LUENBERGER, KALMAN AND NEURAL NETWORK OBSERVERS

FOR SENSORLESS INDUCTION MOTOR CONTIROL

M. Cuibus, V. Bostan; S.' Ambrosii, C. Ilas, R. Magureanu
Department of Electrical Engineering, Politechnical University of Bucharest, Romania
Phone: +40-1-410.0400; Fax: +40- 1-410.43.55
E-mail: magureanu@amotion.pub.ro

Abstract - this paper presents a comparison between as a weight of the neural netwodk and is then used in the
the sensorless vector control schemes of the induction induction motor sensorless control.
motor using the Luenberger observer, the Kalman filter
and a neural network observer. The first two methods 2. Luenberger observer for induction
have been implemented on distal signal processor
(LISP).Diflereni possibilitiesfor reducing the complexity motor sensorless control
of their implementation are discussed This is of par- The general equations of a diiscrete time Luenberger
ticular relevance for industrial applications based on observer are presented in [l, 3, 81.
DSP microcontrollers. The performance for the third The matrices of the discrete equivalent system can be
method is appreciated by simulation tests. computed from the induction motor matrices using the
Key words - Luenberger observer, Kalman filter, neural following simplified relations:
networks, DSP, fixed point.
Ah A' In2
Ad = e zI+Ah+--
1. Introduction 2!
h
The interest for sensorless drives has been constantly Bd = l e A r Bdr E Bh + --
AB^^
raising during the last years. The fact that the rotor speed 2!
0
is not measured but estimated has several important
benefits. The drawbacks are a lower speed range and the For practical use the Luenbwger equation can be
higher computational complexity. Several estimation written as:
methods have been proposed and compared [l]. As a
;@+I)= A ~ ? ( K ) + B ~ U ~ ( I C ) (2)
general rule, the more complex they are, the better is
their performance, especially in terms of low speed be- where:
havior, but also of the dynamic and static comportment. A, = Ad + L .jc BL = [Bd -Lc,], U L (k)= Y@)]
Sensorless drives have started to become a standard
product, and there is currently a strong tendency of in- 1 0 0 0
creasing their performance. This is supported by the Ld =[ - 4 11 - l4 13 0 1 0 0
availability of low cost DSP-based microcontrollers.
The present paper experimentally compares two of the Because the elements of A depend of the motor speed,
schemes which are expected to deliver the best perform- L has to be adapted at each sampling time. The tradi-
ances. Simulations and theoretical analysis has already tional way of doing this is describled in [2].
confirmed this assumption [1,3,6]. The paper is mainly The complexity of the algorithm can be reduced if
concerned with the comparison of the way in which they analytical relations are used to obtain directly the
can be implemented on a DSP. As the existing DSP mi- Luenberger matrices A, and EiL as hnctions of the
crocontrollers are fixed point and have a relatively low electrical velocity a, and the proportional constant K.
M I P S figure, the computational complexity and the algo- For this purpose the Matlab 5.2 software and the
rithm sensitivity to quantization errors are very impor- Symbolic Toolbox were used.
tant criteria in comparing the two methods. The following expressions for the first lines of
The third discussed sensorless scheme is an neural A, and B, discrete matrixes of the system have been
network estimator for direct field oriented control [7].
Two flux estimators are used the first is an VI estimator found:
and the second is an Io estimator designed like a neural A, ( 1,l) = c1 + c2K + c,K + c4 (K - l)o ;
network. The weights of the neural network are fhnc- A,(1,2)=c5 +C,KO+C,,K~~;
tions of the electrical parameters or electrical speed of (3)
induction motor. Using an on-line BKP (back-propaga- A U ( l , 3 ) = ~ 8+ c , 0 2 ;
tion) algorithm, a two layer network is supervised A, (A41 = ~ 1 0 0 ;
trained to minimize the error between the fluxes gener-
ated from the VI estimator (desired) and from the NN B, ( 1,l) = d + d2K + d 3 K 2 + d4(K - 1)0 ;
estimator. As a result the speed is recursively computed B,(1,2)= d5K+d,o+d,,Kw+d8 K 2 0 ;
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 B,(1,3) = dg ; The ?(i I j)= E[x(i I j ) ] represents the best estimation
B,(1,4) = d,, ; of x up to step ,,i” based on information up to step ,,j”.
where q and d, constants depending on matrix A, B The estimation error is:
coefficients and on the sampling time h, and K is the ,(k) = x(k) - i(k I k) (9)
proportional coefficient between the poles of induction
motor and the Luenberger observer. Our task is to choose the Kalman gain K so that it
In this approaches the speed is estimated with the same minimizes the covariance matrix of the estimation error:
adaptation mechanism [2]: P, = Eb(k),(kr ] (10)
6= P (eidsiqr -eiqsidr) +KI I < e i d s i q r - eiqs@dr )dt The Kalman filter algorithm is presented in [4,6].
(4)
4. Neural network observer for sensorless
where K p , K I are the proportional and integral constants induction motor control
. .
and eids= i d s - i d s , eiqs = i,, -iqs are the currents The full algorithm for an indirect field oriented
errors between the real and estimated stator currents in sensorless control of induction motor using a neural
(d,q) frame. network is fully described in [7]. Two flux estimators are
used the first is an VI estimator and the second is an Io
estimator designed with the following equations:
3. Kalman filter for induction motor
sensorless control
The state observer based on Kalman filter is identical
in structure to the Luenberger observer, but the gain ma-
-
dh,
-=--A,
1 -+--is
L,:
+jo,hI
-
trix is chosen not only to assure stability, but also to get
an estimation which is optimally filtered in respect with dt Tr T,
both the measurement and the input noise. A discrete The Io flux observer can be designed using a neural
system in the presence of noise can be described as: network if the discrete form of this equation is used:
-
iX(k’+1)= AdX(k)+BdU(k)+GdW(k)
y(k) = cx(k)+ n(k)
(5)
hr(k)=hr(k-I)+(wlx, + w Z X ~ + ~ 3 ~ 3(13)
where: w1 =--,
h L
w2 = h a r , w3 = h a
)

where: w(k) is the input noise and n(k) the measure-

-Tr Tr
ment noise. The usual assumption is that both are white x1 =hr(k-1),x2 = jhr(k-1),x3 =is(k-1)
noises, and have a zero mean value
Using an on-line back-propagation algorithm with
E[w(k)] = E[n(k)] = 0 . Their covariance matrices are
momentum term, a two layers neural network is
supposed to be known: supervised trained to minimize the error between the
Q = E[w(k)w(k)’l, R = EIn(k)n(k)’] (6) fluxes generated from the VI estimator (desired) and
respectively from the NN estimator.
For estimating one parameter using the Kalman filter The weights of the neural network are fhctions of the
the state vector has to be extended with this parameter, electrical parameters or electrical speed of induction
in our case with electrical velocity U. In this way the motor. The neural network has three hidden neurons, two
parameter to be estimated is considered a state element, input (the stator currents), and two outputs (the estimated
with a stochastical behavior. The state vector of the rotor fluxes). The electrical speed is computed as a
extended Kalman filter is: weight of the neural network and is then used in the
induction motor sensorless scheme.
dk)=
[id@) @rd@) h(k)]T (7)
a
The Kalman filter equation is the same with 6(k) = 6(k - 1)- 2 8 x +- Aw (k - 1) ( 14)
Luenberger equation (2): h h
where: q i s the learning rate of the neural network, a is
i(k + 1 I k + 1) = Ade?@ I k)+ Bd,U(k)+ K[y(k)- 9(k)]
the momentum term coefficient, h is the sampling time,

The above proposed algorithm [7], is applied in this

L O 1 1 paper for a sensorless direct field oriented control of
induction motor.
The control scheme has the architecture shown in Fig. 1.

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 Fig. 1. Sensorless direct field oriented control scheme of induction motor
using a neural network observer.

5. Experimental and simulated results

5.1 Experimental results using Luenberger observer

am 05 1 15 2 25 1 1.1 1.2 13 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

600
1 5 r ~
! I I : I : I : 1

1 15 2 25 3 35 '19 091 092 093 094 095 0% 097 059 O F 3 1

b) d)
Fig.2. a) Reference speed, real speed and estimated c) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed (dashed
speed (dashed line); time scale: O.Ss/div; vertical scale: 200 line), detail during reversion; lime scale: 0. lddiv; vertical
rpddiv. scale: 200 rpddiv.
b) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed (dashed d) Real stator current and estimated stator current (dashed line)
line): at low reference speed; time scale: OSs/div; vertical during the speed reference presented in a); time scale: OSddiv;
.scale: 100 rpddiv. vertical scale: SNdiv.
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 5.2 Experimental results using Kalman filter

1 ' 15 2 2.5 -ml 11 1.2 13 1.4 15 16 1.7

a)

--- I I

1 1.5 2 25 3 3.5

b)
Fig. 3. a) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed
(dashed line); time scale: O.Ss/div; vertical scale: 200 rpddiv.
b) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed (dashed
line), at low reference speed; time scale: 0.5s/div; vertical
scale: 100rpddiv.
d)
c) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed (dashed
line), detail during reversion; time scale: 0. ls/div; vertical
scale: 200 rpddiv.
d) Real (dashed line) and estimated stator current during the
speed reference presented in a), detail at 0.9s; time scale:
O.Ols/div; vertical scale: 1Ndiv.

5.3 Simulated results with neural network

observer
€03, I I I

1 15 2 25

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 15
-15
05 1 15 2 25
b)
Fig. 4. a) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed
(dashed line); time scale: O.Ss/div; vertical scale: 200 rpddiv.'
b) Real stator current during the speed reference presented in
a); time scale: O.Ss/div; vertical scale: SNdiv.
5.4 Considerations about dynamic performances and
digital implementation
The experimental results presented above were
obtained using a direct field oriented control scheme
with information about the rotor flux given by one of the
three proposed observers. All the control and estimation
tasks for implementations of the tested sensorless
schemes have been performed using the floating point
DSP, the TMS320C31 by Texas Instruments. The
sampling time for the acquisitions and for the
calculations has been set at 200ps. A PWM inverter
with IGBT transistors has been used. The switching
frequency is 5 kHz.The induction motor parameters are
prevented in Appendix
For comparison two cases are considered: high speed
reversal, and low speed operation.
In the first case a speed reference from 0 to 500 rpm, a
reversal from 500 to -500 rpm and a speed reference
from -500 to 0 rpm were selected. In all figures the
positions a), c) are related to this situation. The
experimental results using the Luenberger observer are
presented in Fig.2. and it can be seen that the dynamical
performances are very good, in spite of a very noisy
environment . The extended Kalman filter gives a better
time response Fig.3.a), and it is more reliable than the
Luenberger observer, as we expected for such noisy
environments.
At low speed operation was founded a minimum of
speed reference, for maintaining the control of induction
motor, at 2 Hz for Luenberger observers and around 1
Hz for Kalman filter. These results are presented in
Fig.2.b) and Fig.3.b).
The simulated results using the neural network
observer are presented in Fig.4. The dynamical
performances are very good and the delay between the
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0' I
05 1 'I 5 2 25
d)
c) Reference speed, real speed and estimated speed
(dashedline), detail during reversal; :timescale: 0. ls/div;
vertical scale: 200 rpddiv
d) Absolute value of rotor flux for 0.8Wb reference
during the speed reference presented in a); time scale:
O.Ss/div; vertical scale: 0.1Wb/div.
estimated and the real speed is very small. The neural
network has three hidden neurons, the learning rate was
q=5.5, and the momentum term tr=-0.06.
Further work will include the digital implementation of
these algorithms on fixed-point I)SP controllers.
6. Conclusions
The paper presented comparison among the sensorless
vector control schemes of the induction motor using the
Luenbeger observer, the Kal man filter and neural
networks. These methods are extremely interesting, as
they are able to increase the performance of the
sensorless systems in terms of low speed behavior,
dynamical and statical comportment However, for
industrial applications it is required that their
computational complexity is not very high compared to,
say, a classical field oriented system.
The experimental results presented in the paper
confirm that Luenberger and Kalman methods achieve a
performance comparable in most aspects with that of
direct field oriented drive. The most critical issue is of
course the low speed behavior, but both methods offer
reliable operation at a stator frequency of 2 Hz and
below in Kalman filter case.
While in normal conditions, there is no major
difference between the performarice of the two methods,
Luenberger algorithm can be very much simplified, so
that it does not require much more computational effort
compared to the standard direct field oriented drives. It is
expected that this will differentiate the two methods
fiom the point of view of industrial applications in the
near future. However, as the speed of the DSP
microcontrollers will increase, Kalman filter may be
reconsidered, as it offers a better performance in
extremely noisy environments and at low speed
operations.
 The neural networks have the ability to learn and REFERENCES
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