloba.
droebiT sagamoZiebo komisias ufleba aqvs, gansaxilvel sakiTxze in-
formaciis mopovebis mizniT saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesabamisi organos
winaSe dasvas sakiTxi, xolo parlamentis aparats mimarTos saqarTvelos
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT sakontrolo-sarevizio RonisZiebaTa
gatarebis Taobaze. droebiT sagamoZiebo komisias ufleba aqvs,
Sesaswavl sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ama Tu im garemoebis gamo moiwvios da
werilobiTi axsna-ganmarteba CamoarTvas nebismier pirs, garda kanoniTa
da am reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. droebiT sagamo-
Ziebo komisias ufleba aqvs, gansaxilvel sakiTxze informaciis mosmenis,
kontrolisa da Semowmebis Sedegad saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis
darRvevis faqtis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi, dasvas sakiTxi im Sesabamisi
organos an Tanamdebobis piris winaSe, romelic valdebulia aRkveTos
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobis darRveva, xolo saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobis darRvevis xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, Sesabamisi organos an
Tanamdebobis piris winaSe dasvas gamoZiebis dawyebis, administraciuli
an disciplinuri warmoebis aRZvris, ukanono mflobelobidan sax-
elmwifo qonebis gamoTxovis an saxelmwifosaTvis miyenebuli zianis
anazRaurebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebis sakiTxi.
droebiT sagamoZiebo komisias ufleba aqvs, Tavisi saqmianobis
saWiroebidan gamomdinare, parlamentis reglamentiT dadgenili wesiT
dasvas mis SemadgenlobaSi myofi parlamentis wevrisaTvis saqarTvelos
teritoriaze moqmed patimrobis/Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawese-
221
bulebaSi specialuri nebarTvis gareSe Sesvlis uflebis miniWebis sa-
kiTxi.
droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisia uflebamosilia, konkretuli da-
valebis Sesasruleblad, Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organos xelmZRvanel-
Tan SeTanxmebiT moiwvios saqarTvelos prokuraturis, Sinagan saqmeTa
saministros, sxva organoTa, dawesebulebaTa da uwyebaTa TanamSrom-
lebi, romlebic, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisufldebian samsax-
urebrivi movaleobisagan da Sesabamis saxelmwifo organoSi unarCunde-
baT xelfasi da unazRaurdebaT samivlinebo xarjebi.
222
struqturebis umaRles Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmianobazec. saqarTve-
los erovnuli banki parlaments warudgens momavali sami wlis moneta-
ruli politikis ZiriTad mimarTulebebis proeqts da is mtkicdeba mim-
dinare wlis bolomde. aseve, saqarTvelos erovnuli banki parlaments
warudgens angariSs fulad-sakredito da savaluto politikis ganxor-
cielebis Sesaxeb, xolo saqarTvelos safinanso zedamxedvelobis saa-
gento – angariSs sazedamxedvelo politikis ganxorcielebis Taobaze.
sakmaod mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis angariSi
qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis
Sesaxeb, iseve, rogorc, specialuri moxseneba, romelTa ganxilvis sa-
fuZvelzedac parlamenti iRebs dadgenilebas an rezolucias. par-
lamentis dadgenileba unda Seicavdes qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvelis angariSis Sefasebas, agreTve, parlamentis rekomendaciebsa
da maTi Sesrulebis monitoringis vadebs.
aseve, aRsaniSnavia, rom mTavroba parlaments weliwadSi erTxel
warudgens adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebebis/ganCinebebis aRsrulebis Sesaxeb angariSs im saqmeebTan
dakavSirebiT, romlebzedac wina wels miRebulia evropis sabWos min-
istrTa komitetis saboloo rezolucia.
weliwadSi erTxel parlaments angariSs warudgens, aseve, personalur
monacemTa dacvis inspeqtori qveyanaSi personalur monacemTa dacvis
mdgomareobisa da personalur monacemTAa dacvis inspeqtoris mier ganx-
orcielebuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb.
mas Semdeg, rac erTmaneTisgan gaimijna Sinagan saqmeTa saministro da
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuri, parlamentis reglamentSi gaCnda
Sesabamisi muxli, romlis Tanaxmadac, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebis samsaxuris ufrosi weliwadSi erTxel parlaments
warudgens samsaxuris mier wina wels gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb an-
gariSs.
prokuraturis sistemaSi ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo
cvlilebebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos parlamenti kanoniT gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi da procedurebiT, uflebamosilebas uwyvets mTavar pro-
kurors. aseve uflebamosilia, saprokuroro sabWos mimarTos sagangebo
(ad hoc) prokuroris daniSvnis winadadebiT im SemTxvevaSi, Tu arsebobs
sakmarisi safuZveli varaudisTvis, rom mTAvarma prokurorma Caidina
danaSauli.
parlamenti uflebamosilia, aseve amave kompetenciis farglebSi un-
dobloba gamoucxados sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis sameurveo sabWos,
aseve, kanonmdeblobiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevaSi Tanamdebobidan gaa-
Tavisuflos saqarTvelos komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis wevri.
223
2.2.6.2.2.5. parlamentis mier miRebuli da aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis normatiuli aqtebis aRsrulebis kontroli
224
SeimuSavebs rekomendaciebs, romlebsac ugzavnis Sesabamis uwyebas. rek-
omendaciebis ganxilvis an miRebuli zomebis Sesaxeb unda ecnobos
komitets araugvianes 1 Tvisa an mis mier dadgenil vadaSi“. komiteti
akontrolebs kanonebisa da parlamentis dadgenilebebis gardamavali
debulebebiT misi gamgeblobisaTvis mikuTvnebul sferoSi Semavali aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebebisaTvis gansazRvruli da-
valebebis dadgenil vadaSi Sesrulebas.
2.2.6.2.2.6. impiCmenti
225
saaTobrivad gawerili procedurebi gamowveulia saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis 63-e muxlis me-2 punqtSi ganxorcielebuli cvlilebiT, rom-
lis Tanaxmadac, Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlom daskvniT daadastura
prezidentis qmedebaSi danaSaulis Semadgenlobis niSnebis arseboba an
konstituciis darRveva, parlamenti daskvnis wardgenidan araugvianes
15 dRisa ganixilavs da kenWs uyris prezidentis impiCmentis wesiT
Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis sakiTxs. impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan
gadayenebis sakiTxze kenWisyra farulia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 63-e muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu
parlamentma 15 dReSi ar miiRo gadawyvetileba prezidentis impiCmentis
wesiT Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb, imave sakiTxze impiCmentis
proceduris dawyeba dauSvebelia.
saqarTvelos prezidenti impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan gaday-
enebulad CaiTvleba, Tu am gadawyvetilebas mxars dauWers parlamentis
sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamedi. rac Seexeba konstituciis
64-e muxliT gansazRvruli Tanamdebobis pirebs, maTi impiCmentis wesiT
Tanamdebobidan gadasayeneblad saWiroa parlamentis wevrTa sruli
Semadgenlobis umravlesoba.
dauSvebelia impiCmentis proceduris ganxorcieleba sagangebo an sa-
omari mdgomareobis dros. reglamentis 234-e muxlis Tanaxmad, aseT Sem-
TxvevaSi parlamenti saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis wardgenili
braldebis ganxilvas iwyebs/agrZelebs sagangebo an saomari
mdgomareobis gauqmebis Semdeg, uaxloesi (morigi an riggareSe) sesiis
pirvelsave sxdomaze.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 63-e muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad, Tu
parlamentma dadgenil vadaSi ar miiRo gadawyvetileba prezidentis
impiCmentis wesiT Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis Sesaxeb, imave sakiTxze
impiCmentis proceduris dawyeba dauSvebelia.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
226
2. Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis
Sesavali, m. maisuraZis Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi,
2003, 131-210
3. demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, meore gam-
ocema, Tbilisi, 171-212
4. yuraSvili k., Cokoraia k., buCukuri a., bikameralizmis dilemebi, ba-
Tumi, 2011
5. eremaZe q, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis ur-
TierTdamokidebu-leba Sereuli mmarTvelobis mqone respublikaSi
(safrangeTis magaliTze), Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2002
227
Tavi VII
prezidenti
228
daeyrdno, xolo, meore mxriv, _ XVIII saukunis britaneTis sakonstitu-
cio gamocdilebas. Tumca amerikul saprezidento modelze arsebiTi
gavlena samoqalaqo omma moaxdina, aseve, Zlieri da centralizebuli
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saWiroebam, romelsac krizisul situa-
ciebSi swrafi da efeqturi gadawyvetilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba
eqneboda. swored am gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT SemuSavebuli sa-
konstitucio uflebamosilebebiT sargeblobda pirveli prezidenti
jorj vaSingtoni, Statebis erTaderTi upartio prezidenti, romelmac
ori vadiT prezidentobis pirveli precedenti Seqmna.
prezidentis institutis e.w. `amerikuli modeli~ (mniSvnelovani
cvlilebebiT) maleve gaiziares evropis saxelmwifoebma. safrangeTsa da
SveicariaSi prezidentis politikuri Tanamdeboba 1848 wels iqna
SemoRebuli, riTac safuZveli Caeyara prezidentis institutis e.w.
`evropul models~.548 meore msoflio omis dasrulebis Semdeg evropul
saxelmwifoTa umravlesobam prezidentis Tanamdebobis institucion-
alizeba moaxdina. XX saukuneSi aRniSnuli tendencia gavrcelda aziis
saxelmwifoebSic, xolo sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg yofili sabWoTa
socialisturi saxelmwifoebis absoluturma umravlesobam amerikuli
da evropuli gamocdileba gaiziara.
aRsaniSnavia safrangeTSi prezidentis institutis formirebasTan
dakavSirebuli movlenebi. 1848 wels safrangeTSi, Zalauflebis gam-
ijvnis Teoriaze dayrdnobiT, saxelmwifos meTauris funqciebi da
mTlianad aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba daeqvemdebara prezidents.
pirvel prezidentad lui napoleoni iqna arCeuli. `saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis organizaciis Sesaxeb~ 1875 wlis sakonstitucio kanoniT sax-
elmwifos meTaurs kidev ufro gaezarda uflebamosilebebi. 1946 wels
safrangeTSi axali konstitucia iqna miRebuli, romlis mixedviTac,
prezidenti airCeoda parlamentis mier 7 wlis vadiT. konstituciiT
Camoyalibda saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis saparlamento forma, magram
`Zlieri parlamentis ideaze~ dafuZnebulma saxelmwifo xelisuflebam
ver uzrunvelyo rTuli socialur-politikuri problemebis mogvareba.
Zlieri prezidentis ideis momxre iyo Sarl de goli, romlis
mmarTvelobis dros SemuSavda da referendumis gziT iqna miRebuli
safrangeTis moqmedi, 1958 wlis konstitucia, romelmac qveyanaSi dRes
arsebuli mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento modeli daamkvidra.
konstituciis mixedviT, aRmasrulebeli Zalaufleba realurad xalxis
mier arCeuli prezidentis xelSi gadavida, xolo premier-ministri misi
nebis ganmaxorcielebeli gaxda. am formaciis prezidents `ugvirgvino
da umkvidro monarqad~ moixseniebdnen549. premier-ministris uflebebi
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda 1986 wlis saparlamento arCevnebSi miteranis
memarjvene-centristuli partiis gamarjvebis Semdeg da dadga pre-
zidentsa da opoziciur mTavrobas Soris `Tanacxovrebis~ (kohabitaci-
is) periodi.
229
italiaSi XIX saukunis bolomde formalurad monarqiuli mmarTvelo-
bis forma iyo SenarCunebuli. 1922-1943 wlebSi qveyanas realurad mu-
solini marTavda. 1946 wlis referendumis Sedegebze dayrdnobiT, ita-
lia respublikad gamocxadda, 1947 wels miRebul iqna italiis kon-
stitucia, romelmac mmarTvelobis saparlamento forma SemoiRo (pre-
zidents mxolod simboluri uflebamosilebebi da arbitris funqcia
mieniWa).
230
Webs samxedro wodebebs, samxedro sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT gamoscems
Sesabamis samarTlebriv aqtebs da a.S;
d) axorcielebs piris samarTlebriv statusTan dakavSirebul
uflebamosilebebs _ Seiwyalebs msjavrdebulT, wyvets moqalaqeobis
miniWebisa da politikuri TavSesafris micemis sakiTxebs, aniWebs sapa-
tio wodebebsa da jildoebs;
e) sagangebo uflebamosilebebi – saxelmwifos meTauri acxadebs sa-
gangebo an saomar mdgomareobas, gamoscems kanonis Zalis mqone aqtebs,
Seqmnili sagangebo an saomari mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT,
uflebamosilia SezRudos pirTa samoqalaqo, politikuri, ekonomikuri,
socialuri, kulturuli da sxva uflebebi. aseT dros SeiZleba SeizRu-
dos umaRles saxelmwifo organoTa calkeuli uflebamosilebebic (mag.,
sakanonmdeblo organos SeezRudos mTavrobis daTxovnis ufleba da
a.S.)551.
231
mimarTebiT igi ufro principulia, roca mas zurgs umagrebs uSualod
xalxis mier miniWebuli mandati.
saprezidento kandidatebis mimarT dadgenilia sxvadasxva cenzi, maT
Soris:
a) moqalaqeobis cenzi _ es moTxovna arCevnebSi monawileobis
uflebas aZlevs mxolod im qveynebis moqalaqeebs, sadac arCevnebi tar-
deba (mag., safrangeTi, saqarTvelo). zogierTi saxelmwifos kanon-
mdebloba arCevnebSi prezidentobis kandidatad monawileobis uflebas
mxolod dabadebiT moqalaqeebs aZlevs da krZalavs naturalizebuli
moqalaqisaTvis arCevnebSi pasiuri saarCevno uflebiT sargeblobas
(mag., aSS, bulgareTi), zogan ikrZaleba bipatridebis, anu ormagi
moqalaqeebis arCevnebSi monawileoba (mag., azerbaijani, latvia).
saarCevno kanonmdebloba SesaZlebelia adgendes saxelmwifosadmi
erovnuli kuTvnilebis aucileblobas (mag., braziliaSi – brazilieli,
saberZneTSi – saberZneTis moqalaqe, romlis mama berZenia, argentinaSi –
argentinis teritoriaze dabadebuli moqalaqe an sxva qveyanaSi
dabadebuli piri, romlis mama aris dabadebiT argentinis moqalaqe);
b) binadrobis cenzi _ saxelmwifoTa nawili adgens arCevnebamde pe-
riodSi an zogadad, garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifos teri-
toriaze yofnis aucileblobas. mag., 14 welia dadgenili amerikis Seer-
Tebul StatebSi, 10 weli _ saberZneTSi, somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi;
g) asakobrivi cenzi _ asakobrivi cenzis mixedviT, saprezidento kan-
didati garkveul asaks miRweuli piri unda iyos. zogadad, saprezidento
kandidatis mimarT asakobrivi cenzi ganisazRvreba 35 (aSS, brazilia,
avstria, azerbaijani, ukraina), 40 (saberZneTi, germania) an 50 wliT (ita-
lia);
d) sxva saxis cenzebi _ SeiZleba dawesdes ganaTlebis cenzi an sxva
saxis SezRudvebi msjavrdebulebis, sasuliero pirebis mimarT da a.S.
saprezidento arCevnebis mimdinareoba xasiaTdeba winaaRmdegobrivi
da gaurkveveli mdgomareobiT. gardamavali periodis prezidenti jer
kidev inarCunebs prezidentis realur Zalauflebas, magram misi poli-
tikuri kapitali, gansazRvruli periodis amowurvis gamo, Semcirebu-
lia. sapirispirod, axalarCeuli prezidenti sargeblobs axali
saarCevno mandatidan momdinare uzarmazari politikuri gavleniT, ma-
gram Zalauflebis formaluri kontrolis sadaveebi jer kidev ar gaaC-
nia.555
232
respublikuri mmarTvelobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formebia sapre-
zidento, saparlamento da Sereuli tipis respublikebi556, Tumca amgvari
klasifikacia pirobiTia. praqtikasa da sakonstitucio samarTlis Te-
oriaSi calkeuli niSnebisa da niuansebis safuZvelze gamoiyofa respu-
blikuri mmarTvelobis qvesaxeebi. amgvar dayofas gansakuTrebuli mniS-
vneloba aqvs, radgan mmarTvelobis konkretuli formisadmi kuTvnileba
arsebiT gavlenas axdens prezidentis statussa da uflebamosilebebis
moculobaze. sxvagvarad, `mmarTvelobis sistema gansazRvravs sax-
elmwifos meTauris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiT aRWurvis xarisxs~557.
233
daeTanxmos kanonproeqtis Sinaarss da gamoiyenos sruli an nawilobrivi
vetos ufleba, imis mixedviT, Tu kanonproeqtis ra nawils ar eTanxmeba.
kanonproeqti, romlis mimarT prezidentma vetos ufleba gamoiyena, ig-
zavneba parlamentSi, romelsac SesaZlebloba aqvs, gadalaxos veto.
rogorc wesi, vetos gadalaxvisaTvis sakanonmdeblo organos imaze meti
kvorumi sWirdeba, vidre kanonis miRebisaTvis aris dadgenili. umetesi
qveynebis, maT Soris, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebisa da laTinuri ameri-
kis saxelmwifoebis konstituciebi vetos gadalaxvisTvis minimumad sa-
kanonmdeblo organos Semadgenlobis xmaTa 2/3-s adgens. vetos
gadalaxvis SemTxvevaSi, prezidenti xels awers da aqveynebs kanons560. es
praqtika momdinareobs britanuli tradiciidan, sadac parlamentis mier
miRebuli aqtebi iuridiul Zalas iZenda mxolod monarqis mier maTi
xelmoweris Semdeg.561
sakanonmdeblo saqmianobis sferoSi prezidentis gansakuTrebuli
uflebamosilebis miuxedavad, romelic kanonis xelmowerasa da gam-
oqveynebas gulisxmobs, saprezidento respublikebSi prezidenti sa-
kanonmdeblo iniciativis uflebiT ar sargeblobs, risi ZiriTadi miz-
ezic Zalauflebis gamijvnis principi da aqedan gamomdinare, xelisu-
flebis Stoebis mier erTmaneTis saqmianobaSi Carevis akrZalvaa.
samecniero literaturaSi prezidentis gankargulebaSi arsebuli
gansakuTrebuli uflebamosilebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gamoyofen su-
persaprezidento mmarTvelobis formas. am modelis mixedviT, pre-
zidenti aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauria, romelsac farTo sa-
marTalSemoqmedebiTi uflebamosilebebi aqvs, maT Soris, vetosa da sa-
kanonmdeblo iniciativis farTo uflebebi, ukiduresad rTulia pre-
zidentis impiCmentis proceduris ganxorcieleba, Semcirebulia par-
lamentis sakontrolo uflebamosilebebi, `prezidenti konstituciaSi
warmoCenilia, rogorc saxelmwifo xelisuflebis vertikali~562. super-
saprezidento respublika warmoadgens saprezidento respublikis de-
formirebul formas, sadac prezidentis xelSi Tavmoyril
uflebamosilebaTa moculoba konstitucionalizmisa da demo-
kratiisaTvis namdvil safrTxes warmoadgens563.
234
saxalxo warmomadgenlobis yvelaze maRali xarisxia mocemuli. sapar-
lamento models saprezidento mmarTvelobisgan ZiriTadad mTavrobis
formirebisa da politikuri pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxebi ganasxvavebs.
mmarTvelobis saparlamento modelis mixedviT, saxelisuflebo
veqtori sakanonmdeblo organos sasargeblod aris gadaxrili, rac pre-
zidentis SedarebiT nominalur statussa da uflebamosilebebs ga-
napirobebs. prezidenti, ZiriTadad, axorcielebs warmomadgenlobiTi
xasiaTis funqciebs: warmoadgens saxelmwifos sagareo urTierTobebSi,
uflebamosilia miiRos ucxo saxelmwifoTa da saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciebis oficialuri warmomadgenlebi da diplomatiuri Tanamdebobis
pirebi, sxva saxelmwifoebSi daniSnos elCebi da sxva diplomatiuri war-
momadgenlebi, monawileoba miiRos mTavrobis formirebaSi, daniSnos
arCevnebi, Seiwyalos msjavrdebulebi, ganaxorcielos umaRlesi mTavar-
sardlis funqciebi da sxv.
saparlamento respublikebSi mTavrobis formireba ZiriTadad sa-
kanonmdeblo organos kompetencias ganekuTvneba. prezidenti
uflebamosilia, parlamentTan SeTanxmebiT, gadaayenos mTavroba, an
daiTxovos parlamenti, Tumca mxolod mTavrobis TanxmobiT. mTavrobis
politikuri pasuxismgebloba saparlamento mmarTvelobis formis erT-
erTi niSania, sxvagvarad, `saparlamento reJims axasiaTebs, erTi mxriv,
saxelmwifos meTaurisa da mTavrobis meTauris funqciebis gancalkeve-
ba, romlebic konkretul organoebs gadaecemaT da, meore mxriv, mTav-
robis meTaurisaTvis ukiduresad mniSvnelovani uflebamosilebebis
gadacema, romlebic, tradiciulad, pirveli piris prerogativa iyo~566.
mmarTvelobis saparlamento formis mTavari problema, mTavrobis
parlamentze damokidebulebis gamo, sakanonmdeblo organoSi sapar-
lamento umravlesobis ararsebobis pirobebSi, xelisuflebis arasta-
biluroba SeiZleba gaxdes. Tu parlamenti arastabiluria, aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba SeiZleba xelmZRvanelis gareSe darCes, rac
saxelmwifos funqcionirebas uSlis xels.567
saparlamento da saprezidento mmarTvelobis modelebs Soris Zi-
riTadi gansxvaveba aRmasrulebeli xelisufalis arCevaSi mdgomareobs.
saparlamento respublikaSi saxelmwifos meTauri airCeva ara xalxis,
aramed sakanonmdeblo organos mier. rogorc wesi, sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoebis umravlesoba, aseve, irCevs aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis me-
Taurs _ premier-ministrs568. amasTan, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba aris
kolegiurad pasuxismgebeli organo da prezidentisgan damoukideblad
axorcielebs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. saparlamento respublikaSi
prezidenti, ZiriTadad, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis organoebs Soris arbitris funqcias asrulebs.
235
1.4.3. prezidenti saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis Sereul modelSi
236
flebis mqone prezidentiT~ (safrangeTi); 3. sistema prezidentisa da
mTavrobis balansiT (fineTi, portugalia).570
2. saqarTvelos prezidenti
237
elmwifo mmarTvelobis saprezidento modeli da SemoRebul iqna
`mmarTvelobis forma, romlis konceptualur safuZvlad saxeldeba e.w.
`franguli modeli~573. Sesabamisad, prezidentis aRmasrulebeli fun-
qciebis didi nawili gadaeca premier-ministrsa da mTavrobas.
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi masStaburi cvlilebebi ganxorcielda
2010 wlis sakostitucio reformis Sedegad, romlis miznad `qveynis
Tanamedrove, mdgradi da stabiluri ganviTareba, samarTlis uzenaesoba,
samoqalaqo sazogadoebasa da saxelmwifos Soris civiluri ur-
TierTobebis uzrunvelyofa~574 iyo deklarirebuli.
cvlilebebis xasiaTi saparlamentos msgavs mmarTvelobis formaze
gadasvlam ganapiroba. aRniSnuli cvlilebebis mixedviT, prezidenti
aRar iqneboda umaRlesi warmomadgeneli sagareo urTierTobebSi, gau-
qmda saqarTvelos prezidentobis kandidatis mimarT wardgenili
dabadebiT saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis moTxovna da saprezidento
arCevnebSi pasiuri saarCevno xmiT monawileobis ufleba saqarTvelos
naturalizebul moqalaqeebsac miecaT. prezidents SeezRuda poli-
tikuri Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba, aRmasrulebeli saqmianobis
sferoSi prezidentis mTeli rigi uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba
mxolod mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT gaxda SesaZlebeli. prezidents,
aseve, SeezRuda referendumis sakuTari iniciativiT daniSvnis ufleba.
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi 2010 wels Sesuli masStaburi
cvlilebebis amoqmedebas ukavSirdeba kontrasignaciis saxiT qarTuli
sakonstitucio samarTlisaTvis sruliad axali institutis damkvidre-
ba: saqarTvelos prezidentis samarTlebrivi aqtebis nawili iuridiul
Zalas iZens mxolod premier-ministris mier Tanaxelmoweris Semdeg.
amasTan, konstituciiT ganisazRvra im sakiTxTa wre, romlebTan da-
kavSirebiTac gamocemuli prezidentis samarTlebrivi aqtebi kontrasi-
gnacias ar saWiroeben.
aRsaniSnavia, rom kontrasignaciis instituti damaxasiaTebelia mxo-
lod im saxelmwifoebisaTvis, sadac parlamentis winaSe mTavrobis
politikuri pasuxismgebloba arsebobs.575 `Tanamedrove evropuli sax-
elmwifoebis konstituciebi, romlebic iTvaliswineben kontrasignaciis
meqanizms, ar adgenen Tanaxelmowerili aqtis aRsrulebaze specialuri
pasuxismgeblobis konkretul procedurebs. Sesabamisad, kontrasi-
gnaciis institutis realur samarTlebriv Sinaarss warmoadgens ara
saxelmwifos meTauris aqtebze Tanaxelmomwer pirze pasuxismgeblobis
gadatana, aramed aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebisa da saxelmwifos meTau-
ris funqciebisa da kompetenciebis gamijvna.~576
2013 wlis 25 martis konstituciuri kanonis safuZvelze saqarTvelos
prezidents SeezRuda saqarTvelos parlamentisgan damoukideblad
mTavrobis formirebis SesaZlebloba. amave cvlilebebiT, prezidents
mieniWa ufleba, saqarTvelos konstituciis 51-e muxliT gansazRvrul
SemTxvevebSi, daiTxovos saqarTvelos parlamenti da daniSnos rigga-
238
reSe arCevnebi. kanonproeqtis avtorTa azriT, cvlilebebamde arsebuli
modeli politikuri krizisisa da destabilizaciis warmoqmnis maRal
risks Seicavda, gansakuTrebiT prezidentsa da mTavrobas an/da sapar-
lamento umravlesobas Soris.577
239
oficialurad gamocxadebidan (araugvianes kenWisyridan 20 dRe) ori
kviris Tavze, Tu arCevnebis pirvel turSi vercerTma kandidatma miiRo
xmaTa saWiro raodenoba. meore turSi monawileobas iRebs pirvel turSi
ukeTesi Sedegebis mqone 2 kandidati da maT Soris gamarjvebulis gam-
ovlena xdeba amomrCevelTa xmebis ubralo umravlesobiT. Tu isini
xmaTa Tanabar raodenobas miiReben, meore turSi gamarjvebulad
dasaxeldeba pirvel turSi ukeTesi Sedegebis mqone kandidati; g)
Catardes xelaxali arCevnebi arCevnebis dRidan ori Tvis vadaSi, Tu
pirvel turSi monawileobda mxolod erTi kandidati da man amom-
rCevelTa xmebis saWiro raodenoba ver moagrova.
saqarTvelos prezidentis arCevidan mesame kvira dRes imarTeba inau-
guraciis ceremonia, rac prezidentis mier ficis dadebasa da sapro-
gramo sityvis warmoTqmas gulisxmobs. axladarCeuli prezidentis mier
ficis dadebis momentidan moqmedi prezidentis uflebamosileba wydeba.
240
prezidentis gadayenebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas, sakiTxi moxsnilad
miiCneva da imave sakiTxze impiCmentis proceduris dawyeba dauSvebelia.
241
Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan gadaayenebs saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrossa da sxva mxedarT-
mTavrebs, amtkicebs samxedro SeiaraRebuli Zalebis struqturas.
saqarTvelos prezidenti saqarTveloze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis
SemTxvevaSi acxadebs saomar mdgomareobas, uflebamosilia miiRos gad-
awyvetileba samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb, Sesabamisi pirobebis
arsebobisas debs zavs da araugvianes 48 saaTisa, aRniSnul gad-
awyvetilebebs dasamtkiceblad warudgens parlaments; uflebamosilia
miiRos gadawyvetileba saxelmwifos Tavdacvis mizniT gansakuTrebul
da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi sxva saxelmwifos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Semoyvanis, gamoyenebisa da gadaadgilebis
Sesaxeb, agreTve, saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebis Sesaxeb,
(maT Soris, saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblis mizniT). aR-
niSnuli gadawyvetilebebi dauyovnebliv waredgineba saqarTvelos par-
laments da ZalaSi Sedis mxolod sakanonmdeblo organos Tanxmobis
Semdeg.
saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia qveynis mTel teritoriaze
an mis romelime nawilSi gamoacxados sagangebo mdgomareoba da es gad-
awyvetileba warudginos saqarTvelos parlaments araugvianes 48
saaTisa, Tu erT-erTi Semdegi garemoeba mainc arsebobs: a) omianoba da
masobrivi areuloba; b) qveynis teritoriuli mTlianobis xelyofa; g)
samxedro gadatrialeba da SeiaraRebuli amboxeba; d) sxva SemTxvevebSi,
rodesac saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebi moklebulni arian kon-
stituciuri uflebamosilebebis normaluri ganxorcielebis SesaZle-
blobas.
saomari an sagangebo mdgomareobis dros prezidenti gamoscems
kanonis Zalis mqone dekretebs, romlebic moqmedeben Sesabamisi
mdgomareobis damTavrebamde da mxolod im teritoriis farglebSi, sa-
dac gamocxadebulia saomari an sagangebo mdgomareoba. saqarTvelos
prezidenti, rogorc saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi mTa-
varsardali, gamoscems brZanebas.
242
flebs saqarTvelos elCebsa da sxva diplomatiur warmomadgenlebs,
iRebs ucxoeTis saxelmwifoTa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis elCe-
bisa da sxva diplomatiuri warmomadgenlebis akreditacias, aseve,
saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan SeTanxmebiT axorcielebs saqarTvelos kon-
stituciiT gansazRvrul sxva sagareo uflebamosilebebs580.
243
raodenobis dagrovebis SemTxvevaSi prezidentis vetos daZlevs. ni-
Sandoblivia, rom prezidentis vetos daZlevisaTvis konkretuli kanon-
isaTvis sakanonmdeblo organos ufro maRali donis mxardaWeraa saWiro
(sakanonmdeblo organos wevrTa meti xma), vidre es Cveulebrivi sakanon-
mdeblo procesis dros aris gaTvaliswinebuli.
veto upirvelesad sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi meqanizmia, rome-
lic politikuri gemovnebis miuxedavad, prezidentis eqskluziur
uflebamosilebaTa arsenalSi moiazreba. vetos meqanizmis konstituci-
uri arsi ukeTesi kanonmdeblobisa da samarTlebrivi sistemis Camoyal-
ibebas emsaxureba. profesor kverenCxilaZis mosazrebiT, `veto
namdvilad ar aris arc konstitucionalizmis TeoriaSi, arc praqtikaSi,
arc saxelmwifos politikur cxovrebaSi miCneuli konfrontaciis da
dapirispirebis instrumentad. es aris xelisuflebis dabalansebis da
ukeTesi sakanonmdeblo produqtis, ukeTesi xarisxis kanonebis miRebis
erT-erTi yvelaze qmediTi berketi~.581 amdenad, vetos uflebiT
sargebloba mxolod aRniSnuli miznis miRwevas unda emsaxurebodes da
viwro partiuli motivaciisgan Tavisufali unda iyos.
saqarTveloSi vetos samarTlebrivi institutis damkvidrebas sa-
fuZveli 1995 wlis konstituciam daudo da dRemde vetos gamoyenebis
Tanamedrove praqtika sakmaod mravalmxrivi da saintereso aspeqtebiT
xasiaTdeba. niSandoblivia, rom vetos Sinaarssa da misi gamoyenebis
sixSireze garkveulwilad aisaxeba qveyanaSi politikur ZalTa gadan-
awileba da Tanafardoba. saqarTvelos prezidentis mier vetos gam-
oyenebis sakanonmdeblo diapazoni sakmaod mravalferovania. bolo
wlebSi prezidentis vetos argumentirebulobisa da moculobis zrda
SeiniSneba. am mxriv, SeiZleba iTqvas, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia pre-
zident margvelaSvilis vetoebi582.
qarTul sinamdvileSi pirvelad vetos ufleba prezidentma Sevard-
naZem 1995 wlis 21 dekembers `saparlamento fraqciebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanonis mimarT gamoiyena, romlis iniciatoric saqarTve-
los parlamentis sakonstitucio, iuridiul sakiTxTa da kanonierebis
komiteti iyo. am periodidan moyolebuli 2003 wlis bolomde 20-mde
kanonis mimarT iqna vetos ufleba gamoyenebuli. 2003 wlis dekembridan
2008 wlis 23 dekembramde saqarTvelos prezidents ar usargeblia vetos
uflebiT, rac saxelisuflebo ZalTa erTi politikuri gundidan
formirebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. 2008 wlidan moyolebuli vetos gam-
oyenebis praqtikisTvis mniSvnelovani iyo e.w. `kohabitaciis periodi~,
roca 2012 wlis dekembridan 2013 wlis noembramde prezident saakaSvi-
lis mier sul 13-jer iqna vetos ufleba gamoyenebuli, Tumca maTi ab-
soluturi umravlesoba saqarTvelos parlamentis mier daiZlia.
saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqciis mixedviT, vetos gam-
oyenebisa da daZlevis procedura amgvaria: parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonproeqti 7 dRis vadaSi egzavneba saqarTvelos prezidents, rome-
244
lic 10 dRis vadaSi xels awers da aqveynebs kanons an motivirebuli
SeniSvnebiT ubrunebs kanonproeqts parlaments. parlamenti kenWs uyris
prezidentis SeniSvnebs da Cveulebrivi proceduriT, kanonis
miRebisTvis konstituciiT dadgenili xmebis mogrovebis SemTxvevaSi,
miRebul kanonproeqts 7 dRis vadaSi xelmosawerad kvlav prezidents
ugzavnis. Tu kanonproeqti prezidentis SeniSvnebiT ver daagrovebs
xmaTa saWiro raodenobas parlamenti iwyebs vetos daZlevis procedur-
as, rac gamoixateba kanonproeqtis pirvandeli versiis kenWisyraSi da
romlis warmatebiT ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi prezidenti an forma-
lurad awers xels kanonproeqts an am funqcias saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis Tavmjdomare asrulebs.
245
saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia moiTxovos calkeul sa-
kiTxTa mTavrobis sxdomaze ganxilva da monawileoba miiRos am ganxilva-
Si, romelsac, aseve, eswrebian erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebi.
saqarTvelos prezidenti uflebamosilia konstituciiTa da kanoniT
gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi parlaments warudginos, daniSnos, gaa-
Tavisuflos da gadaayenos sxvadasxva Tanamdebobis piri. rogorc sax-
elmwifos meTauri, monawileobs konstituciiT gansazRvrul sxva
Tanamdebobis pirTa Tanamdebobaze gamwesebaSic.
saqarTvelos prezidenti saqarTvelos konstituciiT miniWebul
uflebamosilebaTa did nawils kontrasignaciis wesiT axorcielebs.
Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisebic. garda saomari mdgomareobis dros gam-
ocemuli aqtebisa, Tanaxelmowera (kontrasignacia), aseve, ar sWirdeba im
aqtebs, romelTa gamocema ukavSirdeba parlamentis arCevnebis daniS-
vnas, pirveli da riggareSe sxdomis/sesiis mowvevas, kanonis xelmowerasa
da gamoqveynebas, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvas, premier-
ministris kandidaturis wamoyenebas, saomari mdgomareobis gamo-
cxadebas, prezidentis administraciisa da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul aqtebs. amasTan, kontrasignacia ar
sWirdeba prezidentis im samarTlebriv aqtebs, romlebic gamocemulia
mTavrobis wardginebiT, an romlebzec mTavrobas micemuli aqvs
winaswari Tanxmoba.
246
stituciurobis sakiTxis Semowmebis mizniT; arCevnebisa da referen-
dumis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am normebis safuZvelze Casatarebe-
li arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobis Semowmebis mizniT;
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa da SeTanxmebaTa an maT calkeul
debulebaTa konstituciurobis Semowmebis mizniT; parlamentis wevris
uflebamosilebis cnobis an vadamde Sewyvetis Sesaxeb parlamentis gad-
awyvetilebis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis dadgenis mizniT; `aWaris
avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ darRvevis Semowmebis miz-
niT.
sakonstitucio zedamxedvelobis funqciis ganxorcielebad SeiZleba
miCneul iqnas prezidentis mxridan kanonproeqtze suspenziuri vetos
uflebis gamoyeneba da sxv.
247
brZanebuleba, gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi, Tu is exeba sakadro da person-
alur sakiTxebs, SeiZleba ar iyos normatiuli aqti. brZanebuleba ZalaSi
Sedis gamoqveynebisTanave, Tu Tavad brZanebulebiT sxva ram ar aris
dadgenili. konstituciiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi parlamentis
daTxovnis dros prezidenti swored brZanebulebas gamoscems.
gankarguleba _ saqarTvelos prezidentis individualuri adminis-
traciulsamarTlebrivi aqti, romelic gamoicema prezidentis kompe-
tenciaSi Semavali mimdinare _ erTjeradi sakiTxebis gadasawyvetad.
248
dadebis momentamde prezidentis uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs
saqarTvelos prezidentis movaleobis droebiT Semsrulebeli.
249
robis wardginebiT, parlamentis TanxmobiT, TviTmmarTvelobis an ter-
itoriuli erTeulebis sxva warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis saqmianobis
SeCerebisa da daTxovnis Sesaxeb; saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis
winadadebebis SemuSavebas erovnebaTaSorisi urTierTobebisa da
samoqalaqo integraciis sakiTxebze; saqarTvelos prezidentis da-
valebebis Sesrulebasa da kontrols sarezervo fondis gankargvasTan
dakavSirebiT; kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT administraciaSi war-
modgenili angariSebis saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis wardgenas;
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos prezidentis samarTlebrivi aq-
tebisa da davalebebis Sesrulebis monitorings; kanonmdeblobiT
saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebas mikuTvnebuli sxva sa-
kiTxebis regulirebis xelSewyobas.585
saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis xelmZRvanelobas axor-
cielebs saqarTvelos prezidenti, Tumca administracias hyavs adminis-
traciis ufrosi, romelsac Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan
aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos meTauri. administraciis struqtura gan-
isazRvreba saqarTvelos prezidentis mier, romelic niSnavs da aTa-
visuflebs administraciis yvela Tanamdebobis pirs, maT Soris, adminis-
traciis ufrosis moadgileebs.
saqarTvelos prezidentis mier calkeul sakiTxTa Seswavlis mizniT
SeiZleba Seiqmnas komisiebi da sabWoebi, romlis Semadgenlobasac
saqarTvelos prezidenti Tavad gansazRvravs. saqarTvelos prezidents
hyavs mrCevlebi, TanaSemweebi sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da saparlamento
mdivani, romelic warmoadgens mas parlamentTan urTierTobaSi da misi
stutusi, ufleba-movaleobebi da funqciebi ganisazRvreba specialuri
kanoniT586.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
250
literatura
251
Tavi VIII
mTavroba
252
(mag., aSS), sadac mTavroba prezidents daqvemdebarebuli organoa;
Sereuli anu bicefaluri modeli, romlis farglebSi mTavroba aR-
masrulebel Zalauflebas axorcielebs prezidentTan erTad (safrang-
eTi, fineTi.) da e.w. kabineturi modeli, roca aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
flebis umaRlesi organo aris mTavroba, xolo prezidents an monarqs
mxolod saxelmwifo meTauris funqciebi aqvs (mag., gaerTianebuli same-
fo, germania da sxv.).
mTavrobis, rogorc aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, Zalauflebis
xarisxi uSualodaa damokidebuli Sesabamisi umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo
organos uflebamosilebaTa moculobaze, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sax-
elmwifos sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi sinamdviliT ganisazRvreba.Aam
TvalsazrisiT, sajaro xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel
xelisuflebad institucionalizaciis specifikuri maxasiaTeblebis
mixedviT, gansxvavebul realobas qmnian saparlamento da saprezidento
mmarTvelobis formebi. gansxvaveba vlindeba arsebiTad or komponentSi:
uflebamosilebebiT aRWurvis ierarqiuli anu subordinaciuli proce-
dura, romlis farglebSi aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis formireba
xdeba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier (saparlamento mmarTvelobis
forma) da uflebamosilebis SeZena-ganxorcielebis e.w. `tranzaqciuli~
modeli, romlis farglebSi sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisu-
fleba legitimacias da Sesabamisad, uflebamosilebas iZenen ur-
TierTdamoukideblad, pirdapiri arCevnebis meSveobiT (saprezidento
mmarTvelobis forma). cxadia, arsebobs, aseve, mmarTvelobis formis
araerTi hibriduli anu Sereuli modeli (mmarTvelobis saparlamento-
saprezidento an saprezidento-saparlamento forma), romelic orive
modelis calkeul maxasiaTeblebs iTavisebs.591
Sereuli anu hibriduli mmarTvelobis sistemisa da saprezidento
mmarTvelobisagan gansxvavebiT, saparlamento mmarTvelobis sistemis
farglebSi, samTavrobo politika saparlamento umravlesobis poli-
tikur nebas efuZneba da misiT warimarTeba.592 saparlamento mmarTvelo-
bis modeli qmnis, ZiriTadad, mravalpartiul sistemas, stabiluri
saparlamento umravlesobiT (umravles SemTxvevaSi, koaliciuri um-
ravlesobiT), romelic aRWurvilia sakonstitucio krizisis pre-
venciisaTvis aucilebeli konkretuli meqanizmebiT (mTavrobis daTx-
ovna undoblobis gamocxadebiT, vetos daZlevis procedura da sxv.).
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formebis mixedviT klasifikaciis garda,
samTavrobo sistemebi gansxvavdebian, agreTve, `demokratiuli umrav-
lesobisa~ da `konsensualuri demokratiis~ principebis calkeuli max-
asiaTeblis mixedviT:593 Zalauflebis koncentraciis xarisxi aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauris uflebamosilebebSi v. Zalau-
flebis gamijvna segmentebis (saministroebis) mixedviT; samTavrobo kab-
inetis dominanti roli parlamentTan mimarTebiT v. uflebamosilebaTa
maqsimaluri balansi; erTpalatiani parlamenti v. asimetriuli bikam-
253
eralizmi; unitaruli v. federaciuli saxelmwifo; gadasinjvis wesis
mixedviT moqnili v. myari konstitucia; samTavrobo kabinetze
damokidebuli v. avtonomiuri centraluri banki; saarCevno sistemis
Taviseburebebi; politikuri gadawyvetilebebis gadasinjvis SesaZle-
bloba sakonstitucio kontrolis farglebSi da a.S.
dasavleTevropuli politikuri realobisgan gansxvavebiT, sadac sax-
elmwifoTa TiTqmis sruli umravlesoba monarqiis formiT Ta-
naarsebobs, aRmosavleTevropul da gansakuTrebiT, postsabWoTa sax-
elmwifoebSi saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formad respublika
594
dominirebs. amasTan, maSin, rodesac dasavleTevropuli sax-
elmwifoebis umravlesoba, iqneba es monarqia Tu respublika, arsebiTad,
bikameruli parlamentarizmisTvis damaxasiaTebeli politikuri sistem-
is farglebSi funqcionireben, aRmosavleTevropuli saxelmwifoebi
qmnian, ZiriTadad, saprezidento an Sereuli mmarTvelobis formis
respublikebs, sadac aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis Semadgenloba du-
alisturia: aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas meTaurobs premier-ministri,
xolo saxelmwifos meTauris funqcias pirdapiri arCevnebis safuZvelze
arCeuli prezidenti flobs.
1970-ian wlebidan saberZneTSi, espaneTsa da portugaliaSi diqta-
toruli reJimebis damxobis Semdeg aRiarebulia, rom dasavleTevropu-
li qveynebi ganekuTvnebian samarTlebrivi saxelmwifosa da plural-
isturi demokratiebis struqturul tips, parlamentarizmis arsebiTi
maxasiaTeblebiT (aSS-is tipis Zlieri saprezidento modeli595 da-
savleTevropul sivrceSi ar moipoveba).596 miuxedavad amisa, safrangeTsa
da fineTSi droTa ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda e.w. naxevrad saprezidento,
igive mmarTvelobis forma, romelic mTavrobis meTauris mimarT pir-
dapiri wesiT arCeuli prezidentis dominanturi politikuri fun-
qciebis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saTaveSi,
faqtobrivad, or politikur figuras moiazrebs. dRemde sadavod miiC-
neva,597 _ es aris mmarTvelobis formis axali saxeoba, Tu naxevrad
saprezidento mmarTvelobis modeli ubralod saparlamento respu-
blikaa, prezidentis dominirebadi funqciebiT.
naxevrad saprezidento mmarTvelobis modelis mixedviT, sapar-
lamento umravlesobas aqvs premier-ministris da mTeli mTavrobis
gadayenebis ufleba, Tumca es kompetencia Tavis klasikur daniSnulebas
kargavs, rodesac formalurad parlamentisadmi araangariSvaldebuli
prezidenti mTavrobis funqciebis nawils faqtobrivad iTavsebs da in-
arCunebs uflebas, daiTxovos parlamenti. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom
yovel calkeul SemTxvevaSi amosavali wertili aris konkretuli in-
stitutis faqtobrivi Zalaufleba, radgan, mag., safrangeTis kon-
stituciis mixedviT, safrangeTis prezidenti bevrad nakleb
uflebamosilebebs flobs, vidre zogierTi saparlamento respublikis
saxelmwifos meTauri. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis Zalaufleba
254
damokidebulia saparlamento umravlesobis partiul Semadgenlobaze,
kerZod, aris Tu ara prezidentis partia saparlamento umravlesobaSi.
Tuki saparlamento umravlesoba, prezidentis mxardamWeri partiisgan
gansxvavebiT, romelime opoziciuri partiisgan kompleqtdeba, war-
moiqmneba e.w. kohabitaciuri reJimi (Cohabitation). kohabitaciuri reJimis
arsebobisas premier-ministri inarCunebs dominant rols da saxelmwifo
funqcionirebs, rogorc saparalmento respublika. Sereuli mmarTve-
loba moixsenieba, aseve, terminiT _ `saparlamento-saprezidento~
sistema, romelic, Tavis mxriv, mkveTrad gansxvavdeba `saprezidento-
saparlamento~ mmarTvelobis sistemisgan, ramdenadac am ukanasknelis
arsebobisas, mag., ruseTis federaciis SemTxvevaSi, Zlieri politikuri
funqciebiT aRWurvili prezidenti inarCunebs calkeuli ministris da
saerTod, mTeli samTavrobo kabinetis gadayenebis uflebamosilebas.
mmarTvelobis CamoTvlil formebs Soris gamonaklisia Sveicaria, sa-
dac aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas parlamentis mier dakompleqtebuli
kolegiuri aRmasrulebeli organo _ `bundesraTi~ (Bundesrat) axor-
cielebs (romlis gadayenebis kompetencia parlaments ar gaaCnia), ar
arsebobs damoukideblad struqtuirebuli saxelmwifo meTauris in-
stitucia da saxelmwifo meTauris funqciebs Tavad `bundesraTi~ an
Sveicariis konfederaciis prezidenti asrulebs, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
yovelwliurad Sesabamisi erovnuli krebis (da ara parlamentis) mier
`bundesraTis~ Svidwevriani Semadgenlobidan airCeva.
19 dasavleTevropuli saxelmwifodan 8-Si saxelmwifos meTauri
monarqia. es faqti demokratiis principis garkveul gamonakliss qmnis,
romlis mixedviT, sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba peri-
odulad da araerTdroulad ganaxlebadi unda iyos da rom xelisu-
flebis am ori Stos legitimacias perioduli arCevnebi ganapirobebs.
demokratiis principTan am Taviseburi winaaRmdegobis gaTvaliswine-
biT, Tanamedrove dasavleTevropul qveynebSi monarqebi konstituciiT
gaTvaliswinebul da am formiT legitimirebul met-naklebi intensivo-
bis `simbolur politikur funqciebs~ floben.598 am TvalsazrisiT,
Tavisebur gamonakliss qmnis SvedeTi da espaneTi, sadac monarqi
uflebamosilebaTa sakmaod Zlieri speqtriTaa warmodgenili. yvela
monarqias is saerTo aqvs, rom monarqi xelSeuxeblad miiCneva da aravis
winaSea pasuxismgebeli.
norvegiis, daniis, luqsemburgis, belgiisa da niderlandebis kon-
stituciebis Sesabamisad, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba kvlavac monarqs
abaria, romelic, aseve, sakanonmdeblo procesis sanqcionirebis an sa-
kanomdeblo iniciativis uflebiT sargeblobs.599 monarqi formalurad
niSnavs da aTavisuflebs ministrTa meTaurs da ministrebs (belgia, da-
nia, luqsemburgi, norvegia), ufleba aqvs daiTxovos parlamenti da gam-
oscems brZanebebs samxedro sferosTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze. ka-
nonebi ZalaSi Sedis monarqis mier xelmoweris Semdeg an es ukanaskneli
255
flobs vetos uflebas (luqsemburgi), Tumca, gansakuTrebul Sem-
TxvevebSi, yvela konstitucia iTvaliswinebs kanonebis premier-
ministris an yvela ministris mier konstrasignaciis valdebulebas.
256
1.4. mTavrobis Semadgenloba
257
1.6. mTavrobisaTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba da gadayeneba
2. saqarTvelos mTavroba
2.1. samarTlebrivi warsuli – restrospeqtiva
2.1.1. demokratiul respublikamde
258
sabolood, daaxloebiT erTi saukunis Semdeg 1917 wels caristuli
mmarTvelobis ukve revoluciiT damxobis SedegebiT sargeblobs
saqarTvelo _ 1918 wlis 26 maiss saqarTvelos erovnulma sabWom
damoukidebloba gamoacxada. miRebul iqna saqarTvelos damoukide-
blobis aqti, romelic iuwyeboda: `amieridan saqarTvelos xalxi su-
verenuli uflebebis matarebelia, xolo saqarTvelo _ srulfasovani
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa. damoukidebeli saqarTvelos politikuri
formaa _ demokratiuli respublika~. saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis for-
mad `demokratiuli respublikis~ gansazRvriT ukve de jure dadginda,
rom saqarTvelos politikuri mmarTvelobis forma ukve aRar iyo
monarqia.600
1801 wlis rusul aneqsiamde (gauqmda aneqsiis Sedegad de facto) da 1918
wels pirveli respublikis dafuZnebamde (1918 wels gauqmda de jure)
rogorc erTiani saqarTvelos, ise danawevrebuli samefo-samTavroebis
mmarTvelobis forma monarqia iyo. Sesabamisad, uZvelesi qarTuli sa-
marTlebrivi Zeglebi, romlebic moqmedebis rogorc drois, ise teri-
toriuli masStabebis mixedviT gansxvavdebian, moicaven monarqistuli
cnobierebisa da samarTlebrivi sinamdvilisTvis damaxasiaTebel
debulebebsa da tipur niSan-Tvisebebs.601
istoriuli wyaroebi metyvelebs, rom Sua saukuneebisa da Semdgomi
periodis qarTuli monarqiuli mmarTvelobisaTvis ar iyo ucxo vezirTa
Tanamdebobebi (mag., meWurWleTuxucesi, amirspasalari da a.S.), rom-
lebic calkeuli sferoebis mixedviT gansxvavebul funqciebs iTavseb-
dnen da romelTac, ZiriTadad, mefis aRmzrdeli vazirTuxucesi
xelmZRvanelobda (Sua saukuneebis SemTxvevaSi).602 msgavsi Tanamdebobis
pirebi qmnidnen erTgvar kolegiur organos, romelic mefis Semdeg
yvelaze Zlieri uflebamosilebiT sargeblobda. am saxis `ministrTa
kabinetis~ funqciebi, Semadgenloba da calkeuli Tanamdebobis pirebis
uflebamosileba-saxelwodebani saukuneTa msvlelobis paralelurad
saxesxvaobs da sabolood, monarqiis gauqmebis fonze sruliad qreba.
259
flebis, demokratiis da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos im Rirebulebebs,
romelsac, aseve, Tanamedrove evropa eyrdnoba“604. 1921 wlis konstitu-
ciis Sesaxeb remsi makdonaldi, gaerTianebuli samefos yofili premier-
ministri werda: „vendobi am konstitucias, mis socialur da ekonomikur
konstruqciebs. visurvebdi mexila igive Cems qveyanaSi“605.
1921 wlis konstituciis me-5 Tavi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas exeba
da saqarTvelos mTavrobis statussa da uflebamosilebebs awesrigebs.
konstituciis 66-e muxli gansazRvravs, rom `umaRlesi marTvelobis aR-
masrulebeli xelisufleba ekuTvnis respublikis mTavrobas~. mTavro-
bas xelmZRvanelobs Tavmjdomare, romelic airCeva parlamentis mier
erTi wlis vadiT. konstitucia iTvaliswinebs, aseve, mTavrobis
Tavmjdomaris moadgilis Tanamdebobas. aRsaniSnavia, rom 1921 wlis kon-
stitucia uSvebs samTavrobo da saparlamento mandatis SeTavsebis
precedents (muxli 69).
saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia ar iTvaliswinebs prezidentis
Tanamdebobas, faqtobrivad, saxelmwifos meTaurad aRiarebs mTavrobis
Tavmjdomares, romelic umaRlesi Tanamdebobis piria saxelmwifoSi.
ministrTa kabinetis zusti Semadgenloba konstituciiT da-
konkretebuli araa. am SemTxvevaSi, mTavrobis ZiriTadi funqciebi (72-e
muxli) arsebiTad igivea, rogoric SeiZleba iyos, zogadad, samTavrobo
kabinetis uflebamosilebebi, im gansxvavebiT, rom 1921 wlis konstitu-
ciis debulebebi Tanadroul sinamdviles asaxavs da Tanamedrove sa-
marTlebriv standartebTan SedarebiT, calkeuli uflebamosilebis
mixedviT detalur mowesrigebasa da Tanamedrove samarTlebriv instu-
tutebs ar iTvaliswinebs. mTavrobis konstituciiT reglamentirebuli
uflebamosilebebi ar aris amomwuravi. konstituciis 72-e muxlis
mixedviT, mTavrobas evaleba, agreTve, `Seasrulos yovelive, rac kanons
an parlaments misTvis dauvalebia~.
konstituciis 73-e muxlis Tanaxmad, `respublikis danarCen saqmeTa
marTva-gamgeoba ganawilebulia mTavrobis wevrTa Soris. TviToeuli
maTgani damoukideblad da parlamentis winaSe sakuTari pasuxismgeblo-
biT ganagebs misTvis mindobil uwyebas da unda gadadges, roca par-
lamentis pirdapiri dadgenilebiT dahkargavs mis ndobas~.
1921 wlis 25 Tebervals saqarTvelo okupirebul iqna sabWoTa armiis
mier, riTac pirvelma demokratiulma respublikam arseboba Sewyvita.
saqarTvelos mTavroba politikur emigraciaSi wavida.
260
bis periodSi saxalxo komisariatTa sabWos ministrTa sabWo ewoda. min-
istrTa sabWo Sedgeboda Tavmjdomarisgan, misi erTi an ramdenime
pirveli moadgilisgan, ramdenime Cveulebrivi moadgilisgan, min-
istrebisgan, ssrk-is wevri 15 qveynis ministrTa sabWoebis
Tavmdjomareebisa da sxva Tanamdebobis pirebisgan.
ssrk-Si TiToeuli saxelmwifo organos amocanebs wyvetda erTa-
derTi legaluri – sabWoTa kavSiris komunisturi partia (ssrk-is
kompartia). realurad, Zalaufleba mxolod kompartiis xelmZRvanelo-
bas hqonda, romelic tipuri totalitaruli meTodebiT marTavda de jure
federalur sawyisebze gaerTianebul, magram faqtobrivad mxolod
ruseTis sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis mier, centridan (q. mos-
kovi) marTul ssrk-s.
saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis oTxive konstitu-
cia ssrk-is Sesabamisi konstituciis Sidasaxelmwifoebriv doneze
`Targmnili~ versia iyo. maTi miReba ar yofila qarTveli xalxis,
rogorc suverenis, suverenuli nebis gamoxatvis Sedegi. ssrk-is kon-
stituciis teqstis gadmoqarTulebisas icvleboda mxolod umaRles
saxelmwifo organoTa dasaxelebebi. mag., ssrk-is umaRlesi sabWo gar-
daiqmneboda saqarTvelos ssrk-is umaRles sabWod, ssrk-is konstitucia
_ saqarTvelos ssrk-is konstituciad da a.S.). am TvalsazrisiT,
saqarTvelos ssrk-is konstituciebiT gansazRvruli aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba anu samTavrobo mandati, ssrk-is konstituciebis Sesabamis
fuZemdeblur versiebTan SedarebiT, gansakuTrebuli individualizmiT
ar xasiaTdeba.
261
prezidenti aRiarebul iqna mxolod saxelmwifos da ara aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis meTaurad. konstituciis SemadgenlobaSi gaCnda sruliad
axali, me-41 Tavi, romelic saqarTvelos mTavrobis, rogorc kolegiuri
sakonstitucio organos da misi xelmZRvanelis _ premier-ministris
statuss gansazRvravs.
2004 wlamde mTavroba mxolod prezidentis saTaTbiro organos war-
moadgenda,608 romlis wevrebi angariSvaldebulni iyvnen individualu-
rad prezidentis winaSe.609 ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT, mTavroba
pasuxismgebeli gaxda, prezidentis garda, parlamentis winaSec, rac
damaxasiaTebelia mmarTvelobis Sereuli modelisaTvis. premier-
ministris uflebamosilebis Sewyveta iwvevda mTavrobis
uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 2004 wlis reformam
mmarTvelobis Sereuli modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli araerTi
debuleba SemoiRo, amave reformiT sagrZnoblad gaizarda prezidentis
uflebamosilebebi mTavrobisa da parlamentis uflebamosilebis
dakninebis fonze, rac procedurul darRvevebTan erTad610, miTiTebuli
reformis yvelaze kritikul nawilad aris miCneuli.
2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis upirvelesi mizani prezidentis
uflebamosilebebis Sekveca da parlamentis rolis gaZliereba iyo.611
2010 wlis 15 oqtombris konstituciuri kanoniT mniSvnelovani sa-
konstitucio reforma ganxorcielda, romelmac aRmasrulebeli
xelisufleba statusobrivad absoluturad gansxvavebul samarTle-
briv realobaSi moaqcia, kerZod, mkveTrad SeizRuda prezidentis
uflebamosilebebi mTavrobis uflebamosilebebis gaZlierebis fonze.
amasTan, ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT mTavroba angariSvaldebuli
gaxda mxolod parlamentis winaSe.
2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebisgan gansxvavebiT,
romelic, gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, mTeli rigi proceduruli
darRvevebis TanxlebiT612 Sevida ZalaSi, 2010 wlis sakonstitucio
reforma, am TvalsazrisiT, problemurad ar miiCneva. procedurul
darRvevebs 2010 wlis reformis mimdinareobisas adgili ar hqonia,613
Tumca cvlilebebi, saxelisuflebo Stoebis urTierTobis specifikis
(Zalauflebis gamijvnis principis) ganaxlebuli formatis gamo, kriti-
kis sagnad iqca.614
sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT, prezidenti gaxda politikurad gac-
ilebiT neitraluri figura.615 mas ukve „ufleba ara aqvs, ekavos sxva
Tanamdeboba, maT Soris, partiuli“, Tumca es ar niSnavs romelime parti-
is wevrobis an partiuli saqmianobis akrZalvas. aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis meTauri xdeba erTmniSvnelovnad premier-ministri da
mTavrobis dakompleqtebis procesSi prezidentis monawileoba forma-
lur saxes iZens.
2010 wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebis umTavres siaxles qmnis kon-
stituciis 78-e muxlis axali redaqciac, romelic adgens, rom `mTavroba
262
aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo, romelic axor-
cielebs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas~ da romelic angariS-
valdebulia mxolod parlamentis winaSe.
2012 wlis oqtombris saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegad Seicvala
mmarTveli xelisufleba. prezidenti da saparlamento umravlesoba
sxvadasxva partias ganekuTvnebodnen, ramac warmoqmna sakonstitucio
krizisis potenciuri safrTxe.616 krizisis prevenciis mizniT, 2013 wlis
25 marts ZalaSi Sevida sakonstitucio cvlilebebi, romelmac Secvala
konstituciis 511-e, 73-e da me-80 muxlebi. ganxorcielebuli
cvlilebebi miznad isaxavda CamoTvlili muxlebis modificirebas iseTi
formiT, rom prezidentis mier sakuTari iniciativiT mTavrobis gaday-
enebis SemTxvevaSi aRar yofiliyo SesaZlebeli erTdroulad parlamen-
tis daTxovna da masTan (parlamentTan) SeuTanxmebeli samTavrobo
Semadgenlobis arseboba morig saprezidento arCevnebamde mTeli ram-
denime Tvis ganmavlobaSi.
2013 wels ganxorcielebuli sakonstitucio cvlilebebis meore
etapiT gauqmda 2010 wlis reformis yvelaze mZime monapovari _ 811-e
muxli. saqarTvelos konstituciis 811-e muxlis 2010 wlis reformiT ga-
naxlebuli redaqcia uflebamosilebas aniWebda premier-ministrs, par-
lamentis winaSe daesva mTavrobis ndobis sakiTxi (negatiuri votumi)
mTavrobis mier inicirebul nebismier kanonproeqtTan dakavSirebiT. Tu
parlamenti ar miiRebda kanonproeqts, iwyeboda konstituciis 81-e mux-
liT gansazRvruli procedura, romelic parlamentis daTxovnis per-
speqtivas moicavs. premier-ministri, am SemTxvevaSi, iZenda erTgvari
`prevenciuli vetos~617 uflebas, rac Zalauflebis gamijvnis principTan
absoluturi Seusabamobis gamo gamudmebuli kritikis sagani iyo.618
2013 wlis cvlilebebiT, aseve, Seicvala 2010 wlis reformiT ga-
naxlebuli 93-e muxlic, kerZod, 93-e muxls daemata me-41 punqti, rome-
lic ndobis negatiuri votumis Tavisebur versias moicavs: „Tu axali
sabiujeto wlis dawyebidan 2 Tvis ganmavlobaSi parlamenti ver moax-
erxebs saxelmwifo biujetis miRebas, es CaiTvleba undoblobis gamo-
cxadebis sakiTxis aRZvrad da gagrZeldeba konstituciis 81-e muxlis me-
2-me-5 punqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli procedurebi. Tu parlamentma imave
muxlis me-2–me-4 punqtebiT dadgenil vadebSi undobloba ver gam-
oucxada mTavrobas, am vadis amowurvidan 3 dRis vadaSi saqarTvelos
prezidenti daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs riggareSe arCevnebs“.
263
sakonstitucio organos, arss da mniSvnelobas. aRniSnuli debulebebis
Sesabamisad, mTavroba aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi
kolegiuri organo, romelic axorcielebs qveynis saSinao da sagareo
politikas. mTavrobis sakonstituciosamarTlebrivi statusi da-
konkretebulia „saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, ufleba-
mosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoniT,620 rome-
lic konstituciis debulebebs ganavrcobs da SedarebiT detalur
mowesrigebas adgens.
2010 wlis reformis Sedegad saqarTvelos mTavroba ganekuTvneba kab-
inetur modelis tipis mTavrobebs. amave sakonstitucio reformis
Semdeg, saqarTvelos prezidenti ukve aRar warmarTavs qveynis saSinao
da sagareo politikas,621 warmoadgens mxolod saqarTvelos sax-
elmwifos meTaurs da qveynis erTianobisa da erovnuli damoukide-
blobis garants, romelic konstituciiT misTvis miniWebuli
uflebamosilebebis farglebSi uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo organoTa
funqcionirebas (sk-is 69-e muxli).622
264
uflebamosilebis SewyvetisTanave. amasTan, mTavrobis TiToeul wevrs
aqvs gadadgomis ufleba.
konstituciis me-801 muxli iTvaliswinebs mTavrobis formirebis
proceduras mTavrobis uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis SemTxveva-
Si. aseT dros prezidenti 7 dRis vadaSi premier-ministrobis kandi-
datad wamoayenebs saparlamento umravlesobis, xolo Tu umravlesoba
Seqmnili ar aris _ im saparlamento fraqciis mier wardgenil kandida-
turas, romelSic yvelaze meti parlamentis wevria gaerTianebuli.
mTavrobis wevrTa SerCeva da mTavrobis SemadgenlobisTvis ndobis gam-
ocxadeba xdeba konstituciis me-80 muxliT dadgenili wesiT.
mTavrobis formirebis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT damatebiT danawess
Seicavs konstituciis 811-e muxli, romlis mixedviT, parlamentis mier
mTavrobisa da misi samTavrobo programisaTvis ndobis gamocxadebis
Semdeg mTavrobis Tavdapirveli Semadgenlobis erTi mesamediT, magram
aranakleb mTavrobis 5 wevriT ganaxlebis SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos
prezidenti erTi kviris vadaSi warudgens parlaments ndobis misaRebad
mTavrobis Semadgenlobas. parlamentis mier mTavrobis
SemadgenlobisTvis ndobis gamocxadeba xdeba konstituciis me-80 mux-
liT dadgenili wesiT.
saboloo jamSi, konstituciis me-80 muxlis Tanaxmad, mTavrobis
formirebis procesi Semdeg ZiriTad etapebs moicavs:
saqarTvelos prezidenti mTavrobis uflebamosilebis moxsnidan
7 dRis vadaSi wamoayenebs parlamentis arCevnebSi saukeTeso Sedegis
mqone saarCevno subieqtis mier misTvis wardgenil premier-ministris
kandidaturas;
premier-ministrobis kandidati 7 dRis vadaSi SearCevs ministrTa
kandidaturebs da saqarTvelos parlaments warudgens mTavrobis
Semadgenlobas ndobis misaRebad. mTavrobis SemadgenlobasTan erTad
wardgenili unda iqnes samTavrobo programa;
saqarTvelos parlamenti mTavrobis Semadgenlobis wardgenidan 7
dRis vadaSi ganixilavs da kenWs uyris mTavrobis SemadgenlobisTvis
ndobis gamocxadebis sakiTxs. parlamentis ndobis misaRebad saWiroa
parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobis mxardaWera;
Tu mTavrobis Semadgenlobam ndoba ver miiRo, mTavrobis
Semadgenlobis parlamentSi wardgenidan 30 dRis vadaSi ganmeorebiT
eyreba kenWi mTavrobis Tavdapirvelad wardgenili an ganaxlebuli
SemadgenlobisTvis ndobis gamocxadebis sakiTxs;
Tu ar iqneba wardgenili premier-ministrobis kandidati an mTav-
robis Semadgenlobas gaTvaliswinebul vadaSi parlamenti ndobas ver
gamoucxadebs, prezidenti 7 dRis vadaSi premier-ministrobis kandi-
datad wamoayenebs parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mex-
uTedis mier wardgenil kandidaturas. Tu parlamentis wevrTa
265
sxvadasxva Semadgenloba 2 kandidaturas waradgens, prezidenti prem-
ier-ministrobis kandidatad wamoayenebs im kandidaturas, romelic
ufro metma parlamentis wevrma waradgina, xolo warmdgenTa Tanabari
raodenobis SemTxvevaSi – erT-erT wardgenil kandidaturas;
Tu parlamenti ndobas ver gamoucxadebs mTavrobis
Semadgenlobas, saqarTvelos prezidenti 3 dRis vadaSi daiTxovs parla-
ments da daniSnavs riggareSe arCevnebs.
266
mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos kanoni.
xsenebuli kanonis me-4 muxlis pirveli da me-2 punqtebis Tanaxmad,
mTavroba aRmasrulebel Zalauflebas axorcielebs saministroebis,
maTi mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semavali saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo
dawesebulebebis, mTavrobis uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis specialuri daniSnulebis gasamxedroebu-
li dawesebulebis, agreTve, specialuri daniSnulebis sxva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebis meSveobiT. dauSvebelia mTavrobis SemadgenlobaSi
`saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmiano-
bis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT gaTvaliswinebulis garda sxva
raime struqturis/organos Seqmna an arseboba.
saministro iqmneba kanonis safuZvelze, saxelmwifoebrivi da
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis gansazRvrul sferoSi saxelmwifo
mmarTvelobis uzrunvelsayofad. saqarTvelos saministroebia: ga-
naTlebisa da mecnierebis; garemosa da bunebrivi resursebis dacvis;
ekonomikisa da mdgradi ganviTarebis; energetikis; Tavdacvis; iustici-
is; kulturisa da ZeglTa dacvis; okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZu-
lebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa; sagareo saq-
meTa; Sinagan saqmeTa; soflis meurneobis; finansTa; Sromis, janmr-
Telobisa da socialuri dacvis; sasjelaRsrulebisa da probaciis;
saqarTvelos regionuli ganviTarebisa da infrastruqturis; sportisa
da axalgazrdobis saqmeTa.
premier-ministri da ministrebi sagareo urTierTobebSi war-
moadgenen saqarTvelos TavianTi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi.
saministro angariSvaldebulia mTavrobis winaSe da asrulebs kanoniT
gaTvaliswinebul an mTavrobisa da premier-ministris mier kanonis sa-
fuZvelze dakisrebul amocanebs. saministros mmarTvelobis sfero gan-
isazRvreba saministros debulebiT. saministros debulebas ministris
wardginebiT amtkicebs mTavroba. saministros debulebis Sesabamisad,
saministro iyofa struqturul qvedanayofebad. saministros
struqturuli qvedanayofis uflebamosileba ganisazRvreba
saministros debulebiTa da am struqturuli qvedanayofis debulebiT,
romelsac amtkicebs ministri.
saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba warmoadgens saministros
gamgeblobaSi arsebul aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebas.
saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebuleba iqmneba, gardaiqmneba da saqmiano-
bas wyvets kanoniT an mTavrobis dadgenilebiT. saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo
dawesebuleba SeiZleba Seiqmnas Tavdacvis, samarTaldamcav, sazoga-
doebrivi usafrTxoebisa da wesrigis, socialur-ekonomikur, kulturis
an sxva sferoSi saxelmwifoebrivi amocanebisa da sajaro funqciebis
Sesasruleblad. saxelmwifo saqveuwyebo dawesebulebis teritoriuli
267
organos Seqmnis, gardaqmnisa da saqmianobis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb gad-
awyvetilebas iRebs ministri, Tu kanoniT sxva ram ar aris dadgenili.
specialuri daniSnulebis saxelmwifo dawesebuleba aris premier-
ministris uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi arsebuli dawesebuleba, romelic
iqmneba kanonis safuZvelze, kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli sax-
elmwifoebrivi amocanebis Sesasruleblad.
afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis dawesebulebebi Sedis saqarTvelos aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis organoTa sistemaSi. afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri
respublikebis aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebebi
moqmedebs saqarTvelos konstituciis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomi-
uri respublikebis konstituciebis, saqarTvelos samarTlebrivi aq-
tebis, afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis samarTlebrivi
aqtebis safuZvelze.
premier-ministrs, mTavrobas, mTavrobis wevrs calkeul sakiTxTa
Seswavlis mizniT SeuZlia Seqmnas saTaTbiro organoebi – komisiebi da
sabWoebi. saTaTbiro organo iqmneba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis kom-
petenciisaTvis mikuTvnebuli sxvadasxva sakiTxis mosamzadeblad. sa-
TaTbiro organos amocanebs, agreTve, misi daskvnebisa da winadadebebis
momzadebis wess am organos Seqmnisas gansazRvravs Sesabamisad premier-
ministri, mTavroba, mTavrobis wevri.
saqarTvelos premier-ministris saTaTbiro organoebia saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWo da ekonomikuri sabWo. sax-
elmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWo aris premier-
ministris saTaTbiro organo, romelic Seqmnilia mTavrobis kompe-
tenciisTvis mikuTvnebul erovnul usafrTxoebasTan dakavSirebuli
saSinao da sagareo politikis, Tavdacvis, qveynis stabilurobisa da
marTlwesrigis uzrunvelyofis strategiul sakiTxebze, agreTve, sax-
elmwifo usafrTxoebis sferoSi da erovnuli interesebisaTvis saf-
rTxis Semcveli yvela tipis krizisuli situaciebis marTvis mizniT
premier-ministris politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mosamzadeblad. sax-
elmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos saqmianobis in-
formaciul-analitikur da organizaciul uzrunvelyofas axor-
cielebs saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos apa-
rati, romelic aris saidumlo informaciaze momuSave gansakuTrebuli
reJimis samsaxuri. saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis
sabWos aparats xelmZRvanelobs saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da
krizisebis marTvis sabWos mdivani, romelic aris premier-ministris Ta-
naSemwe saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi. ekonomikuri sabWo aris
premier-ministris saTaTbiro organo, romelic Seqmnilia qveynis
ekonomikuri politikisa da ekonomikuri strategiis SemuSavebisa da
dagegmvis koordinaciis mizniT. ekonomikuri sabWos saqmianobas uzrun-
velyofs ekonomikuri sabWos aparati. ekonomikuri sabWos aparats
268
xelmZRvanelobs ekonomikuri sabWos mdivani, romelic aris premier-
ministris TanaSemwe ekonomikur sakiTxebSi.
mTavrobis, rogorc kolegiuri organos, samarTlebrivi aqtebia
dadgenileba (normatiuli aqti) da gankarguleba (individualuri aqti),
romelsac xels awers premier-ministri. Tavad premier-ministri gam-
oscems individualur samarTlebriv aqts _ brZanebas.
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis warmomadgenlobas saqarTvelos ad-
ministraciul-teritoriul erTeulebSi uzrunvelyofs saxelmwifo
rwmunebuli-gubernatori. konstituciis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo
rwmunebulis _ gubernatoris uflebamosilebani ganisazRvreba ka-
noniT.
269
zidentis dominanti roli mTavrobisa da parlamentis sakonstitucio
statusTan mimarTebiT mniSvnelovnadaa Semcirebuli. prezidents
CamoerTva sakanonmdeblo iniciativisa da parlamentis riggareSe
sxdomis sakuTari iniciativiT mowvevis uflebamosilebebi. mTavrobis
wevrebis cvlilebis SemTxvevaSi, prezidentis Tanxmoba aRaraa
aucilebeli.
saqarTvelos prezidentis samarTlebrivi aqtebi, garda 731-e muxliT
gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa, romelic amave muxlis Sesabamisad
amomwuravia, saWiroebs premier-ministris kontrasignacias.624 pre-
zidentis aqtebis kontrasignebis Sedegad Sesabamisi politikuri da sa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgebloba ekisreba mTavrobas.
270
wilia, romelic vadebis xangrZlivobisa da proceduris sirTulis gamo
dRemde mwvave kritikas iwvevs.627
undoblobis gamocxadeba ramdenime etaps moicavs:
sakiTxis aRZvrisTvis parlaments unda mimarTos siiTi
Semadgenlobis aranakleb orma mexuTedma, 20–25 dReSi unda Sedges ken-
Wisyra da undoblobis sakiTxis aRZvras mxari unda dauWiros siiTi
Semadgenlobis naxevarze metma. Tu es gadawyvetileba ar iqna miRebuli,
momdevno eqvs TveSi dauSvebelia undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis
xelaxali inicireba;
undoblobis sakiTxis aRZvridan 20–25 dReSi parlamenti kenWs
uyris siiTi Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mexuTedis mier dasaxelebuli
premier-ministris kandidaturis prezidentisTvis wardgenas. Tu prem-
ier-ministris 2 kandidatura dasaxelda, kenWi eyreba orive kandida-
turas. prezidents ki wardgineba is kandidatura, romelsac mxars dau-
Wers parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti.
prezidents ufleba aqvs, 5 dRis vadaSi wamoayenos wardgenili
kandidatura an uari Tqvas masze;
prezidentis erTgvari vetos daZleva parlaments siiTi Se-
madgenlobis sami mexuTediT SeuZlia aranakleb 15 da araumetes 20
dReSi;
vetos daZlevis SemTxvevaSi, prezidenti valdebulia 3 dRis va-
daSi wamoayenos misTvis wardgenili premier-ministris kandidatura.
premier-ministris axali kandidaturis wamoyenebis Semdeg par-
lamentma mTavrobis axal Semadgenlobas unda gamoucxados ndoba kon-
stituciiT ndobis gamocxadebisaTvis dadgenili wesis dacviT.
parlamentis mier mTavrobis axali SemadgenlobisTvis ndobis
gamoucxadeblobis SemTxvevaSi, prezidents ufleba aqvs 3 dRis vadaSi
daiTxovos parlamenti da daniSnos riggareSe arCevnebi.
undoblobis gamocxadeba, rogorc aseTi, sakanonmdeblo organos
politikuri gadawyvetilebebis kategorias ganekuTvneba. Sesabami-
sad,Uparlamentis mier undoblobis gamocxadebisaTvis aucilebel
konkretul faqtobriv winapirobebs (ar igulisxmeba samarTlebrivi win-
apiroba, rogorc barieri, kerZod, 81-e muxliT gansazRvruli kvali-
ficiuri umravlesoba _ parlamentis siiTi Semadgenlobis ori mex-
uTedi) saqarTvelos konstitucia ar CamoTvlis. am TvalsazrisiT, er-
TaderTi Canaweri moipoveba mxolod 93-e muxlis me-41 punqtSi, romelic
parlamentis mier biujetis Sesaxeb kanonis miuReblobas undoblobis
gamocxadebis safuZvlad miiCnevs. es norma, romelic ndobis negatiuri
votumis Tavisebur versias moicavs, qmnis umaRles sakanonmdeblo or-
ganoze mniSvnelovani zewolis meqanizms (gansakuTrebiT, 2010 wlis re-
formis safuZvelze ganaxlebuli 81-e muxlis kritikuli Semadgenlobis
fonze) da am TvalsazrisiT, samwuxarod, Seusabamod akninebs parlamen-
271
tis rols, ramdenadac biujetis daumtkiceblobis SemTxvevaSi meordeba
81-e muxliT gansazRvruli undoblobis gamocxadebis procedura, rac
perspeqtivaSi, parlamentis daTxovnas moiazrebs.
2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis safuZvelze ganaxlebuli 81-e
muxli da 2013 wlis meore etapis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT kon-
stituciis 93-e muxlSi integrirebuli me-41 muxli warmoadgens
saqarTvelos konstituciis im nawils, romelic Zalauflebis gamijvnis
principTan Seusabamobis gamo (parlamentis uflebamosilebebis da
politikuri statusis Sekveca samTavrobo uflebamosilebebis
gaZlierebis Sedegad) dRemde mwvave kritikis sagnad rCeba.628Kun-
doblobis konstruqciuli votumis qarTuli modeli mTavrobis gaday-
enebas praqtikulad SeuZlebels xdis, rac Tavad undoblobis institu-
tis arss srulebiT ewinaaRmdegeba.629
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
272
Tavi IX
sasamarTlo
273
saxelmwifos moqalaqeebis, iuridiuli pirebis, saxelmwifo da adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebisa Tu Tanamdebobis pirebisaTvis.636
sasamarTlo xelisufleba xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisgan mkveTrad
unda iyos gamijnuli, raSic, erTi mxriv, sakuTari sasamarTlo or-
ganoebis sistemis meSveobiT marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba, meore
mxriv ki, sasamarTlosa da mosamarTleebisTvis damoukideblobis mini-
Weba igulisxmeba.637 Tumca sasamarTlo xelisuflebas garkveuli ur-
TierTobebi xelisuflebis sxva StoebTan akavSirebs. mag., sakanon-
mdeblo xelisufleba gansazRvravs sasamarTlo organoTa sistemas, mis
kompetencias, aRmasrulebeli xelisufleba ki sasamarTloTa saqmiano-
bis materialur-teqnikur uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs.638 Tavis mxriv,
sasamarTlos SeuZlia sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT gavlena moaxdinos
xelisuflebis sxva StoTa saqmianobaze.639
aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoTa saqmianobas
konkretuli xasiaTi aqvs. sasamarTlo ganixilavs da wyvets konkretul
saqmeebsa da davebs (sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebi, qonebrivi davebi, Sro-
miTi davebi da a.S.). am saqmianobas mosamarTleebi kanoniT gansazRvruli,
gansakuTrebuli procesualuri formiT axorcieleben.640
sasamarTlo xelisufleba SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc
damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi sistema, romelic kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli wesiT uzrunvelyofs adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisu-
flebebis dacvas, samarTlebrivi xasiaTis konfliqtebis mogvarebas sax-
elmwifosa da moqalaqes, Tavad moqalaqeebsa Tu iuridiul pirebs So-
ris; axorcielebs sasamarTlo kontrols, adgens iuridiul faqtebsa da
garemoebebs.641
274
sazRvargareTis qveynebis konstituciebi gansazRvraven sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis organizaciis safuZvlebs, mimarTebas xelisuflebis sxva
StoebTan, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis ganxorcielebis formebis
fuZemdeblur principebs.643 marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis zogadi
sakonstitucio principebia:
a) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcieleba mxolod sasamarTloebis mier _
sasamarTlo xelisufleba erTaderTia, romelic marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebis uflebamosilebiTaa aRWurvili. sxva saxelmwifo or-
ganoebsa da Tanamdebobis pirebs ufleba ara aqvT, miisakuTron es fun-
qcia. amasTan, sazRvargareTis TiTqmis yvela qveyanaSi moqmedebs am-
nistiis, Sewyalebisa da sxva msgavsi institutebi, romelTa ZaliT
xelisuflebis sxva Stoebi, garkveulwilad, erevian marTlmsajulebis
ganxorcielebis procesSi. mag., italiis konstituciiT gaT-
valiswinebulia prezidentis mier Sewyalebisa da sasjelis Semsubuqebis
Taobaze gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZlebloba, avstriis konstitucia
ki prezidents ara mxolod Sewyalebis, aramed sasjelis Secvlis
uflebasac aniWebs;
b) marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis kolegiuri forma _ mom-
rigebeli, sapolicio da sxva saxis mosamarTle erTpirovnulad ganixi-
lavs mxolod mcire mniSvnelobis samarTaldarRvevebs. gamonaklisia is
SemTxveva, roca saqme ganixileba nafic msajulTa monawileobiT, rom-
lebic wyveten `faqtis sakiTxs~, sasjels ki erTpirovnulad ufardebs
profesionali mosamarTle;
g) sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebisa da gadasinjvis Sesa-
Zlebloba _ moqalaqis mier saqmis saapelacio wesiT gasaCivrebis Sem-
TxvevaSi, meore instanciis sasamarTloSi xdeba saqmis xelaxali ganxilva
pirveli instanciis proceduriT. angloamerikul sistemaSi gamoiyeneba
apelacia, kontinenturi samarTlis sistemaSi ki, meore instanciis saxiT
_ apelacia, mesame instanciis saxiT _ kasacia;644
d) mosamarTleTa damoukidebloba da damorCileba mxolod kanon-
isadmi _ mosamarTle marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebisas damou-
kidebelia da gadawyvetilebas mxolod kanonis Sesabamisad iRebs. sasa-
marTlos damoukidebloba ar unda iyos prerogativa an privilegia pi-
radi interesebisTvis, is kanonis uzenaesobasa da marTlmsajulebis ma-
Ziebeli pirebis interesebs unda emsaxurebodes;645
e) sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomoba _ nebismier demokratiul sazoga-
doebaSi, sadac marTlmsajulebis sistema demokratiul principebs
eyrdnoba, sasamarTlos xelmisawvdomoba TiToeuli moqalaqisTvis gar-
antirebuli unda iyos. sasamarTlo valdebulia, miiRos da ganixilos
sarCeli. mosamarTles ufleba ara aqvs uari Tqvas saqmis gansaxilvelad
miRebaze kanonis ararsebobis an misi bundovanebis motiviT;646
275
v) sasamarTlo procesis warmoeba mxareTaTvis gasageb enaze,
saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi ki, uzrunvelyofa TarjimniT saxelmwifos
xarjze;
z) sasamarTlo procesis saxalxo, Ria xasiaTi _ sasamarTlo pro-
cesis Ria xasiaTi, erTi mxriv, xels uwyobs samoqalaqo kulturisa da
cnobierebis zrdas, xolo, meore mxriv, sazogadoebis wevrebs saSu-
alebas aZlevs, Seafason sasamarTlo sistema. am TvalsazrisiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT didia mediis rolic;
T) mxareTa Tanasworoba da SejibrebiToba _ mxareebi (prokurori-
braldebuli, mosarCele-mopasuxe) Tanabari uflebebiT arian aRWur-
vilni, moipovon da warmoadginon mtkicebulebebi, monawileoba miiRon
maT gamokvlevaSi, daicvan sakuTari pozicia. mxareTa Tanasworobisa da
SejibrebiTobis principis mTavari arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mxareebs
hqondeT Tanabari pirobebi sakuTari uflebebisa da interesebis dasaca-
vad.647
sxvadasxva saxelmwifos konstitucia ganamtkicebs zogierT princips
sisxlis samarTlis sferoSic. am principTagan umniSvnelovanesia udana-
Saulobis prezumfcia, romelic pirvelad safrangeTis 1789 wlis adami-
anisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa deklaraciaSi aisaxa. udanaSaulobis pre-
zumfcia gulisxmobs, rom braldebuli piri udanaSaulod miiCneva,
vidre misi damnaSaveoba ar damtkicdeba kanoniT dadgenili wesiT da ka-
nonier ZalaSi Sesuli sasamarTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeniT.648
276
samarTlis qveynebSi ufro met mniSvnelobas iZens sasamarTlo wyo-
bilebisa da samarTalwarmoebis sakanonmdeblo mowesrigeba, meore mxriv
ki, kontinentur sistemaSi, sadac tradiciulad ar daiSveba sasamarTlo
precedenti, mosamarTleebi aRiWurvebian axali uflebamosilebiT, erT-
gvarad, Seavson sakanonmdeblo xarvezebi, raTa marTlmsajuleba uwy-
vetad iqnes aRsrulebuli.649
sasamarTlo xelisufleba sxvadasxva komponentisgan Sedgeba, magram
misi ZiriTadi rgoli aris sasamarTlo. sakiTxTa gansjadobis mixedviT,
saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi moqmedeben saerTo iurisdiqciisa da spe-
cializebuli sasamarTloebi.650
saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebi (saerTo sasamarTloebi) Zi-
riTadad ganixilaven samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeebs,
zogierT postsocialistur qveyanaSi ki, sadac ar arsebobs administra-
ciuli sasamarTloebis sistema, isini administraciuli iusticiis fun-
qciebsac iTavseben. mag., aSS-Si saerTo sasamarTlo axorcielebs sa-
konstitucio kontrolsac.
saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebs ierarqiuli struqtura aqvT.
sasamarTlo rgolebisa da instanciebis ricxvi oridan oTxamde mer-
yeobs. pirvel rgols warmoadgens pirveli instanciis sasamarTloebi,
romelTac sxvadasxva saxelmwifoSi gansxvavebuli saxelwodeba aqvT.
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebze saCivrebs ganixi-
lavs saapelacio sasamarTlo, romelic ierarqiaSi meore rgolia, xolo
mesame instanciis sasamarTlo _ umaRlesi (uzenaesi), sakasacio sasa-
marTloa, romelic qvemdgomi instanciis sasamarTloebis mier gamotan-
il gadawyvetilebas samarTlis normebTan Sesabamisobis TvalsazrisiT
amowmebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu zemdgomi instanciis sasamarTlo ar dae-
Tanxma qvemdgomi sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebas, mas SeuZlia saqme xe-
laxali ganxilvisTvis gadaagzavnos. mravalsafexuriani, instanciuri
sasamarTlo sistema xels uwyobs sasamarTlos saqmianobaSi Secdomis
Tavidan acilebas,651 rac adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvis kidev erTi garantiaa.
specializebuli (specialuri) sasamarTloebi ganixilaven kanoniT
calsaxad gansazRvrul sakiTxebs. aseTia Sromis, saojaxo, sagadasaxado,
arasrulwlovanTa da msgavsi sasamarTloebi. zogierT qveyanaSi (mag.,
germania) specializebul sasamarTlosac ierarqiuli struqtura aqvs.652
specializebul sasamarTloTa Soris unda gamoiyos sakonstitucio
da administraciuli sasamarTloebi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sa-
konstitucio kontrolis specialuri organoa, romelic mxolod sa-
konstitucio kontrolis gansaxorcieleblad iqmneba da funqcionirebs
da romlis saqmianobaSic es funqcia umTavresi da umniSvnelovanesia.
rig qveynebSi (mag., saberZneTi, portugalia, ekvadori) sakonstitucio
kontroli xorcieldeba rogorc specialuri organos, ise saerTo iu-
risdiqciis sasamarTloebis mier.653
277
administraciuli sasamarTlo ixilavs moqalaqeTa davas saxelmwifo
organoebsa da saxelmwifo moxeleebTan, am ukanasknelTa mier,
mmarTvelobiTi saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas, moqalaqeTa uflebebis
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT. administraciuli sasamarTloebi zogjer
saministroebTan an mmarTvelobis sxva organoebTan formirdeba, magram,
Cveulebriv, isini erTian sistemas Seadgenen.
specializebuli iurisdiqciis sasamarTloTa ricxvs miekuTvneba
saarbitraJo sasamarTlo. misi progresuli forma kerZo arbitraJia.
zogierT qveyanaSi dResac moqmedebs religiuri sasamarTloebi, rom-
lebic saqmeebs ixilaven Sesabamisi religiis wminda wignebis mixedviT.
religiuri marTlmsajuleba gansakuTrebiT myar poziciebs inarCunebs
iranSi, sadac islami saxelmwifo religiadaa gamocxadebuli. sayur-
adReboa isic, rom islamur qveynebSi sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebis
gasaCivrebis instituti ar arsebobs.654
aRsaniSnavia nafic msajulTa instituti, romelic miznad
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebaSi mosaxleobis warmomadgenlebis
monawileobas isaxavs. nafic msajulTa sasamarTlos klasikuri (in-
glisuri) modeli nafic msajulebsa da mosamarTles Soris funqciebis
mkacr gadanawilebas gulisxmobs, sadac piris braleulobis sakiTxs wy-
veten msajulebi, xolo mosamarTle ufardebs sasjels da wyvets pro-
cesualur sakiTxebs.655 me-19 saukunis dasasrulsa da me-20 saukunis da-
sawyisSi saxelmwifoTa garkveulma nawilma uari Tqva nafic msajulTa
institutis klasikur modelze da upiratesoba mianiWa e.w. Sereul mod-
els, romlis Tanaxmadac, mosamarTle da nafici msajulebi erToblivad
wyveten rogorc braleulobis, ise sasjelis sakiTxs. nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlos Sereuli modeli moqmedebs safrangeTsa da italiaSi.656
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis struqtura rig saxelmwifo organoebsa da
dawesebulebebs moicavs. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia mosamarTleTa
TviTmmarTvelobis organo, romelic saxelmwifoebSi gansxvavebuli sax-
elwodebiT moixsenieba. mag., magistraturis umaRlesi sabWo _ italiasa
da safrangeTSi; iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo _ ukrainaSi da sxv. mosa-
marTleTa TviTmmarTvelobis organos ZiriTadi uflebamosilebebia:
mosamarTleTa daniSvna, gadaadgileba, dawinaureba, disciplinuri
devnis ganxorcieleba, sasamarTlo muSakebis momzadeba da a.S.657
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis procesSi gansakuTrebuli adgili
eTmoba prokuraturas. saxelmwifoTa nawilSi prokuratura aR-
masrulebeli xelisuflebis sistemaSia integrirebuli, magram
damoukideblobis garkveuli xarisxiT mainc sargeblobs (belgia,
norvegia, safrangeTi). qveynebis meore jgufSi is sasamarTlos nawilia
(somxeTi, bulgareTi, espaneTi), mesame jgufSi ki calke sistemad aris
gamoyofili, mibmulia sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebasTan da damoukide-
blobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCeva (moldova, xorvatia). prokuratura
sasamarTlo sistemis funqcionirebisa da marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
278
cielebis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani garantiaa. is pasuxismgebelia
sazogadoebis saerTo interesebis, kanonierebis dacvaze da umniSvnelo-
vanes rols asrulebs iuridiul procesSi.658
279
marTle unda eyrdnobodes mxolod sakuTar Sinagan rwmenasa da kanons.
mas ar unda hqondes imis SiSi, rom mis gadawyvetilebas uaryofiTi
Sedegi mohyveba misi ojaxisTvis, an _ cudi damokidebuleba
xelmZRvanelis mxridan. funqciuri damoukidebloba niSnavs, rom sa-
mosamarTlo saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas mosamarTle mxolod da mxo-
lod kanons emorCileba. is Tavisufali unda iyos ara mxolod sakanon-
mdeblo da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis, aramed misi kolega mosa-
marTleebis zegavlenisganac; ar unda emorCilebodes sxva organoebisa
Tu Tanamdebobis pirebis brZanebebsa da miTiTebebs.662
mosamarTlis damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis ganmsazRvre-
lia, Tu visgan iRebs igi legitimacias. mosamarTleTa sayovelTao
qartiis moTxovniT, mosamarTlis SerCeva da Tanamdebobaze daniSvna un-
da xorcieldebodes obieqturi da gamWvirvale kriteriumebis mixedviT,
swori profesiuli kvalifikaciis safuZvelze. Tu amis ganxorcieleba
sxva gziT ar xdeba, rac ganpirobebulia tradiciebiT, mosamarTle unda
SeirCes damoukidebeli organos mier, romelSic sasamarTlo xelisu-
fleba iqneba mkveTrad warmodgenili.663 aseTive midgomas iziarebs evro-
puli qartia `mosamarTleTa statusis Sesaxeb~: mosamarTlis SerCevas-
Tan, daniSvnasTan, karierul zrdasTan an uflebamosilebis Sewyvet-
asTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebis miRebisas qartia iTvaliswinebs
aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebisgan damoukidebeli or-
ganos Carevas, romlis Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti maTi kolegebisgan
arCeul mosamarTleebs moicavs.664 aseTi organoebia, mag., magistraturi-
sa da iusticiis umaRlesi sabWoebi.
mosamarTleTa kandidaturebis wardgenasa da Tanamdebobaze daniS-
vnasTan dakavSirebiT saxelmwifoebs gansxvavebuli praqtika aqvT.
rogorc wesi, am procesSi monawileobs parlamenti, mTavroba, sax-
elmwifos meTauri da mosamarTleTa TviTmmarTvelobis organoebi. mag.,
aSS-is konstituciis Tanaxmad, mosamarTleobis kandidatis wamoyenebis
ufleba aqvs saxelmwifos meTaurs, xolo senati uflebamosilia
daamtkicos an veto daados prezidentis mier wamoyenebuli kandidatis
daniSvnas.665 portugaliaSi mosamarTleTa daniSvna Sedis iusticiis
umaRlesi sabWos kompetenciaSi, avstriaSi ki isini iniSnebian feder-
aluri mTavrobis wardginebiT prezidentis an uflebamosili kompeten-
turi ministris mier.666
mosamarTleobis kandidatTaTvis dawesebulia maRali profesiuli
moTxovnebi. mag., braziliaSi mosamarTled miiReba is piri, romelic ma-
namde iyo mosamarTlis Semcvleli da gaivlis sajaro konkurss, yazaxe-
TSi ki, mosamarTleobis kandidats moeTxoveba umaRlesi iuridiuli ga-
naTleba, profesiiT muSaobis ori wlis gamocdileba da sakvalifikacio
gamocdis Cabareba.667
sasamarTlos damoukideblobis erT-erT mniSvnelovan garantiad
mosamarTleTa uflebamosilebis vadas miiCneven. Tanamedrove sax-
280
elmwifoTa did nawilSi mosamarTleebs uvadod niSnaven (mag., germania,
ukraina, estoneTi)668. zogierT qveyanaSi arsebobs mosamarTleTaTvis
dawesebuli gamosacdeli vada. braziliaSi pirveli instanciis mosa-
marTleebi samudamod iniSnebian mxolod Tanamdebobaze yofnis 2 wliani
gamosacdeli vadis gasvlis Semdeg.669 sainteresoa aSS-c, romelic gan-
sazRvravs, rom uzenaesi da qvemdgomi sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebis
uflebamosilebis vada damokidebulia maT saqcielze.670
mosamarTlis statusTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, mniSvnelovania mosa-
marTlis Tanamdebobis sxva saqmianobasTan SeuTavseblobis principi.
samosamarTlo funqciebis gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi, sasamarTlos insti-
tutis Rirsebis SenarCunebis da mosamarTleebis yvela saxis zewolisa-
gan dacvis aucilebloba moiTxovs mosamarTleTa iseT qcevas, rom Tavi-
dan iqnes acilebuli interesTa konfliqti an uflebamosilebis boro-
tad gamoyeneba. es maTgan moiTxovs uaris Tqmas nebismier profesiul
saqmianobaze, romelmac SeiZleba moacdinos samosamarTlo movaleo-
bebis Sesrulebisagan an gamoiwvios mikerZoeba am movaleobebis
Sesrulebisas.671 daniaSi mosamarTles ar SeiZleba ekavos sxva
Tanamdeboba, an eweodes sxva anazRaurebad saqmianobas: ar SeiZleba
msaxurobdes, rogorc iuridiuli konsultanti. gamoricxulia misi
politikuri aqtivobac, mag., politikur debatebSi monawileoba.672 sax-
elmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, rogorc wesi, gamonaklisis saxiT daSvebulia
samecniero da pedagogiuri saqmianoba (rumineTi, ukraina, yazaxeTi,
litva)673.
mosamarTlis valdebulebebis jerovnad ganxorcielebisaTvis umniS-
vnelovanesia miukerZoeblobis principi. mosamarTlem misi samsax-
urebrivi movaleobebi romelime mxaris mimarT keTilganwyobis an
winaswar Seqmnili azris gareSe unda ganaxorcielos. mas ufleba ara
aqvs, gaakeTos sajaro an sxvagvari komentari, romelmac SeiZleba
gavlena iqonios romelime piris an sakiTxis mimarT samarTlian pro-
cesze. miukerZoeblobis principSi igulisxmeba mosamarTlis
valdebulebac, TviTacileba moiTxovos nebismieri saproceso qmedebis
ganxorcielebisgan, romelSic mas sakiTxis miukerZoeblad gadawyveta
ar SeuZlia an romelSic SeiZleba gonier damkvirvebels moeCvenos, rom
mosamarTles sakiTxis miukerZoeblad gadawyveta ar SeuZlia.674
mniSvnelovania mosamarTleTa xelSeuxeblobis principic. es principi
ar gulisxmobs mosamarTleTa absoluturi imunitetis uflebas, Tumca
gamoricxavs samosamarTlo saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT mosamarTlis
TviTneburad pasuxisgebaSi micemas. mosamarTleTa xelSeuxeblobis
princips demokratiul saxelmwifoTa konstituciebis didi nawili ga-
namtkicebs.
281
2. saqarTvelos sasamarTlo sistema675
2.1. istoriuli mimoxilva
282
sruliad daTxovna ki mxolod sasamarTlos ganaCeniT SeiZleba. xelisu-
flebis sxva Stoebisgan sasamarTlo xelisuflebis gamijvnis
TvalsazrisiT, mniSvnelovania pirveli konstituciis 79-e muxli, rome-
lic ganamtkicebs, rom `sasamarTlos arc erTi ganaCeni ar SeiZleba gau-
qmebul, Secvlil, an SeCerebul iqnes kanonmdebeli, aRmasrulebeli an
administraciuli organoebis mier~.680 unda aRiniSnos, rom im periodSi
kanonmdebeli gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli nafic msajulTa in-
stitutis saqarTveloSi damkvidrebiT. 1919 wlis 17 ianvars miRebul
iqna kanoni `nafic msajulTa SemoRebisa~ da debuleba `nafic msajulTa
sasamarTlosi~, Semdgom ki moxda misi sakonstitucio reglamentacia.681
rTulia imis Tqma, Tu rogor imuSavebda sasamarTlo xelisuflebis mom-
wesrigebeli normebi, radgan 25 Tebervals Tbilisi sabWoTa me-11
wiTelma armiam daikava da gamocxadda sabWoTa xelisufleba.682
sasamarTlo xelisuflebis idea aqtualuri gaxda me-20 saukunis 90-
iani wlebis saqarTveloSi. 1990 wlis miwurulsa da 1991 wlis dasawyisSi,
iusticiis saministros iniciativiT, miRebul iqna sakanonmdeblo aq-
tebis mTeli paketi, romelic axleburad gansazRvravda sasamarTlo
wyobilebis, mosamarTleTa statusisa da sasamarTlo xelisuflebis sxva
sakiTxebs. umTavresi mainc is iyo, rom es sakanonmdeblo aqtebi adgend-
nen saqarTvelos srul suverenitets marTlmsajulebis ganxor-
cielebaSi. amrigad, saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenamde
saqarTvelom suvereniteti moipova marTlmsajulebis sferoSi.683 cota
mogvianebiT, jer saqarTvelos respublikis uzenaesi sasamarTlos ple-
numis 1991 wlis dadgenilebaSi, Semdeg ki 1992 wlis kanonSi `saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis Sesaxeb~ Cndeba sityvaTa wyoba `sasamarTlo xelisu-
fleba~.684 sabolood, sasamarTlo xelisuflebis momwesrigebelma
normebma saqarTvelos 1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis mexuTe TavSi
daimkvidra adgili.
283
formebis meSveobiT~. sasamarTlo konstituciurad uflebamosili er-
TaderTi organoa, romelsac ufleba aqvs, ganaxorcielos
marTlmsajuleba. qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni gamoarCevs sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis adgils saxelmwifo xelisuflebis sistemaSi: `sasa-
marTlo xelisufleba damoukidebelia da mas axorcieleben mxolod
sasamarTloebi~, `sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gamoaqvs saqarTvelos
saxeliT~, `sasamarTlos aqtebi savaldebuloa yvela saxelmwifo or-
ganosa da Tanamdebobis pirisTvis qveynis mTel teritoriaze~.
2004 wels saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e muxls daemata me-5 punqti,
romliTac ganisazRvra, rom saerTo sasamarTloebSi saqmeebi nafici
msajulebis mier ganixileba kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi da
wesiT.
konstitucia sasamarTlo xelisuflebis organoTa sistemaSi aer-
Tianebs rogorc saerTo iurisdiqciis sasamarTloebs, ise sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos. samxedro sasamarTloebis SemoReba gaTvaliswinebu-
lia mxolod saomar pirobebSi da mxolod saerTo sasamarTlos siste-
maSi, sagangebo da specialuri sasamarTloebis Seqmnas ki ZiriTadi ka-
noni dauSveblad acxadebs.
sasamarTlo sistemis, misi kompetenciis sakiTxebs dawvrilebiT
awesrigebs `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli ka-
noni.
284
marTloTa gadawyvetilebebze saapelacio saCivrebs ganixilavs quTaisis
saapelacio sasamarTlo, xolo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi moqmed sasa-
marTloTa gadawyvetilebebze saCivrebs _ Tbilisis saapelacio sasa-
marTlo. `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis Tanaxmad, saapelacio sasamarTloSi iqmneba samoqalaqo, admin-
istraciul da sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palatebi, aseve, sagamoZiebo
kolegia.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlo (sakasacio sasamarTlo) saqarTve-
los mTel teritoriaze marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebis umaRlesi da
saboloo instanciis sasamarTloa, romelic zedamxedvelobs
marTlmsajulebis ganxorcielebas saerTo sasamarTloebSi. uzenaesi
sasamarTlo uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomarisa da uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos mosamarTleebisagan Sedgeba.
uzenaes sasamarTloSi Seqmnilia: samoqalaqo saqmeTa palata, admin-
istraciul saqmeTa palata, sisxlis samarTlis saqmeTa palata, sadisci-
plino palata, didi palata da plenumi. uzenaes sasamarTloSi mosa-
marTleTa raodenobas gansazRvravs plenumi, romlis SemadgenlobaSi
arian uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare, misi pirveli moadgile da
moadgileebi, uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrebi da saapelacio sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomareebi. plenumi irCevs palatebis Semadgenlobebs, moismens
palatebis TavmjdomareTa informaciebs, ganixilavs palatebis saqmi-
anobis srulyofasTan dakavSirebul winadadebebs, niSnavs sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlos sam wevrs, amzadebs da aqveynebs wliur angariSs
saqarTveloSi marTlmsajulebis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb da axorcielebs
kanoniT miniWebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
aRniSnulis garda, marTlmsajulebis daubrkoleblad ganxor-
cielebis, sasamarTlo praqtikis Seswavlisa da ganzogadebis, sasa-
marTlo statistikis analizis, agreTve, sxva saqmianobis uzrun-
velyofis mizniT saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebSi moqmedebs sasa-
marTloTa aparatebi, romlis TanamSromlebi saxelmwifo mosamsax-
ureebi arian.
285
marTlis Tanamdebobaze daniSvna, mosamarTlis saqmianobis garantiebi
da sxv.
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleebs (garda uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomarisa da wevrebisa) Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan
aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo. mosamarTled
SeiZleba dainiSnos saqarTvelos qmedunariani moqalaqe 30 wlis asa-
kidan, Tu mas aqvs umaRlesi iuridiuli ganaTleba da specialobiT mu-
Saobis sul cota 5 wlis gamocdileba, flobs saxelmwifo enas,
Cabarebuli aqvs mosamarTleobis sakvalifikacio gamocda, gavlili aqvs
iusticiis umaRlesi skolis sruli saswavlo kursi da Seyvanilia ius-
ticiis msmenelTa sakvalifikacio siaSi. mosamarTled ver dainiSneba
nasamarTlevi piri, aseve, piri, romelic mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan
gaTavisuflebuli iyo disciplinuri gadacdomis Cadenis, mosamarTlis
statusTan SeuTavsebeli Tanamdebobis dakavebis an korufciuli sa-
marTaldarRvevis Cadenis gamo.
raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos, saapelacio sasamarTlos da uze-
naesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvna sxvadasxva
wesiT xdeba. kerZod, mosamarTleobis kandidatad piri CaiTvleba mosa-
marTlis vakanturi Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad iusticiis umaRlesi sab-
WosTvis gancxadebiT mimarTvis Semdeg. mosamarTlis Tanamdebobaze dan-
iSvnis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisas mxedvelobaSi miiReba misi rig-
iTi nomeri iusticiis msmenelTa sakvalifikacio siaSi da iusticiis
umaRlesi skolis damoukidebeli sabWos Sefaseba.
2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad ganisazRvra mosamarT-
leTa Tanamdebobaze uvadod daniSvna, magram kanoniT SeiZleba
dawesebul iqnes samwliani gamosacdeli vada. qarTveli da ucxoeli
eqspertebi kritikulad afaseben mosamarTlisaTvis gamosacdeli vadis
dawesebas. maTi ganmartebiT, aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis xelSi es
SeiZleba iqces mosamarTleebze zewolisa da damoukideblobis
SezRudvis efeqtur instrumentad.687 2014 wlis 1 agvistos organuli
kanoniT dawvrilebiT ganisazRvra saapelacio da raionuli (saqalaqo)
sasamarTlos mosamarTleTa Tanamdebobaze gamwesebis wesi. kerZod,
dadgenili sami wlis gasvlamde arauadres 2 da araugvianes 1 Tvisa, ius-
ticiis umaRlesi sabWo msjelobs da gadawyvetilebas iRebs mosa-
marTlis Tanamdebobaze uvadod gamwesebis Sesaxeb kanoniT dadgenili
asakis miRwevamde. sabWos Sesaswavlad gadaecema mosamarTlis saqmiano-
bis yoveli wlis Sefaseba, romelic xorcieldeba iusticiis umaRlesi
sabWos erTi mosamarTle wevrisa da erTi aramosamarTle wevris mier.
mosamarTlis saqmianobis Sefasebis dros yuradReba eqceva mis
keTilsindisierebas, damoukideblobas, miukerZoeblobas, samarTli-
anobas, pirovnul da profesiul reputacias, samarTlis normebis cod-
nas, samarTlebrivi dasabuTebis unars, akademiur miRwevebsa da sxva
kriteriumebs. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu sabWo ar miiRebs uvadod gamwesebaze
286
gadawyvetilebas, mosamarTles uflebamosileba Seuwydeba
Tanamdebobaze yofnis samwliani vadis gasvlis Semdeg, sabWo ki
gamoacxadebs konkurss mosamarTlis vakanturi Tanamdebobis da-
sakaveblad.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaresa da mosamarTleebs saqarTve-
los prezidentis wardginebiT, siiTi Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT
irCevs parlamenti aranakleb 10 wlis vadiT. uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomare uflebamosilia, saqarTvelos prezidents warudginos uz-
enaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTled asarCevi kandidatura, xolo pre-
zidenti, Tavis mxriv, uflebamosilia, saqarTvelos parlaments asarCe-
vad warudginos nebismieri kandidatura, romelic kanoniT dadgenil
moTxovnebs akmayofilebs.
kanoniT dadgenili wesiT daniSnuli (arCeuli) mosamarTle
Tanamdebobis dakavebamde sazeimo viTarebaSi debs fics.
287
Sesabamisi organoebi uzrunvelyofen mosamarTlisa da misi ojaxis wev-
rebis dacvas.
funqciuri damoukidebloba imiT aris uzrunvelyofili, rom mosa-
marTle gadawyvetilebas iRebs mxolod kanonisa da Sinagani rwmenis sa-
fuZvelze. aravis aqvs ufleba, mosTxovos mosamarTles angariSi
konkretul saqmeze. gadawyvetilebis gamotanisas mosamarTle Seuvali
unda iyos. misi azri ar unda meryeobdes politikuri, socialuri, mxaris
interesis an Tundac, kritikis SiSiT. amasTan, mosamarTlem Tavisi saqmi-
anoba aucileblad miukerZoeblad unda ganaxorcielos. saqarTvelos
samosamarTlo eTikis kodeqsis Tanaxmad, sasamarTlo movaleobis
Sesrulebisas mosamarTle Tavisufali unda iyos yovelgvari winaswar
Seqmnili azrisa Tu Sexedulebisgan.
288
rezervSi Caricxuli mosamarTlis rezervidan amoricxva. saqarTvelos
saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa mimarT disciplinur saqmeebs
ganixilavs saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa sa-
disciplino kolegia. sadisciplino kolegiis gadawyvetilebas
Sesasruleblad savaldebulo Zala aqvs.
`saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis
Tanaxmad, mosamarTlis Tanamdebobidan gaTavisuflebis, uzenaesi sasa-
marTlos Tavmjdomarisa da uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevris
uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis safuZvlebia: piradi gancxadeba; disci-
plinuri gadacdomis Cadena; mosamarTlis statusTan SeuTavsebeli
Tanamdebobis dakaveba; sasamarTlos mier SezRudulqmedunarianad aRi-
areba an mxardaWeris mimRebad cnoba; saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis
Sewyveta; mis mimarT sabolood gamotanili gamamtyunebeli ganaCenis
kanonier ZalaSi Sesvla; 65 wlis asaks miRweva; korufciuli samarTal-
darRvevis Cadena; gardacvaleba; sasamarTlos likvidacia, mosamarT-
leTa Tanamdebobis Semcireba; sxva sasamarTloSi daniSvna (arCeva); sxva
dawesebulebaSi Tanamdebobaze daniSvna; uflebamosilebis vadis gasvla.
uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba
xdeba impiCmentis wesiT, romelsac saqarTvelos konstituciis 64-e
muxli gansazRvravs. konstituciis darRvevis an/da danaSaulis Cadenis
SemTxvevaSi impiCmentis wesiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris
Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis sakiTxis aRZvris ufleba aqvs parlamentis
sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb erT mesameds. parlamenti uflebamo-
silia, Sesabamisi daskvnis miRebis Semdeg, sruli Semadgenlobis umrav-
lesobiT uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare Tanamdebobidan gada-
ayenos.
xsenebuli safuZvlebiT, uzenaesi sasamarTlos wevrs
uflebamosilebas vadaze adre uwyvets saqarTvelos parlamenti,
saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWos wardginebiT. saapelacio da
raionuli (saqalaqo) sasamarTlos mosamarTles ki Tanamdebobidan aTa-
visuflebs saqarTvelos iusticiis umaRlesi sabWo.
289
ferenciis qartiiTa da reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebul sxva
uflebamosilebebs.
saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferencia moiwveva weliwadSi erTxel
mainc. konferenciis sxdoma Riaa. saqarTvelos mosamarTleTa konferen-
cia uflebamosilia ganixilos sakiTxi da miiRos gadawyvetileba, Tu mas
eswreba saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa naxevarze meti.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
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Tavi X
sakonstitucio kontroli
292
sakonstitucio kontrolis specialuri organos Seqmnis idea ki
kelzens ekuTvnis. igi iziarebda marSalis pozicias da miaCnda, rom kon-
stitucia uzenaesi normaa, romelsac nebismieri sxva samarTlebrivi aq-
tis mimarT upiratesi iuridiuli Zala aqvs da igi unda aRsruldes.703
kelzenis ideebi emyareboda amerikul gamocdilebasa da evropul
azrovnebas. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi abati siesi emxroboda sakonstitu-
cio kontrolis Camoyalibebasa da yvela im kanonis gauqmebas, romlebic
konstitucias ewinaaRmdegeboda, vinaidan, misi azriT, `konstitucia an
savaldebulo kanonebis krebulia, an _ araferi~704. misive TqmiT, `Tu
konstitucia zogadsavaldebulo qcevis wesebis erTobliobaa, ismis
kiTxva _ sad aris misi damcveli instituti?..~705 miuxedavad imisa, rom
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ideam didi gavrceleba hpova, zogierT sax-
elmwifoSi sakonstitucio kontrolis specialuri organoebi dRemde ar
arsebobs706.
293
1.2.1.2. avstriuli modeli
294
awyvetilebiT darRveulia misi ZiriTadi uflebebi.730 es uflebamosile-
ba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ar aqcevs saapelacio instanciad731,
radgan saqmis ganxilva ar Seexeba gasaCivrebuli SemTxvevis samarTle-
briv siswores, davis sagani gadawyvetilebaSi adamianis uflebebis na-
wilia.
germanuli modeli avstriulisgan, ZiriTadad, swored masSi saerTo
sasamarTloebis gadawyvetilebis gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobiT gansxvav-
deba, rac mis uflebamosilebebs mniSvnelovnad zrdis. mas gansakuTre-
bulad maRali avtoriteti aqvs ara marto germaniaSi, aramed mTel
msoflioSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia saerTo sasa-
marTloebis praqtikis Sefaseba da Semowmeba, Tumca aRniSnuli
uflebamosileba, garkveuli mosazrebebis gamo, Tavadve SeizRuda732.
saboloo jamSi, sakonstitucio kontrolis evropuli modeli war-
matebuli gamodga. aRmosavleT evropis saxelmwifoTa umetesobam
swored evropul models (avstriul-germanuli) mianiWa upiratesoba.733
295
aSS-Si sakonstitucio kontrolis damkvidrebis paralelurad,
evropaSi, kerZod, safrangeTSi miiRes kanoni, romlis Tanaxmadac, sasa-
marTloebis monawileobis Tavidan acilebis mizniT, aikrZala sasa-
marTlos mier sakanonmdeblo da kanonqvemdebare aqtebis kanonierebis
ganxilva samarTalSemoqmedebiT saqmianobaSi.741 safrangeTSi karga xans
cdilobdnen saerTo sasamarTloebs CamorTmeodaT kanonis interpre-
taciisa da precedentebis Seqmnis uflebamosileba; maqsimalurad iyo
SezRuduli, aseve, saxelmwifo sabWos uflebamosileba aqtebis ka-
nonierebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT, sanam 1958 wels safrangeTis kon-
stituciam mniSvnelovani sistemuri cvlilebebi ar Semoitana,742 romlis
Sedegadac safrangeTSi damkvidrda sakonstitucio kontroli, Tumca
unikaluri, franguli formiT743 (1958 wlis konstituciiT sakonstitu-
cio sabWo parlamentis faqtobriv zemdgom organod Camoyalibda)744.
safrangeTs dRemde SemorCa misTvis damaxasiaTebeli sifrTxile,
romliTac igi xelisuflebis organoTa kontrolis sakiTxs ekideba. sa-
konstitucio sabWo mTavrobisTvis parlamentis winaaRmdeg arsebuli
mniSvnelovani saSualebaa.745 marTalia, sakonstitucio sabWo sasa-
marTlo instituti araa, Tumca igi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos eqviva-
lenti organoa, romelic konstituciurobis Semowmebis ufleba-
mosilebiTaa aRWurvili. msgavsia iranSi sakonstitucio sabWo, ro-
melsac analogiuri funqcia akisria da paralelurad, aqtebis yuranTan
Seabamisobasac ganixilavs746.
dResdReobiT, amerikul da evropul sistemebTan erTad arsebobs e.w.
`Sereuli modelic~, romelic rogorc saerTo sasamarTloebis, ise spe-
cialuri sakonstitucio kontrolis organoebis mier sakonstitucio
kontrolis erT samarTlebriv sivrceSi ganxorcilebas gulisxmobs747.
TiToeuli saxelmwifo Tavad gansazRvravs, Tu romel models miani-
Webs upiratesobas. es ki am saxelmwifos istoriaze, kulturasa da
eTnofsiqikazea damokidebuli. Tanamedrove samyaroSi yvela samarTle-
brivi instituti erTmaneTze zemoqmedebs, xdeba informaciisa da gamo-
cdilebis urTierTagacvla, samarTlebrivi samyaro araa Caketili.
evropaSi sakonstitucio kontrolis sasamarTlo Tu arasasamarTlo
organoebze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs `evropuli konstituciuri
arqiteqtura~, romelsac ZiriTadad evrosasamarTlo ganapirobebs,
romlis praqtikac evropaSi sakonstitucio kontrolis harmonizacias
uzrunvelyofs748.
296
warmomadgenels yovelTvis aZlevs saSualebas, moiTxovos xelisu-
flebis meore Stos warmomadgeneli organos mier miRebuli normatiuli
aqtis arakonstituciurad cnoba.~751 federalur saxelmwifoSi abstraq-
tuli kontrolis meqanizmi federalur da miwis mTavrobebs Soris sa-
konstitucio davis SemTxvevaSi gvevlineba, roca federalur mTavrobas
miwis kanoni an piriqiT, miwis mTavrobas federaluri kanoni ara-
konstituciurad miaCnia 752.
konkretuli (incidenturi) kontroli calkeul SemTxvevaTa ganxil-
vasa da gadawyvetas gulisxmobs.753 konkretuli kontrolis meqanizmis
klasikur magaliTad aSS moiazreba754. habermasi abstraqtul kontrol-
Tan SedarebiT, konkretul kontrols miiCnevs upiratesad. misi azriT,
individualuri SemTxvevebidan gamomdinare Setanili konstituciuri
sarCelebis ganxilvisas, sasamarTlo SezRudulia normis ganmartebisa
da gamoyenebis saqmeSi755.
sakontitucio kontroli SeiZleba iyos rogorc winaswari (prevenci-
uli), ise _ Semdgomi (represiuli).756 winaswari (prevenciuli)
kontrolis ganxorcieleba SesaZlebelia samarTlebrivi aqtis
miRebamde, promulgaciamde an amoqmedebamde da misi mizania kons-
tituciasTan Seusabamo aqtis amoqmedebis Tavidan acileba.757 winaswari
kontrolisgan gansxvavebiT, Semdgomi kontrolis SemTxvevaSi, adgili
aqvs ukve amoqmedebuli aqtis konstituciasTan Sesabamisobis sakiTxis
ganxilvas758.
safrangeTis sakonstitucio sabWos SeuZlia (organuli) kanonis kon-
stituciurobis ganxilva mis promulgaciamde, roca sxva bevr evropul
saxelmwifoSi sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi mxolod ex post (Semdgom)
arian uflebamosilni, ganixilon aqtebis konstituciasTan Sesabamiso-
bis sakiTxi.759 aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom sakonstitucio sabWo aRWur-
vilia rogorc prevenciuli, ise represiuli kontrolis meqanizmiT,
Tumca prevenciuli kontroli organuli kanonebis mimarT gamoiyeneba
maT promulgaciamde, amasTan, savaldebulo wesiT, xolo Cveulebrivi
kanonebis mimarT represiuli kontroli moqmedebs760. espaneTis sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlo uflebamosilia rogorc ZalaSi Sesuli, ise
asamoqmedebeli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi ganixilos (ex ante)761.
winaswari kontrolis ZiriTadi upiratesoba SemdgomTan isaa, rom am
SemTxvevaSi xdeba arakonstituciuri aqtebis moqmedebis prevencia762.
meore mxriv, prevenciuli (a priori) kontroli politizebuls xdis Tavad
marTlmsajulebas da sasamarTlos iTrevs politikur oromtrialSi763.
`Sereuli modelis~ sakonstitucio kontrolis mqone saxelmwifoebSi
xSirad Semdgom kontrols saerTo sasamarTloebi axorcieleben, sa-
konstitucio sasamarTloebi ki mimarTaven rogorc winaswari, ise
Semdgomi kontrolis meqanizms764.
sakonstitucio kontroli SesaZlebelia iyos sakonsultacio da
damdgeni xasiaTis. pirvel SemTxvevaSi kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli
297
organos gadawyvetilebas, daskvnas aqvs mxolod sakonsultacio xasiaTi
da misi Sesruleba savaldebulo araa, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi, miRebuli
gadawyvetileba uSualod da pirdapir moqmedebs da zogadi xasiaTi
aqvs.765
realuri kontroli moqmedebs sakonstitucio kontrolis germanul
modelSi. igi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SesaZleblobas aZlevs, nor-
matiul aqtebTan erTad, ganixilos saerTo sasamarTloebis (rogorc
wesi, umaRlesi instanciis sasamarTlos) gadawyvetilebebis konstitu-
ciurobis sakiTxi. realuri kontrolis uflebamosilebiT sakonstitu-
cio sasamarTlo sasamarTlo sistemis ierarqiis saTaveSi eqceva da sax-
elmwifoSi adamianis uflebaTa dacvis bolo instancias warmoadgens.
konstitucionalizmSi, aseve, ganasxvaveben savaldebulo da fakul-
tatur, garegan da Sinagan, ex tunc da ex nunc da a.S. sakonstitucio
kontrolis saxeebs.766
298
titucia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos sasamarTlo xelisuflebas mi-
akuTvnebs saerTo sasamarTloebTan erTad, Tumca ganasxvavebs
marTlmsajulebis organoebisgan da mas gansakuTrebul _ sakonstitu-
cio kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli organos statusiTa da
772
uflebamosilebebiT aRWuravs.
konstituciiT ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos Semadgenloba, misi dakompleqtebis wesi da pirobebi, sasa-
marTlos wevrobis cenzebi, imuniteti da statusi, sasamarTlos
uflebamosilebebi, riTac konstitucia qmnis im sakonstitucio safuZ-
vels, romelze dayrdnobiTac sakonstitucio sasamarTlo warmodgeba,
rogorc kompromisisa da Serigebis organo (sakanonmdeblo da aR-
masrulebel xelisuflebaTa konfliqtis SemTxvevaSi), rogorc sazoga-
doebaSi politikuri mSvidobisa da stabilurobis garanti, konstitu-
ciur faseulobaTa damcveli, sakonstitucio wesrigis sadarajoze
mdgomi instituti773.
299
parlamentis kvotiT sasamarTlos wevrobis kandidatTa dasaxelebisa da
saarCevno procedurebis specialur wesebs.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos organizaciisa da samarTalwarmoebis
wesebs, aseve, adgens sakonstitucio sasamarTlos reglamenti, romelic
miiReba sasamarTlos plenumis mier Ria kenWisyriT.
saxelmwifos aqvs pozitiuri valdebuleba _ sasamarTlos wevris
damoukideblobis uzrunvelyofisaTvis Seqmnas Sesabamisi socialuri
da samuSao pirobebi, rasac sakanonmdeblo doneze gansakuTrebuli yur-
adReba eTmoba. aRniSnul sakiTxebs awesrigebs saqarTvelos kanoni
`saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrTa socialuri dacvis
garantiebis Sesaxeb~. `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrTa
Sromis anazRaurebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT wesrigdeba sasa-
marTlos wevris Sromis anazRaurebis sakiTxi, romelic misi statusisa
da damoukideblobis ganmsazRvreli erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi krite-
riumia.
300
moadgile xelmZRvanelobs. kolegiis Semadgenlobas sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris wardginebiT amtkicebs plenumi.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare da Tavmjdomaris ori
moadgile airCeva plenumis mier, sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT, 5
wlis vadiT. Tu arCevis momentisaTvis, kandidatebs wevris
uflebamosilebis vadis gasvlamde 5 welze naklebi aqvT darCenili, isini
airCevian uflebamosilebis darCenili vadiT. sakonstitucio sasa-
marTLlos Tavmjdomaris, Tavmjdomaris moadgileebisa da mdivnis arCe-
vasTan dakavSirebuli procedurebi `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoniT ganisazRvreba da isini 2016 wels
ganxorcielebuli sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebiT mniSvnelovnad
Seicvala.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare uzrunvelyofs sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos gamarTul funqcionirebas, anawilebs gansax-
ilvel saqmeebs, gankargavs sasamarTlos finansebs, xelmZRvanelobs
plenums da a.S. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos damoukideblobis meti uz-
runvelyofisaTvis, mas aqvs damoukidebeli biujeti, romelic sax-
elmwifo biujetis nawilia. sasamarTlosaTvis gamoyofili dafinansebis
Semcireba dasaSvebia mxolod sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaswari
TanxmobiT.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mdivani airCeva sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos plenumis mier 5 wlis vadiT. misi mTavari daniSnulebaa sasa-
marTlos muSaobis organizaciuli da samarTlebrivi uzrunvelyofa,
oficialuri dokumentaciis warmoeba da sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebebis aRsrulebaze zedamxedveloba.
teqnikuri da damxmare funqciebis gasaxorcieleblad iqmneba sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos aparati, xolo sxdomebisa da sasamarTlos
SenobaSi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT _ mandaturis samsaxuri.
maT koordinaciasa da saerTo xelmZRvanelobas axorcielebs sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare.
301
kanonmdeblo aqtebisa da saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenilebebis
miRebis/gamocemis, xelmoweris, gamoqveynebisa da amoqmedebis Sesabam-
isobis sakiTxebi;
b) dava saxelmwifo organoebs Soris kompetenciis Taobaze;
g) moqalaqeTa politikur gaerTianebaTa Seqmnisa da saqmianobis kon-
stituciurobis sakiTxi;
d) dava referendumisa da arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebisa da am
normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli an Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referen-
dumis) konstituciurobis Sesaxeb;
e) saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavis sakiTxebTan mimarTebiT
miRebuli normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi;
v) saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa an SeTanxmebaTa konstituciurobis
sakiTxi;
z) saqarTvelos parlamentis wevris uflebamosilebis cnobis an
uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetis sakiTxi;
T) saqarTvelos prezidentis, saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris, saqarTvelos mTavrobis wevris, generaluri auditorisa
da saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis sabWos wevris mier saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis darRvevis sakiTxi;
i) dava „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb“
saqarTvelos konstituciuri kanonis darRvevis Taobaze;
k) saqarTvelos konstituciasTan, „aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis
statusis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos konstituciur kanonTan, konstituciur
SeTanxmebasTan, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebTan da
SeTanxmebebTan da saqarTvelos kanonebTan aWaris avtonomiuri respu-
blikis umaRlesi sabWos normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi;
l) normatiuli aqtebis konstituciurobis sakiTxi saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis meSvide1 TavTan mimarTebiT;
m) saqarTvelos konstituciis 82-e, 84-e, 86-e, 861, 87-e da 90-e mux-
lebTan normatiuli aqtebis Sesabamisobis sakiTxi.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos funqciaTagan umTavresi
mis mier sakonstitucio normaTkontrolis ganxorcielebaa. sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos mier arakonstituciurad cnobili sa-
marTlebrivi aqti an misi nawili kargavs iuridiul Zalas. kanonis an misi
nawilis arakonstituciurad miCnevisas, sasamarTlo auqmebs mas, riTac
axorcielebs `negatiuri kanonmdeblis~ funqcias.776 sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos, rogorc negatiuri kanonmdeblis, funqciaa, gamoasworos
kanonmdeblis mier arakonstituciuri kanonmdeblobis miRebiT Seqmnili
mdgomareoba777.
saqmis ganxilvisas sasamarTlo SezRudulia mosarCele mxaris
sasarCelo moTxovniT da ar SeuZlia gascdes am farglebs,778 rac
ganpirobebulia samarTalwarmoebaSi mxareTa Tanasworobisa da Seji-
brebiTobis principebis arsebobiT. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Seu-
302
Zlia gaauqmos nebismieri saxelmwifo organosa Tu Tanamdebobis piris
normatiuli aqti konstituciasTan Seusabamobis safuZvliT, Tumca, un-
da aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi mas TviTiniciativiT saqmis
ganxilvis wamowyeba ar SeuZlia.
marTalia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar iRebs normebs, magram ara-
konstituciuri normebis gauqmebiT (negatiuri kanonmdeblis funqcia),
kanonmdebels exmareba swori sakanonmdeblo nebis CamoyalibebaSi779,
xels uwyobs kanonmdeblobis srulyofasa da daxvewas780. ufro metic,
zogierTi qveynis sasamarTlos imisi uflebac aqvs, gamoavlinos normis
ararsebobis konstituciuroba da parlaments miuTiTos misi aR-
mofxvris Taobaze781.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier arakonstituciurad cnobili nor-
matiuli aqtis gauqmeba moiTxovs parlamentis mxridan Sesabamis rea-
girebas, rac gamowveulia gauqmebuli normis safuZvelze Seqmnili
mTeli rigi normatiuli aqtebis konstituciasTan SesabamisobaSi
moyvaniT.782 prof. zoiZis azriT, `sasamarTlo Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT
Zaladakargulad acxadebs pozitiuri samarTlis normas saerTod, imis
miuxedavad, ramden normatiul aqtSia igi gamoxatuli~783. aqtis gau-
qmebis Tanmdevi Sedegebis dadgoma da praqtikuli implementacia
damokidebulia saxelmwifoSi samarTlebrivi kulturis doneze _ ram-
denad iTvaliswinebs msgavs SemTxvevebSi kanonmdebeli sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos pozicias.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier samarTlebrivi aqtis an misi nawi-
lis gauqmeba iwvevs mis safuZvelze gamotanili sasamarTlo gad-
awyvetilebebis aRsrulebis SeCerebas da ara maT gauqmebas (ex nunc sa-
konstitucio kontroli).
303
Setanaze uflebamosil pirTa wre ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi moqmedebs individualuri
sarCelis sistema: nebismieri piri (rogorc fizikuri, ise iuridiuli),
romelic miiCnevs, rom misi ufleba dairRva, uflebamosilia, sarCeliT
mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos da moiTxovos uflebis damrRve-
vi normatiuli aqtis gauqmeba konstituciis meore TavTan mimarTebiT.
saerTo sasamarTloSi saqmis ganxilvisas, Tu mosamarTle miiCnevs, rom
konkretuli normatiuli aqti SeiZleba arakonstituciuri iyos, igi
SeaCerebs saqmis warmoebas da kontsituciuri wardginebiT mimarTavs
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, ganixilos aqtis konstituciurobis sa-
kiTxi. wardgineba, konstituciur sarCelTan erTad, sakonstitucio sa-
marTalwarmoebis dawyebis safuZvelia.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sarCelisa da wardginebis gansaxilvelad
miRebis sakiTxs wyvets ganmwesrigebel sxdomaze. sakonstitucio sa-
marTalwarmoeba mimdinareobs mxareTa SejibrebiTobis dacviT, sasa-
marTlos ar SeuZlia gascdes sarCelSi Camoyalibebuli moTxovnis far-
glebs, man unda ganixilos mxolod gasaCivrebuli normis (an normebis)
konstituciurobis sakiTxi. sasamarTlos ekrZaleba TviTiniciativa.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sakonstitucio marTlmsajulebas unda ax-
orcielebdes efeqturad, gonivrul vadebSi, samarTlis principebisa da
konstituciis suliskveTebis Sesabamisad.
konstituciuri sarCelis/wardginebis ganxilvis vada ar unda aRe-
matebodes 9 Tves, Tumca konkretuli davebis ganxilvisaTvis dadge-
nilia sagamonakliso vadebi. gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi sasamarTlos
Tavmjdomaris gadawyvetilebiT SesaZlebelia ganxilvis vadis 2 TviT
gagrZeleba. saqmis arsebiTi ganxilvis dasrulebis Semdeg sasamarTlo
gadis saTaTbiroSi saqmis saboloo gadasawyvetad.
304
sakonstitucio sasamarTlo daskvnas iRebs saqarTvelos preziden-
tis, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, mTavrobis wevris, gen-
eraluri auditoris da erovnuli bankis sameTvalyureo sabWos wevris
impiCmentis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, aseve, konstituciur wardginebaze,
romelic Setanilia ratifikacias daqvemdebarebuli xelSekrulebisa
Tu SeTanxmebis an maT calkeul debulebaTa konstituciurobis Taoba-
ze. daskvnasa da gadawyvetilebas xels awers saqmis arsebiTad ganxilvaSi
monawile sasamarTlos yvela wevri.
saqmis arsebiT ganxilvaSi miRebis Sesaxeb miiReba saoqmo Canaweri,
xolo miuReblobis Sesaxeb _ ganCineba. saoqmo Canawersa da ganCinebas
xels aweren saqmis ganxilvaSi monawile wevrebi. sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos aqtebi sabolooa da ar saCivrdeba, aseve, ar xdeba maTi Semdgo-
mi gadasinjva.
akrZalulia sasamarTlos mier gauqmebuli normis parlamentis mier
xelaxla miReba.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos efeqturi saqmianobisaTvis aucilebel
winapirobas misi gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis uzrunvelyofa war-
moadgens785, romelic sakonstitucio kontrolis procesis bolo etapia
da romlis safuZvelzec dgeba saboloo samarTlebrivi Sedegi786. sasa-
marTlos gadawyvetilebis aRsruleba damokidebulia saxelmwifoSi
arsebul samarTlebriv kulturasa da marTlSegnebaze. sakonstitucio
sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba ara mxolod mxareTaTvis (inter partes), ara-
med yvelasaTvis savaldebuloa (erga omnes) da zogad xasiaTs atarebs.787
xelisuflebis samive Sto pativs unda scemdes sasamarTlos azrs da iT-
valiswinebdes mas.788 nebismieri saxelmwifo organo da Tanamdebobis piri
valdebulia, daemorCilos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyveti-
lebas, radgan konstituciis uzenaesoba da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
gadawyvetilebebis aRsruleba samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos erT-erTi
ZiriTadi safuZvelia789.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis ZalaSi
SesvlisTanave, aucilebelia misi dauyovnebliv aRsruleba. amasTan, un-
da aRiniSnos, rom sakuTari gadawyvetilebis aRsrulebis ganxilva ar
Sedis sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetenciaSi. sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebebis aRsrulebis process zedamxedvelobas uwevs sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos mdivani, romelic TveSi erTxel sasa-
marTlos acnobebs informacias gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebis
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis umrav-
lesoba droulad sruldeba, Tumca arsebobs mniSvnelovani
problemebic, romlebic, ZiriTadad, socialur-ekonomikur da qonebriv
sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli gadawyvetilebebis aRsrulebisas dgeba.790
305
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
306
Tavi XI
saxelmwifo finansebi da kontroli
307
gamdidrebul pirTa viwro wre da qveynis arademokratiuli garemo. XXI
saukuneSi saxelmwifo Tanamedrove ekonomikis relsebze gadavida, ga-
tarda bevri reforma, romelTa didma nawilma gaamarTla da qveynis
ekonomikuri ganviTareba uzrunvelyo. samwuxarod, Tavisufal bazarsa
da sabazro ekonomikaze dafuZnebul saxelmwifomde kidev didi da rTu-
li gzaa gasavleli, aucilebelia erTiani saxelmwifoebrivi politikis
SemuSaveba da im principebis danergva, romelic Tavisufali bazris
mdgradobas uzrunvelyofs. mniSvnelovania samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos
principis praqtikaSi damkvidreba, vinaidan pirebisadmi Tanaswori
damokidebuleba, kanonis winaSe Tanasworoba da konkurenciis Tanaswori
pirobebi795 samarTlis uzenaesobis gareSe ver miiRweva. amasTan,
aucilebelia gaanalizdes saxelmwifos instituciuri da funqciuri
roli ekonomikaSi, vinaidan saqarTvelos konstituciis suliskveTeba
ekonomikis gansaxelmwifoebriobiskenaa mimarTuli796, amitomac sax-
elmwifo minimalurad unda ereodes safinanso-ekonomikur sakiTxebSi
da mxolod ZiriTadi principebis, CarCoebis dadgenis funqcias unda
asrulebdes, vinaidan saxelmwifos aqtiuri rolis Sesrulebisas war-
moudgeneli xdeba sabazro ekonomikis mTavari ideis, samarTliani
konkurenciis, srulyofili arseboba.
308
saqarTvelos konstitucia gadasaxadebis gasazrdelad an axali
gadasaxadis SemosaRebad referendumis Catarebis aucileblobas iT-
valiswinebs: saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis axali saxis SemoRe-
ba, garda aqcizisa, an saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis saxis
mixedviT arsebuli ganakveTis zeda zRvris gazrda SesaZlebelia mxo-
lod referendumis gziT, garda organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevebisa. am SemTxvevaSi, referendumis daniSvnis iniciatori eqsk-
luziurad saqarTvelos mTavrobaa, romelic saxelmwifos safinanso-
ekonomikuri politikis ganmaxorcielebeli da biujetis Sesrulebaze
pasuxismgebeli mTavari organoa. aRsaniSnavia, rom saerTo-
saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis axali saxis SemoRebad an zRvruli ganak-
veTis gazrdad ar CaiTvleba gadasaxadis SemoReba an cvlileba, romelic
arsebuli gadasaxadis alternativaa an anacvlebs mas da amave dros ar
zrdis sagadasaxado tvirTs. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadis ax-
ali saxis SemoRebad an zRvruli ganakveTis gazrdad ar CaiTvleba,
agreTve, gadasaxadis saxis mixedviT arsebuli zRvruli ganakveTis far-
glebSi gadasaxadis ganakveTis cvlileba.
saqarTveloSi arsebobs saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi da adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebi. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi gadasaxadia sagadasaxado ko-
deqsiT dawesebuli gadasaxadebi, romelTa gadaxdac savaldebuloa
saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze. saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi
gadasaxadebia: saSemosavlo gadasaxadi; mogebis gadasaxadi; damatebuli
Rirebulebis gadasaxadi (dRg); aqcizi; importis gadasaxadi.
adgilobrivi gadasaxadi aris sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dawesebuli da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos
(sakrebulos) normatiuli aqtiT SemoRebuli gadasaxadi (zRvruli ga-
nakveTebis farglebSi), romlis gadaxdac savaldebuloa Sesabamisi
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis teritoriaze. sagadasaxado ko-
deqsiT dadgenili adgilobrivi gadasaxadia qonebis gadasaxadi.
TviTmmarTveli erTeulis sakrebulo uflebamosilia SemoiRos
sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dawesebuli adgilobrivi gadasaxadi adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mTel teritoriaze erTiani ganakveTis
saxiT an/da am erTeulis teritoriaze calkeuli dargebis an/da saqmi-
anobis saxeebis mixedviT, sagadasaxado kodeqsiT dadgenili zRvruli
ganakveTis farglebSi. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlo-
biTi organo valdebulia adgilobrivi gadasaxadis SemoRebis, misi gada-
xdis pirobebis Secvlis an SemoRebuli adgilobrivi gadasaxadis gau-
qmebis Sesaxeb informacia da saTanado normatiuli aqtis asli misi gam-
oqveynebisTanave gaugzavnos Semosavlebis samsaxursa da Sesabamis
sagadasaxado organoebs.
sagadasaxado sistemis mTavari saxelmwifo organo saqarTvelos fi-
nansTa saministroa. gadasaxadebis/gadasaxdelebis, aseve, Sesabamisi kom-
petenciis farglebSi, mosakreblebis administrirebas axdens finansTa
309
saministros mmarTvelobis sferoSi Semavali sajaro samarTlis iu-
ridiuli piri _ Semosavlebis samsaxuri, romlis uflebamosilebebi,
struqtura da saqmianobis wesi gansazRvrulia sagadasaxado kodeqsiT,
`Semosavlebis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, finansTa minis-
tris mier damtkicebuli Semosavlebis samsaxuris debulebiTa da sxva
samarTlebrivi aqtebiT. sagadasaxado administrirebis erTiani praqti-
kis Camoyalibebis mizniT finansTa ministris mier iqmneba auditorTa
sabWo, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian saqarTvelos finansTa
saministrosa da Semosavlebis samsaxuris TanamSromlebi, aseve, mowveu-
li specialistebi.
2. saxelmwifo biujeti799
310
li.803 1995 wlis konstituciis proeqti biujetis mcire Sekvecas mTav-
robis Tanxmobis gareSe iTvaliswinebda, Tumca saboloo redaqciaSi igi
ar asaxula.804 saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, mxolod saqarTve-
los mTavrobaa uflebamosili, parlamentis komitetebTan ZiriTadi
monacemebisa da mimarTulebebis ganxilvis Semdeg parlaments warudg-
inos saxelmwifo biujetis proeqti. amasTan, mTavrobis eqskluzivia sax-
elmwifo biujetis proeqtSi cvlilebebis inicireba. dauSvebelia misi
Tanxmobis gareSe biujetSi cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. vinaidan biu-
jetis proeqtis wardgena mTavrobis prerogativaa, uSualod proeqtis
Sedgena da Sesabamisi parametrebis momzadeba Msafinanso sferoze pasux-
ismgebeli saministros funqciaa805.
mTavroba momavali wlis saxelmwifo biujetis proeqts parlaments
warudgens sabiujeto wlis dasrulebamde ara ugvianes sami Tvisa. sax-
elmwifo biujetis proeqtTan erTad mTavroba waradgens moxsenebas
mimdinare wlis saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis mimdinareobis Sesaxeb.
saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebis angariSs mTavroba parlaments da-
samtkiceblad warudgens sabiujeto wlis dasrulebidan ara ugvianes 5
Tvisa. Tu parlamenti ver moaxerxebs wardgenili saxelmwifo biujetis
miRebas 3 Tvis ganmavlobaSi, xarjebi daifareba wina wlis saxelmwifo
biujetis mixedviT. kanonproeqti, romelic iwvevs mimdinare wlis sax-
elmwifo biujetis xarjebis zrdas, Semosavlebis Semcirebas an sax-
elmwifos mier axali finansuri valdebulebebis aRebas, parlamentma
SeiZleba miiRos mxolod mTavrobis Tanxmobis Semdeg, xolo momaval
safinanso welTan dakavSirebuli kanonproeqti – mTavrobis TanxmobiT
an mTavrobis mier parlamentSi wardgenili qveynis ZiriTadi mona-
cemebisa da mimarTulebebis dokumentis farglebSi.
sakanomdeblo da aRamsrulebeli xelisuflebis urTierTobis kuTx-
iT, biujeti samarTlebrivi da safinanso dokumentia, romelic mTav-
robis mier waredgineba parlaments da romelSic mocemulia is mimar-
Tulebebi, romlebzec mTavroba apirebs Tanxis daxarjvas, raTa
efeqturad uzrunvelyos aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis ganxorcieleba,
Tavis mxriv ki, parlamenti gamoxatavs Tanxmobas da erTgvarad ndobiT
aRWuravs mTavrobas.806 Tumca parlamentis damokidebuleba mxolod
Tanxmobis micemiT ar sruldeba, ufro metic, igi specialuri or-
ganoebis saSualebiT biujetis aRsrulebis mTel etapze
807
zedamxedvelobs sabiujeto saxsrebis gamoyenebis process. sapar-
lamento da Sereuli tipis respublikebSi biujetis damtkiceba xSirad
ukavSirdeba mTavrobis ndobis sakiTxs, amitomac biujetis daumtkice-
blobis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa dadges mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobis sa-
kiTxi (undoblobis negatiuri votumi).808 2010 wlis sakonstitucio re-
formis Sedegad, saqarTvelos konstituciam gaiTvaliswina undoblobis
negatiuri votumi biujetis damtkicebasTan dakavSirebiT, Tumca 2013
wlis sakonstitucio cvlilebebiT norma gauqmda, rac namdvilad sas-
311
ikeTo cvlileba iyo. moqmedi redaqciiT, mTavrobis undoblobisa da
biujetis miRebis sakiTxebi dakavSirebulia, Tumca kontkretul Sem-
TxvevaSi, kerZod, Tu parlamenti axali sabiujeto wlis dawyebidan 2
Tvis ganmavlobaSi ver moaxerxebs saxelmwifo biujetis miRebas, es
CaiTvleba undoblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxis aRZvrad da gagrZeldeba
konstituciis 81-e muxlis me-2–me-5 punqtebiT gaTvaliswinebuli pro-
cedurebi. Tu parlamenti undoblobis proceduriT dadgenil vadaSi
undoblobas ver gamoucxadebs mTavrobas, prezidenti am vadis
amowurvidan 3 dReSi daiTxovs parlaments da daniSnavs riggareSe
arCevnebs.
saxelmwifo biujetis kanons xels awers saqarTvelos prezidenti
(Tumca problemuria mis mimarT vetos gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba).
aRsaniSnavia, rom biujeti Cveulebrivi kanonia, TUumca mis mimarT gan-
sakuTrebuli sakanonmdeblo procedurebi vrceldeba, gaT-
valiswinebulia organuli kanonis misaRebad dadgenili kvorumi da a.S.
saxelmwifo biujetis kanoni qveyndeba sakanonmdeblo macnes vebgver-
dze.
3. safinanso kontroli
3.1. safinanso kontrolis daniSNnuleba da standarti
3.1.1. safinanso kontrolis daniSnuleba
312
formacia, raTa momavalSi ukeT dagegmos da ganaxorcielos masze da-
kisrebuli movaleobebi, dasaxuli miznis efeqturad da swrafad
misaRwevad.815 saxelmwifo safinanso kontroli zogadi cnebaa da igi
Tavis TavSi aerTianebs saparlamento kontrols, sagadasaxado samsax-
urebis saqmianobas, audits, dargobriv da uwyebriv makontrolebels
organoebs da a.S.816
safinanso kontrolis saWiroeba ekonomikuri principiTaa ganpiro-
bebuli, romlis mixedviTac aucilebelia dasaxul mizansa da am miznis
misaRwevad ganxorcielebul qmedebebs Soris optimaluri ur-
TierTmimarTeba arsebobdes, _ TiToeuli xarji unda iyos mizanSe-
wonili da aucilebeli.817 saxelmwifo finansebTan dakavSirebuli Ro-
nisZiebebi saxelmwifos akisrebs valdebulebas, nebismier etapze uz-
runvelyos saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis efeqturi meqanizmis
arseboba da misi praqtikaSi gamoyeneba.818
safinanso kontroli arsebiTad unikaluri fenomenia819 da igi uSu-
alodaa dakavSirebuli parlamentarizmTan. amitomac, logikuria, rom
safinanso kontrolis instituti pirvelad XIV saukunis inglisSi Seiqm-
na,820 parlamentarizmisa da konstitucionalizmis ganviTarebasTan er-
Tad ki kidev ufro daixvewa da gaZlierda. miuxedavad imisa, ramdenad
aqtiuria parlamenti da ramdenad Zlieria misi Zalaufleba an arsebobs
Tu ara safinanso kontrolis ganmaxorcielebi specialuri organo, sa-
kanonmdeblo organo yovelTvis aRWurvilia saparlamento safinanso
kontrolis uflebamosilebiT. safinanso kontroli SeiZleba ganxor-
cieldes rogorc parlamentis mier Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo Zalau-
flebis gamoyenebiT - specialuri organoebis, ise Tavad aRmasrulebeli
xelisuflebis mier, Sidauwyebrivi resursebisa da safinanso monitor-
ingis saSualebiT.821 uSualod saparlamento kontrolis farglebSi
parlamenti amowmebs da afasebs biujetis proeqtSi mocemuli xarjebisa
da prioritetebis mizanSewonilobas, rasac, saboloo jamSi, biujetis
damtkicebiT an proeqtis CagdebiT gamoxatavs822.
safinanso kontrolis obieqti ar Semoifargleba mxolod uSualod
saxelisuflebo organoebiT, kontroli vrceldeba saxelmwifo sabiu-
jeto organizaciebze, xelisuflebis centralur, regionul da
adgilobriv organoebze, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebze, aseve,
nebismier pirsa Tu organoze, romlis saqmianobac xorcieldeba sajaro
finansebiT an delegirebuli uflebamosilebebis safuZvelze.823
sabazro ekonomikis saxelmwifoebisTvis safinanso kontrolis Teor-
ia da auditis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi Zalze misaRebi aRmoCnda,824
radganac aman kidev ufro myari gaxada saxelmwifos safinanso-
ekonomikuri sistema. Tanamedrove epoqaSi saxelmwifo safinanso
kontrolis ganxorcieleba Zalze rTulia, vinaidan gaizarda gasa-
kontrolebel subieqtTa wre, daixvewa da gamravalferovnda safinanso-
ekonomikuri urTierTobebi, Seicvala am urTierTobaTa xasiaTi da biu-
313
jetirebis procesi.825 miuxedavad amisa, igi dRemde umniSvnelovanes in-
stitutad rCeba, romelic uzrunvelyofs ara mxolod saxelmwifos
safinanso-ekonomikur mdgradobas, aramed mTeli instituciuri,
biurokratiuli meqanizmis efeqtur funqcionirebas826.
314
elmwifo sistemaSi.832 Tavad parlamenti safinanso kontrols efeqturad
ver ganaxorcilebs, amitomac mas sWirdeba specialuri organoebi, in-
stitutebi, romlebic uSualod aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis mier
sabiujeto saxsrebis xarjvas Seamowmeben da gaakontroleben.833 sax-
elmwifo safinanso kontrolis umaRlesi organoebi, rogorc wesi, sa-
kanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier Seqmnili da Sesabamisi
uflebamosilebiT aRWurvili institutebia, romelTa mTavari dan-
iSnuleba saxelmwifo biujetis Sesrulebasa da safinanso-ekonomikuri
valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze zedamxedvelobis ganxorcielebaa.834 maTi
erT-erTi amocanaa, uzrunvelyon saxelmwifo organoebis erTiani
safinanso politika, saxelmwifosa da misi moqalaqeebis safinanso in-
teresebis dacva.835
safinanso kontrolis organoebi Tavdapirvelad saparlamento
kontrolis farglebSi wamoiSva inglisSi, 1314 wels Seiqmna generaluri
kontrolioris institutis saxiT.836 saxelmwifoebis mixedviT, safinanso
kontrolis organoTa damkvidrebas gansxvavebuli mizezebi hqonda. mag.,
germaniaSi igi XVOIII saukunis dasawyisSi, prusiis imperatoris mier sax-
elmwifo organoebis xarjebis gasakontroleblad Seiqmna.837
saxelmwifo safinanso kontrols sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva or-
gano axorcielebs, rogorc kolegiuri, ise uSualod Tanamdebobis pir-
Tan dakavSirebuli specialuri ofisebiT.838 modelebisa da saxel-
wodebebis mixedviT, gansxvavdeba maTi organoTa uflebamosilebebic.839
umaRlesi auditoruli samsaxurebis umTavresi daniSnuleba sajaro fi-
nansebis ekonomikuri, efeqturi xarjvis uzrunvelyofa da Semowmebaa.840
isini saxelmwifos safinanso sistemis sakvanZo institutebia, romlebic
qveynis safinanso-ekonomikuri sistemis mdgradobas uzrunvelyofen.841
safinanso kontrolis organo SesaZloa ramdenime iyos saxelmwifoSi,
Tumca am ukanasknelma aucileblad unda gansazRvros maT Soris
umaRlesi da uzrunvelyos igi damoukideblobis efeqturi Zlieri sa-
konstitucio garantiebiT.842 isini, miuxedavad imisa, saparlamento
kontrolis meqanizmad moiazrebian Tu ara, xelisuflebis yvela Stosgan
TavisuflebiT unda sargeblobdnen. marTalia, SeiZleba isini angariS-
valdebuli iyvnen parlamentis winaSe (rogorc wesi, yovelwliuri an-
gariSiT wardgebian parlamentis winaSe843), Tumca nebismier SemTxvevaSi
maTTvis avtonomiurobis maRali xarisxi unda iyos uzrunvelyofili.844
amasTan, marTalia, isini amowmeben aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis or-
ganoTa saqmianobasa da maT mier gaweuli sabiujeto Tanxebis xarjvis
process, Tumca es ar gulisxmobs imas, rom mTavroba da aRmasrulebeli
Zalauflebis ganmaxorcielebeli subieqtebi mas eqvemdebarebian.845
safinanso kontroli, rogorc saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis erT-erTi
funqcia, rogorc wesi, araa pirdapir dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo
mowyobis modelTan an politikur reJimTan.846 Tumca mmarTvelobis mod-
elebis mixedviT mainc SesaZlebelia saerTo da ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis
315
gamoyofa. parlamentis mier safinanso kontrolis ganxorcielebiT,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gamoixateba sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis uze-
naesobisa da primatis principi aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan
mimarTebiT,847 Sesabamisad, rac ufro didia parlamentis statusi da
adgili saxelisuflebo Zalauflebis gadanawilebaSi, miT ufro mZlav-
ria safinanso kontroli. amitomac logikuria, rom saparlamento
mmarTvelobis qveynebSi saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolSi parlamenti
kidev ufro did uflebamosilebebs flobs.848 rac Seexeba saprezidento
respublikebs, aq, saparlamento kontrolTan erTad, rogorc wesi, Tavad
aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis struqturaSic arsebobs safinanso
kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli organoebi.849 mag., aSS-Si safinanso
kontrols konkgresi da generaluri kontrolioris ofisi axorciel-
eben, Tumca, aseve arsebobs marTvisa da biujetirebis saprezidento
ofisi, federalur organoebSi moqmedebs inspeqtorTa sistema, aseve,
aqtiuria samTavrobo organoebSi finansuri gadacdomebis sapreziden-
to sabWo850.
safinanso kontrolis organoTa struqturaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdens saxelmwifos teritoriuli mowyobac. unitarul saxelmwifoebSi,
rogorc wesi, umaRlesi makontroleblis statusi centralur organos
an organoebs aqvs, rodesac federaciul mowyobaSi amgvari statusiT
rogorc federalur, ise federaciis subieqtis doneze ramdenime in-
stituciaa aRWurvili. mag., gaerTianebul samefoSi, erovnuli auditis
aqtis Sesabamisad, umaRlesi sazedamxedvelo organo parlamentis qveda
palataa, romelic Tavis uflebamosilebebs axorcielebs auditis
komisiisa da erovnuli auditis ofisis meSveobiT, romelsac
kontroliori da generaluri auditori xelMZRvaneloben.851 gan-
sxvavebulia germaniis SemTxveva, sadac safinanso kontrolis ram-
denimedoniani, sakmaod rTuli sistema arsebobs, rasac germaniiT fed-
eraciuli mowyoba ganapirobebs, Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom swored fed-
eralizmiTaa ganpirobebuli isic, rom kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli
organoebi sistemurad arian dakavSirebuli erTmaneTTan da ara
aucileblad ierarqiulad.852
316
standartebsa da auditis ukeTesad ganxorcielebis ZiriTad principebs
adgens.854 INTOSAI-is egidiT uamravi mniSvnelovani dokumenti Seiqmna,
romelmac auditoruli saqmianobis standartizacia moaxdina. mis garda
arsebobs sxadasxva regionuli organizacia, romlebic auditis region-
ul standarts adgenen. maTgan saqarTvelosTvis gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovania EUROSAI, romelic evropis masStabiT umaRles auditorul
institutebs aerTianebs.855
1977 wels INTOSAI-is masStabiT Seiqmna limis deklaracia, romelmac
gaaerTiana da gaiTvaliswina sxvadasxva saxelmwifos safinanso
kontrolis institutebis gamocdileba.856 deklaraciaSi aisaxa gan-
sxvavebuli saxelmwifo safinanso kontrolis formis, modelis saqmi-
anobis praqtika, instituciuri damoukideblobisa da efeqturi, qmediTi
muSaobis meqanizmebi.857 mas Semdeg uamravi sxva dokumenti amoqmedda,
romelTa mniSvnelobac Zalian didia, Tumca, aseve, aRsaniSnavia mexikos
deklaracia, romelic umaRlesi auditoruli organoebis damoukide-
blobisa da Tavisufali moqmedebis principebs adgens858.
317
damoukideblobisa da Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia jerovani,
efeqturi da Sedegze orientirebuli safinanso kontrolis ganxor-
cieleba. yovelive amis gareSe es mxolod formaloba iqneba da umaRlesi
auditoruli organoebi saxelisuflebo sistemis rigiTi Semadgeneli
nawilebi iqnebian.
318
elmwifo auditi da saxelmwifo safinanso kontroli identuri cnebebi
araa.873 es ukanaskneli gacilebiT farToa da makontrolebel organoTa
did speqtrs, uflebamosilebis met areals gulisxmobs.
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, sajaro saxsrebis xarjvas par-
lamenti akontrolebs saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris meSveobiT, anu es
ukanaskneli saparlamento safinanso kontrolis specialuri organoa.
igi zedamxedvelobs materialur faseulobaTa gamoyenebasac, aseve,
uflebamosilia Seamowmos safinanso-sameurneo kontrolis sxva sax-
elmwifo organoTa saqmianoba, warudginos parlaments sagadasaxado
kanonmdeblobis srulyofis winadadebebi. misi uflebamosileba, organ-
izacia da saqmianobis wesi, damoukideblobis garantia ganisazRvreba
`saxelmwifo auditis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri saxelmwifo safinanso-ekonomikuri
kontrolis umaRlesi organoa, romelic audits axorcielebs. mis kom-
petenciaSia finansuri, Sesabamisobisa da efeqtianobis auditis Catare-
ba. samsaxuris mizania, xeli Seuwyos saxelmwifo saxsrebis, saxelmwifos
sxva materialuri faseulobebis xarjvisa da gamoyenebis kanonierebis,
miznobriobis dacvasa da efeqtianobas, erovnuli simdidris, sax-
elmwifo, avtonomiuri respubikebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli
erTeulebis sakuTrebis dacvas, aseve, sajaro finansebis marTvis
gaumjobesebas. igi axorcielebs audits kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil far-
glebSi, atarebs eqspertizasa da gascems daskvnebs, aseve, axorcielebs
moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis finansuri saqmianobis monitor-
ings. saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris auditoruli uflebamosileba, misi
kompetenciis farglebSi, vrceldeba sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da
sasamarTlo xelisuflebebis organoebze, sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirebze, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebze, saqarTvelos
erovnul bankze, saxelmwifos, avtonomiuri respublikebis an/da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis mer 50 procenti an meti wilo-
brivi monawileobiT Seqmnil sawarmoebze, sxva iuridiul da fizikur
pirebze, organizaciebsa da dawesebulebebze.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris principebia: obieqturoba,
damoukidebloba, sajarooba da profesionalizmi. samsaxuri
uwyebrivad, finansurad, funqciurad, organizaciulad damoukidebelia
da emorCileba mxolod kanons, dauSvebelia mis saqmianobaSi Careva an/da
misi saqmianobis kontroli, am saqmianobasTan dakavSirebiT angariSis
moTxovna, Tu kanoniT es pirdapir araa gaTvaliswinebuli. akrZalulia
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxurze yovelgvari politikuri zewola,
nebismieri sxva qmedeba romelmac SeiZleba misi damoukidebloba xelyos.
msgavsi qmedebebis gamo dawesebulia samarTLlebrivi pasuxismgebloba
kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuri angariSvaldebulia mxolod
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe.
319
3.3.2. generaluri auditori
320
valeobis Sesrulebis dros angariSvaldebuli arian generaluri
direqtoris winaSe.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxurSi moqmedebs prezidiumi, romelic sa-
TaTbiro organoa. prezidiumi uflebamosilia ganixilos da gadawyvi-
tos administraciuli dava saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris angariSTan
dakavSirebiT `saxelmwifo auditis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis VI
Tavis Sesabamisad.
saxelmwifo auditis samsaxurSi, aseve, moqmedebs administracia,
sxvadasxva mimarTulebis departamenti da politikuri partiebis fi-
nansuri monitoringis samsaxuri.
mniSvnelovania sajaro auditis instituti, romelic `saxelmwifo
auditis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis safuZvelze Seqmnili
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria, romlis daniSnulebaa sajaro au-
ditis swavleba, sajaro seqtoris auditorTa sertificireba da gan-
grZobadi savaldebulo saganmanaTleblo programebis ganxorcieleba,
kvleviTi/analitikuri, saeqsperto, sakonsultacio da sajaro seqtoris
auditoruli momsaxureba. institutis xelmZRvanels Tanamdebobaze
niSnavs da aTavisuflebs generaluri direqtori. masve ekuTvnis insti-
tutis debulebis damtkicebis uflebamosileba.
321
saangariSo wlis momdevno wlis 1 ivnisisa warudginos angariSi Tavisi
saqmianobis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli angariSi qveyndeba sajarod.
4. erovnuli banki
4.1. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis istoriuli gza
322
Ta (95-e da 96-e muxlebi) da `saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT.
saqarTvelos erovnuli banki aris saqarTvelos centraluri banki,
bankTa banki, saqarTvelos mTavrobis bankiri da fiskaluri agenti. igi
sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piria. erovnuli banki Tavis saqmianobaSi
xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos konstituciiT, `saqarTvelos erovnuli
bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT, saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT da eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso sabanko praqtikaSi miRebul
wesebsa da Cveulebebs. mas ufleba aqvs, damoukideblad dados
xelSekrulebebi, damoukideblad SeiZinos uZravi da moZravi qoneba da
flobdes da gankargavdes mas, gamovides mosarCeled da mopasuxed,
damoukideblad Seasrulos misTvis dakisrebuli funqciebi.
erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi amocana fasebis stabilurobis uzrun-
velyofaa. erovnulma bankma unda uzrunvelyos safinanso sistemis sta-
biluroba da gamWvirvaloba da xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi mdgrad
ekonomikur zrdas, Tu es SesaZlebelia ise, rom safrTxe ar Seeqmnas misi
ZiriTadi amocanis Sesrulebas. misi movaleobaa, aseve, sakonsultacio
daxmareba gauwios saqarTvelos prezidentsa da saqarTvelos mTavrobas
erovnuli bankis saqmianobasTan dakavSirebul an misi kompetenciis
sferoSi Semaval yvela sakiTxze.
kanonmdeblobis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis ZiriTadi
funqciebia: SeimuSaos da ganaxorcielos fulad-sakredito da
savaluto politika saqarTvelos parlamentis mier gansazRvruli Zi-
riTadi mimarTulebebis Sesabamisad; Sesabamisi saagentos meSveobiT ga-
naxorcielos safinanso seqtoris zedamxedveloba; uzrunvelyos fu-
lad-sakredito sistemis funqcionireba; flobdes, Seinaxos da gankar-
gos oficialuri saerTaSoriso rezervebi; iyos saqarTvelos mTavrobis
bankiri da fiskaluri agenti; xeli Seuwyos sagadaxdo sistemis
usafrTxo, mdgrad da efeqtian funqcionirebas; ganaxorcielos
saqarTvelos fulis niSnebis emisia; saerTaSoriso standartebisa da
meTodologiebis Sesabamisad awarmoos da gaavrcelos qveynis safinanso
da sagareo seqtorebis statistika; Seasrulos organuli kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli sxva funqciebi.
`saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli ka-
noniT pirdapir gaTvaliswinebuli gansakuTrebuli SemTxvevebis garda,
erovnul banks ekrZaleba: ganaxorcielos finansuri daxmareba nebismi-
eri formiT, maT Soris, pirdapiri gasesxebis, usasyidlo sesxis an piro-
biTi valdebulebis kreditis yidvis, kreditSi wilobrivi monawileobis
gziT an sxva valdebulebebiT Tavis Tavze sasesxo an pirobiTi
valdebulebebis aRebiT; ganaxorcielos komerciuli saqmianoba,
SeiZinos aqciebi; yidvis an ijariT aRebis gziT an sxva saxiT SeiZinos
sruli an nawilobrivi ufleba uZrav qonebaze, garda im SemTxvevebisa,
rodesac aucilebeli an mizanSewonilia Senobis gamoyeneba administra-
323
ciuli saqmianobisaTvis, operaciebis CatarebisaTvis, am organuli ka-
noniT gaTvaliswinebuli amocanebis SesrulebasTan dakavSirebuli sxva
garemoebisaTvis; gasces sesxi saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da saxelmwifo
dawesebulebebze.
erovnuli bankis damokidebloba sakonstitucio donezea uzrun-
velyofili. marTalia, is saxelmwifo organoa, Tumca sxva saxelmwifo
organoebi da saxelisuflebo vertikali mis mimarT gansakuTrebul
damokidebulebas unda amJRavndebnen. sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebel da
sxva organoebs ufleba ara aqvT, Caerion mis saqmianobaSi an ganaxor-
cielon monitoringi, garda saqarTvelos konstituciiTa da am or-
ganuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli SemTxvevebisa. erovnuli banki
ekonomikurad damoukidebelia da yvela xarjs uzrunvelyofs sakuTari
saxsrebiT. erovnuli banki pasuxs ar agebs saqarTvelos saxelmwifos
valdebulebebze da piriqiT, saqarTvelos saxelmwifo pasuxs ar agebs
erovnuli bankis valdebulebebze, garda `saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli Sem-
Txvevebisa. erovnuli banki, misi aqtivebi, qoneba da Semosavali, agreTve,
mis mier ganxorcielebuli saqmianoba da operaciebi Tavisufldeba yo-
velgvari saxelmwifo gadasaxadis, saxelmwifo gadasaxdelis, mosakre-
blisa da saxelmwifo baJisagan.
erovnuli banki angariSvaldebulia parlamentis winaSe da yo-
velwliurad warudgens mas Tavisi saqmianobis angariSs.
324
rezervebis marTvisa da gankargvis ZiriTadi principebi; daadginos sxva
qveynebis valutebis mimarT erovnuli valutis oficialuri gacvliTi
kursis gansazRvris wesi; daamtkicos erovnuli bankis administraciuli
da kapitaluri xarjebis biujeti; Seqmnas specialuri daniSnulebis
rezervebi; ganixilos, daamtkicos da saqarTvelos parlaments warudg-
inos erovnuli bankis wliuri saqmianobis angariSi da safinanso angariS-
gebani; gamosces samarTlebrivi aqtebi; daamtkicos erovnuli bankis or-
ganizaciuli struqtura da debuleba; Seasrulos `saqarTvelos erov-
nuli bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoniT gansazRvruli sxva
funqciebi.
erovnuli bankis sabWos sxdoma tardeba kvartalSi erTxel mainc.
erovnuli bankis sabWos sxdomas warmarTavs erovnuli bankis preziden-
ti, xolo misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi – prezidentis movaleobis
Semsrulebeli. sxdoma uflebamosilia, Tu masSi monawileobs erovnuli
bankis sabWos wevrTa naxevarze meti, romelTagan erTi unda iyos TviT
erovnuli bankis prezidenti an misi movaleobis Semsrulebeli.
erovnuli bankis sabWos gadawyvetileba miiReba erovnuli bankis sab-
Wos sxdomaze damswre wevrebis xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT. erovnuli
bankis sabWos TiToeul wevrs aqvs erTi xma. xmis ufleba aqvs mxolod
sxdomis monawile wevrs. xmebis Tanabrad gayofis SemTxvevaSi gadamwyve-
tia erovnuli bankis prezidentis xma, xolo misi aryofnis SemTxvevaSi –
erovnuli bankis prezidentis movaleobis Semsruleblis xma.
325
aseve yvela saxis damatebiTi sargeblis odenobas; gansazRvravs erov-
nul bankSi saqmiswarmoebis erTian wess; gamoscems samarTlebriv aqtebs;
qmnis saTaTbiro da sakonsultacio organoebs (komiteti, komisia);
asrulebs `saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos or-
ganuli kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva funqciebs.
erovnuli bankis prezidentis aryofnis SemTxvevaSi mis movaleobas
asrulebs erT-erTi vice-prezidenti. erovnuli bankis prezidents hyavs
ori vice-prezidenti, romelTac bankis prezidentis wardginebiT, erov-
nuli bankis sabWos wevrTa Semadgenlobidan Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da
aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos prezidenti. vice-prezidentebis gaTavisu-
flebis safuZvlebi erovnuli bankis prezidentis Tanamdebobidan gaTa-
visuflebis safuZvlebis analogiuria da mocemulia `saqarTvelos
erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonSi.
326
mesame pirebis Sesaxeb SeiZleba gaices mxolod sasamarTlos gad-
awyvetilebis safuZvelze.
erovnuli bankis sabWos wevrobis vadis amowurvis an erovnuli bankis
sabWos wevrobisgan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi erovnuli bankis pre-
zidents da vice-prezidentebs 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi ekrZalebaT
saqarTvelos safinanso seqtorSi muSaoba. am SemTxvevaSi, erovnuli
bankis prezidents da vice-prezidentebs 6 Tvis ganmavlobaSi unar-
CundebaT arsebuli Tanamdebobrivi sargoebi.
327
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
328
Tavi XII
saxelmwifos Tavdacva da uSiSroeba
329
amgvari interesebis srulyofili konkretizacia zogadi definiciis
qveS SeuZlebelia, es SeiZleba iyos sazogadoebisa da adamianis dacva
safrTxeebisgan da sxv.
yvela suverenul saxelmwifos ufleba aqvs Tavi daicvas Tavdasxmisa
da saxelmwifo agresiisgan. gaeros rezoluciis Tanaxmad, agresia gani-
marteba, rogorc saxelmwifos mier SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gamoyeneba
sxva qveynis suverenitetis, teritoriuli mTlianobis an politikuri
damoukideblobis winaaRmdeg. saxelmwifo agresiis gamoxatvis formebia
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis SeWra sxva saxelmwifos teritoriaze, samxedro
okupacia, sxva saxelmwifos teritoriis an misi nawilis aneqsia da a.S.
Tavdacvis ufleba saxelmwifos uflebaa, gamoiyenos Zala masze meo-
re saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli Tavdasxmis sapasuxod.883 gaeros
wesdebis 51-e muxli Tavdacvis uflebas saxelmwifos xelSeuval
uflebad miiCnevs, Tumca Tavdacvis uflebis gamoyenebis farglebSi
ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi saxelmwifoze SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis
proporciuli unda iyos. ganasxvaveben Tavdacvis or ZiriTad formas –
individualurs da koleqtiurs. individualur Tavdacvas axorcielebs
mxolod is saxelmwifo, romelic SeiaraRebuli Tavdasxmis obieqti
gaxda. koleqtiuri Tavdacvisas ki am saxelmwifos daxmarebas uweven sxva
saxelmwifoebi. am tipis daxmareba SesaZlebelia ganxorcieldes saer-
TaSoriso organizaciis egidiT an saxelmwifoebs Soris dadebuli
xelSekrulebis safuZvelze. Tavdasxmis obieqti saxelmwifos mxar-
dasaWerad SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas saerTaSoriso koaliciuri Zalebi,
romlebic uzrunvelyofen am qveynis saxelmwifoebriobisa da su-
verenitetis, misi teritoriuli mTlianobisa da mSvidobis dacvas.
330
uri arsenali moiazrebs ara mxolod represiuli xasiaTis qmedebebs
(magaliTad, samxedro Zalebis gamoyeneba), aramed prevenciuli xasiaTis
SesaZleblobebsac.
1947 wels amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi erovnuli uSiSroebis aqtis
miRebiT safuZveli Caeyara erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos instituts. misi
dafuZnebis winapirobebs Soris aRsaniSnavia erTi garemoeba, romelmac,
pirvel yovlisa, politikosTa yuradReba miipyro: saxelmwifo departa-
mentis diplomatia sabWoTa kavSirsa da amerikas Soris arsebuli daZab-
ulobis gansamuxtad ukve adekvaturi aRar iyo. am organos Seqmnis
mTavar mizans warmoadgenda koordinaciisa da Tanxmobis uzrunvelyofa
sazRvao, sazRvao-qveiT samxedro Zalebs, armias, sahaero Zalebsa da
erovnuli usafrTxoebis iseT instruments Soris, rogoric cen-
traluri sadazvervo saagentoa (CIA). am ukanasknelis Seqmnas sa-
fuZvlad, aseve, erovnuli uSiSroebis aqti daedo884.
erovnuli Tavdacvis umaRlesi sabWoebi885, rogorc erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos eqvivalenti organoebi, evropis saxelmwifoTa um-
ravlesobaSic funqcionirebs. maTi klasikuri funqcia saxelmwifos me-
TaurisaTvis erovnuli uSiSroebisa da saerTaSoriso politikis Sesaxeb
rCevis micema da am sferoSi misi informaciuli uzrunvelyofaa. igi sax-
elmwifos meTauris ZiriTadi saTaTbiro organoa, romelic srulad
kompleqtdeba da angariSvaldebuli xdeba am ukanasknelis winaSe. Tumca
arsebobs gamonaklisi SemTxvevebic. mag., `saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos 1992 wlis kanonis Sesabamisad, uSiSroebis sabWo
angariSvaldebuli iyo saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe886, rac maSin-
deli deformirebuli da msoflio konstitucionalizmis praqtikis-
aTvis ucxo mmarTvelobis formiT SeiZleba aixsnas.
nebismieri qveynis saxelmwifo institutebs Soris gansakuTrebuli
adgili samxedro Zalebs ukaviaT. samxedro aRmSeneblobaze zrunva,
samxedro mecnierebisa da infrastruqturis ganviTarebis done pir-
dapir ukavSirdeba saxelmwifos uSiSroebis xarisxs. samxedro,
SeiaraRebuli Zalebi Tavisi arsiT politikisgan gamijnuli, politiku-
ri interesebisa da procesebis mimarT neitraluri damoukidebeli in-
stitutia, romlis umTavresi mizani saxelmwifo interesebis dacvaa.
Tumca xSir SemTxvevaSi, swored samxedro Zalebis es istoriuli misia da
misi mZlavri SesaZleblobebi xdeba politikuri reJimebis samizne.
efeqturi SeiaraRebuli Zalebis arseboba saxelmwifos arsebobis erT-
erTi winapirobaa.
2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Tavdacva da uSiSroeba
2.1. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Tavdacvis arsi da mniSvneloba
331
umTavres prioritets warmoadgens da mas konstituciis VII Tavi eTmoba,
romelic saqarTvelos Tavdacvisa da uSiSroebis Camoyalibebis, misi
stabiluri funqcionirebis zogadsamarTlebriv principebs gan-
sazRvravs.
nebismieri saxelmwifos arsebobis umniSvnelovanes elements su-
vereniteti warmoadgens. igi gulisxmobs saxelmwifos uflebas, Tavad
gansazRvros da ganaxorcielos qveynis saSinao da sagareo prior-
itetebi, ganaxorcielos yvela saWiro RonisZieba misi teritoriisa da
moqalaqeebis dacvis mizniT, damoukideblad gaataros yvela saWiro Ro-
nisZieba qveynis ekonomikuri, politikuri, socialuri usafrTxoebis
uzrunvelyofisaTvis. ukidures SemTxvevaSi am interesebis dacvis for-
ma SeiZleba TavdacviTi omic ki iyos, romelic saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos suverenul uflebas warmoadgens.
saqarTvelos saxelmwifos Tavdacva Tanamedrove pirobebSi moicavs
iseTi mniSvnelovani prevenciuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas,
rogoricaa, samxedro Zalebis aRmSenebloba, momzadeba da sabrZolo
mzadyofna, TavdacviT RonisZiebaTa dagegmva da ganxorcieleba, iara-
Ris, samxedro teqnikis warmoeba da gaumjobeseba, samxedro mecnierebis
ganviTareba, Tavdacvis sferoSi saerTaSoriso TanamSromloba da a.S.
aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos konstituciis ganzraxva, Camoayalibos
imgvari sakonstitucio wyobileba, sadac moqalaqeTa uflebrivi Ta-
nasworoba da usafrTxoeba uzrunvelyofili iqneba maTi Tana-
monawileobiT saxelmwifo politikis ganxorcielebaSi. saxelmwifo
politikis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani mimarTuleba saxelmwifos Tav-
dacvaa, amdenad, yvela moqalaqe valdebulia Tanabrad miiRos
monawileoba am miznis stabilur da mudmiv uzrunvelyofaSi. saqarTve-
los konstitucia moqalaqeTa mier qveynis usafrTxoebis dacvis formad
samxedro samsaxurs miiCnevs, romelic saamiso unaris mqone yoveli
moqalaqis valdebulebadaa aRiarebuli, saqarTvelos dacva ki yoveli
moqalaqis samarTlebrivi da moraluri pasuxismgeblobis nawilia.
saxelmwifos TavdacvasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi konstituci-
asTan erTad sxva bevri samarTlebrivi aqtiTaa gansazRvruli. mag., samx-
edro Zalebis saxeobebi da Semadgenloba ganisazRvreba kanoniT, samxe-
dro Zalebis struqtura mtkicdeba saqarTvelos prezidentis mier, xo-
lo samxedro ZalTa raodenobas amtkicebs saqarTvelos parlamenti.887
saxelmwifo Tavdacvis sferoSi aRsaniSnavia iseTi dokumentebi,
rogoricaa, erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia, saqarTvelos saf-
rTxeebis Sefasebis dokumenti da saqarTvelos erovnuli samxedro
strategia.
332
struqturebSi saqarTvelos integrirebis mtkice gadawyvetilebam~888,
maT Soris, saqarTvelosa da Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis or-
ganizacias (NATO) Soris dadebuli `individualuri TanamSromlobis
samoqmedo gegmiT~ (IPAP) gansazRvruli valdebulebebis Sesrulebis
aucileblobam ganapiroba usafrTxoebis efeqtiani meqanizmebis Semu-
Saveba. am mizniT 2004 wels erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos daevala erov-
nuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis SemuSaveba da misi saqarTvelos pre-
zidentisa da parlamentisaTvis dasamtkiceblad wardgena.
2011 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos erov-
nuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia, romelic, misi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswine-
biT, uprecedentod masStaburi dokumentia. igi moicavs saqarTvelos
saxelmwifos winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebis identificirebas da maT
winaaRmdeg brZolisaTvis prevenciuli politikis ZiriTad aspeqtebs.
aRniSnul dokumentSi warmodgenilia Semdegi ZiriTadi sakiTxebi:
saqarTvelos erovnuli Rirebulebebi (suvereniteti da teritoriuli
mTlianoba, Tavisufleba, demokratia da kanonis uzenaesoba, usafrTx-
oeba, keTildReoba da mSvidoba), saqarTvelos erovnuli interesebi,
saxelmwifos winaSe arsebuli safrTxeebi, riskebi da gamowvevebi,
saqarTvelos usafrTxoebis politikis ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos winaSe arsebuli ZiriTadi safrTxeebi da riskebia: ruseTis
federaciis mxridan saqarTvelos teritoriis okupacia, axali samxedro
agresiis riski da okupirebuli teritoriidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul
pirTa uflebebis darRveva, kavkasiaSi arsebuli konfliqtebi, saer-
TaSoriso terorizmi da organizebuli danaSauli, ekonomikuri, so-
cialuri, ekologiuri, energetikuli da demografiuli gamowvevebi,
kiberusafrTxoeba, samoqalaqo integraciasTan dakavSirebuli
gamowvevebi da kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebis daziane-
ba/ganadgureba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia ar Semoifargleba
mxolod saqarTvelos samxedro Tavdacvisa da uSiSroeba/usafrTxoebis
sakiTxebiT da saxelmwifos perspeqtiuli ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli
mimarTulebebis analizisa da problemebis gadaWris gzebis moZiebasac
moicavs.
333
edro ZalTa daniSnulebasa da samxedro valdebulebebis saqarTvelos
moqalaqeTa mier Sesrulebis sakiTxebs exeboda da uSiSroebis uzrun-
velyofis raime specialuri organos Seqmna gaTvaliswinebuli ar iyo890.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia erovnuli
uSiSroebis dacvaze kontrolis ganmaxorcielebeli specializebuli
instituciis Seqmnas ar gansazRvravda, am funqciis Sesasruleblad jer
kidev 1918 wlidan arsebobda uwyeba Tavdacvis sabWos saxelwodebiT,
Tumca `misi saqmianobis sfero da amocanebi ZiriTadad ucnobi da gaum-
Wvirvale iyo~891 da umetesad politikuri gadawyvetilebebis Sesrule-
baze kontroliT Semoifargleboda.
pirvelad am tipis sakonstitucio statusis mqone organos Seqmnas
safuZveli 1977 wlis sabWoTa kavSiris konstituciam Cauyara, romliTac
dafuZnda sabWoTa kavSiris Tavdacvis sabWo, Tumca is ZiriTadad pol-
itbiuros wevrTagan iyo dakompleqtebuli. ramdenadac sabWoTa respu-
blikebs ar hqondaT saomar mdgomareobaSi damoukideblad CarTvis
uflebamosileba, saqarTvelos 1978 wlis konstituciaSi uSiSroebis
dacvis institutis dafuZnebis Sesaxeb raime saxis miniSneba ar yofila,
Tumca 1985-90 wlebSi eduard SevardnaZe, rogorc politbiuros wevri
da sabWoTa kavSiris sagareo saqmeTa ministri Tavdacvis sabWos
sxdomebs mudmivad eswreboda moskovSi892.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos Seqmnis Sesaxeb pirvelad `saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
Sesaxeb~ 1992 wlis kanonSi (e.w. `mcire konstitucia~) aRiniSna, Tumca es
organo saqarTvelos parlamentis winaSe iyo angariSvaldebuli. garda
amisa, sabWo, rTuli politikuri viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, sakuTari
funqciis efeqturad ganxorcielebis SesaZleblobas moklebuli iyo.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis proeqtis
momzadebis dros uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb kanonis ierarqiis gan-
sazRvras diskusia mohyva: maSindeli saxelmwifos meTauri
ewinaaRmdegeboda uSiSroebis sabWos saqmianobis organuli kanoniT
mowesrigebis SesaZleblobas da miaCnda, rom sakiTxi Cveulebrivi ka-
noniT unda gansazRvruliyo.
334
awyvetilebis miReba ki warmoadgenda ara erovnuli uSiSroebis sferos,
aramed saxelmwifo xelisuflebis organoebs Soris uflebamosilebebis
gamijvnasa da dadgenas.
konstituciis moqmedi redaqciis mixedviT, erovnuli uSiSroebis
sabWo, iqmneba umaRlesi politikuri gadawyvetilebebis misaRebad
Semdeg sakiTxebze: a) samxedro aRmSenebloba da qveynis Tavdacvis or-
ganizacia; b) erovnul uSiSroebasTan dakavSirebul saSinao da sagareo
politikis gansazRvra, stabilurobisa da marTlwesrigis uzrun-
velyofa da ganxorcieleba.
saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos uflebamosilebebi mniS-
vnelovnad gaizarda 2011 wlis maisSi da mas saqarTvelos erovnuli in-
teresebisTvis safrTxis Semcveli yvela tipis krizisuli situaciis
marTvis mizniT gadawyvetilebebis miRebis uflebamosileba mieniWa893.
garda amisa, uSiSroebis sabWos mieca saqarTvelos prezidentis mier
qveynis uSiSroebis sakiTxebze gamocemuli samarTlebrivi aqtebis
Sesrulebis kontrolis, erovnuli uSiSroebisTvis safrTxis Semcveli
yvela tipis situaciis marTvisa da koordinaciis, xolo maTi darRvevis
SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis mimarTvis uflebamosileba.
mogvianebiT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT am uflebamosilebaTa didi
nawili erovnuli usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos gadaeca.
saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos xelmZRvanelobasa da war-
momadgenlobas axorcielebs saqarTvelos prezidenti. sabWo preziden-
tis saTaTbiro organoa da misi sxdomis mowvevis uflebamosilebac
saqarTvelos prezidentis uflebamosilebebs miekuTvneba. uSiSroebis
sabWos sxdomebi, rogorc wesi, daxurulia, Tumca prezidents SeuZlia
sabWos sxdoma Riad gamoacxados. sabWo prezidentisaTvis SeimuSavebs
rekomendaciebs, romelTa safuZvelzec saqarTvelos prezidenti gam-
oscems Sesabamis samarTlebriv aqtebs.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos saqmianobis ganxorcielebisas
saqarTvelos prezidentis gadawyvetilebebis iuridiul ZalaSi Sesvlas
mTavrobis kontrasignacia ar sWirdeba. ufro metic, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo uSiSroebis sferoSi saqarTvelos
prezidentis gansakuTrebuli adgilis gaTvaliswinebiT, mas eniWeba
mTavrobis sxdomebze calkeuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisa da am procesSi
misi da erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxva wevrTa monawileobis moTx-
ovnis uflebamosileba, rac logikurad mianiSnebs mTavrobis sxdomaze
gansaxilveli sakiTxebis Sinaarsze.
335
sabWos Semadgenlobas ayalibebs saqarTvelos prezidenti. igi niSnavs
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wevrebs, saqarTvelos mTavrobasTan
SeTanxmebiT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs
saqarTvelos generaluri Stabis ufrossa da sxva mxedarTmTavrebs.
sabWos mudmivi wevris statusi aqvT Semdegi umaRlesi politikuri
Tanamdebobis pirebs: saqarTvelos premier-ministri, sagareo saqmeTa
ministri, Tavdacvis ministri, Sinagan saqmeTa ministri, finansTa minis-
tri da saqarTvelos prezidentis TanaSemwe erovnuli uSiSroebis sa-
kiTxebSi – erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani. saqarTvelos pre-
zidentis gadawyvetilebiT erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos sxdomaze da-
saswrebad SeiZleba mowveul iqnen sxva pirebic, romelTa Tanamdebobas
an vinaobas kanonmdebloba ar akonkretebs.
Zalauflebis gamijvnis principisa da sabWos saTaTbiro bunebis gaT-
valiswinebiT, praqtikulad gamoricxulia xelisuflebis sxva Stoebisa
da damoukidebel organoTa xelmZRvaneli pirebis sabWos mudmivi wevro-
ba. Tumca mis saqmianobaSi monawileobis miRebisa da sabWos sxdomebze
daswrebis mizniT, SesaZlebelia mowveul iqnan umaRlesi politikuri
Tanamdebobis pirebic. mag., saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
saqmianobaSi uSualod monawileobs saqarTvelos parlamentis
Tavmjdomare.
saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos saqmianobas koordinacias
uwevs saqarTvelos prezidentis TanaSemwe erovnuli uSiSroebis sa-
kiTxebSi – erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani, romelic sruladaa an-
gariSvaldebuli saqarTvelos prezidentis winaSe. misi Tanamdebobaze
daniSvna da Tanamdebobidan gaTavisufleba saqarTvelos prezidentis
diskreciuli uflebamosilebaa. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani
amzadebs sabWos sxdomebs da axorcielebs mis organizaciul uzrun-
velyofas. saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos mdivani, rogorc
saqarTvelos prezidentis warmomadgeneli, monawileobs saqarTvelos
erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciisa da saqarTvelos safrTxeebis Se-
fasebis dokumentis proeqtebis SemuSavebaSi; organizebas uwevs erov-
nuli uSiSroebis sabWos saqmianobas; xelmZRvanelobs erovnuli
uSiSroebis sabWos aparats; erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos saxeliT debs
xelSekrulebebs saeqsperto-analitikur samuSaoTa Sesrulebis Sesaxeb;
Tavisi uflebamosilebebis farglebSi xels awers samsaxurebriv doku-
mentebs; dadgenili wesiT asrulebs saqarTvelos prezidentis calkeul
davalebebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos maRali
Tanamdebobis ramdenime piri gaTanabrebulia diplomatiuri
Tanamdebobis pirebTan da maTze srulad vrceldeba saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT diplomatiuri Tanamdebobis pirebze moqmedi privilegiebi
da imuniteti.
336
2.3.4. sabWos struqturuli erTeulebi
337
wesis SemuSavebis mizniT iqmneba saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sab-
WosTan arsebuli droebiTi sauwyebaTSoriso komisia. komisiis ZiriTadi
mizania saxelmwifo saidumloebasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo
Sesyidvebis nusxisa da Sesyidvebis ganxorcielebis wesis proeqtis Semu-
Saveba da saqarTvelos mTavrobisTvis dasamtkiceblad wardgena. am
komisiebis struqturas, Semadgenlobas da saqmianobis wess amtkicebs
saqarTvelos prezidenti.
338
gamocxadebis sakiTxs; sagangebo an saomari mdgomareobis dros kanonis
Zalis mqone dekretebis gamocemis sakiTxs; samxedro Zalebis struqtu-
ras, romelsac dasamtkiceblad warudgens saqarTvelos prezidents;
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrosisa da
sxva mxedarTmTavrebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnisa da Tanamdebobidan
gadayenebis sakiTxebs; saerTaSoriso konfliqtebis zonebSi arsebul
mdgomareobas da koleqtiuri Tavdacvis sistemebTan saqarTvelos
TanamSromlobis sakiTxebs; saqarTvelos mier dadebuli da aRiarebuli
saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad qveynis
sazRvrebis gareT usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis RonisZiebebSi
saqarTvelos monawileobis sakiTxebs; saxelmwifos Tavdacvis mizniT
gansakuTrebul da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi qveyanaSi sxva
saxelmwifos samxedro Zalebis Semoyvanis, gamoyenebisa da gada-
adgilebis sakiTxebs; samxedro Zalebis sabrZolo mzadyofnis sakiTxebs.
erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis raodeno-
bis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs wevrTa xmebis 2/3-is umravlesobiT da
mas dasamtkiceblad warudgens saqarTvelos parlaments saqarTvelos
mTavrobis mier saqarTvelos saxelmwifo biujetis proeqtis
wardgenasTan erTad. erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo aRniSnul sakiTxebs
ganixilavs daxurul sxdomaze, Tumca saqarTvelos prezidentis gad-
awyvetilebiT sxdoma SeiZleba Riad gamocxaddes. sabWo gansaxilvel sa-
kiTxebze SeimuSavebs winadadebebs, romelsac warudgens saqarTvelos
prezidents. prezidenti saWiroebis SemTxevaSi wardgenili
winadadebebis safuZvelze gamoscems Sesabamis samarTlebriv aqts, ro-
melic ar eqvemdebareba kontrasignacias.
339
samxedro Zalebis umaRlesi mTavrsardlis da saqarTvelos mTavrobis
winaSe. misi daniSvnisa da gaTavisuflebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs
mTavrobis meTauri _ saqarTvelos premier-ministri, saqarTvelos kon-
stituciiT dadgenili wesiT.
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris, rogorc mTavrobis wevris, mier
saqarTvelos konstituciis darRvevis an mis saqmianobaSi sisxlis sa-
marTlis kodeqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli danaSaulis niSnebis arsebobisas,
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris mimarT SeiZleba aRiZras impiCmentis
procedura. saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministri aris samoqalaqo piri. mas
hyavs pirveli moadgile da moadgileebi, romelTac misive wardginebiT
Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs saqarTvelos
premier-ministri.
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro struqturulad sakmaod rTuli
instituciaa da Sedgeba Semdegi qvedanayofebisgan: saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabi, generaluri inspeqcia, Tav-
dacvis politikisa da dagegmvis departamenti, saerTaSoriso ur-
TierTobebisa da evroatlantikuri integraciis departamenti, anali-
tikuri departamenti da a.S.
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros ZiriTadi mizania saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis aRmSenebloba, mudmivi sabrZolo da samobi-
lizacio mzadyofnis uzrunvelyofa, qveynis damoukideblobis nebismi-
eri xelyofisa da SesaZlo agresiis mogerieba. am miznebis gansaxor-
cieleblad saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro axorcielebs saqarTve-
los kanonmdeblobiTa da saministros debulebiT gansazRvrul farTo
uflebamosilebebs, maT Soris: saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
saerTo xelmZRvaneloba, saqarTvelos parlamentis mier gansazRvruli
politikis farglebSi; mokle da grZelvadiani sagareo safrTxeebis gan-
sazRvra da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mier Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gegmebis
SemuSaveba; Tavdacvis politikis gegmebis SemuSaveba da maT ganxor-
cielebaze kontroli; qveynis TavdacviTi infrastruqturisa da komu-
nikaciebis ganviTarebis gegmis SemuSaveba; samxedro TanamSromlobis
gaRrmaveba sxva saxelmwifoebTan;
saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro, aseve, axorcielebs sxva
uflebamosilebebs, romelTa efeqturi Sesruleba saqarTvelos Tav-
dacvis stabilur dacvasa da misi xarisxis ganviTarebas ganapirobebs.
340
punqtSi Sesuli cvlilebebiT ramdenjerme Seicvala generaluri Stabis
dasaxeleba.896
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generalur Stabs xelmZRva-
nelobs generaluri Stabis ufrosi, romelsac saqarTvelos Tavdacvis
ministris wardginebiT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs da Tanamdebobidan aTa-
visuflebs saqarTvelos prezidenti. generaluri Stabis ufrosi amave
dros aris saqarTvelos prezidentis, rogorc samxedro Zalebis
umaRlesi mTavarsardlis, mTavari samxedro mrCeveli. misi ufleba-
mosilebis vada ganisazRvreba sami wliT, romelic SeiZleba 1 wliT
gagrZeldes saqarTvelos Tavdacvis ministris SuamdgomlobiT. gen-
eraluri Stabis ufrosis mier uflebamosilebis Sesrulebis SeuZle-
blobis SemTxvevaSi generaluri Stabis ufrosis movaleobebs asrulebs
misi pirveli moadgile, misive davalebiT.
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis generaluri Stabi sakmaod rTu-
li struqturuli organizmia. igi moicavs 19 struqturul qvedanayofs,
maT Soris, erovnul gvardiasa da specialur operatiul Zalebs, dazver-
vis (J-2), samxedro policiis, ganaTlebisa da sazRvao Tavdacvis depar-
tamentebs.897 aRniSnuli departamentebis saqmianoba avtonomiuria, Tum-
ca maT Soris mWidro koordinacia arsebobs da isini erToblivad
eqvemdebarebian generaluri Stabis xelmZRvanelobas.
generaluri Stabis uflebamosileba ganisazRvreba `saqarTvelos
Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoniT, saqarTvelos prezidentis
brZanebulebiT damtkicebuli generaluri Stabis debulebiTa da sxva
samarTlebrivi aqtebiT. generaluri Stabis ZiriTadi uflebamosilebeb-
ia: saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis sabrZolo momzadeba da ganvi-
Tareba, maTi operatiuli da samobilizacio mzadyofnis uzrunvelyofa,
saomari mdgomareobis dros samxedro Zalebis marTva, rezervis pro-
gramebis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebisa
da SeTanxmebebis Sesabamisad samxedro TanamSromloba, Tavisi kompe-
tenciis farglebSi, sadazvervo saqmianoba, samxedro infrastruqturis
Seqmna da ganviTareba da sxv. igi uzrunvelyofs mokle da grZelvadiani
safrTxeebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT saWiro RonisZiebebis ganxor-
cielebas.
341
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mTavarsardlebs, giorgi kvinitaZes general-
maioris, xolo ilia odiSeliZes general-leitenantis wodeba hqondaT.
saqarTveloSi samxedro Zalebis Seqmna meoredac saqarTvelos
damoukideblobis aRdgenas ukavSirdeba. 1991 wlis 9 aprils saqarTve-
los saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas amave wlis 30 aprils
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis Seqmna mohyva. es dRe saqarTvelos
armiis dRedaa gamocxadebuli. mas Semdeg saqarTvelos SeiaraRebulma
Zalebma mravali reforma ganicada da dRes is yvelaze mZlavri samxedro
gaerTianebis – Crdiloatlantikuri xelSekrulebis organizaciis
(NATO) standartebis sruli danergvisken miiswrafis.
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, saqarTvelos damoukide-
blobis, suverenitetisa da teritoriuli mTlianobis dacvis, aseve,
saqarTvelos mier nakisr saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesrulebis
mizniT saqarTvelos hyavs samxedro Zalebi. samxedro Zalebis struqtu-
ras amtkicebs saqarTvelos prezidenti brZanebulebiT, xolo samxedro
ZalTa raodenobas erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos wardginebiT _
saqarTvelos parlamenti898.
samxedro Zalebis, rogorc erT-erTi mZlavri sakonstitucio insti-
tutis, gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia mkacrad gansazRvruli sakanondeblo
winapirobebisa da procedurebis Sesabamisad. amasTan, kanonmdebloba
maqsimalurad gamoricxavs gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi sapar-
lamento Tanamonawileobis gareSe erTpirovnuli qmedebebis ganxor-
cielebis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis gamoyenebis
Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iRebs saqarTvelos prezidenti da gad-
awyvetilebis miRebidan 48 saaTis ganmavlobaSi Seaqvs igi parlamentSi
dasamtkiceblad. sagangebo mdgomareobis dros samxedro Zalebis gam-
oyeneba, agreTve, saerTaSoriso valdebulebaTa Sesasruleblad Sesa-
Zlebelia mxolod saqarTvelos parlamentis TanxmobiT.
saqarTvelos prezidents gansakuTrebul da kanoniT gaT-
valiswinebul SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia qveyanaSi sxva saxelmwifos samxedro
Zalebis Semoyvanis, gamoyenebisa da gadaadgilebis gadawyvetilebis
miReba. es gadawyvetileba dauyovnebliv waredgineba saqarTvelos par-
laments dasamtkiceblad da iuridiul Zalas parlamentis Tanxmobis
Semdeg iZens.
yoveli qveynis samxedro Zalebi Sedgeba am saxelmwifosTvis damax-
asiaTebeli samxedro SenaerTebisgan, rasac ganapirobebs mravali
faqtori, maT Soris, qveynis geografiuli mdebareoba, strategiuli
gamowvevebi, samxedro tradiciebi da a.S. mag., germaniis federaciuli
respublikis SeiaraRebuli Zalebi – bundesveri, Sedgeba saxmeleTo
jarebis, samxedro-sahaero da samxedro-sazRvao Zalebisgan. am mxriv,
saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebi mokrZalebuli struqturiT xasiaTdeba
da Sedgeba SeiaraRebuli Zalebisgan, xolo saomari mdgomareobis dros
– agreTve, saqarTvelos Sss saqveuwyebo dawesebulebisgan – saqarTve-
342
los sasazRvro policiisgan. Tavis mxriv, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebi moicavs mxolod saxmeleTo jarebs. Tumca saqarTveloSi Tundac
samxedro-sahaero Zalebis didi tradiciebi arsebobs da saxmeleTo
ZalebSi dResac gaerTianebulia calkeuli danayofebi, romlebic
haerTavdacviT da sxva specifikur funqciebs asruleben.
343
giuri, energetikuli da informaciuli usafrTxoeba da marTlwesrigi.
erovnuli donis konceptualur dokumentebad ganisazRvra erovnuli
usafrTxoebis koncefcia, saqarTvelos safrTxeebis Sefasebis doku-
menti da usafrTxoebis sferoSi erovnuli strategiebi.
erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis dagegmvis makoordinirebeli
uwyebebia erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWo, romlis uflebamosilebebi gan-
isazRvreba `erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoniT da
saxelwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWo, romelic Se-
qmnilia saqarTvelos saxelmwifo interesebisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli
yvela tipis krizisuli situaciebis marTvis mizniT saqarTvelos prem-
ier-ministris politikuri gadawyvetilebebis mosamzadeblad. saxel-
wifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWo premier-ministris sa-
TaTbiro organoa.
sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Semavali pirebi or kategoriad iyofian: mud-
mivi da droebiTi wevrebi. Semadgenloba premier-ministris
xelmZRvanelobiT ganisazRvreba saqarTvelos mTavrobis 4 mudmivi wev-
ris (saqarTvelos finansTa, Sinagan saqmeTa, Tavdacvisa da sagareo saq-
meTa ministrebi), saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris ufrosisa da
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos mdivnisgan,
romelic amave dros, aris saqarTvelos premier-ministris TanaSemwe
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis sakiTxebSi. sabWos saqmianobaSi, saWiroebis
SemTxvevaSi, SesaZlebelia monawileobdnen mTavrobis sxva wevrebic,
saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare, saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli
Zalebis generaluri Stabis ufrosi, saqarTvelos prezidentis TanaSe-
mwe erovnuli uSiSroebis sakiTxebSi _ erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos
mdivani da sxva pirebi.
sabWos sxdomebi daxurulia, Tumca premier-ministris gad-
awyvetilebiT sxdoma SeiZleba Riad gamocxaddes. sxdomaze gad-
awyvetilebebi miiReba xmaTa ubralo umravlesobiT, xolo xmaTa
Tanabrad gayofis SemTxvevaSi gadamwyvetia Tavmjdomaris xma.
sabWos saqmianobis organizebis mizniT iqmneba sabWos aparati, rom-
lis SemadgenlobaSi struqturulad gaerTianebulia krizisuli situa-
ciebis marTvis erovnuli centri, romelic erovnuli usafrTxoebis
xelyofis, Sidapolitikuri destabilizaciis, bunebrivi da teqnologi-
uri xasiaTis katastrofebsa da sxva sagangebo situaciebSi premier-
ministris uSualo daqvemdebarebaSi gadadis. mSvidobianobis dros ki
centri aRniSnuli safrTxeebis prevenciuli RonisZiebebis dagegmviTaa
dakavebuli.
gansakuTrebiT vrceli da mniSvnelovania erovnuli usafrTxoebisa
da krizisebis marTvis sabWos uflebamosilebebi. kerZod, sabWo: ecnoba
da swavlobs saxelmwifo da marTlwesrigis sferoebSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb informacias, axdens Sida da gare safrTxeebis
identificirebas, iRebs am safrTxeebis Tavidan acilebisaTvis saWiro
344
zomebs; aanalizebs saSinao da sagareo politikis sakiTxebs, romlebic
uSualod ukavSirdeba erovnuli usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofas;
usafrTxoebis TvalsazrisiT organizebas uwevs qveynis saSinao da
sagareo politikas, saxelmwifo Tavdacvisa da marTlwesrigis sferoeb-
Si saxelmwifo strategiebisa da maTi ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli
RonisZiebebis SemuSavebas; swavlobs da aanalizebs saerTaSoriso kon-
fliqtur zonebSi arsebul mdgomareobas da SeimuSavebs winadadebebs
saerTaSoriso usafrTxoebis sferoSi saqarTvelos TanamSromlobis
Sesaxeb; sakuTari uflebamosilebis farglebSi zedamxedvelobs sax-
elmwifo Tavdacvis, usafrTxoebisa da marTlwesrigis sferoebSi
saministroebisa da sxva saxelmwifo uwyebebis saqmianobas da aZlevs maT
saWiro rekomendaciebs; xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos saxelmwifo in-
teresebisaTvis safrTxis Semcveli yvela tipis krizisuli viTarebis
politikur doneze marTvas; axorcielebs saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT
miniWebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
345
Tianebs struqturul qvedanayofebsa da teritoriul organoebs. maT
Soris, saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris struqturuli qveda-
nayofebia: generaluri inspeqcia (departamenti), kontrdazvervisa da
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis departamentebi, antikorufciuli saagento,
kontrteroristuli centri, obieqtebis dacvis mTavari sammarTvelo da
sxva erTeulebi.
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris saqmianobis ZiriTadi mimar-
Tulebebia: saqarTvelos konstituciuri wyobilebis, suverenitetis,
teritoriuli mTlianobisa da samxedro potencialis
marTlsawinaaRmdego qmedebisagan dacva; saqarTvelos konstituciuri
wyobilebisa da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis arakonstituciuri, Za-
ladobrivi gziT Secvlis gamovlena da maTi dacvis uzrunvelyofa;
qveynis ekonomikuri usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofa; saxelmwifo
usafrTxoebisTvis safrTxis Semcveli transnacionalur organizebul
danaSaulTan, terorizmTan, korufciasTan brZola; saxelmwifo sai-
dumloebis dacva da am mizniT Sesabamisi RonisZiebebis gatareba; qveynis
sagareo safrTxeebisgan dacva. dasaxuli amocanebis Sesasruleblad sax-
elmwifo usafrTxoebis specialuri samsaxuri aRWurvilia Sesabamisi
kanoniTa da debulebiT gansazRvruli farTo uflebamosilebebiT.
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxurs xelmZRvanelobs samsaxuris
ufrosi, romlis Tanamdebobaze daniSvnis sakmaod rTuli procedura
kanoniT aris gansazRvruli. kerZod, saqarTvelos premier-ministri sax-
elmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris ufrosis kandidaturas gansaxil-
velad warudgens aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas. saqarTvelos mTavrobis
Tanxmobis SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi gadaecema saqarTvelos parlaments, ro-
melic sruli Semadgenlobis umravlesobiT, 6 wlis vadiT irCevs samsax-
uris xelmZRvanels. dauSvebelia erTi da imave piris zedized orjer
arCeva.
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris xelmZRvanels uflebamosile-
ba vadaze adre Seuwydeba, Tu dakarga saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, daikava
samsaxuris ufrosis TanamdebobasTan SeuTavsebeli Tanamdeboba an eweva
SeuTavsebel saqmianobas, mis mimarT kanonier ZalaSi Sevida sasa-
marTlos gamamtyunebeli ganaCeni, Tanamdebobidan gadaayena saqarTve-
los parlamentma, gardaicvala da a.S.
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris ufrosi yoveli wlis 1
aprilamde saqarTvelos parlaments warudgens wina wels gaweuli saqmi-
anobis Sesaxeb angariSs. miuxedavad imisa, rom samsaxuri angariS-
valdebulia saqarTvelos mTavrobis mimarT, mis saqmianobaze vrceldeba
saparlamento kontroli saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saqarTvelos
parlamentis reglamentiTa da sxva normatiuli aqtebiT dadgenili
wesiT.
346
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
347
Tavi XIII
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
348
moqmedebs. aRniSnuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis SezRudvas ar
gulisxmobs, Tu zedamxedvelobas safuZvlad demokratiuli sax-
elmwifos mSeneblobis erTiani interesi udevs.910
saxelmwifoSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidreba da real-
izacia, rogorc wesi, miznad isaxavs sajaro xelisuflebis reformacias
decentralizaciisa da dekoncentraciis gziT, individTan saxelisu-
flebo uflebamosilebebis daaxloebas da Sedegad, adgilobrivi ini-
ciativis Serwymas sajaro interesebTan.911 Sesabamisad, demokratiuli
saxelmwifos principebisa da interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis arseboba, realuri Zalauflebis ganxor-
cielebiT, iseT mmarTvelobas uzrunvelyofs, romelic yvelaze
efeqtiani da mosaxleobis interesebTan maqsimalurad miaxloebuli
iqneba.912
349
riuli danayofis saxiT unda iyos warmodgenili, imis miuxedavad, iqneba
es raioni, daba, sofeli Tu sxv.916
teritoriuli koleqtivi aris TviTmmarTvel erTeulSi mcxovreb
moqalaqeTa erToblioba, romelic adgilobriv mosaxleobadaa wodebu-
li da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvs
miniWebuli. teritoriuli koleqtivi ganixileba, rogorc
damoukidebeli sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri. mas aqvs sakuTari
saxelwodeba, romelic, rogorc wesi, Sesabamisi TviTmmarTveli er-
Teulis saxelwodebas emTxveva.917
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis institutTan dakavSirebiT umniS-
vnelovanesia decentralizaciisa da dekoncentraciis cnebebi. decen-
tralizacia centraluri xelisuflebis mier adgilobrivi or-
ganoebisTvis calkeuli uflebamosilebebis gadacemaa.918 decentrali-
zacia xelisuflebas xalxTan ufro metad aaxloebs. decentralizaciis
pirobebSi politikuri gadawyvetilebebi ufro demokratiuli, gad-
awyvetilebis miRebis procesi ki Riaa, rac, saboloo jamSi, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi moqalaqeTa CarTulobas uzrun-
velyofs.919
aRsaniSnavia subsidiurobis principic. saxelmwifos demokratiuli
mowyobis CamoyalibebisTvis aucilebelia misi konstruqcia agebuli
iyos ,,qvevidan zeviT“. am principis Tanaxmad, ar SeiZleba ufro maRali
safexuris xelisuflebas daekisros is funqciebi, romelTa ganxor-
cieleba SedarebiT dabali safexuris xelisuflebas SeuZlia.920
dekoncentraciis cneba centraluri xelisuflebis mier adgilze
daniSnuli saxelmwifo agentebisTvis uflebamosilebebis gadacemas,
aseve, mmarTvelobis erT doneze gadacemuli uflebamosilebebis dar-
gobrivi principiT ganawilebas gulisxmobs. erTmaneTisgan ganasxvaveben
vertikalur da horizontalur dekoncentracias. vertikaluri dekon-
centraciisas adgilebze centraluri xelisuflebis interesebis dacvis
uflebamosileba gadaecema erT saxelmwifo moxeles; horizontaluri
dekoncentraciisas ki centraluri xelisuflebisgan gadacemuli
uflebamosilebebi adgilobriv doneze moqmed sxvadasxva saxelmwifo
dawesebulebas Soris nawildeba dargobrivi principiT.921
350
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebis damoukide-
blad miRebis principi gulisxmobs municipaluri organoebis
damoukideblobas adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebis gadawyvetis sa-
kiTxSi. damoukidebloba uzrunvelyofilia adgilobrivi referendu-
miT, adgilobrivi arCevnebiTa da uSualo demokratiis sxva formebiT.
amasTan, damoukideblobis principis realizacia dakavSirebulia
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis saqmi-
anobasTanac. aRniSnuli organoebi damoukideblad marTaven munici-
palur qonebas, gansazRvraven adgilobriv gadasaxadebsa da mosakre-
blebs da asruleben maTTvis miniWebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organizaciuli gamijvnis principis
Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi TviTmarTvelobis organoebi ar Sedian sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebis organoTa sistemaSi. adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba marTvis damoukidebeli donea.922
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis formebis
mravalferovnebis principis Tanaxmad, mosaxleoba ar aris SeboWili
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis dadgenili formebiT,
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia adgilo-
brivi referendumis, mosaxleobis Sekrebebis da sxva saSualebebiTac.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis aucilebeli safinanso-materialuri
resursebiT aRWurvis principSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoebisaTvis saqmianobis saTanado pirobebis Seqmna igulisxmeba.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis funqciebis efeqturad ganxor-
cielebis mizniT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba uzrunvelyofili un-
da iyos Sesabamisi materialuri da finansuri resursebiT.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis pasuxismgeblobis principis Tanax-
mad, adgilobrivi organoebi pasuxismgebelni arian ara mxolod maT mier
miRebul gadawyvetilebebze, aramed sakuTar moqmedebebzec. Ufleba-
mosilebis arasaTanadod ganxorcielebas SesaZloa adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebidan amomrCevelTa mier arCeviT
Tanamdebobis pirTa gamowveva mohyves.
adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis pativiscemis
principi udidesi mniSvnelobis matarebelia, radgan adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba teritoriuli koleqtivis, teritoriul erTeulSi
mcxovrebi moqalaqeebis uflebaa. Sesabamisad, maT unda hqondeT ufleba,
airCion sakuTari warmomadgeneli an Tavad iqnen arCeuli adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoSi, mimarTon adgilobriv xelisuflebas,
gaecnon dokumentebs. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebma unda
uzrunvelyon am uflebaTa realizacia.
kanonierebis principis Sesabamisad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organizacia da saqmianoba unda efuZnebodes kanons, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis gamocemuli aqtebi ki ierarqiulad
zemdgom aqtebs unda Seesabamebodes.923
351
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi mosaxleobis aqtiur
CarTvas uzrunvelyofs saqveynoobis principi, romlis Tanaxmadac,
nebismieri normatiuli aqti unda gamoqveyndes; mosaxleobas unda
hqondes saSualeba, gaecnos dokumentebs, miiRos amomwuravi informacia
adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianobis Sesaxeb. saqveynoobis principi
adgilobrivi organoebis saqmianobas sazogadoebis mxridan perma-
nentuli kontrolis qveS aqcevs.924
adgilobriv doneze sazogadoebis konsensusis miRwevis erTgvar gar-
antias warmoadgens kolegiurobis principi, romelic erTmmarTvelobis
principis sapirispirod gamoiyeneba da sakiTxis momzadebis, ganxilvisa
da gadawyvetis procesSi gansxvavebul azrTa Sejerebas gulisxmobs.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis mier adgilobrivi in-
teresebis dakmayofilebisas, dRis wesrigSi saerTo-saxelmwifoebrivi
interesebis savaldebulo gaTvaliswinebis sakiTxi dgeba. aRniSnuli
principis Tanaxmad, TviTmmarTvelobis organoebma unda gamoZebnon
adgilobrivi interesebis dakmayofilebis iseTi saSualebebi, romlebic
saerTo-saxelmwifoebriv interesebs ar daupirispirdeba, interesTa
konfliqtis Tavidan acilebis mizniT ki saxelmwifo dawesebulebebTan
Sesabamisi TanamSromlobauzrunvelyos.925
352
is funqciebi, romelTa ganxorcielebac SedarebiT dabali safexuris
xelisuflebas SeuZlia929.
sam nawilad dayofil qartiaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba
pirvel nawils, radgan swored pirveli nawili Seicavs im arsebiT
debulebebs, romlebic adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ZiriTad prin-
cipebs adgenen. is gansazRvravs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sa-
konstitucio da samarTlebriv safuZvlebs, adgens koncefcias da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebis farglebs.930 pirveli
nawiliT ganisazRvreba am institutis ZiriTadi principebi:
TviTmmarTvelobis sakonstitucio da samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis Se-
qmnis aucilebloba, xelisuflebis adgilobrivi organoebis
uflebamosilebis farglebi da misi realizaciis pirobebi, adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis da misi administraciuli struqturebis avtonomi-
urobis uzrunvelyofa, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
teritoriuli gamijvnis principis dacva, TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoebis saqmianobaze administraciuli kontrolis ganxorcieleba,
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis uzrunvelyofa Sesabamisi finansuri
resursebiT, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis samarTlebrivi dacva da a.S.931
qartiis mixedviT, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba, rogorc pirdapiri
damokratiis gamoxatuleba, niSnavs adgilobrivi xelisuflebis
uflebasa da SesaZleblobas, kanonis farglebSi, sakuTari pasux-
ismgeblobiTa da mosaxleobis interesebis Sesabamisad moawesrigos
adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebi.932 saintereso da mniSvnelovania
qartiaSi TviTmmarTvelobis kompetenciis sferoc. kerZod, me-4 muxlSi
saubaria adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobisTvis miniWebul uflebebze,
romlebic, rogorc wesi, iqneba `sruli da eqskluziuri“. zogadad,
qartia adgilobriv xelisuflebas uflebas aZlevs, ganaxorcielos ini-
ciativa nebismieri sakiTxis mimarT, romelic maTi kompetenciidan ar
gamoiricxeba, an xelisuflebis sxva organos ar aqvs miniWebuli. aseve, is
uSvebs TviTmmarTvel erTeulebze centraluri an regionuli or-
ganoebis mier uflebamosilebaTa delegirebis SesaZleblobas.933
qartiaSi asaxulia administraciuli sazRvrebis dacvis principic.
cxadia, TviTmmarTveli erTeulis administraciul sazRvrebSi
cvlilebebis Setana mniSvnelovania rogorc adgilobrivi xelisu-
flebis, ise mis teritoriaze mcxovrebi mosaxleobisTvis. rogorc
qartiis ganmartebiT baraTSia miTiTebuli, mraval saxelmwifoSi ara-
realuradaa miCneuli adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis mier teritori-
uli sazRvrebis Secvlis Taobaze vetos dadebis ufleba maSin, roca
evropuli qartia uzrunvelyofs adgilobrivi organos uflebas, masTan
winaswari konsultaciisa da SesaZleblobebis SemTxvevaSi, referen-
dumis Catarebis gareSe ar iqnes Setanili cvlilebebi mis administra-
ciul sazRvrebSi.934
353
qartiis me-8 muxli exeba sxva donis saxelmwifo organoebis mxridan
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobis kontrols, Tumca es, cxa-
dia, srul zedamxedvelobas ar gulisxmobs. gansazRvrulia, rom
adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saqmianobaze administraciuli kontroli
SeiZleba mxolod konstituciiTa da kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi
da dadgenili pirobebiT ganxorcieldes. amasTan, kontroli dasaSvebia
kanonierebisa da konstituciurobis principis dasacavad da ara zoga-
dad, adgilobrivi xelisuflebis saqmianobis Sesamowmeblad.935
saxelmwifoSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebis erT-
erT umniSvnelovanes princips asaxavs finansuri saxsrebis sakiTxic.
qartia adgens, rom adgilobriv organoebs ufleba aqvT erovnuli
ekonomikuri politikis farglebSi sakuTari finansuri saxsrebi
hqondeT, romelsac Tavadve gankargaven. is aucilebel pirobad
ayalibebs moTxovnas TviTmmarTvelobis dacvaze, risTvisac dasaSvebad
miiCnevs finansuri dabalansebis proceduris an sxva RonisZiebebis ganx-
orcielebas.936
evropuli qartia adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobebs kanonis farglebSi
aniWebs rogorc xelisuflebis sxva organoebTan gaerTianebisa da
TanamSromlobis uflebas _ saerTo interesebSi Semavali amocanebis
Sesasruleblad, ise sxva saxelmwifoTa msgavs organoebTan TanamSrom-
lobis SesaZleblobas, _ am SemTxvevaSic, cxadia, kanoniT dadgenili
pirobebis dacviT. rogorc evropuli qartiis ganmartebiT baraTSia mo-
cemuli, saxelmwifoTa SigniT, organoebs Soris TanamSromlobis mTava-
ri mizani saqmianobis meti efeqturobis miRweva da iseT amocanaTa gad-
awyvetaa, rac mxolod erTi organos SesaZleblobebs scdeba.937 rac
Seexeba ucxo saxelmwifos Sesabamis organoebTan TanamSromlobas, aq,
udavod, gasaTvaliswinebelia Sesabamis saxelmwifoSi moqmedi sa-
marTlis pativiscema. swored amitomaa dakonkretebuli, rom
TanamSromloba dasaSvebia mxolod ,,kanoniT dadgenili pirobebis
dacviT~938.
qartiiT gansazRvrulia valdebulebaTa is odenoba, romelTa aRebac
saxelmwifoebs SeuZliaT. iqidan gamomdinare, rom garkveul debulebaTa
erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi implementaciisas SeiZleba warmoiSvas nor-
matiuli an praqtikuli problemebi, qartiaSi arsebobs muxlebis
CamonaTvali, e.w. ,,savaldebulo birTvi“, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom
saxelmwifoebs mxolod aRniSnuli moeTxovebaT. ,,savaldebulo birTvi“
saxelmwifoTa mxolod sawyisi poziciaa. qveyanam, romelsac adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis institutis maRal doneze mowesrigebis pre-
tenzia aqvs, srulad unda Seasrulos qartiis debulebebi.939
,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“ evropuli qartia erT-
erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mravalmxrivi dokumentia, romelsac udi-
desi wvlili Seaqvs am institutis ganviTarebasa da dacvaSi. swored
qartiidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom adgilobrivi
354
TviTmmarTvelobis koncefcias aqvs ara mxolod samarTlebrivi da
politikuri ganzomileba, aramed udidesi socialuri mniSvnelobac.
Sesabamisad, masSi mocemuli ZiriTadi principebisa da debulebebis
erovnul kanonmdeblobaSi danergva saxelmwifoSi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis institutis maRal doneze ganviTarebis sawindar-
ia.940
355
1992 wels miRebulma kanonma `saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb“ (e.w.
„mcire konstitucia~) erTgvari sakanonmdeblo safuZveli Seqmna
saimisod, rom 1995 wlisaTvis saxelmwifo meTauris brZanebulebiT,
qveynis msxvili qalaqebi da maTi samezoblo raionebi 9 regionad, e.w.
mxared dajgufda, regions ki saTaveSi saxelmwifos meTauris mier dan-
iSnuli, gansazRvruli uflebamosilebebiT aRWurvili rwmunebuli
Caudga. garkveuli nabijebis gadadgmis miuxedavad, 1995 wels miRebul
konstituciaSi saxelmwifos administraciul-teritoriuli mowyobisa
da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organizacia ar ganisazRvra,945 ris
mizezadac qveynis teritoriuli problemebi saxeldeboda da sakiTxi
samomavlod gadasawyvetad gadaido.946
2003 wlis vardebis revoluciis Semdeg saxelmwifo xelisufleba aq-
tiurad cdilobda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis
srulyofas, Tumca es mcdeloba uSedego aRmoCnda. pirvel wlebSi gan-
sakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi iyo decentralizaciis arasrulfasovneba.
centraluri xelisuflebis gavlenis qveS rCeboda ori qalaqi _ Tbi-
lisi da foTi, radgan orives meri iniSneboda saqarTvelos prezidentis
mier da angariSvaldebulni mxolod mosaxleobis winaSe ar iyvnen.947
arsebuli sistemis ZiriTad naklovanebad miiCneoda is, rom normati-
ul doneze ar iyo reglamentirebuli TviTmmarTvelobis eqskluziuri
uflebamosilebebis aRsrulebis meqanizmi. adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba mainc centralur xelisuflebaze iyo damokidebuli
da mosaxleobas daSorda. amasTan, Zalzed mwiri iyo misi Semosavlebi,948
kanonmdebloba ar gansazRvravda mosaxleobis TviTorganizaciisa da
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi realuri monawileobis
instituciur meqanizmebs. mosaxleobis CarTuloba verc rwmunebulis
institutis SemoRebam uzrunvelyo. xarvezebs Seicavda Tavad adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis instituciuri mowyobis modelic. mag., 2010
wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis arCevnebamde ganxorcielebulma
cvlilebebma bundovani gaxada sakrebulos Tavmjdomaresa da
gamgebels/mers Soris uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis sakiTxi.949
zemoT moyvanili problemebis gaTvaliswinebiT, gadawyda adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis reforma, romelic miznad isaxavda
aRniSnuli da sxva problemebis gadaWras myari sakanonmdeblo sa-
fuZvlebiT.
356
Tanaxmadac, saxelmwifos mier `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis princi-
pi aRiarebuli iqneba Sida kanonmdeblobiT da SesaZleblobis SemTxveva-
Si, konstituciiT“950.
miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelos pirvel konstituciaSi adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis momwesrigebeli Tavi calke iyo gamoyofili,
1995 wlis konstituciaSi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis principi ka-
nonmdebelma mxolod erT muxlSi gaiTvaliswina. am institutis mom-
wesrigebeli specialuri kanonebis mravlad arsebobis pirobebSic ki,
TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis srulyofa ver xdeboda, ris erT-erT miz-
ezadac, SesaZloa, swored qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis principebis da misi ganxorcielebis ZiriTadi gzebis
ararseboba dasaxeldes.
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebulebiT, 2009 wlis 8 ivniss Seiqmna
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia, romelic Camoyal-
ibebisTanave SeTanxmda, rom konstitucias daemateboda adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis momwesrigebeli Tavi, Tumca xangrZlivi kamaTis sa-
gani gaxda, rogorc adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistema, ise is sa-
kiTxi, Tu romeli normebi unda asaxuliyo qveynis ZiriTad kanonSi da
romeli – sxva kanonebSi.951 sabolood, konstitucias daemata sami mux-
lisgan Semdgari me-71 Tavi, romliTac adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
ZiriTadi, fuZemdebluri principebi ganisazRvra. konstituciis Tanax-
mad, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba erTeulis teritoriaze registri-
rebul moqalaqeTa uflebaa, romlebic adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis sa-
kiTxebis mowesrigebis mizniT, pirdapiri, sayovelTao, Tanaswori
saarCevno uflebis safuZvelze, faruli kenWisyriT irCeven adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiT organos _ sakrebulos.
erTmaneTisgan gamijnulia saxelmwifo organoTa da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis uflebamosilebebi, raTa ar SeizRudos
TviTmmarTvelobis arsi da mas srulad SeeZlos sakuTari funqciebis
realizeba.
adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobas aqvs ori saxis uflebamosileba: sa-
kuTari da delegirebuli. sakuTar uflebamosilebebs is axorcielebs
damoukideblad da piradi pasuxismgeblobiT. amasTan, SesaZlebelia
uflebamosilebaTa delegireba (gadacema) sakanonmdeblo aqtebis,
agreTve, xelSekrulebebis safuZvelze, oRond Sesabamisi materialuri
da finansuri resursebis gadacemiT. zemoaRniSnulis garda, konstitu-
ciiT gansazRvrulia, rom TviTmmarTvel erTeuls ufleba aqvs, sakuTa-
ri iniciativiT gadawyvitos nebismieri sakiTxi, Tu sruldeba ori piro-
ba: aRniSnuli sakiTxis gadawyveta kanonmdeblobiT ar aris xelisu-
flebis sxva organos uflebamosileba da is kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli.
konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebulia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobac, romlis mizania, erTi mxriv,
TviTmmarTvelobis normatiuli aqtebis saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobas-
357
Tan Sesabamisobis dadgena, xolo, meore mxriv, delegirebuli
uflebamosilebebis jerovnad ganxorcieleba. kontroli aucileblad
unda iyos miznis proporciuli da mas ar unda hqondes adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianobaSi Carevis forma.
2010 wlis sakonstitucio reformis Sedegad adgilobrivi TviTmmar-
Tveloba sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebiTac aRi-
Wurva. kerZod, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo TviTmmarTveli erTeulis
warmomadgenlobiTi organos _ sakrebulos sarCelis safuZvelze ixi-
lavs normatiuli aqtis konstituciurobis sakiTxs adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis (konstituciis me-71) TavSi asaxul debulebebTan
mimarTebiT.952
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis institutis konstituciiT gan-
sazRvra kidev erTi nabiji iyo ganviTarebuli demokratiis qveynebis
ganzomilebaSi Sesasvlelad. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sa-
konstitucio reglamentacia saxelmwifos mxridan TviTmmarTveli er-
Teulis saqmeSi Carevis risks amcirebs da Sesabamisad, mis maRal, evro-
puli standartebis Sesabamis doneze funqcionirebis saSualebas iZleva.
ramdenad gamoiyenebs am SesaZleblobas adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba
da ramdenad SeuerTdeba mas saxelmwifoebrivi erTiani interesi _ es
ukve calke mdgomi umniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia, romelic, aseve, uzrun-
velyofili iqneba, Tu mas adgilobrivi da saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
ormxrivi interesi daedeba safuZvlad _ demokratiul principebze da-
fuZnebuli qveynis mSeneblobis interesi.
358
antiebi, adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis Seqmnis wesi, maTi
uflebamosilebebi da saxelmwifo organoebTan urTierToba gan-
sazRvruli iyo 2005 wlis 16 dekembers miRebuli `adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoniT. garda amisa, adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis momwesrigebel ZiriTad kanonTa pakets
miekuTvneboda saqarTvelos kanoni ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organoebis saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedvelobis Sesaxeb“,
saqarTvelos kanoni ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveli erTeulis qonebis
Sesaxeb“, saqarTvelos kanoni ,,saqarTvelos dedaqalaqis _ Tbilisis
Sesaxeb“ da a.S. TviTmmarTvelobis sferos ramdenime sakanonmdeblo aq-
tiT mowesrigebis pirobebSi, normebs Soris bevri kolizia warmoiqmne-
boda. aRniSnuli problemis aRmosafxvrelad, im safuZvliT, rom
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis sakiTxebis momwesrigebel normaTa
erT, maRali iuridiuli Zalis mqone aqtSi gaerTianebas SeuZlia sistem-
is mdgradobisa da erTianobis uzrunvelyofa, parlamentma 2014 wlis 5
Tebervals miiRo organuli kanoni ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
kodeqsi“.954
359
Semosavlebis (sagadasaxado) samsaxuri.956 2008 wlis movlenebis Semdeg
okupirebul teritoriebze aRmoCnda 5 municipaliteti – eredvi, qurTa,
TiRvi, aJara da axalgori.957
2014 wels parlamentis mier miRebulma adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelo-
bis kodeqsma gansazRvra, rom adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba xor-
cieldeba municipalitetSi, romelic ori saxisaa: TviTmmarTveli
qalaqi da TviTmmarTveli Temi. TviTmmarTveli qalaqi aris qalaqis kat-
egoriis dasaxleba, xolo Temi _ ramdenime dasaxlebis (sofeli, daba,
qalaqi) erToblioba.
reformis Sedegad, Tbilisis, rusTavis, quTaisis, baTumisa da foTis
garda, TviTmmarTveli qalaqis statusi, aseve, mieniWa Telavs, mcxeTas,
gors, axalcixes, ambrolaurs, ozurgeTsa da zugdids. damatebuli 7
TviTmmarTveli qalaqis gareT darCenili teritoriebi ki, municipal-
itetebad yalibdeba.
2.5. municipaliteti
2.5.1. municipalitetis Seqmna, gauqmeba da uflebamosilebebi
360
Teuli axorcielebs damoukideblad da sakuTari pasuxismgeblobiT. es
uflebamosilebebia: municipalitetis biujetis proeqtis momzadeba,
ganxilva da damtkiceba, masSi cvlilebebis Setana, sabiujeto saxsrebis
gankargva; municipalitetis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis marTva da
gankargva; adgilobrivi mniSvnelobis bunebrivi resursebis marTva;
adgilobrivi gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis SemoReba/gauqmeba; mu-
nicipalitetis sivrciT-teritoriuli dagegmva, teritoriis
keTilmowyoba, gamwvaneba da dasufTaveba; sagzao moZraobis wesebis
regulireba; Sekrebebisa da manifestaciebis gamarTvasTan dakavSirebu-
li sakiTxebis mowesrigeba da sxv. CamoTvlili uflebamosilebebis gar-
da, municipalitets SeuZlia gadawyvetileba miiRos iseT sakiTxze, ro-
melic kanonis Tanaxmad ar miekuTvneba xelisuflebis sxva organos
uflebamosilebas da kanoniT ar aris akrZaluli.
uflebamosilebis efeqtianad ganxorcielebis mizniT, saxelmwifo an
avtonomiuri respublikis xelisuflebam, SesaZloa, municipalitets
gadasces garkveuli uflebamosilebebi. delegireba daSvebulia
rogorc saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo aqtiT an avtonomiuri respu-
blikis kanoniT, aseve, saqarTvelos an avtonomiuri respublikis kanon-
mdeblobis safuZvelze dadebuli xelSekrulebiT, Tumca aseTi
uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebisTvis municipalitets unda gadaeces
Sesabamisi materialuri da finansuri resursebic.
imisaTvis, rom zemoT CamoTvlili uflebamosilebebis ganxorcieleba
SesaZlebeli iyos, municipalitetis organoebi SeimuSaveben da axor-
cieleben Sesabamis proeqtebsa Tu samoqmedo gegmebs, deben xelSekule-
bebs, iZenen an qmnian municipalitetis sakuTrebas, iReben sesxs, afuZne-
ben da marTaven kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs da axorcieleben sxva
RonisZiebebs. garda CamoTvlilisa, uflebamosilebaTa efeqtiani ganx-
orcielebis uzrunvelsayofad, kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebs munici-
palitetebis SesaZleblobas, daafuZnon erToblivi arasamewarmeo (ara-
komerciuli) an samewarmeo iuridiuli pirebi, Seqmnan samsaxurebi da
iTanamSromlon sxva qveynis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoebTan.
361
sakrebulos wevrTa raodenoba gansxvavdeba TviTmmarTvel Temsa da
TviTmmarTvel qalaqSi. TviTmmarTveli Temis sakrebulo Sedgeba pro-
porciuli saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 15 wevrisa da am
TviTmmarTveli Temis SemadgenlobaSi Semavali yvela Temidan da
qalaqidan, maJoritaruli sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli TiTo wevrisa-
gan. TviTmmarTveli qalaqis sakrebulos Semadgenloba qalaqSi, sadac
amomrCevelTa raodenoba 75 000-s aWarbebs, ganisazRvreba proporciuli
saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 15 wevrisa da maJoritaruli
saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 10 wevrisgan, xolo iq, sadac
mosaxleoba 75 000-s ar aRemateba, sakrebulo Sedgeba proporciuli
saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 10 wevrisa da maJoritaruli
saarCevno sistemis safuZvelze arCeuli 5 wevrisgan.
sakrebulos wevri SeiZleba gaxdes saqarTvelos moqalaqe, romelsac
kenWisyris dRisTvis Seusrulda 21 weli da saqarTveloSi ucxovria sul
cota 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi, maT Soris, arCevnebis daniSvnis dRemde bolo
2 weli mainc. sakrebulos wevri municipalitetis mTeli mosaxleobis
warmomadgenelia sakrebuloSi, romlis uflebamosilebac iwyeba misi,
rogorc sakrebulos wevris, uflebamosilebis cnobis dRidan da mTav-
rdeba axalarCeuli sakrebulos pirveli SekrebisTanave an am wevris
uflebamosilebis vadamde SewyvetisTanave. sakrebulos wevri
sargeblobs Tavisufali mandatiT. movaleobebis Sesrulebisas is ar
aris SezRuduli amomrCevelTa da warmdgeni politikuri gaerTiane-
bebis ganawesebiTa Tu davalebebiT. Tumca Tavisufali mandatis princi-
pi amomrCevelTan muSaobisa da masTan dakavSirebuli pasuxismgeblobis-
gan gaTavisuflebas ar gulisxmobs.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevris
mimarT moqmedebs Tanamdebobrivi SeuTavseblobis principic. kerZod,
mas ufleba ara aqvs iyos sxva warmomadgenlobiTi organos wevri; ekavos
Tanamdeboba, romelze arCeva, daniSvna an damtkiceba xdeba saqarTvelos
parlamentis an afxazeTisa da aWaris avtonomiuri respublikebis
umaRlesi warmomadgenlobiTi organoebis mier an romelzedac daniSvna
xdeba saqarTvelos prezidentis an premier-ministris mier; imuSaos
saqarTvelos sasamarTlo xelisuflebis, prokuraturis, saxelmwifo
auditis samsaxuris, Sinagan saqmeTa da Tavdacvis saministroebis da
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris sistemaSi; munici-
palitetis sakrebulos aparatSi da gamgeobaSi (meriaSi); sxva qveynis
sajaro samsaxurSi da a.S. amasTan, sakrebulos wevrma ar SeiZleba misi
uflebamosilebebi gamoiyenos piradi interesebisaTvis. is valdebulia,
uari ganacxados sakrebulos sxdomaze iseT sakiTxze gadawyvetilebis
miRebasa da kenWisyraSi monawileobaze, romlis mimarTac mas qonebrivi
interesi aqvs, an sxva garemoeba arsebobs, romelic saqmis gadawyveta-
zegavlenas iqoniebs.
362
sakrebulos wevrebi uflebamosilebebs axorcieleben samsaxurebrivi
saqmianobisgan mouwyvetlad da usasyidlod. anazRaurebadia mxolod
municipalitetis sakrebulos Tanamdebobis pirebis _ sakrebulos
Tavmjdomaris, sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris moadgilis, sakrebulos
komisiebisa da fraqciebis Tavmjdomareebis saqmianoba.
sakrebulos Tavmjdomares sakrebulos uflebamosilebis vadiT,
Tavisi Semadgenlobidan irCevs sakrebulo. sakrebulos Tavmjdomare:
axorcielebs TviTmmarTveli erTeulis warmomadgenlobiT
uflebamosilebebs; xels awers sakrebulos dadgenilebebs,
gankargulebebsa da sxdomis oqmebs; koordinacias uwevs sakrebulos
komisiebis muSaobas; niSnavs da aTavisuflebs municipalitetis
sakrebulos aparatis mosamsaxureebs da axorcielebs misTvis kanon-
mdeblobiT miniWebul sxva uflebamosilebebs. Tavmjdomare angariS-
valdebulia sakrebulos winaSe, romelsac SeuZlia sakrebulos
Tavmjdomare Tanamdebobidan gadaayenos.
sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris moadgiles, Tavmjdomaris wardginebiT,
sakuTari Semadgenlobidan irCevs sakrebulo. sakrebulos Tavmjdo-
mares mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba hyavdes ori moadgile, roca mu-
nicipalitetis amomrCevelTa raodenoba 100 000-s aRemateba. sakrebu-
los reglamentiT gaTvaliswinebuli uflebamosilebebis garda,
moadgile Tavmjdomaris movaleobas asrulebs am ukanasknelis mier sa-
kuTari uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis SeuZleblobis, misi
Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis an gadadgomis SemTxvevaSi.
sakrebulo moicavs biuros, komisiebs, fraqciebsa da droebiT samu-
Sao jgufebs. sakrebulos biuros SemadgenlobaSi Sedis sakrebulos
Tavmjdomare, sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris moadgile (moadgileebi),
komisiebisa da fraqciebis Tavmjdomareebi. biuros funqciebia:
sakrebulos sxdomis dRis wesrigis, samuSao gegmisa da samuSao pro-
gramebis proeqtebis Sedgena; komisiebisa da droebiTi samuSao jgufebis
muSaobis koordinacia; municipalitetis Tanamdebobis pirTa an-
gariSebis mosmena da sxv.
sakrebulos komisiebi iqmneba sakrebuloSi sakiTxebis winaswari
momzadebis, gadawyvetilebaTa SesrulebisaTvis xelis Sewyobis,
gamgeobis (meriis), misi struqturuli erTeulebisa da municipalitetis
mier dafuZnebuli iuridiuli pirebis kontrolis mizniT. komisiis wevri
SeiZleba iyos mxolod sakrebulos wevri, magram reglamentiT gan-
sazRvruli wesiT, komisiaSi samuSaod SesaZlebelia sxva piris mowvevac.
sakrebulos komisiis saqmianobas xelmZRvanelobs komisiis
Tavmjdomare, romelsac sakuTari Semadgenlobidan, sakrebulos
uflebamosilebis vadiT irCevs Tavad sakrebulo.
sakrebulos wevrebs SeuZliaT gaerTiandnen sakrebulos fraqciaSi,
romlis wevrTa raodenobac ar unda iyos samze naklebi. fraqcia SeiZle-
ba Camoyalibdes rogorc partiul, ise arapartiul safuZvelze, magram
363
organuli kanoni dauSveblad acxadebs fraqciebad gaerTianebas erov-
nuli, teritoriuli, religiuri, profesiuli an piradi niSniT. fraqci-
is saqmianobas uZRveba fraqciis Tavmjdomare, romlis arCevisa da saqmi-
anobis wessac Sesabamisi fraqciis wesdeba gansazRvravs. rac Seexeba
droebiT samuSao jgufebs, maT municipalitetis sakrebulo calkeul
sakiTxTa Seswavlis mizniT, saWiroebisamebr, araumetes 3 Tvis
uflebamosilebis vadiT qmnis.
sakrebulos saqmianobis organizaciul uzrunvelyofas axorcielebs
sakrebulos aparati. sakrebulos aparatis ufross da aparatis
mosamsaxureebs kanonmdeblobiT dadgenili wesiT Tanamdebobaze niSnavs
da Tanamdebobidan aTavisuflebs municipalitetis sakrebulos
Tavmjdomare.
municipalitetis warmomadgenlobiTi organos uflebamosilebebs
miekuTvneba: municipalitetis administraciuli erTeulebis Seqmna da
gauqmeba, maTi sazRvrebis dadgena; sakrebulos Tavmjdomaris,
Tavmjdomaris moadgilis arCeva da Tanamdebobidan gadayeneba; munici-
palitetis gamgeblisTvis/merisTvis undoblobis gamocxadeba;
komisiebisa da droebiTi samuSao jgufebis Seqmna, komisiaTa
Tavmjdomareebis arCeva da gadayeneba; municipalitetis aRmasrulebeli
organoebisa da Tanamdebobis pirTa saqmianobis kontroli, maTi an-
gariSebis mosmena da Sefaseba; municipalitetis simboloebis dadgena;
sakrebulos reglamentis damtkiceba; municipalitetis biujetis proe-
qtis ganxilva da damtkiceba, misi Sesrulebis kontroli da Sefaseba;
adgilobrivi gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis SemoReba da a.S.
municipalitetis sakrebulos sxdoma uflebamosilia, Tu mas eswreba
sakrebulos sruli Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti. sakrebulo gad-
awyvetilebas iRebs Ria kenWisyriT. faruli kenWisyra imarTeba mxolod
piris Tanamdebobaze arCevis, Tanamdebobidan gadayenebis da un-
doblobis gamocxadebis sakiTxebis gadawyvetis dros.
364
sxvadasxva sferos da akontroleben gamgeblis (meris) davalebebis
Sesrulebas.
meris/gamgeblis uflebamosilebebis ganxorcielebas uzrunvelyofs
mis daqvemdebarebaSi myofi dawesebuleba _ gamgeoba/meria, romlis
struqturuli erTeulebic (mag., safinanso samsaxuri, administraciuli
samsaxuri), sakrebulosa da meris/gamgeblis davalebebis Sesasrule-
blad iqmneba. yovel struqturul erTeuls hyavs sakuTari
xelmZRvaneli, romelic warmarTavs struqturuli erTeulis saqmiano-
bas, gamgebels/mers warudgens erTeulis mier momzadebul sakiTxebsa da
rekomendaciebs da asrulebs organuli kanoniT gansazRvrul sxva
uflebamosilebebs. struqturuli erTeulis xelmZRvaneli angariS-
valdebulia meris winaSe.
Tavad gamgeblis/meris uflebamosilebebi ramdenime kategoriad
iyofa: organizaciuli saqmianobis sferoSi mis uflebamosilebas
miekuTvneba, mag., gamgeobis/meriis struqturuli erTeulebis saqmiano-
bis xelmZRvaneloba da koordinacia, gamgeobis/meriis Tanamdebobis
pirebis Tanamdebobaze daniSvna da gaTavisufleba; sakrebulosTan ur-
TierTobis sferoSi _ sakrebulosTvis gaweuli saqmianobis Sesaxeb an-
gariSis, administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis proeqtebis wardgena,
sakrebulos mier miRebuli aqtebis aRsruleba; safinanso-sabiujeto
sferoSi _ municipalitetis biujetis proeqtisa da biujetSi Sesatani
cvlilebebis proeqtebis, biujetis Sesrulebis angariSis, adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis SemoRebis, cvlilebebisa Tu gauqmebis
Sesaxeb dadgenilebebis proeqtebis sakrebulosTvis wardgena; munici-
palitetis qonebis gankargvis sferoSi _ sakrebulos TanxmobiT, munic-
ipalitetis ZiriTadi (ganusxvisebeli) qonebis gasxvisebis Sesaxeb gad-
awyvetilebis miReba, municipalitetis qonebis movla-patronoba; aR-
masrulebeli saqmianobis sxva sferoSi _ municipalitetis saxeliT
dadebuli xelSekrulebebisa da SeTanxmebebis xelmowera, sapatio
wodebebisa da jildoebis miniWeba, Tavisi uflebamosilebis farglebSi
individualuri administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis gamocema da a.S.
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsma daamkvidra
gamgeblisTvis/merisTvis undoblobis gamocxadebis wesi. undoblobis
gamocxadebis proceduris dawyebis iniciatori SeiZleba iyos rogorc
municipalitetis sakrebulos siiTi Semadgenlobis naxevarze meti,
aseve, municipalitetis teritoriaze mcxovreb amomrCevelTa aranakleb
20%. sakrebulo gamebels/mers undoblobas ucxadebs siiTi
Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamediT, rac iwvevs gamgeblis/meris
uflebamosilebis Sewyvetas. Tumca kodeqsiT dadgenilia SezRudvac:
sakiTxis inicireba da undoblobis gamocxadeba dauSvebelia
gamgeblis/meris uflebamosilebis pirveli eqvsi da ukanaskneli erTi
wlis ganmavlobaSi.
365
2.5.2.3. municipalitetis organoebis samarTlebrivi aqtebi
366
jetis dadgenil vadaSi daumtkiceblobis motiviT Seuwyda da Sesabami-
sad, uflebamosileba Sewyvetili aqvs gamgebelsac/mersac, axali
gamgeblis/meris arCevamde mTavroba masve avalebs mTavrobis rwmunebu-
lis uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebas. pirdapiri saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba riggareSe arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli municipalitetis
organoebis uflebamosilebis cnobis dRemde xorcieldeba, xolo, Tu
municipalitetis organoebis uflebamosilebis cnobidan morig arCevne-
bamde 1 welze naklebi droa darCenili, pirdapiri saxelmwifo
mmarTveloba moqmedebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis morigi
arCevnebis Sedegad arCeuli organoebis uflebamosilebis cnobis
dRemde.
zemoaRniSnuli safuZvliT sakrebulosa da gamgeblis/meris daTx-
ovnisa Tu uflebamosilebis vadamde Sewyvetisas, sakrebulo da
gamgebeli/meri airCeva adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
morig arCevnebamde vadiT.
367
girebuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis finansuri uzrunvelyofis
mizniT. specialuri transferi saxelmwifo, avtonomiuri respublikisa
da TviTmmarTveli erTeulis biujetidan gamoeyofa municipalitets
stiqiuri movlenebis, ekologiuri katastrofebis, epidemiis da sxva
situaciebis Sedegebis likvidaciisaTvis.
garda zemoT moyvanilisa, mTavrobis TanxmobiT, municipalitets Seu-
Zlia sesxisa aReba da grantis miReba. sesxTan dakavSirebiT kanon-
mdebloba garkveul moTxovnebs awesebs: sesxis aRebis mizani unda iyos
kapitaluri investiciis ganxorcieleba da misi saerTo moculoba ar
unda aRematebodes gasuli 3 sabiujeto wlis municipalitetis sakuTari
Semosavlebis saSualo wliuri odenobis 10 procents. mocemulze meti
odenobiT municipalitets sesxis aReba SeuZlia mxolod saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis organosa da mis mier kontrolirebadi sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli pirisgan. amasTan, dauSvebelia moTxovnis uzrunvelyofis
saSualebad municipalitetis sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qonebis gamoyeneba.
368
saxelmwifo Tavis sakuTrebaSi arsebul qonebas TviTmmarTvel er-
Teuls sakuTrebaSi gadascems qonebis mmarTveli municipalitetis
gamgeblis/meris dasabuTebuli moTxovnis safuZvelze. garda amisa,
TviTmmarTvel erTeuls delegirebuli uflebamosilebebis gansaxor-
cieleblad SeiZleba gadaeces saxelmwifo sakuTrebaSi arsebuli qoneba
sargeblobis uflebiT, Tumca am dros qoneba saxelmwifos sakuTrebaSi
rCeba.
municipalitetis qonebis gankargvis Sedegad Semosuli Tanxebi
mTlianad Sesabamisi municipalitetis biujetSi iricxeba.
369
municipalitetis teritoriaze registrirebul amomrCevelTa 1%-s
da saerTo krebas ufleba aqvs, peticiis saxiT waradginos normatiuli
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis proeqti, mosamzadebeli norma-
tiuli aqtis proeqtis ZiriTadi principebi an konkretuli winadadebebi,
aseve, municipalitetisa Tu dasaxlebisTvis saerTo mniSvnelobis mqone
problemidan gamomdinare sakiTxebis sakrebulos sxdomaze ganxilvisa
da gadawyvetis moTxovna.
GmniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebis procesSi adgilobrivi
sazogadoebis CarTvis mizans emsaxureba samoqalaqo mrCevelTa sabWo _
municipalitetis gamgeblis/meris saTaTbiro organo, romelic ikribeba
aranakleb 3 TveSi erTxel. sabWos SemadgenlobaSi Sedian samewarmeo iu-
ridiuli pirebis, arasamTavrobo organizaciebisa da mosaxleobis war-
momadgenlebi. gamgebeli/meri mrCevelTa sabWos gansaxilvelad warudg-
ens biujetis proeqts, sivrciTi dagegmarebis dokumentebs, infra-
struqturul, socialur proeqtebs da a.S.
municipalitetis sakrebulos da sakrebulos komisiebis sxdomebi
sajaroa, garda kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisa.
Sesabamisad, nebismier pirs, yovelgvari winaswari gafrTxilebisa da ne-
barTvis gareSe SeuZlia daeswros sajaro sxdomebs.
garda zemoaRniSnulisa, municipalitetis gamgebeli/meri da
sakrebulos wevri valdebulni arian, weliwadSi erTxel mainc moawyon
sajaro Sexvedra amomrCevlebTan, wardgnen maT winaSe gaweuli saqmiano-
bis Sesaxeb angariSiT da upasuxon amomrCevelTa mier dasmul SekiTxvebs.
TviTmmarTvelobis ganxorcielebaSi moqalaqeTa monawileoba
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis srulyofilad funqcionirebis erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi elementia. samwuxarod, problema mosaxleobis
samoqalaqo aqtivobis dabali donea, rac mkvlevarTa garkveuli katego-
riis azriT, mosaxleobis arainformirebulobiTaa gamowveuli. 2009
wels Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegad dadasturda, rom qveynis mosaxleobis
81.5%-s da Tbilisis mosaxleobis 87.4%-s saerTod ar gasCenia survili,
sakrebulos Tundac erT sxdomas daswreboda.959 biujetirebis procesSi
mosaxleobis CarTulobis SeswavlisaTvis 2011 wels Catarda kvleva
qalaq rusTavSic. kvlevam aCvena, rom biujetirebis procesSi mosaxleo-
ba ZiriTadad pasiuri msmenelis rolSia CarTuli, rac ar SeiZleba mxo-
lod mis dabal motivaciasa da interess davukavSiroT.960
,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsSi“ 2015 wlis 22 ivlisis or-
ganuli kanoniT ganxorcielebuli cvlilebebiT daixvewa mosaxleobis
Tanamonawileobis formebi, Tumca mxolod samarTlebrivi mowesrigeba
ver uzrunvelyofs mosaxleobis CarTulobis gazrdas. xelisuflebis
qmediTi RonisZiebebis gareSe maRal doneze gansazRvruli wesebic ki
SesaZloa praqtikaSi gamousadegari gaxdes.
370
2.5.7. adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis
saqmianobis saxelmwifo zedamxedveloba
371
dadgenili wesiT mowveuli auditori, xolo Sida auditis ganmaxor-
cielebeli subieqtebi gamgeobis/meriis debulebiT ganisazRvreba.
372
xelSekrulebis damtkiceba, Tbilisis mTavrobis wevris Tanamdebobaze
daniSvnaze Tanxmobis micema da sakrebulosTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxva
funqciebi.
sakrebulos gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebas uzrunvelyofs kolegi-
uri aRmasrulebeli organo _ qalaq Tbilisis mTavroba, romlis
SemadgenlobaSic Sedian: Tbilisis meri, misi pirveli moadgile (vice-
meri) da moadgileebi, Tbilisis meriis struqturuli erTeulebis
xelmZRvanelebi da Tbilisis raionebis gamgeblebi. Tbilisis mTavroba
koordinacias uwevs meriis struqturuli erTeulebisa da Tbilisis
raionebis gamgeobebis saqmianobas, uzrunvelyofs sakrebulos mier
miRebuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtebis aRsrulebas, Sei-
muSavebs da ganixilavs Tbilisis biujetis proeqts, Tavisi
uflebamosilebis farglebSi uzrunvelyofs damtkicebuli biujetis
Sesrulebas, sakrebulos dasamtkiceblad warudgens adgilobrivi
gadasaxadebisa da mosakreblebis SemoRebis, cvlilebisa da gauqmebis
Sesaxeb dadgenilebaTa proeqtebs, municipalitetis uflebamosilebis
farglebSi uzrunvelyofs Sesabamisi socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTare-
bis da sxva programebis, strategiebisa Tu gegmebis momzadebas,
Sesrulebas da axorcielebs adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsiT
gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebamosilebebs.
dedaqalaqis umaRlesi aRmasrulebeli organo da Tbilisis mTav-
robis meTauri aris Tbilisis meri, romelic pasuxismgebelia Tbilisis
sakrebulosa da mosaxleobis winaSe. meris funqciebSi Sedis meriis saq-
mianobis koordinacia da xelmZRvaneloba, mTavrobis sxdomebis
Tavmjdomareoba, Tbilisis meriis Tanamdebobis pirebis daniS-
vna/gaTavisufleba, sakrebulosTvis administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqtebis proeqtebis, aseve, qalaq Tbilisis biujetis, masSi cvlilebebis
Setanis proeqtebisa da biujetis Sesrulebis angariSis wardgena, munic-
ipalitetisa da Tbilisis mTavrobis mier dadebuli xelSekrulebebis
xelmowera, municipalitetis sapatio wodebebisa da jildoebis miniWeba
da sxv.
vice-mersa da moadgileebs Tanamdebobaze Tavad meri niSnavs,
sakrebulos TanxmobiT, xolo maTi gaTavisuflebis sakiTxs erTpi-
rovnulad wyvets. meriis struqturuli erTeulebi iqmneba, erTi mxriv,
mTavrobis uflebamosilebas mikuTvnebuli socialur-ekonomikuri
dargebis marTvis, meore mxriv ki, Tbilisis meriis saqmianobis uzrun-
velyofisaTvis. struqturul erTeuls hyavs sakuTari xelmZRvaneli,
romelsac, moadgileebis msgavsad, Tanamdebobaze niSnavs Tbilisis meri.
Tbilisis teritoria dayofilia administraciul erTeulebad _
raionebad. yovel raionSi iqmneba Tbilisis meriis teritoriuli organo
_ Tbilisis raionis gamgeoba, romelsac Tbilisis meris mier sakrebu-
los TanxmobiT daniSnuli raionis gamgebeli xelmZRvanelobs. raionis
gamgeoba struqturul erTeulebs moicavs. struqturuli erTeulebi
373
sferoebis mixedviT aRasruleben Tbilisis sakrebulos, Tbilisis meris,
mTavrobis, raionis gamgeblis aqtebs da xelmZRvaneloben mosaxleobis
momsaxurebis sxvadasxva dargs.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
374
Tavi XIV
adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da uflebis
dacvis ZiriTadi meqanizmebi saqarTveloSi
375
lebic aRiarebuli da uzrunvelyofilia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTa
mier, dadgenilia maTi dacvis mravalferovani meqanizmebi.
samarTlis mkvlevarTa SexedulebiT, pirvelad, adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebis dacvis Sesaxeb moTxovna Camoyalibda 1215 wlis 15 ivniss
dokumentSi _ Magna Carta Libertatum. Tavisuflebis didi qartia 63 muxls
moicavs da inglisis mefesa da didgvarovanTa Soris dadebul, am
ukanasknelTa uflebebis aRiarebis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas warmoadgens.
dokumentis teqstis umetesi muxlebi didgvarovanTa fenis interesebis
dacvas isaxavda miznad, Tumca masSi mainc moipoveba dReisaTvis umniS-
vnelovanesi uflebebis wanamZRvrebi, mag., Tavisuflebis ukanonod
aRkveTis akrZalva, sakuTrebis uflebis CamorTmevis dauSvebloba, pi-
ris qveynidan gaZevebis dauSvebloba da sxv.
aRsaniSnavia, aseve, inglisSi, 1679 wels miRebuli `habeas korpus aqti~
(Act of Habeas Corpus) da `uflebaTa bili~ (Bill of Rights). inglisis mefe
Carlz meoris mefobis periodSi parlamentis mier miRebuli dokumenti
adamianis saproceso uflebebis aRiarebis mniSvnelovan saistorio wy-
aros warmoadgens, romelmac adamianis saproceso uflebebis realiza-
ciis msoflio praqtikaze didi gavlena moaxdina da `pirovnebis
xelSeuxeblobisa da dakavebuli piris sasamarTlosaTvis wardgenis
principebi samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos atributad aqcia~963.
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1776 wlis 12 ivniss amerikis SeerTebul
StatebSi miRebuli sakonstitucio mniSvnelobis aqti _ `virjiniis
uflebaTa bili~ (Virginia Bill of Rights). dokumentis mniSvnelovnebas Zi-
riTad uflebaTa gadmocemis srulyofileba ganapirobebs: Tu manamde
arsebul dokumentebSi Camoyalibebuli uflebebi Canasaxovan
mdgomareobaSi iyo, `virjiniis uflebaTa bili~ ukve Tanamedrove tipis
uflebebs aRiarebda. `masSi Tanabrad aris Serwymuli evropuli bunebi-
Ti samarTali da inglisuri samarTlis tradiciebi~964. bili, marTalia,
arc ZiriTad uflebaTa simravliT gamoirCeva (religiisa da presis
Tavisufleba, ZiriTadi saproceso uflebebi), Tumca Tavad am aqtis
miRebam sxva StatebSi msgavsi dokumentebis miRebas misca biZgi, ramac
sabolood ganapiroba amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi
`uflebaTa federaluri bilis~ saxelwodebiT 10 damatebis Setana, rom-
lebic dResac moqmedi konstituciis Semadgeneli nawilebia.
mniSvnelovani dokumentia `adamianisa da moqalaqis uflebaTa
deklaracia~, romelic 1789 wlis 26 agvistos safrangeTSi iqna miRebuli.
dokumenti asaxavs im drois ganmanaTleblebis ZiriTad ideebs adamianis
dabadebiT Tavisuflebis, mis uflebebSi Caurevlobisa da maTi gauqmebis
dauSveblobis Sesaxeb. masSi yvelaze srulyofiladaa gadmocemuli ada-
mianis ZiriTad uflebaTa CamonaTvali, rogorc zogadi, ise ZiriTadi
saproceso uflebebis CaTvliT (udanaSaulobis prezumfcia, dakavebisa
da dapatimrebis ufleba mxolod kanoniT gaTvaliswinebul SemTxvevebSi
da formiT, sisxlis samarTlis kanonTa ukuZala da sxv.). aRsaniSnavia,
376
rom deklaraciam safrangeTis konstituciis proeqtis SemuSavebaze gan-
sakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina da dResac safrangeTis moqmedi kon-
stituciis Semadgenel nawilad miiCneva.
mogvianebiT, gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi,
miRebul iqna adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis damcavi mniSvnelovani
dokumentebi, maT Soris, gaeros 1948 wlis `adamianis uflebaTa say-
ovelTao deklaracia~, evropis sabWos 1950 wlis konvencia `adamianis
uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis Sesaxeb~, gaeros 1966 wlis
saerTaSoriso paqti `ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli
uflebebis Sesaxeb~, gaeros 1966 wlis saerTaSoriso paqti `samoqalaqo
da politikuri uflebebis Sesaxeb~ da sxva aqtebi, romelTac adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebis Tanamedrove Sinaarsi da mniSvneloba gansazRvres.
saqarTveloSi adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
dacvis kuTxiT aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis kon-
stitucia, romelic maSindeli msoflio konstitucionalizmis sau-
keTeso gamocdilebasa da saerTo-erovnul qarTul sawyisebs daefuZna.
masSi uxvad aris warmodgenili adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da xazgas-
mulia saxelmwifos socialuri roli. `saqarTvelo unda Seqmniliyo
kulturuli qveynebis `saxed da xatad~, iq [konstituciaSi] arsebuli ka-
nonmdeblobis Sesabamisad~965, 1921 wlis konstituciis `yvelaze
srulyofil nawils ki swored adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi da Tavisu-
flebebi warmoadgens~966. masSi gadmocemul ZiriTad uflebebTan erTad
(Tanasworoba, pirovnebis xelSeuxebloba, sacxovrebeli binisa da pira-
di mimoweris xelSeuxebloba, Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da sacx-
ovrebeli adgilis Tavisuflad arCevis SesaZlebloba, sindisisa da aRm-
sareblobis Tavisufleba, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis, sakuTari azris
Tavisuflad gamoxatvisa da sxva ZiriTadi uflebebi), konstitucia cal-
ke awesrigebda erovnuli umciresobebis uflebebs, rac 1921 wlis kon-
stituciis progresulobis kidev erTi dasturia.
377
uflebebis SezRudvis marTlzomiereba. aRniSnuli TvalsazrisiT, Zi-
riTadi uflebebi individisaTvis uflebaa, xolo saxelmwifosTvis –
valdebuleba~967.
zogadad, ZiriTadi ufleba SeiZleba ganimartos, rogorc konstitu-
ciiT dadgenili SesaZlebloba, romelic nebas rTavs pirs, gansazRvros
sakuTari moqmedebis forma, rogorc sakuTari, ise sazogadoebrivi in-
teresebis dasakmayofileblad. ZiriTadi Tavisufleba _ esaa kon-
stituciiT dadgenili SesaZlebloba, romelic nebas rTavs pirs, ganax-
orcielos nebismieri saxis iuridiuli xasiaTis moqmedeba, garda im
SezRudvebisa, romlebic kanoniTaa dadgenili.968
ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis zogad maxasiaTeblebs ga-
napirobebs Semdegi Taviseburebani:
a) ZiriTadi uflebebi konstituciiT garantirebuli uflebebia. Zi-
riTadi uflebebi ganmtkicebulia konstituciaSi da Tavad konstitucia
aris maTi dacvisa da cxovrebaSi ganxorcielebis mTavari garanti.
nebismieri saxelmwifos konstituciaSi mocemuli ZiriTadi uflebebi
yvela sxva uflebis ganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebel samarTlebriv ba-
zas qmnis. amasTan, konstituciiT ganisazRvreba ZiriTad uflebebSi Car-
evis farglebi da forma;
b) ZiriTadi uflebebi uSualod moqmedi samarTalia. ZiriTadi
uflebebi ara mxolod konstituciaSi mocemuli deklaraciuli xasiaTis
gancxadebebia, aramed maT pirdapiri moqmedebis efeqti aqvT da SeiZleba
samarTlis Sefardebis procesSi uSualod iqnen gamoyenebulni969. adami-
anis ZiriTadi uflebebis pirdapiri moqmedeba konstituciis
konkretuli normebis safuZvelze uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis ganx-
orcielebas niSnavs. boWaven ra saxelmwifo xelisuflebas, ar saWiroe-
ben maTi dacvisaTvis sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi dakonkretebas an
ganvrcobas. konstitucia adgens adamianis uflebebis dacvis
zogadsamarTlebriv standarts. ZiriTadi uflebebis moqmedebisa da
maTSi Carevis farglebi, aseve, maTi SezRudvis masStabi konstituciiT
ganisazRvreba. konstituciis Sesabamisad, kanoni mxolod akonkretebs
ZiriTad uflebebSi Carevis pirobebsa da maTi SezRudvis xarisxs;
g) ZiriTadi uflebebi warmoadgenen norma-principebs, romlebic dem-
okratiuli sazogadoebis Tanacxovrebis wessa da pirobebs adgenen. Zi-
riTadi uflebebi, garda imisa, rom uSualod moqmed samarTlis sistemas
qmnian, amave dros, adgenen samarTlebriv-RirebulebiT standarts,
romlis safuZvelzec, ZiriTad uflebaTa realizacia unda moxdes. Zi-
riTadi uflebebi Tavad gansazRvraven maTi ganxorcielebis sa-
fuZvlebs;
d) ZiriTadi uflebebi qmnian samarTlebriv wesrigs. isini war-
moadgenen piris individualur uflebebs, magram, amave dros, qmnian
sazogadoebaSi arsebul marTlwesrigs. swored es faqti aZlevs sax-
elmwifos uflebas, marTlwesrigis dacvis aucileblobiT (sxva adamian-
378
Ta uflebebis dacvis interesi) axsnas ZiriTad uflebebSi Carevis faqti.
ZiriTadi uflebebi, rogorc samarTlis normebi, ayalibeben
RirebulebiT wesrigs, romelic samarTlis mTel sistemas moicavs. Zi-
riTadi uflebebis dacva SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom ar arsebobdes
uflebaTa saerTo wesrigi, romelic saerTo sakonstitucio wesrigis
gamoxatulebas warmoadgens970;
e) ZiriTadi uflebebi icavs piris individualur avtonomias da
xelSeuxeblobas. ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis subieqti aris adamiani,
romelic uflebamosilia, miiRos gadawyvetileba ZiriTadi uflebebiT
sargeblobis Sesaxeb _ gamoiyenos an ar gamoiyenos es uflebebi. kon-
stitucia uzrunvelyofs am uflebebis dacvas, Tumca maTi gamoyenebis
diskreciul uflebamosilebas adamians, rogorc ZiriTadi uflebebis
subieqts, aniWebs. aRniSnuli SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc qcevis kon-
stituciurad garantirebuli Tavisuflebis erT-erTi forma971. magram,
Tu ZiriTad uflebebs ganvixilavT mxolod piris individualur
uflebebad da ara rogorc marTlwesrigs, ZiriTadi uflebebis darRveva
ar gamoiwvevs aranair samarTlebriv Sedegs.
mecnierTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa, SeiZleba Tu ara ZiriTad
uflebebad miviCnioT sxva iseTi uflebebi, romlebic konstituciaSi ar
aris mocemuli. mag., SeiZleba Tu ara ZiriTadi uflebis darRvevis sa-
fuZvliT sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTva, im socialuri uflebebis
darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic konstituciaSi pirdapir ar
weria. aseT uflebebs konstituciaSi nagulisxmev uflebebsac
uwodeben972. saqarTvelos konstituciis 42-e muxlis pirveli punqti ar
axdens uflebaTa diferencirebas. normis Tanaxmad, `yovel adamians
ufleba aqvs Tavis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dasacavad mimarTos
sasamarTlos~. normis dacvis obieqts warmoadgens adamianis ufleba,
miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara es ufleba konstituciiT, kanoniT Tu
saerTaSoriso aqtebiT gansazRvruli.
aRniSnuli sakiTxis garSemo saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlom araerTxel imsjela, Tumca sasamarTlos praqtikaSi azri orad
gaiyo: mecnierTa nawili miiCnevs, rom konstituciis 39-e muxlis saSu-
alebiT sakonstitucio sasamarTlos SeuZlia imsjelos im debulebis
darRvevaze, romlebic konstituciis meore Tavis gareTaa moxseniebuli,
xolo nawilis azriT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompetencia mxolod
konstituciis meore TavSi mocemuli uflebebis darRvevebis ganxilviT
unda amoiwuros973.
saqarTvelos konstituciis mixedviT, saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs ada-
mianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc
waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. `saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciis am debulebaSi gadmocemulia adamianis ZiriTad uflebebTan da
TavisuflebebTan saxelmwifos mimarTebis, agreTve samarTlebrivi,
demokratiuli saxelmwifos umniSvnelovanesi principebi~974. amasTan,
379
saxelmwifo ar uaryofs adamianisa da moqalaqis sxva sayovelTaod aRi-
arebul uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da garantiebs, romlebic konstitu-
ciaSi araa moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdinareobs konstitu-
ciis principebidan. zogierTi saxelmwifosagan gansxvavebiT, romlebic
Seicaven ZiriTad uflebebs programis, rekomendaciebisa da miznebis
mniSvnelobiT, saqarTvelos konstitucia ZiriTad uflebebs samarTle-
brivi sistemis umTavres Semadgenel nawilad ganixilavs.975
saqarTvelos konstituciaSi mocemuli adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis
umravlesoba, marTalia, ar warmoadgens absolutur uflebas, magram maT
sayovelTao, universaluri buneba aqvT, rac imas niSnavs, rom ama Tu im
saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis kuTvnilebisa Tu moqalaqeobis arqonis mi-
uxedavad, yoveli adamianis `uflebebis gauqmeba, CamorTmeva Tu TviT-
neburad SezRudva saxelmwifos ar SeuZlia~976, xalxi da saxelmwifo
SezRudulni arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT. kanoniT SeiZleba
dawesdes pirTa garkveuli jgufis uflebebis SezRudva. mag., miuxedavad
imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebsa da
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis Tanabari
uflebebi da movaleobebi aqvT, maT mimarT, saqarTvelos konstituciiTa
da kanoniT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, SesaZlebelia dawesdes calkeuli
SezRudva (mag., arCevnebSi monawileobis ufleba, calkeuli politikuri
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba da sxv.).
380
uflebebis dacvis valdebulebas. amdenad, ZiriTadi uflebebis adre-
sats warmoadgens xelisuflebis sakanonmdeblo, aRmasrulebeli da
sasamarTlo Stoebi, agreTve, yvela is piri, romelic samarTlebriv ur-
TierTobebSi gamodis saxelmwifos saxeliT an axorcielebs
sajarosamarTlebriv funqciebs. saxelmwifos da sajaro xelisuflebis
aparats ara mxolod evaleba ZiriTadi uflebebiT dacul sferoSi Care-
visgan Tavis Sekaveba, aramed masve akisria pozitiuri pasuxismgebloba,
daicvas ZiriTadi uflebebi. ZiriTadi uflebebi ar vrceldeba im Sem-
Txvevaze, rodesac saxelmwifo axorcielebs kerZosamarTlebriv saqmi-
anobas, Tumca es faqti ar aTavisuflebs saxelmwifos ZiriTadi
uflebebis moqmedebasa da misi dacvis valdebulebas Tavi aaridos kerZo
samarTlis saqmianobis ganxorcielebiT an kerZo samarTlis iuridiuli
pirebis dafuZnebiT.
ZiriTadi uflebebiT sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis SezRudva gu-
lisxmobs mis valdebulebas, kanonSemoqmedebiTi saqmianobis procesSi
ixelmZRvanelos adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis standartiT da
ar dauSvas misi Semlaxavi kanonebis miReba. parlamentis mier miRebuli
kanonebi, Tavis mxriv, zRudavs aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, romelic
valdebulia yvela gadawyvetileba da qmedeba daafuZnos kanons, magram
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi uflebebis sasamarTlo
xelisuflebis mier gamoyeneba da dacva, radgan swored sasamarTloebi
wyveten adamianis uflebebis darRvevis Taobaze warmoSobil davebs. Tu
sasamarTlo Secdeba, igi daarRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs da mis
mier miRebuli gadawyvetileba SesaZloa gauqmdes.
saxelmwifo xelisufleba ZiriTadi uflebiT SezRudulia saqarTve-
los teritoriaze. sajaro xelisufleba valdebulia daicvas adamianis
ZiriTadi uflebebi 1991 wlis 21 dekembris mdgomareobiT dadgenil ter-
itoriul farglebSi. Tumca saxelmwifos ekisreba pozitiuri
valdebuleba, adgilsamyoflis miuxedavad, daicvas saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebis interesebi da maTi ZiriTadi uflebebi.
ZiriTadi uflebebiT SezRudulni arian is sajaro da kerZo sa-
marTlis iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic axorcieleben sajarosamarTle-
briv uflebamosilebebs an saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mxridan aqvT
gadacemuli, delegirebuli sajarosamarTlebrivi uflebamosileba.
miiCneva, rom aseTi iuridiuli pirebi Tavad axorcieleben saxelmwifo
xelisuflebis funqciebs da amdenad, SeiZleba warmoadgendnen ZiriTadi
uflebis darRvevaze pasuxismgebel pirebs.
381
subieqtebs warmoadgenen. Tumca yvela piri ar aris ZiriTadi uflebebiT
aRWurvili.
konstituciis meore TaviT dadgenili ZiriTadi uflebebi vrceldeba
fizikur pirebze. fizikur pirebSi, upirveles yovlisa, saqarTvelos
moqalaqeebi moiazrebian. amasTan, ZiriTadi uflebis subieqtad yofnis
kriteriumebi samoqalaqo samarTalSi qmedunarianobisTvis dadgenili
kriteriumebisgan gansxvavdeba. ZiriTadi uflebebiT arasrulwlovani
da SezRudulqmedunariani pirebic sargebloben. zogierTi ZiriTadi
uflebis mflobeli SeiZleba iyos Canasaxi (memkvidreobis ufleba) da
gardacvlili piric ki (Rirsebis ZiriTadi ufleba).
saqarTvelos konstituciis Tanaxmad, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi da
moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi sargebloben iseTive ZiriTadi uflebebiT,
rogoriTac saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi, Tumca konstituciiTa da kanoniT
gansazRvrul gamonaklis SemTxvevebSi SesaZlebelia maT mimarT
dawesdes politikuri (arCevnebSi monawileoba aqtiuri saarCevno
uflebiT, umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobaze arCeva da a.S.) da sxva sax-
is SezRudvebi.
ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis subieqti, aseve, SeiZleba iyos iuridiuli
piri. saqarTvelos konstituciis 45-e muxlis mixedviT, „konstituciaSi
miTiTebuli ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, maTi Sinaarsis gaT-
valiswinebiT, vrceldeba agreTve iuridiul pirebze“. konstituciis
sityvebSi _ `maTi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT~ _ igulisxmeba, ZiriTadi
uflebebis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT, maTi iuridiul pirebze materi-
alurad gavrcelebis SesaZlebloba (mag., iuridiul pirebs ar SeiZleba
gaaCndeT sicocxlis ZiriTadi ufleba, radgan sicocxle adamianis
Tvisebaa, xolo iuridiuli piris uflebaunarianoba mis registraciazea
damyarebuli).
iuridiuli piris statusi gansazRvravs iuridiuli piris ZiriTadi
uflebebiT aRWurvis SesaZleblobas. saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, iu-
ridiuli piri SeiZleba dafuZnebul iqnes kerZo an sajaro samarTlis
sferoSi, Sesabamisad, arsebobs kerZo samarTlisa da sajaro samarTlis
iuridiuli pirebi. ZiriTadi uflebebis moqmedeba maTze sxvadasxvagvar-
ad xorcieldeba.
zogadad, sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirebze ar vrceldeba Zi-
riTadi uflebebi, radgan isini fuZndebian, rogorc `sakanonmdeblo da
mmarTvelobiTi organoebisagan gancalkevebuli organizaciebi, rom-
lebic saxelmwifo kontroliT axorcieleben politikur, sax-
elmwifoebriv, socialur, saganmanaTleblo, kulturul da sxva sajaro
saqmianobas~978. sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli pirebi damoukideblad,
saxelmwifosagan gancalkevebiT axorcieleben saxelmwifos
sajarosamarTlebriv funqciebs. es uflebebi maT saxelmwifosgan aqvT
gadacemuli da samarTlebriv urTierTobaSi `saxelmwifos saxeliT~
gamodian. ZiriTadi uflebebis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi isini xdebian Zi-
382
riTadi uflebebis rogorc subieqti, ise adresati. amitomac SeuZlebe-
lia sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri iyos ZiriTadi uflebebis
subieqti. Tumca arsebobs gamonaklisi, rodesac sajaro samarTlis iu-
ridiuli pirebi axorcieleben iseT saqmianobas, romelic gankerZoebu-
lia saxelmwifo xelisuflebisgan da ar warmoadgens saxelmwifosagan
delegirebul uflebamosilebas. aseT sajaro samarTlis iuridiul
pirebze SeiZleba gavrceldes saqarTvelos konstituciiT gansazRvru-
li ZiriTadi uflebebi, maTi saqmianobisa da am uflebebis Sinaarsis gaT-
valiswinebiT. ZiriTadi uflebebis subieqti SeiZleba iyos sajaro sa-
marTlis iuridiuli piri: a) saganmanaTlebo dawesebuleba; b) religiuri
gaerTianeba; g) tele da radiomauwyebeli; d) sxvadasxva kulturuli da
samecniero-kvleviTi dawesebulebebi (muzeumebi, Teatrebi, saxelovne-
bo da musikaluri saswavleblebi da sxv.).
ZiriTadi uflebebis moqmedeba, maTi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT,
Cveulebriv, vrceldeba kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebze, aq
bunebrivia, is ZiriTadi uflebebi igulisxmeba, romlebic uSualod
fizikuri piris bunebriv TvisebebTan araa dakavSirebuli. gamonaklisia
kerZo samarTlis is iuridiuli pirebi, romlebic ar axorcieleben
sajarosamarTlebriv uflebamosilebebs. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, ar
asruleben saxelmwifos amocanebsa da funqciebs.
383
minebs: `adamiani~ (muxli 15), `yvela adamiani~ (muxli 14), `yoveli adami-
ani~ (muxli 19), `yvela~ (muxli 22).
saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa Tanabari uflebebi da mo-
valeobebi aqvT, garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli
SemTxvevisa. zogierTi ZiriTadi ufleba vrceldeba mxolod saqarTve-
los moqalaqeebze, ris Taobazec mieTiTeba konstituciis Sesabamis nor-
maSi. mag., mxolod saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs aqvT arCevnebsa da refer-
endumSi monawileobis miRebisa (muxli 28) da nebismieri saxelmwifo
Tanamdebobis dakavebis ufleba (muxli 29). ucxoelad miiCneva piri, ro-
melic ar aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe da moqalaqeobis armqone piri (apa-
tridi), xolo moqalaqeobis armqonea piri, romelsac arcerTi sax-
elmwifo miiCnevs Tavis moqalaqed, sakuTari kanonmdeblobis Sesabami-
sad. rogorc wesi, ormagi moqalaqeebi (bipatridebi), calkeuli gamona-
klisebis garda, orive saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis
subieqtebi arian.
384
a) Tavisuflebis uflebebi uzrunvelyofs adamianis saqmianobisa da
moqmedebis Tavisufal sferos, sadac saxelmwifo ver Caereva an Caereva
specialuri dasabuTebiT;
b) Tanasworobis uflebebis mixedviT, saxelmwifos ekisreba
valdebuleba, Tanasworad moepyras adamianebs, ar dauSvas raime
SezRudvisa da privilegiis adamianTa romelime jgufisaTvis daweseba da
uzrunvelyos arsebiTad TanasworTa mimarT Tanabari mopyroba;
g) saproceso uflebebis jgufs SegviZlia mivakuTvnoT ZiriTadi
procesualuri uflebebi, mag., samarTliani sasamarTLlos ufleba.
385
ganviTarebis uzrunvelmyof uflebebs982. amasTan, SesaZlebelia, rom
erTsa da imave uflebas hqondes rogorc negatiur-damcavi, ise
pozitiur-mfarvelobiTi funqcia. mag., sicocxlis ZiriTadi ufleba,
saxelmwifos avaldebulebs, erTi mxriv, ar Caerios am uflebiT dacul
sferoSi da meore mxriv, uzrunvelyos am uflebis Seuferxebeli ganx-
orcieleba.
386
daculi. Tanazomierebis principis daculobisaTvis aucilebelia, rom
Careva ganxorcieldes Semdegi pirobebiT: a) legitimuri sajaro mizani
_ ZiriTadi uflebis SezRudvis mizani unda iyos legitimuri. kon-
stitucia SeiZleba ar akonkretebdes aseT sajaro mizans, Tumca gan-
sazRvravdes zogadad sajaro interesebis sferos; b) gamosadegoba _
uflebis SezRudvis kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebiT praqtiku-
lad unda miiRweodes legitimuri sajaro mizani; g) saWiroeba (aucile-
bloba) _ kanoniT dawesebuli SezRudvis miznis misaRwevad, uflebis
SezRudvis saSualeba unda iyos aucilebeli; d) Sesabamisoba (Tanazomi-
ereba viwro gagebiT) _ mizani da saSualeba erTmaneTTan gonivrul
TanafardobaSi unda iyos.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, ZiriTadi uflebebis SezRudva kon-
stituciurad gamarTlebulia, Tu igi xorcieldeba konstituciiT
dadgenil farglebSi, kanonis safuZvelze, arsebobs ZiriTadi uflebis
SezRudvis sajaro interesi da daculia Tanazomierebis principi.
387
uflebis dacva sasamarTlo wesiT, administraciuli saCivari,
gancxadeba da a.S.
388
da CexeTis respublikis sakonstitucio sasamarTloebSi. adamianis
uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos SefasebiT, sakonstitucio
kontrolis qarTuli modeli hgavs ungreTis sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlos models, romelic evrokonvenciis 35-e muxlis miznebisaTvis
adamianis uflebis dacvis Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi araefeqturi saSu-
alebaa990.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saqmis ganxilvas iwyebs
saqarTvelos moqalaqis, ucxo qveynis moqalaqis, moqalaqeobis armqone
piris, saqarTveloSi registrirebuli iuridiuli piris an saxalxo
damcvelis mimarTvis safuZvelze. saqme ganixileba Ria sxdomaze ko-
legiis mier oTxi mosamarTlis SemadgenlobiT. saqmis warmoebaSi
miRebisaTvis aucilebelia, rom gasaCivrebuli normatiuli aqti uSu-
alo zians ayenebdes konstituciuri sarCelis warmdgens. mowmdeba
rogorc gasaCivrebuli aqtis Sesabamisoba saqarTvelos konstituci-
asTan, ise misi miRebis konstituciurobis sakiTxebi. samarTalwarmoe-
baSi mopasuxe mxares warmoadgens im normatiuli aqtis mimRebi organo,
romelmac savaraudod gamoiwvia ZiriTadi uflebebis darRveva.
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sefasebis erTaderTi safuZveli
SeiZleba iyos mxolod konstitucia da aqedan gamomdinare, normis kon-
stituciuroba, raTa uzrunvelyofili iyos samarTliani sasamarTlos
ufleba, rac gulisxmobs saxelmwifo xelisuflebis mier miRebuli
yvela im gadawyvetilebis sasamarTloSi gasaCivrebis SesaZleblobas,
romelic savaraudod arRvevs adamianis ZiriTad uflebebs991. am gagebiT,
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TiToeuli gadawyvetileba ganixileba ara
rogorc rigiTi aqti, aramed, rogorc uflebis ganmartebis mniSvnelo-
vani wyaro.
389
pirveli instanciis sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba da saqme warmoebaSi
daabrunos an Tavad ganixilos da saqmeze miiRos axali gadawyvetileba.
saapelacio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gasaCivrdes sa-
kasacio sasamarTloSi. sakasacio sasamarTloSi saCivrdeba gan-
sakuTrebiT rTuli kategoriis saqmeebi.
saqarTvelos uzenaesi sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sabolooa da ar
saCivrdeba. Tumca mosarCeles rCeba SesaZlebloba, saboloo gad-
awyvetileba adamianis uflebebis kuTxiT gaasaCivros adamianis
uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi, Tu amowurulia saqmis ganxilvis
yvela Sidaerovnuli sasamarTlo meqanizmi da saboloo gadawyvetilebis
miRebidan gasulia araumetes 6 Tve.
390
mosileba, agreTve, gansazRvrulia `saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos organuli kanonis 21-e muxlis `i~ punqtiT. aRniSnul nor-
masTan mimarTebiT sayuradReboa ori mniSvnelovani garemoeba: a) sax-
alxo damcveli uflebamosilia konstituciuri sarCeliT mimarTos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlos ara mxolod adamianis uflebis darRvevis
konkretuli faqtebis arsebobis dros, aramed, aseve, gamoiyenos
uflebis dacvis prevenciuli saSualeba konkretuli faqtis
dadgomamde, Tuki arsebobs uflebis darRvevis realuri safrTxe; b) sa-
konstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mimarTvaze uflebamosili sxva
subieqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli ar aris
SezRuduli saWiroebiT, aucileblad konkretuli ufleba iyos
darRveuli an uflebis darRvevis safrTxe arsebobdes.
saxalxo damcvels SeuZlia sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi waradginos
sarCeli normatiuli aqtis saqarTvelos konstituciis meore TaviT gan-
sazRvrul adamianis ZiriTad uflebebsa da TavisuflebebTan Sesabam-
isobis dadgenis mizniT. man unda miuTiTos, Tu konkretulad raSi gam-
oixateba normis arakonstituciuroba da ar aris saWiro adamianis
uflebebis darRvevis konkretuli faqtebis moxmoba.993 amasTan, saxalxo
damcvelis saxelze wardgenili gancxadebisa da saCivris anonimuroba
unda iyos uzrunvelyofili. saxalxo damcveli uflebamosilia
Seasrulos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos megobris funqcia994. Sesabami-
sad, isargeblos yvela im uflebamosilebiT, romelsac kanonmdebloba
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos megobars aniWebs.
ombudsmeni uflebebis dacvaze uSualo kontrols axorcielebs. igi
gancxadebisa da saCivris safuZvelze an damoukideblad, sakuTari ini-
ciativiT amowmebs adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis
mdgomareobas da darRvevis faqtebs, kerZod, saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoTa, sajaro
dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa qmedebebs an aqtebs.995 am mizniT
saxalxo damcveli aRWurvilia uflebamosilebiT, dakavebulTa,
dapatimrebulTa da sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRudul pirTa, agreTve,
nebismieri sxva piris uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis darRvevis faqteb-
ze sakuTari winadadebebi da rekomendaciebi warudginos saxelmwifo
organoebsa da sxva kompetentur dawesebulebebs, dasvas sakiTxi
uflebis damrRvev sajaro dawesebulebebSi momuSave im pirTa adminis-
traciuli da disciplinuri pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, romelTa
moqmedebamac gamoiwvia adamianis uflebebis darRveva, mimarTos sagamo-
Ziebo organoebs gamoZiebis an sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebis
Taobaze, Tu saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad mivida daskvnamde, rom arsebobs
danaSaulis niSnebi; gansakuTrebul SemTxvevebSi adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa darRvevis faqtebTan dakavSirebiT mimarTos saqarTve-
los parlaments da moiTxovos droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis Seqmna da
parlamentis mier sakiTxis ganxilva.
391
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlaments sagazafx-
ulo sesiaze yovelwliur angariSTan dakavSirebiT warudgens moxsene-
bas adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis sferoSi arsebuli
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
392
warmoebis wesebi. sasamarTlo valdebulia, uari Tqvas saqmis warmoebaSi
miRebaze an Sewyvitos warmoeba im saqmeze, romelic misi informaciiT
saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis sagania. gamonaklisia SemTxveva, Tu sasa-
marTlo aRmoaCens, rom saarbitraJo SeTanxmeba baTilia, Zaladakargu-
li an misi Sesruleba SeuZlebelia. mxareebi valdebulni arian, saar-
bitraJo SeTanxmebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi Seatyobinon sasamarTlos.
saarbitraJo SeTanxmebis safuZvelze mxareebi Tanxmdebian, rom ar-
bitraJs gansaxilvelad gadascemen yvela an zogierT davas, romelic
warmoSobilia an samomavlod SeiZleba warmoiSvas saxelSekrulebo an
sxva samarTlebrivi urTierTobidan gamomdinare. saarbitraJo SeTanx-
meba SeiZleba daidos saarbitraJo daTqmis an calke SeTanxmebis sa-
fuZvelze mxolod werilobiTi formiT. amasTan, savaldebuloa saar-
bitraJo SeTanxmebis notariuli damowmeba, Tu davis orive mxare
fizikuri piria.
arbitraJi saqmes ganixilavs erTi an ramdenime arbitris
monawileobiT, razec mxareebi Tanxmdebian. aseTi SeTanxmebis ar-
arsebobis SemTxvevaSi arbitraJi iqmneba sami arbitris SemadgenlobiT.
kanoni mkacrad gansazRvravs arbitrisaTvis wardgenil moTxovnebs. am
Tanamdebobis dakaveba ekrZalebaT saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebs,
moxeleebs, nasamarTlev pirebs da sxv. moqmedebs Sesabamisi profesiuli
ganaTlebisa da samuSao gamocdilebis moTxovnebi.
393
administraciuli warmoeba iwyeba dainteresebuli piris mier admin-
istraciuli saCivris wardgenis SemTxvevaSi.998 administraciuli
saCivris wardgenis uflebamosileba mxolod dainteresebul mxares aqvs.
dainteresebuli mxare SeiZleba iyos nebismieri fizikuri an iuridiuli
piri, administraciuli organo, romelTan dakavSirebiTac gamocemulia
administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqti an romlis kanonier intereszec
uSualo da pirdapir gavlenas axdens administraciul-samarTlebrivi
aqti an administraciuli organos qmedeba.
administraciuli saCivari waredgineba aqtis gamomcem administra-
ciul organos, Tu iq arsebobs aqtis gamomcem pirze zemdgomi
Tanamdebobis piri. Tu aqti gamocemulia administraciuli organos
zemdgomi Tanamdebobis piris mier, administraciuli saCivari waredg-
ineba zemdgom administraciul organos. administraciul organoSi
gasaCivrebas eqvemdebareba ara mxolod administraciuli aqti, aramed
realaqtic _ administraciuli organos faqtobrivad ganxorcielebu-
li qmedeba.
rogorc wesi, administraciuli organo saCivars ganixilavs da gad-
awyvetilebas iRebs martivi administraciuli warmoebisaTvis zogadi
administraciuli kodeqsiT dadgenili wesiT. saCivris ganmxilveli ad-
ministraciuli organo valdebulia dainteresebul mxares misces admin-
istraciul warmoebis mimdinareobisas sakuTari mosazrebis wardgenis
SesaZlebloba da acnobos yvela im pirs, vinc monawileobda administra-
ciuli aqtis gamocemasTan dakavSirebul administraciul warmoebaSi.
amasTan, saCivris ganmxilveli administraciuli organo valdebulia
administraciuli warmoeba mxolod saCivris farglebSi ganaxorcielos,
Tumca mas, amave dros, SeuZlia, gaafarToos administraciuli saCivris
farglebi. administraciuli warmoeba gulisxmobs dainteresebuli
mxaris monawileobiT zepiri mosmenis Catarebas, garda im SemTxvevebisa
Tu: a) arsebobs administraciuli saCivris ganxilvaze uaris Tqmis sa-
fuZveli; b) administraciul warmoebaSi monawile yvela piri Tanaxmaa
zepiri mosmenis gareSe saCivris ganxilvaze.
zogadi wesis Tanaxmad, administraciuli saCivris wardgena
uflebamosil administraciul organoSi aCerebs gasaCivrebuli aqtis
moqmedebas, ris Taobazec calke gamoicema individualuri administra-
ciul-samarTlebrivi aqti. aRniSnuls samarTlebriv literaturaSi sus-
penziur efeqts uwodeben. Tumca zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT
zustad gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi aqtis moqmedeba ar Cerdeba. mag., aq-
tis moqmedeba ar SeCerdeba, Tu aman SeiZleba gamoiwvios saxelmwifo an
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis xarjebis gazrda999.
saqarTvelos zogadi administraciuli kodeqsiT, administraciuli
saCivris wardgenisaTvis dadgenilia erTTviani gasaCivrebis vada. admin-
istraciuli aqtis SemTxvevaSi vadis aTvla iwyeba aqtis gamoqveynebis an
oficialurad gacnobis dRidan, xolo administraciuli organos
394
qmedebis SemTxvevaSi erTi Tvis vadaSi im dRidan, roca dainteresebuli
mxarisaTvis cnobili gaxda administraciuli organos qmedebis ganxor-
cielebis, an misgan Tavis Sekavebis Sesaxeb. administraciuli organo,
aseve, erTi Tvis vadaSi valdebulia (Tu kanoniT an kanonqvemdebare aq-
tiT sxva vada ar aris dadgenili) ganixilos administraciuli saCivari
da miiRos gadawyvetileba.
administraciuli organo uflebamosilia, ar ganixilos saCivari zog-
adi administraciuli kodeqsiT gansazRvrul SemTxvevebSi, maT Soris,
Tu sasamarTlos warmoebaSia saqme davaze imave mxareebs Soris, imave sa-
ganze da imave safuZvliT; arsebobs zemdgomi administraciuli organos
gadawyvetileba imave sakiTxze; gasulia kanonmdeblobiT gasaC-
ivrebisTvis gansazRvruli vada, saCivari Setanilia arauflebamosuli
piris mier da sxv.1000
ganxilvis Sedegad administraciuli organo iRebs gadawyvetilebas
administraciuli saCivris dakmayofilebis, nawilobriv dakmayofilebis
an dakmayofilebaze uaris Tqmis Sesaxeb.
administraciul organoSi administraciuli saCivris wardgena da
ganxilva saSualebas iZleva, daculi iqnes an aRdges adamianis
uflebrivi mdgomareoba naklebi finansuri da moraluri danaxarjebiT.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
literatura
1. izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos kon-
stituciis komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani,
Tbilisi, 2005, 5-20
2. saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore, saqarTvelos
moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi,
2013, 7-30
3. kublaSvili k., adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2010, 1-54, 69-
85
395
Tavi XV
saxalxo damcveli
396
dawesebulebebi SeiZleba ganekuTvnebodnen rogorc aRmasrulebel,
aseve, sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebas.
397
qarTuli kanonmdebloba ar akonkretebs saxalxo damcvelis
Tanamdebobis dasakaveblad aucilebel Tanamdebobriv winapirobebs,
rogoricaa mag., umaRlesi ganaTlebis floba romelime specializaciiT
an adamianis uflebebis sferoSi profesiuli gamocdilebis arseboba. am
sakiTxs mxedvelobaSi iRebs Tavad umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo organo sax-
alxo damcvelTa kandidatebis wardgenisas da zogadad, saxalxo damcv-
elis arCevis proceduris mimdinareobisas.
`saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis me-4
muxlis 1-li da me-2 punqtebis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli damoukidebelia da xelmZRvanelobs saqarTvelos konstitu-
ciiT, saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiTa da SeTanxmebebiT,
saerTaSoriso samarTlis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principebiTa da
normebiT, am kanoniTa da sxva sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT. saqarTvelos sax-
alxo damcvelze nebismieri zemoqmedeba an mis saqmianobaSi Careva
dauSvebelia da isjeba kanoniT.
`saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli
kanonis me-5 da me-8 muxlebi gansazRvraven saxalxo damcvelis
imunitets, indemnitetsa da misi Tanamdebobrivi SeuTavseblobis sa-
kiTxebs. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis damoukideblobis uzrun-
velyofis mizniT saxelmwifo valdebulia Seuqmnas mas moRvaweobisa da
cxovrebis saTanado pirobebi. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli
xelSeuxebelia. dauSvebelia misi sisxlis samarTlis pasuxisgebaSi
micema, dakaveba an dapatimreba, misi binis, manqanis, samuSao adgilis an
piradi gaCxreka saqarTvelos parlamentis Tanxmobis gareSe. gamona-
klisia danaSaulze waswrebis SemTxveva, rac dauyovnebliv unda ecnobos
saqarTvelos parlaments. Tu igi ar miscems Tanxmobas, dakavebuli an
dapatimrebuli saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli dauyovnebliv unda gan-
Tavisufldes.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels ufleba aqvs ar misces Cveneba im
faqtis gamo, romelic mas gaandes, rogorc saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcvels. es ufleba mas unarCundeba uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis
Semdegac. ar SeiZleba saxalxo damcvelisaTvis gankuTvnili werilobiTi
masalis dayadaReba. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli pasuxisgebaSi ar
miecema Tavisi movaleobis Sesrulebisas gamoTqmuli azrebisa da
SexedulebebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Tanamdeboba SeuTavsebelia sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis war-
momadgenlobiTi organoebis wevrobasTan, saxelmwifo samsaxurSi
nebismier TanamdebobasTan da anazRaurebad saqmianobasTan, garda same-
cniero, pedagogiuri da saxelovnebo moRvaweobisa. ar SeiZleba
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli iyos politikuri partiis wevri an
monawileobdes politikur saqmianobaSi. gamonaklisia SemTxveva,
398
rodesac saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels kanonis an sxva normatiuli
aqtis safuZvelze Tanamdebobrivad evaleba sxva Tanamdebobis SeTavseba.
yvela saxelmwifo xelisuflebis da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
organo, Tanamdebobis Tu iuridiuli piri valdebulia yovelmxriv
daexmaros saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels, dauyovnebliv warudginos
masalebi, sabuTebi da sxva informacia, romelic esaWiroeba saqarTve-
los saxalxo damcvels Tavisi uflebamosilebebis gansaxorcieleblad.
Semowmebis procesSi an saxalxo damcvelis moTxovnis safuZvelze,
Tanamdebobis pirebi da Sesabamisi saxelmwifo organoebi valdebulni
arian warudginon saxalxo damcvels axsna-ganmartebebi gamosakvlev sa-
kiTxze. nebismieri masala, informacia da axsna-ganmarteba saxalxo
damcvels unda gadaeces moTxovnis miRebisTanave. werilobiTi
mimarTvis SemTxvevaSi – 10 dRis vadaSi.
`saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoniT gan-
sazRvruli movaleobebis Seusrulebloba an saxalxo damcvelis saqmi-
anobisadmi nebismieri formiT dabrkolebebis Seqmna isjeba kanoniT,
aisaxeba saxalxo damcvelis angariSSi da xdeba saqarTvelos parlamen-
tis gansakuTrebuli msjelobis sagani.
399
`saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanonis me-12
muxlis Sesabamisad, `saxalxo damcveli damoukideblad amowmebs adami-
anTa uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobas, aseve, maTi
darRvevis faqtebs rogorc miRebuli gancxadebisa da saCivris sa-
fuZvelze, ise sakuTari iniciativiT~. amave organuli kanonis me-13 mux-
lis Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisadmi
saCivris/gancxadebis mimarTvis uflebis mqone pirTa wre moicavs
saqarTvelos moqalaqeebs, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebsa da moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebs, agreTve, kerZo samarTlis iuridiul pirebs, politikur
da religiur gaerTianebebs. gancxadeba da saCivari ar ibegreba sax-
elmwifo gadasaxadiT. saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis mier dainter-
esebuli pirisaTvis gaweuli samsaxuri ufasoa. gancxadebisa da saCivris
miRebis Semdeg saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli damoukideblad iRebs
gadawyvetilebas Semowmebis dawyebis Taobaze.
gancxadebas an saCivars saxalxo damcveli ganixilavs mxolod im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu ganmcxadebeli an mosarCele sadavod xdis: sajaro
dawesebulebis gadawyvetilebas; sasamarTlo ganxilvis procesSi
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT miniWebuli uflebebisa da Tavisu-
flebebis Selaxvas an darRvevas; dakavebuli, dapatimrebuli an
sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRuduli pirisTvis kanonmdeblobiT uzrun-
velyofili uflebebis darRvevas; normatiuli aqtebis saqarTvelos
konstituciasTan Sesabamisobas; referendumisa da arCevnebis mom-
wesrigebeli normebis da am normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli an Casa-
tarebeli arCevnebis (referendumis) konstituciurobas. saxalxo
damcvelis mier gancxadebis an saCivris ganxilva ar abrkolebs analogi-
uri gancxadebis an saCivris ganxilvas Sesabamis saerTaSoriso organi-
zaciaSi.
gancxadebis/saCivris ganxilvis Sedegad diskriminaciis faqtis da-
dasturebis SemTxvevaSi, saqmis garemoebebis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqar-
Tvelos saxalxo damcveli gamoscems rekomendacias, romliTac dis-
kriminaciuli qmedebis ganmaxorcielebel pirs, saxelmwifo xelisu-
flebis an adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organos sTavazobs Sesabami-
si RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebas, diskriminaciis aRmosafxvrelad da
mis Sedegad darRveuli Tanasworobis aRsadgenad.
saxalxo damcvelis uflebamosilebebs akonkretebs `saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanonis me-3 Tavi.
sakuTari sakonstitucio da sakanonmdeblo mandatis farglebSi
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli:
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa dacvis saxelmwifoebrivi
garantiebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT zedamxedvelobas uwevs sax-
elmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis or-
ganoTa, sajaro dawesebulebaTa da Tanamdebobis pirTa mxridan
saqarTvelos teritoriis farglebsa da mis iurisdiqciaSi myofi
400
yvela pirisTvis saxelmwifos mier aRiarebul uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa dacvasa da pativiscemas;
avlens adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRvevis faqtebs
da xels uwyobs darRveuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis
aRdgenas;
diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvrisa da Tanasworobis uz-
runvelsayofad diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos kanoniT dadgenili wesiT zedamxedvelobas uwevs
administraciuli, saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis, sajaro dawesebulebebisa da
Tanamdebobis pirebis, agreTve fizikuri da iuridiuli pirebis
saqmianobas, avlens pirdapiri diskriminaciis da iribi diskrimi-
naciis faqtebs da axorcielebs RonisZiebebs diskriminaciis
Sedegebis aRmosafxvrelad;
asrulebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wamebisa da sxva
sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis
winaaRmdeg konvenciis fakultaturi oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
prevenciis erovnuli meqanizmis funqciebs;
ufleba aqvs, Semowmebis Catarebisas: daubrkoleblad Sevides
saxelmwifo xelisuflebisa da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
nebismier organoSi, sawarmoSi, organizaciasa da dawesebulebaSi,
maT Soris, samxedro qvedanayofSi, patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis
aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, dakavebis da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis
sxva adgilebSi; nebismier Tanamdebobis pirs, moxeles, masTan
gaTanabrebul pirs mosTxovos da miiRos werilobiTi axsna-
ganmarteba gamosakvlev sakiTxebze; gaecnos sisxlis samarTlis,
samoqalaqo da administraciul saqmeebs, romlebze miRebuli
gadawyvetilebebic kanonier ZalaSia Sesuli da a.S.;
asrulebs gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wamebisa da sxva
sastiki, araadamianuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis
winaaRmdeg konvenciis fakultaturi oqmiT gaTvaliswinebuli
prevenciis erovnuli meqanizmis funqciebs. saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli an specialuri prevenciuli jgufis wevri amowmebs da-
kavebis, winaswari patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva
adgilebSi, agreTve fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi, moxucTa
TavSesafrebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobas. piradad xvdeba da esaubre-
ba dakavebulebs, patimrobaSi myofT da msjavrdebulebs (zoga-
dad, patimrobisa da Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dawesebulebebSi, da-
kavebis da Tavisuflebis SezRudvis sxva adgilebSi myof pirTa
mier saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisaTvis gagzavnili
gancxadebebi, saCivrebi da werilebi konfidencialuria. maTi
401
gaxsna da cenzura akrZalulia; isini dauyovnebliv unda gadaeces
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels);
calkeul SemTxvevebSi asrulebs sasamarTlos megobris (Amicus
Curiae) funqcias saerTo sasamarTloebsa da saqarTvelos sa-
konstitucio sasamarTloSi da a.S.
Semowmebis Sedegebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli
uflebamosilia:
saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobasTan da kanonproeqtebTan da-
kavSirebiT winadadebebi, SeniSvnebi da rekomendaciebi warudg-
inos saqarTvelos parlaments an sxva Sesabamis organos;
winadadebiT mimarTos Sesabamis sagamoZiebo organoebs gamo-
Ziebis an/da sisxlissamarTlebrivi devnis dawyebis moTxovniT,
Tu saqmis ganxilvis Sedegad miva daskvnamde, rom arsebobs dana-
Saulis niSnebi;
Seitanos winadadebebi im pirTa disciplinuri an administraciu-
li pasuxismgeblobis Sesaxeb, romelTa moqmedebamac gamoiwvia
adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa darRveva;
masobrivi informaciis saSualebebs acnobos adamianis uflebaTa
da TavisuflebaTa darRvevasTan dakavSirebiT Catarebuli
Semowmebis Sedegebi; miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi Seitanos yo-
velwliur da specialur angariSebSi;
gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi uflebamosilia mimarTos saqarTve-
los parlaments adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa
darRvevis faqtTan dakavSirebiT droebiTi sagamoZiebo komisiis
Seqmnisa da parlamentis mier sakiTxis ganxilvis moTxovniT.
saqarTvelos parlaments weliwadSi erTxel, kalendaruli wlis
martSi warudgens angariSs qveyanaSi adamianis uflebaTa da
TavisuflebaTa dacvis mdgomareobis Sesaxeb.
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Semdeg saxalxo damcveli
saqarTveloSi, sakuTari mniSvnelobis gaTvaliswinebiT, meore
damoukidebeli konstituciuri organoa, romelic flobs arsebiT fun-
qciebs adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis sferoSi. saxalxo damcveli
sakonstitucio sasamarTlos winaSe sasarCelo uflebamosilebiTac (ar-
sobrivad -abstraqtuli kontrolis farglebSi) sargeblobs, kerZod,
uflebamosilia mimarTos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konstituciuri
sarCeliT referendumisa da arCevnebis momwesrigebeli normebis da am
normebis safuZvelze Catarebuli an Casatarebeli arCevnebis (referen-
dumis) konstituciurobasTan dakavSirebiT, an Tu normatiuli aqtiT an
misi calkeuli normebiT darRveulia saqarTvelos konstituciis meore
TavSi aRiarebuli adamianis uflebani da Tavisuflebani. saxalxo damcv-
elis am tipis (sasarCelo uflebamosileba saqarTvelos konstituciis
meore TavSi aRiarebuli adamianis uflebebis darRvevis sakiTxTan da-
402
kavSirebiT) sasarCelo uflebamosileba qmnis individualuri sa-
konstitucio sarCelis erT-erT saxeobas _ Actio Popularis.
zogadad, saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli, rogorc sakonstitucio
organo, erTgvarad avsebs saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos
funqciebs adamianis uflebebis sferoSi da warmoadgens erTgvar
damatebiT rgols adamianis uflebebis realizaciis uzrunvelmyofi
meqanizmebis erovnul samarTlebriv sistemaSi. kerZod, maSin, rodesac
adamianis uflebebis realizacias saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasa-
marTlo, sakuTari uflebamosilebebis Sesabamisad, samarTalwarmoebis
(da samarTalSemoqmedebis) gziT uzrunvelyofs, saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli warmoadgens institucias, romelic sasamarTlo xelisu-
flebis miRma funqcionirebs da adamianis uflebebis sferoSi arsebul
problemebs damoukideblad, sakuTari iniciativiTac ganixi-
lavs.Mmiuxedavad imisa, rom saxalxo damcvelis gadawyvetilebebi
arsebiTad rekomendaciuli xasiaTisaa, misi roli adamianis uflebebis
dacvis sferoSi Zalian didia.
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvels hyavs pirveli moadgile da
moadgileebi. saxalxo damcvelis struqtura moicavs aparats, romelsac
xelmZRvanelobs saxalxo damcvelis pirveli moadgile. saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelis aparatTan SeiZleba Seiqmnas specializebuli cen-
trebi, romelTa struqturas, organizebas, saqmianobis mimarTulebebs,
muSaobis wess da sxva sakiTxebs gansazRvravs saqarTvelos saxalxo
damcveli (mag., am etapze, gansakuTrebul funqciebs flobs bavSvis
uflebebis centri da tolerantobis centri). Tavis mxriv, aparati
Sedgeba ramdenime departamentisa (mag., prevenciisa da monitoringis
departamenti, regionuli departamenti, sisxlis samarTlis
marTlmsajulebis departamenti, Tavdacvis sferoSi adamianis
uflebaTa dacvis departamenti, SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone
pirTa uflebebis departamenti, genderuli Tanasworobis departamenti,
analitikuri departamenti, adamianis uflebaTa akademia da a.S.) da sam-
marTvelosagan (imereTis, raWa-leCxumisa da qvemo svaneTis sammarTve-
lo, aWaris sammarTvelo da samegrelo-zemo svaneTis sammarTvelo).
amasTan, prevenciis erovnuli meqanizmis funqciebis Sesrulebis miz-
niT saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelTan funqcionirebs specialuri pre-
venciuli jgufi, romelic regularulad amowmebs dakavebul, patim-
robaSi myof an sxvagvarad TavisuflebaSezRudul pirTa da
msjavrdebulTa, agreTve fsiqiatriul dawesebulebebSi, moxucTa
TavSesafrebsa da bavSvTa saxlebSi moTavsebul pirTa mdgomareobas da
maTdami mopyrobas wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an
damamcirebeli mopyrobisagan an sasjelisagan dacvis mizniT.
403
3. specializebuli saombudsmeno dawesebulebebi saqarTveloSi
404
Tavi XVI
moqalaqeoba
1. moqalaqeobis instituti
1.1. moqalaqeobis cneba
405
pirisTvis moqalaqeobis miniWebas, miuxedavad misi mSoblebis
moqalaqeobisa. mzardi saerTaSoriso mobiloba niadagis principis
dadebiT efeqts zrdis, axalCamosuli emigrantebis Svilebs sazoga-
doebis sruluflebiani da Tanaswori wevrobis uflebas aZlevs. aSS-Si,
kanadasa da braziliaSi maTi saxelmwifos teritoriis farglebSi
dabadebuli pirebi moqalaqeobas avtomaturad iReben.1019
Tu niadagis principi ZiriTadad saerTo samarTlis qveynebSi gvxvde-
ba, sisxlis principi dakavSirebulia kontinenturi evropis samarTlis
ojaxTan. sisxlis principis mixedviT, dabadebuli piris moqalaqeoba
ganisazRvreba misi mSoblebis moqalaqeobiT, dabadebis adgilis mi-
uxedavad. sisxlis principi mniSvnelovania im qveynebisTvis, romlebic
migraciuli gamowvevebis winaSe dganan da cdiloben sazRvargareT
mcxovreb moqalaqeebTan kavSiri SeinarCunon. Tumca problemas war-
moadgens is, rom aRniSnuli gamoricxavs pirs `umravlesobisgan~, anu
naklebad inkluziuria.1020 `sisxlis principi~ saxelmwifoTa umetesobaSi
moqmedebs.
moqalaqeobis sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT mniSvnelovania genderuli Ta-
nasworobis sakiTxi. mraval qveyanaSi gauqmda diskriminaciuli normebi,
romlebic mxolod mamebs aZlevda saSualebas, Tavisi STamomav-
lobisTvis gadaeca moqalaqeoba. zogierTi konstitucia dResac ar ani-
Webs dedasa da mamas Tanabar statuss moqalaqeobis gadacemasTan da-
kavSirebiT, rodesac bavSvi qveynis sazRvrebs gareT ibadeba.1021
dabadebis Semdeg moqalaqeobis miRebis erTaderTi iuridiuli
meTodi naturalizaciaa. aRniSnuli cneba momdinareobs laTinuri eni-
dan da `dabadebuls~ niSnavs. naturalizacia gulisxmobs dabadebis
Semdgom simbolur da politikur xelaxal `dabadebas~ axal sazoga-
doebaSi.1022 naturalizaciis ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli moqalaqeobis
miRebis msurveli adamianis mier Segnebuli nebis gamoxatvaa: piri sax-
elmwifos Txovs misTvis am saxelmwifos moqalaqeobis miniWebas. Tumca,
garda amisa, saWiroa garkveuli moTxovnebis dakmayofileba da proce-
duris gavla, rac, rogorc wesi, kanoniTaa gansazRvruli.1023
406
gansxvavebebs exeba. mag., rodesac ucxoel mSoblebs, romelTa
moqalaqeobis saxelmwifoSi moqmedebs `sisxlis~ principi, bavSvi uCnde-
baT sxva saxelmwifoSi, sadac moqmedebs `niadagis principi~. niadagis
principidan gamomdinare, bavSvi avtomaturad xdeba im saxelmwifos
moqalaqe, sadac daibada, amave dros, igi mSoblebis moqalaqeobas iRebs
`sisxlis principidan~ gamomdinare.
ormag moqalaqeobas Tan axlavs problemebi, romlebic dakavSirebu-
lia moqalaqeTa mxridan saxelmwifos mimarT valdebulebebis
SesrulebasTan. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia moqalaqeTa samxe-
dro da sagadasaxado valdebulebebi. amdenad, saxelmwifoebi, romlebic
ormag moqalaqeobas aRiareben, erTmaneTTan specialuri SeTanxmebebis
dadebas amjobineben, sadac dawvrilebiT ganisazRvreba samxedro sam-
saxuris gavlis, gadasaxadebis gadaxdisa Tu arCevnebSi monawileobis
wesi da a.S.1024
2. saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba1025
407
saqarTveloSi statusis mqone moqalaqeobis armqone piria, xolo meore
mSobeli ucnobia.
408
prezidenti moqalaqeobas sagamonakliso wesiT aniWebs sxva qveynis
moqalaqes, romelsac saqarTvelos winaSe aqvs gansakuTrebuli damsax-
ureba an romlisTvisac saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis miniWeba saxelmwifo
interesidan gamomdinareobs. aRniSnul SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos kanon-
mdebloba uSvebs ormag moqalaqeobas.
409
anobiT, an aqvs profesia da kvalifikacia, romliTac dainteresebulia
saqarTvelo da misTvis saqarTvelos sapatio moqalaqeobis miniWeba gam-
omdinareobs saxelmwifo interesebidan, misive TanxmobiT, sapatio
moqalaqeobis miniWebas gulisxmobs. sapatio moqalaqeoba ar warmoSobs
saqarTvelos moqalaqisTvis kanonmdeblobiT dadgenil uflebebsa da
movaleobebs.
410
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas moipovebs yalbi dokumentebis wardgenis
gziT; g) moipovebs ucxo qveynis moqalaqeobas.
amasTan, im pirebisTvis, romlebmac sagamonakliso wesiT moipoves
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba (anu ormagi moqalaqeobis mqone pirebi),
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis dakargvis safuZvels ar warmoadgens Tavisi
moqalaqeobis qveynis samxedro samsaxurSi an policiis samsaxurSi
Sesvla, aseve, ucxo qveynis moqalaqeobis mopoveba. aRsaniSnavia, rom ka-
nonmdeblobis reformis Sedegad gauqmda sxva qveyanaSi cxovrebis gamo
(arasapatio mizeziT 2 wlis ganmavlobaSi sakonsulo aRricxvis arqona)
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis dakargvis SesaZlebloba.
411
anu kanonis amoqmedebis periodisTvis arasrulwlovani pirebisTvis,
sakmarisia mxolod 1993 wlis 31 martisTvis cxovrebis faqti. im Sem-
TxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli pirobebiT saqarTveloSi dabadebuli pirebi
saqarTvelos moqalaqeobas ver daidgenen, maT eqnebaT SesaZlebloba,
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba miiRon mxolod saxelmwifo enis, istoriisa
da samarTlis ZiriTadi safuZvlebis codnis SemTxvevaSi da Tu ar
arsebobs moqalaqeobis mopovebaze uaris Tqmis safuZvlebi.
412
Tanaxmad, `saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoel moqalaqeebs da moqalaqeobis
armqone pirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqis Tanabari uflebani da movaleo-
bani aqvT, garda konstituciiTa da kanoniT gaTvaliswinebuli gamona-
klisebisa~. konstituciis 27–e muxlSi mocemulia amgvari SezRudvis
magaliTi: `saxelmwifo uflebamosilia daawesos ucxo qveynis
moqalaqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa politikuri saqmianobis
SezRudva~. konstituciis 47-e muxlis safuZvelze ucxoelebis mimarT
SezRudvebs vxvdebiT mimdinare kanonmdeblobaSic.
413
statusis Sewyvetis Sesaxeb, pirs saqarTveloSi yofnis vada Seuwydeba,
rac saqarTvelos teritoriis iZulebiT datovebis winapirobaa.
3.2. ucxoelTa ufleba-movaleobebi
414
arebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebis Sesabamisad, kanoniT dadge-
nili wesiT, saqarTvelo TavSesafars aZlevs ucxoel moqalaqeebsa da
moqlaqeobis armqone pirebs~.
`ltolvilisa da humanitaruli statusebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis mixedviT, TavSesafris micema pirisTvis ltolvilis an humani-
taruli statusis miniWebas gulisxmobs. kanonis Tanaxmad, ltolvilis
statusi eniWeba pirs, romelic ar aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe an
saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone piri, imyofeba
saqarTveloSi, aqvs safuZvliani SiSi, rom igi SeiZleba gaxdes devnis
msxverpli rasis, religiis, aRmsareblobis, erovnebis, garkveuli so-
cialuri jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis an politikuri Sexedulebebis gamo,
da ar SeuZlia an ar surs, amgvari SiSidan gamomdinare, dabrundes Tavisi
warmoSobis qveyanaSi an isargeblos am qveynis mfarvelobiT.
humanitaruli statusi eniWeba pirs, romelic ar aris saqarTvelos
moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi moqalaqeobis armqone
piri, ar akmayofilebs ltolvilis statusis miniWebisTvis dadgenil
kriteriumebs, magram: a) iZulebuli iyo daetovebina Tavisi warmoSobis
qveyana Zaladobis, gare agresiis, okupaciis, Siga konfliqtebis, adamian-
is uflebebis masobrivi darRvevis an sazogadoebrivi wesrigis mniSvne-
lovani darRvevis gamo; b) samarTlebrivi safuZvlebis, kerZod,
saqarTvelos mier nakisri saerTaSoriso valdebulebebis (adamianis
uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis konvenciis me-3 muxli da
(wamebis, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis an dasjis akr-
Zalva) an adamianis uflebaTa dacvis sxva saerTaSoriso aqtebidan gam-
omdinare argaZevebis sxva valdebulebebis) gamo ar SeiZleba iZulebiT
dabrunebul iqnes Tavisi warmoSobis qveyanaSi da romelsac ar SeuZlia
gaemgzavros sxva qveyanaSi; g) warmoSobis qveyanaSi dabrunebis Sem-
TxvevaSi SeiZleba seriozuli safrTxe Seeqmnas mis sicocxles an
dairRves misi uflebebi.
humanitaruli statusi SeiZleba, agreTve, mieniWos pirs, romelic ar
aris saqarTvelos moqalaqe an saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebi
moqalaqeobis armqone piri da: a) romelic iZulebuli gaxda gada-
adgilebuliyo saqarTvelos SigniT, magram ar ekuTvnis devnilis sta-
tusi `iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa – devnilTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonis Sesabamisad; b) romelic saqarTveloSi Semovida mosazRvre war-
moSobis qveynidan, iq momxdari stiqiuri ubedurebis gamo; g) romelsac
esaWiroeba sxva sarwmuno humanitaruli daxmareba.
amasTan, humanitaruli statusi pirs eniWeba 1 wlis vadiT da SeiZleba
gagrZeldes, Tu kvlav arsebobs garemoebebi, romelTa safuZvelzedac
mas es statusi mieniWa.
saqarTvelos konstituciis 47-e muxlis Tanaxmad, dauSvebelia sxva
saxelmwifos gadaeces Semoxiznuli piri, romelsac devnian politikuri
mrwamsisaTvis, an im qmedebisaTvis, romelic saqarTvelos kanonmdeblo-
415
biT danaSaulad ar iTvleba. rogorc vxedavT, konstitucia pirs poli-
tikuri devnisgan icavs, aseve, Semoxiznul pirs icavs maSinac, Tu mis
mier Cadenili qmedeba danaSauls ar warmoadgens saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT, Tundac es sxva qveynis kanonmdeblobiT dasjadi qmedeba
iyos.
sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis me-6 muxli kidev ufro afarToebs am
pirobebs. kodeqsis Tanaxmad, ara mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ar gadaecema
Semoxiznuli piri, rodesac Cadenili qmedeba saqarTvelos kanon-
mdeblobiT danaSauls ar warmoadgens, aramed maSinac, Tu aRniSnuli
qmedeba saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT danaSaulad miiCneva, magram
Cadenili danaSaulisaTvis sikvdiliT dasjaa dawesebuli im sax-
elmwifoSi, romelic piris gadacemas moiTxovs. aseT pirTa sisxlissa-
marTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobis sakiTxi gadawydeba saerTaSoriso sa-
marTliT gaTvaliswinebuli wesiT.
damatebiTi sakiTxavi
normatiuli aqtebi
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170
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iuristebidan komisiis muSaobaSi monawileobis misaRebad mowveulebi iyvnen: joni
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422
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213
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239
2010 wlis sakonstitucio komisiis Semadgenlobisa da reformebis Sesaxeb ufro
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240
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244
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450
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451
qveTavSi moxmobili informacia eyrdnoba Semdeg samarTlebriv aqtebs: saqarTve-
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konstituciuri kanoni, afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis konstitucia, „yofil
samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis mSvidobiani mogvarebisaTvis
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485
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Конституционное Право Зарубежных Стран, Под общей редакцией М.В. Баглая, Ю.И. Лейбо,
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496
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498
ruxaZe z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi 1999, 214-216.
499
janda q., beri j., goldmeni j., amerikuli demokratia, aSS xelisufleba da poli-
tikuri procesi, r. gaCeCilaZis Targmani, m. ugrexeliZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi,
1995, 178-179.
500
konstituciuri samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2005, 190-193.
501
TevzaZe T., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia,
arCevnebi 1921 wlis konstituciis mixedviT (1918-1921 wlebis saarCevno sistema da
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504
am qveTavSi mocemuli informacia ZiriTadad eyrdnoba Semdeg samarTlebriv
aqtebs: saqarTvelos konstitucia, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos
saarCevno kodeqsi~, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
kodeqsi~, `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli
kanoni.
505
ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 28 maisis #1/3/547 gada-
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46
ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2016 wlis 20 ivlisis #3/3/763 gada-
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ratiani, roland axalaia giorgi baramiZe da sxvebi, sul 42 deputati) saqarTvelos
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507
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432
508
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Torino, 2009, 380.
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Zis Targmani, T. niniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2003, 131-132.
510
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Vedaschi, Torino, 2010, 211-212.
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ix., Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. mai-
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514
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515
iqve, 145.
516
ix., kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstitu-
ciis 78-e muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g. kve-
renCxilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, 10.
517
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rino, 2009, 381.
518
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519
iqve.
520
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521
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac zeda palata Zlieria, sau-
baria e.w. Tanabar (perfect) bikameralizmze, da piriqiT, sadac qveda palataa ufro
Zlieri _ araTanabar bikameralizmze.
522
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porciul Sedegebamde. magaliTad, 1974 wlis arCevnebSi, leiboristulma partiam 635
adgilidan miiRo 319 adgili da es im pirobebSi, rodesac mxolod 39,3%-is xmebi
hqondaT miRebuli. liberalurma partiam miiRo 13 adgili, im pirobebSi, rodesac
18,6%-iani mxardaWera hqondaT. momdevno 5 arCevnebSi, 1979 dan 1997 wlebamde, ga-
marjvebuli partia iRebda adgilTa sakmaod maRal umravlesobas da es im pirobebSi,
rodesac aseT partias arasdros gadauWarbebia 44%-Tvis. Tumca im dadebiTi ma-
xasiaTeblebis gamo, romelic am sistemas axasiaTebs, inglisSi swored am sistemas
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editrice il Mulino, 2001, 31.
527
inglisSi, politikur arenaze gvxvdeba ZiriTadad ori politiuri partia _ kon-
servatiuli da leiboristuli. arsebobs, agreTve, liberaluri partia, Tumca mTa-
var rols ZiriTadad pirveli ori partia TaaSobs. am ori partiis dominanturi mdgo-
mareoba iyo 1950-dan 1970-ian wlebamde, rodesac maT jamSi TiTqmis 90%-iani mxarda-
Wera hqondaT. bolo periodSi liberalur partiasac mxardaWerTa garkveuli mateba
aReniSneba.
528
miuxedavad imisa, rom britaneTSi, rogorc sayovelTaod cnobilia, funqcioni-
rebs tradiciuli orpalatiani parlamenti, mainc unda aRiniSnos, rom qveda pala-
tasTan SedarebiT, zeda palata umniSnvelo funqciebiT aris aRWurvili.
529
rogorc premier-ministrma toni blerma mis erT-erT gancxadebaSi aRniSna, brita-
nuli sistema `es aris dasavleTis samyaroSi arsebul did qveynebs Soris yvelaze
ufro centralizebuli sistema~. dawvrilebiT ix., Lijphart A., Le Democracie Contempora-
nee, Societa editrice il Mulino, 2001, 35.
530
Morbidelli G., Pegoraro L., Reposo A., Volpi M., Diritto Pubblico Comparato, Terda Edizione, Torino,
2009, 387.
531
iqve, 388.
433
532
Lo status di membro Del Parlamento in Prospettiva Comparata, a cura di P. Caretti, M. Morisi, e G.
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533
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2009, 391.
534
qveTavSi moxmobili informacia eyrdnoba Semdeg samarTlebriv aqtebs: saqarTve-
los konstitucia, saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti~, saqarTvelos kanoni
`parlamentis wevris statusis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanoni `impiCmentis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelo
kanoni `saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `sa-
qarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~.
535
ix., javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni 2, nakv. 2, tfilisi, 1929.
536
papuaSvili g., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis konstitucia 90
wlis gadasaxedidan, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gamocema, baTumi,
2011, 22.
537
iqve, 23. aRsaniSnavia, rom aRniSnuli ufleba SeerTebul StatebSi 1919 wlis XIX
SesworebiT Sevida, xolo SveicariaSi qalebma arCevnebSi srulfasovani monawileo-
bis ufleba mxolod 1971 wels Catarebuli referendumis safuZvelze miiRes.
538
saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamentis 122-e muxlis Tanaxmad, „parlamentis
sruli Semadgenlobis aranakleb ori mesamedis uflebamosilebis cnobis Semdeg
parlamentis wevrebi qveynisadmi erTgulebis fics deben. ficis teqsts kiTxulobs
saqarTvelos centraluri saarCevno komisiis Tavmjdomare: „me, sruliad saqarTve-
los warmomadgeneli da misdami angariSvaldebuli, RvTisa da eris winaSe vacxadeb,
rom keTilsindisierad aRvasruleb parlamentis wevris ufleba-movaleobebs, vi-
qnebi konstituciuri wyobilebis, qveynis damoukideblobis, erTianobisa da
mTlianobis, xalxis interesebis, moqalaqeTa uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, sa-
qarTvelos Zlevamosilebis dacvis samsaxurSi“. ficis teqstis wakiTxvis Semdeg
parlamentis wevrebi warmoTqvamen „vficav“ da xels aweren am teqsts, ris Semdegac
sruldeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifo himni.
539
ix., eremaZe q., bikameralizmis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurn. `adamiani da
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540
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vilis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, 121.
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541
xeb~.
542
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543
ix., Guido Rivosecchi, I poteri ispettivi e il controllo parlamentare: dal question time alle Commissio-
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545
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546
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547
ix., Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva, konstitucionalizmis Sesavali, m. mai-
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563
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nakaSiZe m., xelisuflebis ganStoebebTan prezidentis urTierTobaTa Tavisebure-
bani mmarTvelobis naxevrad saprezidento sistemaSi, Tbilisi, 2010, 19.
571
saqarTvelos konstitucia da 2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma, Tbilisi, 2010,
44.
572
ix., gauli v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi, k. kublaSvilis
Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, 160, 271.
573
demetraSvili a., 2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma saqarTveloSi, saqarT-
velos konstituciuri qronikebi, Tbilisi, 2012, 14.
574
saqarTvelos prezidentis 2009 wlis 23 ivnisis #348 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.
575
kverenCxilaZe g., kontrasignaciis instituti: evropuli gamocdileba da qarTuli
perspeqtivebi, samarTlis Jurnali `sarCevi~, #1-2(3-4), 2012, 206.
576
iqve, 206-207
577
ix., `saqarTvelos konstituciaSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze~ saqarTvelos
konstituciuri kanonis proeqtis ganmartebiTi baraTi.
578
qveTavSi moxmobili informacia eyrdnoba Semdeg samarTlebriv aqtebs: saqarTve-
los konstitucia, saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi~,
saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Sesaxeb~
da saqarTvelos kanoni `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~.
435
579
saqarTvelos prezidentisaTvis romelime partiis wevroba an partiuli saqmiano-
bis uflebis miniWeba saqarTvelos konstituciis moqmedi redaqciis pirobebSi,
xelisuflebis Stoebs Soris prezidentis neitraluri statusisaTvis sruliad
Seusabamod migvaCnia.
580
ix., papaSvili T., prezidentisa da mTavrobis sagareo uflebamosilebebi 2010 wlis
sakonstitucio reformis WrilSi, Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g.
kverenCxilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, 189-203.
581
ix., http://georgianpress.ge/com/news/view/15640?lang=1 [18.05.2015]
582
ix., https://www.president.gov.ge/ge/PressOffice/Documents?p=9158&i=2 [18.08.2015];
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583
ix., kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti da misi funqcionirebis pro-
blemebi saqarTveloSi: kanonmdeblobis da praqtikis analizi, Tbilisi, 2008, 36.
584
ix., saqarTvelos prezidentis 2013 wlis 19 dekembris #963 brZanebuleba `saqarT-
velos prezidentis administraciis Sesaxeb~.
585
iqve, me-2 muxli.
586
ix., `saparlamento mdivnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
587
ix., herodotes istoriis me-3 wigni (3, 61-87).
588
Croissant A., Regierungsysteme und Demokratietypen, in: Lauth, Hans-Joachim (Hrsg.), Vergleichene
Regierungslehre, 2010, 177.
589
didi britaneTis da Crd. irlandiis gaerTianebul samefoSi, sadac ar arsebobs
konstituciis fenomeni, dominirebs saxalxo suverenitetis doqtrina da sakanon-
mdeblo aqtebs Soris ranJireba ar xdeba. samTavrobo xelisuflebis
uflebamosilebebi Cveulebrivi sakanonmdeblo aqtebiT wesrigdeba. ix., Burch M., the
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590
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis
78-e muxlis komentari), Tanamedrove sakonstitucio samarTali, wigni I, g. kverenCx-
ilaZisa da d. gegenavas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, 23.
591
ix., Shugart M.S., Comparative Executive- Legislative Relations, in: Rhodes R. A. W., Binder, S. A.,
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592
Strøm K., Müller W.C., Koalitionsregierungen in Westeuropa, In Regierungskoalitionen in Westeuro-
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593
Lauth H.J., Regierungssysteme und Demokratietypen: Parlamentarische und Präsidentielle Demo-
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594
ix., Die Politische Systemen Osteuropas, Ismyr W. (Hrsg.), 2. Aufl., Wiesbaden, 2004, S. 9 ff.
595
ix., Pelikan J., The Executive Branch as an Institution of American Constitutional Democracy, in:
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596
Ismayr W., Die politische Systeme Westeuropas im Vergleich, in: Ismayr, Wolfgang (Hrsg.), Die
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597
ix., Steffani W., Semi-Präsidentialismus: ein eigenständiger Systemtyp? Zur Unterscheidung von
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598
iqve, 17.
599
iqve, 18.
600
is realoba, romelic 1918 wlis damdegs saqarTveloSi Seiqmna, sakonstituciosa-
marTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT, cxadia, qmnida normatiul da politikur safuZvels,
saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formad gansazRvruliyo ara respublika, aramed, dadas-
turebuliyo, rom grZeldeba monarqiis, rogorc mmarTvelobis formis arseboba.
Tumca, me-20 saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi xelisuflebaSi myofi politikuri elitis
msoflmxedvelobrivi mrwamsis gaTvaliswinebiT, imTaviTve respublikis ideam hpova
realizacia.
601
ix,. metreveli v., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, Tbilisi, 2009, 21.
436
602
ix., berZeniSvili n., savaziro feodalur saqarTveloSi, saqarTvelos istoriis
sakiTxebi, wigni 3, Tbilisi, 1966; javaxiSvili iv., qarTuli samarTlis istoria, wigni
2, nakv. 1, tfilisi, 1928.
603
ix., Papuashvili G., the 1921 Constitution of Democratic Republic of Georgia: Looking Back after
Ninety Years, in: European Public Law, Volume 18, June 2012, 323.
604
“Der damalige Verfassungstext war einer der fortschrittlichsten auf dem europäischen Kontinent.
Schon damals verankerte er Wertvorstellungen von Freiheit, Demokratie und Rechtstaatlichkeit, auf die
auch das Europa von heute fußt”, in: Gaul W., Verfassungsgebung in Georgien, Berlin, 2001, Geleitwort
von Hans-Dietrich Genscher, VIII.
605
Ramsey McDonald: “I familiarized myself with its constitution, its social and economic reconstruction
and what I saw there, I wish I could see in my country too”. In Ramsey McDonald’s opinion: “Currently
there does not exist a bigger obstacle for the Bolshevism than the socialist government in Georgia”. Pa-
puashvili, George, the 1921 Constitution of Democratic Republic of Georgia: Looking Back after Ninety
Years, in: European Public Law, Volume 18, June 2012, 324-325, 329.
606
ix., heberle p., saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciis „sakuTari saxe“, l. bregvaZis
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607
ix., gauli v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi (1993-1995), k. ku-
blaSvilis Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002, 160.
608
ix., ruxaZe z., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, 1999, baTumi, 313-340.
609
melqaZe o., sakonstitucio reformis kritikuli analizi, Jurn. `qarTuli sa-
marTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-4, 642-660; koWlamazaSvili b., saxelmwifo xelisuflebis
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`qarTuli samarTlis mimoxilva~, 7/2004-1, 184.
610
dRemde sakamaToa, daculi iyo Tu ara reformis mimdinareobisas saarTvelos
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611
ix., babeki v., gakveTilebi saqarTvelodan: konstituciuri reformis misabaZi ma-
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qarTvelos gza evropisaken, baden-badeni, 2012, 95-96.
612
ix., iqve, 92-94.
613
„veneciis komisia“ sakuTar daskvnaSi aRniSnavs, rom opoziciam da samoqalaqo
sazogadoebam negatiurad Seafasa sakonstitucio cvlilebebis saxalxo ganxilvis
procesi, ramdenadac ganxilva mimdinareobda zafxulSi da ramdenadac mniSvnelo-
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16: “The opposition and the civil society have told the Venice Commission delegation in Tbilisi that this
discussion has been insufficient, partly because it has taken place during summer and partly because the
important issues have not been genuinely debated”; imave problemis (sakonstitucio
cvlilebebis ganxilvis daCqarebuli tempi) Sesaxeb miuTiTebs axalgazrda iuristTa
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uri kanonis proeqtTan dakavSirebiT.
614
am TvalsazrisiT, kritikul SeniSvnebs Seicavs veneciis komisiis 2010 wlis 15
oqtombris daskvnac. am konteqstSi, mniSvnelovan rols iZens sakonstitucio
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615
jer kidev 2004 wels veneciis komisia gascemda rekomendaciebs prezidentis da
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616
ix., eqspertTa daskvnebi veb-gverdze: www.constitution.ge.
617
kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri reformis kritikuli analizi, ix.,
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619
qveTavSi mocemuli informacia eyrdnoba saqarTvelos konstituciasa da
`saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis wesis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanons.
620
am kanonis amoqmedebis momentidan Zaladakargulad gamocxadda „aRmasrulebeli
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621
ix., papaSvili T, prezidentisa da mTavrobis sagareo uflebamosilebebi 2010 wlis
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622
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis
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623
iqve, 47.
624
konstrasignaciis, rogorc samarTlebrivi fenomenis, Sesaxeb ix., kverenCxilaZe g.,
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625
kverenCxilaZe g., saqarTvelos mTavrobis konstituciuri statusi (konstituciis
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ix., asaTiani T., undoblobis konstruqciuli votumi 2010 wlis sakonstitucio
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627
ix. dawvrilebiT, kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri reformis kritikuli analizi, ix.,
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ix., erqvania T., saxelisuflebo Stoebis urTierTobis specifika 2010 wlis sa-
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634
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675
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parlamentis 2015 wlis 11 dekembris 4639-Is dadgenileba.
888
ix., `erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos par-
lamentis dadgenileba #484-IIs, 12.10.2004.
889
qveTavSi mocemuli informacia eyrdnoba Semdeg samarTlebriv aqtebs: saqarTve-
los konstitucia, `erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli
kanoni, `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis zogierTi kategoriis
TanamSromelTa diplomatiuri Tanamdebobis pirebTan gaTanabrebis Sesaxeb~ saqarT-
velos prezidentis brZanebuleba #1016, 30.11.2005; `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiS-
roebis sabWos aparatis struqturis, debulebis, saStato ganrigisa da misi stru-
qturuli qvedanayofebis debulebebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos preziden-
tis brZanebuleba #114, 25.03.2014; `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosTan
arsebuli erovnuli usafrTxoebis stategiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebis makoordi-
nirebeli mudmivmoqmedi sauwyebaTSoriso komisiis Seqmnisa da misi debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #500, 16.10.2008; `sa-
qarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli saxelmwifo saidumloebasTan
dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis obieqtebis nusxisa da Sesyidvebis ganxor-
cielebis wesis SemmuSavebeli droebiTi sauwyebaTSoriso komisiis Semadgenlobisa
da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #144,
11.04.2014; `saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb
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890
ix., saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitu-
cia, Tavi IX.
891
gauli v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi, k. kublaSvilis Targ-
mani, Tbilisi, 2002, 238.
892
ix., iqve, 240.
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velos organul kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis Sesaxeb, #4673-Iს ,
01.06.2011, saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo macnes vebgverdi, <https://matsne.gov.ge/>.
894
dokumentaciaSi igulisxmeba Tavdacvis dagegmvis strategiuli dokumentebi: sa-
qarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefcia, saqarTvelos safrTxeebis Sefasebis
dokumenti, saqarTvelos kiberusafrTxoebis, erovnuli samxedro strategiisa da
erovnuli usafrTxoebis sferos mikuTvnebuli sxva konfeptualuri dokumentebi.
895
am TavSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi normatiuli masala: `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis Sesa-
xeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni da `saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebi-
sa da saqmianobis wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni, saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013
wlis #297 dadgenilebiT damtkicebuli saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros debu-
leba.
448
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`generaluri Stabi~, rogorc sakonstitucio termini 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis sa-
konstitucio cvlilebebs ukavSirdeba. 2006 wlidan is Seicvala terminiT `gaerTia-
nebuli Stabi~, xolo 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris sakonstitucio cvlilebebis sa-
fuZvelze da konstituciis moqmedi redaqciiT kvlav damkvidrda Tavdapirveli sa-
konstitucio dasaxeleba. aRniSnuli cvlilebebi samwuxarod bolomde ar aris asa-
xuli moqmed yvela samarTlebriv aqtSi. mag. generaluri Stabis moqmed debulebaSi,
romelic prezidentis brZanebulebiTaa damtkicebuli, kvlav gamoyenebulia termini
`gaerTianebuli Stabi~.
897
ix., saqarTvelos prezidentis 2007 wlis #462 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~, m.5.
898
ix., `saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis raodenobis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos parlamentis 2015 wlis 11 dekembris 4639-Is dadgenileba.
899
qveTavSi gamoyenebulia Semdegi normatiuli aqtebi: saqarTvelos organuli
kanoni `erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos kanoni `erovnuli
usafrTxoebis politikis dagegmvisa da koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb~, saqarTvelos
mTavrobis dadgenilebebi `saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos
Seqmnisa da misi debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ da `saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da
krizisebis marTvis sabWos aparatis debulebis, saStato ganrigisa da mosamsaxureTa
Tanamdebobrivi sargos ganakveTebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~.
900
am TavSi gamoyenebuli normatiuli informacia efuZneba `saqarTvelos
saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonsa da
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2015 wlis #385 dadgenilebas.
901
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902
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, Tbilisi, 2008, 399.
903
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905
melqaZe o., ezugbaia z., municipaluri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 8.
906
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 374.
907
Sead., lolaZe b., adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis garantiebi evropul konstitu-
ciebSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva~, #3, 2010, 163.
908
McBain H.L., The Doctrine of an Inherent Right of Local Self-Government, Columbia University,
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909
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910
melqaZe o., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 245.
911
melqaZe o., konstitucionalizmi, Tbilisi, 2008, 400.
912
Конституционное Право Зарубежных Стран, Под общей редакцией М.В. Баглая, Ю.И. Лейбо,
Л.М. Энтина, Москва, 2004, 121.
913
Чаннов С.Е., Муниципальное Право,Москва, 2006, 23.
914
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915
Чаннов С.Е., Муниципальное Право, Москва, 2006, 27.
916
melqaZe o., ezugbaia z., municipaluri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 51.
917
iqve, 50-51.
918
ix., Faguet J., Decentralization and Local Government Performance Improving Public Service Provi-
sion in Bolivia, London School of Economics, 2000, 131.
919
Pandey S., Democracy and Decentralization, Law, Institutions & Development e Journal, 2006, 2.
920
ix., `adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis evropuli qartiis~ me-4 muxlis me-3 punqti.
921
melqaZe o., ezugbaia z., municipaluri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 53.
922
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923
iqve, 130-133.
924
melqaZe o., ezugbaia z., municipaluri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2012, 56.
925
iqve, 58-59.
449
926
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9.
927
evropuli qartia ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb“, strasburgi, 1985
wlis 15 oqtomberi, preambula.
928
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929
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 373.
930
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Europe, March 2010, 9-10.
931
ezugbaia z., melqaZe o., zogierTi komentari adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis
evropuli qartiis evropul kanonmdeblobaSi implementaciisaTvis, Jurn. `qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva~, t.5, #1, Tbilisi, 2002, 102.
932
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wlis 15 oqtomberi, me-3 muxli, punqti 1.
933
iqve, me-3 da me-4 muxlebi.
934
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2010, 38.
935
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evropuli qartiis evropul kanonmdeblobaSi implementaciisaTvis, Jurn. `qarTuli
samarTlis mimoxilva~, t.5, #1, Tbilisi, 2002, 108.
936
iqve, 110.
937
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42.
938
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wlis 15 oqtomberi, me-10 muxli.
939
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2010, 44.
940
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941
qveTavSi moxmobili informacia eyrdnoba Semdeg normatiul aqtebs: saqarTvelos
organuli kanoni ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi“, saqarTvelos or-
ganuli kanoni `saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi~, saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos
sabiujeto kodeqsi~.
942
macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbilisi,
2008, 82.
943
melqaZe o., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 249.
944
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 29.
945
ix., gauli v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi, k. kublaSvilis
Targmani, Tbilisi, 2002.
946
melqaZe o., saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 248.
947
adgilobrivi demokratiis gzamkvlevi saqarTvelosTvis, saqarTveloSi evropis
sabWos sainformacio biuro, 2004, 10.
948
kandelaki k., losaberiZe d., ruxaZe z., tabucaZe i., xmalaZe v., jibRaSvili z., kons-
tituciuri sistemebi da konstituciuri procesi saqarTveloSi (1995-2009 w.w.), misi
ganviTarebis perspeqtiva, Tbilisi, 2009, 45.
949
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TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi“.
950
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15 oqtomberi, me-2 muxli.
951
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konstituciuri sistemebi da konstituciuri procesi saqarTveloSi (1995-2009 ww.),
misi ganviTarebis perspeqtiva, Tbilisi, 2009, 51-52.
952
saqarTvelos konstituciis 1011-1013 muxlebi, 89-e muxlis pirveli punqtis
`v~²qvepunqti.
953
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 383.
954
ix., ganmartebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqtze ,,adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi“.
450
955
kandelaki k., losaberiZe d., melaSvili i., SergelaSvili T., saqarTvelos adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis ganvrcobili koncefcia, saqarTvelos ganviTare-
bis kvleviTi instituti, Tbilisi, 2012, 17.
956
demetraSvili a., kobaxiZe i., konstituciuri samarTali, Tbilisi, 2008, 385.
957
kandelaki k., losaberiZe d., melaSvili i., SergelaSvili T., saqarTvelos adgilo-
brivi TviTmmarTvelobis sistemis ganvrcobili koncefcia, saqarTvelos ganviTare-
bis kvleviTi instituti, Tbilisi, 2012, 18.
958
gamonaklisis saxiT, 2014 wlis adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis morigi
arCevnebis Semdeg adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis morigi arCevnebi
imarTeba 2017 wlis oqtomberSi. ix., saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi~, muxli 150, punqti 3.
959
salamaZe v., SalvaSvili l., moqalaqeTa monawileoba TviTmmarTvelobaSi (kvleva),
samoqalaqo sazogadoebis instituti, Tbilisi, 2009, 26-28.
960
xmalaZe i., moqalaqeTa CarTulobis gazrda adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis biu-
jetirebis procesSi, Sidapartiuli demokratia da adgilobrivi TviTmmarTveloba,
niderlandebis instituti mravalpartiuli demokratiisaTvis, Tbilisi, 2012, 74, 103.
961
Tu delegirebuli uflebamosilebebis sferoSi sakrebulo ar asrulebs norma-
tiuli administraciul-samarTlebrivi aqtis miRebis valdebulebas, dargobrivi
zedamxedvelobis organo uflebamosilia, mas misces miTiTeba aRniSnuli funqciis
savaldebulo Sesrulebis Taobaze. sakrebulos mier miTiTebis Seusruleblobis
SemTxvevaSi, dargobrivi zedamxedvelobis organo Tavad gamoscems Sesabamis norma-
tiul administraciul-samarTlebriv aqts, romelic ZalaSia sakrebulos mier val-
debulebis Sesrulebamde.
962
wignSi cneba `ZiriTadi uflebebi~ gamoyenebuli iqneba adamianis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebisa da Tavisuflebebis sinonimad.
963
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Л.М. Энтина, Москва, 2004, 82.
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965
macaberiZe m., saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia: SemuSaveba da miReba, Tbilisi,
2008, 107.
966
canava l., socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebi 1921 wlis konstituciis mixedviT,
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika da 1921 wlis konstitucia, d. gegenavas da p.
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967
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tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 5.
968
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969
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970
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2007, 45.
971
izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 14.
972
zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tbi-
lisi, 2007, 145.
973
tuRuSi T., burjanaZe g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi
da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samarTalwarmoebis praqtika, Tbilisi,
2013, 550.
974
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nis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis sferoSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mi-
moxilva~, #4, 2011, 51.
975
ix., kublaSvili k., ZiriTadi uflebebi, Tbilisi, 2008, 52.
976
xecuriani j., sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebamosili subie-
qtebi, Jurn. `adamiani da konstitucia~, #4, 2002, 10.
977
izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 12.
978
saqarTvelos kanoni `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~, muxli 2.
451
979
izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komen-
tarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 12.
980
Конституционное Право ЗаруБежных Стран, Под Ред. Малько А. В., Москва, 2004, 122.
981
ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis
komentarebi, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 13.
982
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983
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985
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris #1/3/421,422 ga-
dawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi giorgi yifiani da avTandil ungiaZe
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.
986
ix., xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba ada-
mianis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvis sferoSi, Jurn. `sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mi-
moxilva~, #4, 2011, 52.
987
ix., kaxiani g., sakonstitucio kontrolis instituti da misi funqcionirebis pro-
blemebi saqarTveloSi: kanonmdeblobisa da praqtikis analizi, Tbilisi, 2008, 42.
988
saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis #1/466 gadawyve-
tileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRm-
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989
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990
ix., Apostol v. Georgia, #40765/02, 2006.
991
ix., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434
gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis
winaaRmdeg~, mosamarTleebis q. eremaZisa da b. zoiZis gansxvavebuli azri.
992
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pirveli nawili, `b~ qvepunqti.
993
xecuriani j., saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos uflebamosileba adamia-
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wyos mxolod zogadi administraciuli kodeqsis 60-61-e muxlebis farglebSi da
wesiT.
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1000
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Yearbook, Volume 10, Leiden/Boston 2006, 1-22.
1003
saxalxo damcvelis, rogorc samarTlebrivi fenomenis, Sesaxeb SedarebiTsa-
marTlebrivi analizi ix., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentari, Tavi meore _
saqarTvelos moqalaqeoba, adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, p. tura-
vas redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 569-592.
1004
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli akreditebulia e.w. ,,parizis principebis“
mixedviT A statusiT, 2007 wlis oqtombridan. ix., akreditebul adamianis uflebebis
nacionalur instituciaTa nusxa vebgverdze: <http://nhri.ohchr.org/EN/Pages/default.aspx>
[12.08.2016]
1005
Haas J. Der Ombudsmann als Institution des Europäischen Verwaltungsrechts, Tübingen 2012, 91.
1006
saxelmwifo organo an Tanamdebobis piri, romlis statusi (arsebiTi ufleba-
movaleobani) ganisazRvreba umaRlesi sakanonmdeblo aqtiT – konstituciiT.
452
1007
adamianis ZiriTad uflebebze orientirebuli modeli, xSir SemTxvevaSi, moicavs
kompetenciaTa ufro farTo speqtrs (mag., mediatoris funqcia saerTo
sasamarTloebSi, normaTa prevenciuli kontrolis farglebSi saganacxado
uflebamosilebebi sakonstitucio sasamarTloSi da a.S.), vidre saqarTvelos
saxalxo damcvels aqvs.
1008
saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis arCevisa da misi uflebamosilebis Sewyvetis
sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, ix. `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
organuli kanonis me-2 Tavi.
1009
ix., iqve, me-13 muxli.
1010
adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis saqmianoba warmoadgens saxalxo damcvelis
kontrolis sagans mxolod im konteqstis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom adgilobrivi
TviTmmarTveloba sajaro xelisuflebis nawilia da iboWeba adamianis ZiriTadi
uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT.
1011
aRsaniSnavia, rom ombudsmenTa mniSvnelovan nawils aqvs sakanonmdeblo
iniciativis uflebac, gansxvavebiT saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelisagan.
1012
ix., `saqarTvelos biznesombudsmenis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni.
1013
ix., saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 19 ivlisis dadgenileba `personalur mona-
cemTa dacvis inspeqtoris saqmianobisa da mis mier uflebamosilebis ganxor-
cielebis wesis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze”.
1014
ix., `personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonis me-5 Tavi.
1015
Shachar A., Citizenship, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by Rosen-
feld M., Sajo A., Oxford, 2013, 1003-1004.
1016
konstituciuri samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2005, 98.
1017
iqve, 98-99
1018
Shachar A., Citizenship, The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by Rosen-
feld M., Sajo A., Oxford, 2013, 1005.
1019
iqve, 1006.
1020
iqve, 1009.
1021
iqve, 1007.
1022
iqve, 1012.
1023
konstituciuri samarTlis saxelmZRvanelo, a. demetraSvilis redaqtorobiT,
Tbilisi, 2005, 101.
1024
iqve, 105.
1025
qveTavSi mocemuli informacia eyrdnoba 2014 wlis 30 aprilis `saqarTvelos
moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ organul kanons.
1026
qveTavSi mocemuli informacia eyrdnoba `ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone
pirTa Sesaxeb~ da `ltolvilisa da humanitaruli statusebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
kanonebs.
1027
konvenciis pirvelili muxlis me-2 punqtis Tanaxmad, konvencia ar gamoiyeneba:
(i) im pirebis mimarT, romlebic amJamad sargebloben gaerTianebuli erebis orga-
nizaciis organoebis an organizaciebis dacviT, garda gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi
komisrisa, manam, sanam iReben aseT dacvas;
(ii) im pirebis mimarT, romlebsac sacxorebeli saxelmwifo aniWebs am qveynis mo-
qalaqeobis flobasTan dakavSirebul uflebebsa da movaleobebs;
(iii) im pirTa mimarT, visTan dakavSirebiTac seriozuli mizezi arsebobs, miviCnioT,
rom:
(a) maT Caidines danaSauli mSvidobis winaaRmdeg, omis danaSauli an danaSauli
adamianurobis winaaRmdeg, rogorc es ganmartebulia am danaSaulis regulirebis
mizniT Seqmnili saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebiT;
(b) maT Caidines arapolitikuri xasiaTis danaSauli sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos
gareT, am saxelmwifoSi Casvlamde;
(c) isini damnaSaved arian cnobilni danaSaulisaTvis, romelic ewinaaRmdegeba
gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis principebsa da miznebs.
453
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1. saqarTvelos konstitucia
2. `aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kon-
stituciuri kanoni
3. konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos
samociqulo avtokefalur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris
4. mosamarTleTa sayovelTao qartia
5. evropuli qartia `mosamarTleTa statutis Sesaxeb~
6. samosamarTlo qcevis bangaloris principebi
7. evropuli qartia adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis Sesaxeb
8. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `saqarTvelos saarCevno kodeqsi~
465
9. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni ,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis ko-
deqsi“
10. `erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
11. `saqarTvelos moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb~ organuli kanoni
12. `referendumis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
13. `moqalaqeTa politikuri gaerTianebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli
kanoni
14. `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcvelis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
15. `saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
16. `saerTo sasamarTloebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos organuli kanoni
17. saqarTvelos organuli kanoni `erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos organul kanonSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis Setanis
Sesaxeb~, #4673-Is, 01.06.2011
18. saqarTvelos kanoni `saqarTvelos sabiujeto kodeqsi~
19. `saxelmwifo auditis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelo kanoni
20. `ucxoelTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
21. `ltolvilisa da humanitaruli statusebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
22. `normatiuli aqtebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
23. `impiCmentis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
24. `saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos ka-
noni
25. `saqarTvelos mTavrobis struqturis, uflebamosilebisa da saqmianobis
wesis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
26. „yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi konfliqtis mSvidobiani mog-
varebisaTvis saTanado pirobebis Seqmnis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanoni
27. `parlamentis wevris statusis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
28. `sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piris Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
29. `saqarTvelos saerTo sasamarTloebis mosamarTleTa disciplinuri
pasuxismgeblobisa da disciplinuri samarTalwarmoebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-
los kanoni
30. `saparlamento mdivnis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
31. `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
32. `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris Sesaxeb~ saqarTve-
los kanoni
33. `saqarTvelos biznesombudsmenis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
34. `personalur monacemTa dacvis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanoni
35. saqarTvelos parlamentis reglamenti
36. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2009 wlis 23 ivnisis #348 brZanebuleba
`saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis debulebis damtkicebis
Sesaxeb~
37. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2007 wlis #462 brZanebuleba `saqarTvelos
SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis debulebis damtkicebis
Sesaxeb~
38. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2013 wlis 19 dekemberi #963 brZanebuleba
`saqarTvelos prezidentis administraciis Sesaxeb~
466
39. `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis zogierTi katego-
riis TanamSromelTa diplomatiuri Tanamdebobis pirebTan gaTanabrebis
Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2005 wlis #1016 brZanebuleba
40. saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWos aparatis struqturis,
debulebis, saStato ganrigisa da misi struqturuli qvedanayofebis
debulebebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis 2014 wlis
#114 brZanebuleba
41. `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli erovnuli
usafrTxoebis stategiuli dokumentebis SemuSavebis makoordinirebeli
mudmivmoqmedi sauwyebaTSoriso komisiis Seqmnisa da misi debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #500,
16.10.2008
42. `saqarTvelos erovnuli uSiSroebis sabWosTan arsebuli saxelmwifo
saidumloebasTan dakavSirebuli saxelmwifo Sesyidvebis obieqtebis
nusxisa da Sesyidvebis ganxorcielebis wesis SemmuSavebeli droebiTi sau-
wyebaTSoriso komisiis Semadgenlobisa da debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos prezidentis brZanebuleba #144, 11.04.2014
43. saqarTvelos parlamentis 2013 wlis 4 oqtombris dadgenileba `sax-
elmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnis Sesaxeb~
44. `saqarTvelos samxedro Zalebis raodenobis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos parlamentis 2015 wlis 11 dekembris 4639-Is dadgenileba
45. `saqarTvelos erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis~ damtkicebis Sesaxeb
saqarTvelos parlamentis dadgenileba #5589-rs, 23.12.2011
46. `erovnuli usafrTxoebis koncefciis SemuSavebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos
parlamentis dadgenileba #484-IIs, 12.10.2004
47. `saxelmwifo usafrTxoebisa da krizisebis marTvis sabWos Seqmnisa da
misi debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba,
#38, 06.01.2014
48. `saqarTvelos saxelmwifo usafrTxoebis samsaxuris debulebis
damtkicebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2015 wlis #385 dadgenileba
49. `saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministros debulebis damtkicebis Sesaxeb~
saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis #297 dadgenileba
50. saqarTvelos mTavrobis 2013 wlis 19 ivlisis dadgenileba `personalur
monacemTa dacvis inspeqtoris saqmianobisa da mis mier uflebamosilebis
ganxorcielebis wesis Sesaxeb debulebis damtkicebis Taobaze”
51. afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikis konstitucia
52. samosamarTlo eTikis wesebi
53. saqarTvelos 1921 wlis 21 Tebervlis konstitucia
54. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis damfuZnebeli krebis
saarCevno debuleba
55. 1918 wlis 20 seqtembris debuleba respublikis droebiTi sagangebo sasa-
marTlosi
56. 1918 wlis 24 seqtembris kanoni momrigebel mosamarTleTa institutisa
57. 1919 wlis 17 ianvris kanoni nafic-msajulTa sasamarTlos SemoRebisa
467
58. 1919 wlis 29 ivlisis saqarTvelos senatis debuleba
59. saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis 1919 wlis 31 ivlisis kanoni
`saxelmwifo bankis daarsebis Sesaxeb~
60. saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 28 ivnisis kanoni `saxelmwifo
kontrolioris Tanamdebobis daarsebisa~
61. saqarTvelos respublikis 1918 wlis 6 dekembris kanoni `saqarTvelos
demokratiul respublikis saxelmwifo kontrolis Sesaxeb~
62. debuleba `saxelmwifo kontrolisa da misi uwyebis saganTaTvis, 1918
wlis 6 dekemberi
63. reviziis wesdeba, 1918 wlis 6 dekemberi
64. saqarTvelos respublikis 1991 wlis 14 aprilis kanoni `saqarTvelos
respublikis prezidentis Tanamdebobis dawesebisa da amasTan dakavSirebiT
saqarTvelos respublikis konstituciaSi cvlilebebisa da damatebebis
Setanis Sesaxeb~
65. saqarTvelos 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris konstituciuri kanonis
ganmartebiTi baraTi.
66. saqarTvelos 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituciuri kanonis
ganmartebiTi baraTi
67. ganmartebiTi baraTi saqarTvelos organuli kanonis proeqtze
,,adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis kodeqsi“
68. Lima Declaration of Guidelines on Auditing Precepts, 1977
69. Mexico Declaration on SAI Independence, 2007
70. Constitution of Austria
71. Constitution of Romania
72. Constitution of the Czech Republic
73. Constitution of the Italian Republic
74. Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil
75. Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
76. Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan
77. Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
78. Constitution of Ukraine
79. The Constitution of the United States
80. Constitutional Court Act of Austria
81. Constitutional Court Act of the Czech Republic
82. National Audit Act, UK, 1983
83. Budget and Accounting Act, USA, 1921
sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebi
468
2. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 28 maisis #1/3/547
gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ uCa nanuaSvili da
mixeil SaraSiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~
3. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris
#1/3/421,422 gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi giorgi
yifiani da avTandil ungiaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~
4. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis #1/466
gadawyvetileba saqmeze `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos par-
lamentis winaaRmdeg~.
5. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos
#1/2/434 gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli
saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~, mosamarTleebis q. eremaZisa da b.
zoiZis gansxvavebuli azri
6. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 8 oqtombris
#2/4/532,533 gadawyvetileba saqmeze, `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ irakli
qemokliZe da daviT xaraZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg~.
7. Apostol v. Georgia, #40765/02, 2006
8. Ashingdane v. The United Kingdom, #8225/78, 1985
daskvnebi da mosazrebebi
eleqtronuli wyaroebi
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