change these difficulties. Some aspects—such as larger, more complex antennas—may actually add to the difficulties. There are problems here that deserve to be solved, but they do not need a new generation of mobile technology. Massive Internet of Things The new 5G technology is seen as meeting the needs of an expected massive number of devices (sensors, actuators, cameras) that will be deployed to monitor or measure a wide range of different attributes. These specific use cases are identified in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Internet of Things Connectivity Requirements Use Cases Description Challenges Smart wearables _ For integrated sensors that can be Management of the used to measure environmental and devices and data health attributes, such as blood pressure, temperature, and heart rate Sensor networks To be used for metering; Device costs, battery environmental management (e.g., life, high density, wide pollution, noise measurements); range of devices, traffic control (e.g., traffic light transmission distances management) Mobile video To be used for surveillance on moving Need for reliable and surveillance transport (aircraft, cars, drones); by _secure networks security personnel to monitor events, buildings, etc.Source: NGMN Alliance 2015. The concept of the IoT was introduced in Chapter 3. IoT was shown that to be a highly valuable service, but one with relatively minimal data requirements. The question now is whether 5G is needed for IoT to materialize. There are many proposed solutions for IoT connectivity. They divide into cellular-based solutions and into noncellular solutions running in unlicensed frequency bands (and hence often termed “unlicensed solutions”). Within 4G there are two main solutions—LTE-Machine (LTE-M) and narrowband IoT (NB-IoT). In 2017, both of these were in trials in multiple countries, and many MNOs had committed to roll them out across their network. Unlicensed solutions include Sigfox, LoRa, Weightless, and Ingenu and are being deployed to varying extents around the world. It is hard to see a role for 5G. Solutions such as NB-IoT are well specified and should meet the foreseeable needs of IoT. LTE and 4G offer sufficient capacity and coverage. Deploying another IoT solution within 5G would add further expense for MNOs, requiring them to run multiple networks in parallel and threatening to confuse the marketplace. There are no unmet needs currently identified nor any new technology that would allow SG to offer a superior solution to 4G. In a major 5G debate (Cambridge Wireless 2016a,b), the knowledgeable audience were unanimous in their view that 5G would not introduce a new IoT solution but that it would encapsulate the existing 4G solutions. This was also the view that the 5G standards bodies appeared to be reaching in 2017. Of course, if 5G becomes just