Exposure to Pathogen

Modifiable Risk Factors: Inhalation, Aspiration

Unvaccinated status
Community
Susceptible Host/Pathogen

Non-modifiable Risk
-Streptococcus Pneumoniae (+) PNEUMOCOCCAL
Factors: Age
Infection and Proliferation of
Pathogen in Lower PNEUMONIA
Respiratory Tract

Bacteria enters the Alveoli

then spreads and releases
ENDOTOXINS

Endotoxin damages the Capillaries increase

epithelium then bacteria permeable and fluid leakage
releases to the Interstitial and enters alveoli
Space

Macrophages releases
inflammatory markers such Because of this, WBC
as Cytokines, Interleukins comes in with large
and TNF. amounts

Local Inflammatory Response

Systemic Inflammatory Response
Neutrophils recruited to the site of infection (Lobar or Interstitial Pattern
Cytokine release
depending on pathogen) by epithelial cytokine release

Accumulation of Plasma Exudate (from capillary leakage Increase in respiratory Disruption of hypothalamic
Causes the respiratory at sites of inflammation), cell-debris, serious-fluid, drive thermoregulation
tract and alveoli to bacteria, fibrin
become the alveoli

Irritation of airways and

Fluid build up in spaces
Low effiency of gas failure of cilliary
Dry lips and between alveoli
Swollen nasal exchange clearance to keep with
(Interstitial Space)
mucous fluid build up
mucosa Tachypnea Fever/chills
membrane

Hypoxemia Cough Crackles Right lower lobe

opacity consistent
with pneumonia

Dyspnea