Task 2

Module 1 Lesson 1: The Nature and Process of

Communication
From simple nodding of your head, stretching of hands, raising your eyebrows up
to your daily conversations with your friends over the phone, constant exchange of text
messages, and regular browsing in social networking sites, there are but some
examples of how humans communicate their thought, feelings, ideas, and insights.

NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a two-way process of connecting to both living and non-living
things. It is also a means of sharing and exchanging messages, information, ideas, and
feelings for mutual understanding.
1. Communication is a message understood
For communication to take place, we have to consider two conditions. First, there
should be a clear message. Second, the message must be understood by the receiver
for whom it is meant.
2. Communication is social interaction through messages.
We may say that “communication is a sharing of experience”. In our society, we
all interact with messages. Without interactions, a society cannot survive. Social
interaction is always through messages.

PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Sometimes, we are misunderstood due to the non-verbal actions that we project
or incorporate in our speech during face-to-face communication. Also, when we send
text or messages, we are misinterpreted because those messages are often brief and
devoid of emotions.
Communication begins when the speaker of communication responds to a
stimulus and decides to encode it in the form of a message through a particular channel
or means of communication. The receiver decodes the message send and responds
accordingly based on his interpretation of the message.

FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
Communication serves many purposes. Whether we are at homes, in school, at
work, or at play, we engage in communication. Some of its function is to inform, clarify,
question, inspire, understand, learn, express, confirm, clarify, promote, advise, and
many more.
Module 2 Lesson 1: Communication Models
Communication plays a crucial role in human life. It facilitates the sending and
receiving of knowledge and information. It allows people to develop various kinds of
social relationships. It provides an avenue for people to express their ideas, feelings,
thoughts, and insights.

MODEL OF COMMUNICATION PROCESS

a. Linear Communication
It is one-way, focusing on the transmission of a message to a receiver who never
responds or has no way of responding to the information conveyed.
Shannon-Weaver Model
It is considered as the mother of all communication models.
It starts from a source passing through a channel which may at times be
interrupted by noise to a receiver. The process stops after the message has arrived at
its destination.
b. Interactive Communication
Interactive approach is a two-way communication process where a response is
given after a message is sent. The recipient of the actions intentionally or unintentionally
gives a feedback associated with the information received.
Schramm Model
Feedback was added to the Shannon-Weaver Model. The recipient of the
message decodes it and creates a feedback based on his understanding of the
information sent and vice versa.
c. Transactional Model
In communication, there are tendencies that barriers would interfere which may
create a sudden impact and change in the processing of information.
The communicator encodes the message and transmits it through a channel.
The message transmitted may be affected by the noise. The receiver decodes,
processes, and filters the message for understanding and is now ready to give his own
feedback to the sender.
Transactional Communication Model
In this model, sender also encodes message and deliver it to the receiver, and
receiver also gives feedback. But in this model there is a barrier or noise that may
directly or indirectly affect the smooth flow of communication.
Module 3 Lesson 1: Communication Breakdown
Communication is a process of exchanging thoughts, ideas, and opinions in
order to connect with other people. However, there are times when this goal is not
reached due to certain factors. When this happens, there is communication breakdown
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATE
1. Physical Barriers are the natural or environmental conditions that act as a barrier
in communication in sending the message from sender to receiver.
2. Psychological Barriers are called mental barriers. These refer to social and
personal issues of a speaker towards communication with others.
3. Cultural Barriers pertain to communication problems encountered by people
regarding their intrinsic values, beliefs, and traditions in conflict with others.
4. Linguistic Barriers pertain conflicts with regard to language and word meanings.
Because words carry denotative and connotative meanings, they can sometimes
cause confusion and misunderstanding.
Verderber (1991)
1. External Noises are the “sights, sound and other stimuli that draw people’s
attention away from intended meaning”.
2. Internal Noises are the “thoughts and feelings that interfere with meaning”
3. Semantic Noise are the “alternate meanings aroused by a speaker’s symbols.”
This idea means that a word may have another meaning in the minds of the
students.
Module 3 Lesson 2: Various Strategies to Avoid
Communication Breakdown
Understanding the concept of communication breakdown and its causes, will
help us realize that failure in communication may be avoided through certain strategies
that we could adapt.

5 Ways to Avoid Communication Breakdown

1. Have Clarity of Thought Before Speaking
Arrange your thoughts before verbalizing them this can help you communicate
much more clearly and succinctly.
2. Learn to Listen
Not understanding those who are trying to communicate with will lead to a
conversation fraught with misunderstandings.
3. Take Care of your Body Language and Tone
Keep your emotions in check, try to maintain eye contact, and adopt a relaxed
tone when conversing with others.
4. Build up your Confidence by Asking for Feedback and Observing Others
Focus on improving your skills by practicing in front of those who you may feel
more comfortable with.
5. Communicate Face to Face on the Important Issues
Having that face to face dialogue means you can convey your point more clearly,
with your body language as well as your tone of voice.

Strategies to Avoid Communication Breakdown

1. Keep Focused
One way of being focused is to put in mind the purpose communication. As a
speaker identify your purpose for speaking and as a listener find the speaker’s
purpose thru his/her verbal and non-verbal cues.
2. Speak Intelligibly
Speaking intelligibly or clearly means using the appropriate speaking volume, pitch
rate, proper enunciation, stress, and acceptable pronunciation. We speak in order to
be understood.
3. Listen with your Ears and Eyes.
Pay attention to verbal and non-verbal messages. Effective communication depends
in what people say and how that says it.
4. Minimize Distraction
Look for a place where you can minimize distractions or noise like closed area,
empty room, or quiet places.
5. Be specific
Use simple and concise words as much as possible in delivering a message.
6. Do not Jump to Conclusion
Before you give your comments and judgement, be sure that you have listened
attentively to the speaker. Conclusion should be drawn after a thoroughly analysis of
point given for information received.

Tips on How to Avoid Communication Breakdown

1. Completeness – it is important to whole communication process. The speaker
should include everything that the receiver needs to fear, respond, react, or
evaluate properly
2. Conciseness – the message should direct or straight to the point and should be
expressed in the least possible number of words.
 3. Consideration – In order to be effective, the speaker should give high regard and
courtesy to audience’s background information such as his/her culture,
education, regions, status, mood, feelings, and needs.
4. Concreteness – Effective communication is backed up by facts, figures, and real-
life examples or situations.
5. Courtesy – The speaker can show respect to his/her receivers through
understanding their culture, values, and beliefs. The speaker can show respect to
the listeners by demonstrating an understanding of their beliefs, values, and
culture.
6. Clearness – It implies the use of simple and specific words to express ideas.
When the speaker focuses on specific ideas, it will not confuse the audience.
7. Correctness – Avoiding mistakes in grammar helps to boost the credibility and
effectiveness of the message, and at the same time it eliminates negative impact
on the audience.

Helpful Expressions to Avoid Communication Breakdown

Strategies to Avoid
Communication Breakdown
Use helpful expressions to gain “Really” . “Uhmm” , “Uh-huh” ,
time to think
Give positive remarks or
comments
Ask for repetition
Check for understanding
Helpful Expressions
“Anyway” , “Tell me more”
“Sounds good”
“I see what you mean”
“Can you please what you said?”
“What did you say again?”
“What did you mean, when you
say…”
“So, are you saying that…”
“So, what is your understanding of
this?”
Module 5: Type of Speech Context
SPEECH CONTEXT
“Context refers to the setting in which the communication takes place. Context
helps to establish meaning and can influence what is said and how it is said.”
TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal – this refers to a type of communication that is focused on one
person, where the speaker acts both as the sender and as the receiver of the
message.
2. Intrapersonal – this refers to the type of communication that takes place between
and among people and creates a personal relationship between and among
them.
Types of Interpersonal Communication
 Dyad Communication – communication that happens between two people.
 Small Group – this applies the interactions involving at least three but not
more than twelve people engage in face-to-face interactions to achieve
the desired goal.
3. Public – this type refers to a communication that enables you to send or deliver a
message before a crowd.
4. Mass Communication – this refers to communication through television, radio,
newspaper, magazines, books, billboards, the internet, and other types of media.
5.
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL BEHAVIOUR IN A SPEECH CONTEXT
When talking to your self
You might be familiar with the feeling of quietly talking to yourself in your mind, and it’s
normal – and good for you.
1. Use self-talk to your advantage: Cheering yourself up before an important event
or taking to yourself while completing a task are two perfect opportunities for self-
talk
2. Don’t overdo it: While it is normal to talk to yourself constantly, it is better not to
overuse yourself of doing so.
When talking to one person or a small group of people
Consoling your friend who is feeling down, or simply talking with your classmates
about your plans for a group activity is an example of a dyad and small group
communication.
1. Listen carefully – needless to say, this is the very basic foundation of effective
communication.
2. Check your tone and body language – the vocabulary of the body is more
revealing than the actual words you speak. So, watch your tone and body
language while you are talking.
3. When talking to the public – speaking in front of crowd requires many
preparations; from analysing your target audience, to planning and drafting your
speech up to the rehearsing part.
Module 6 Lesson 1: Types of Speeches
It is human nature to express thoughts and emotions. Thus, many speeches or
forms of communication in spoken language, made by a speaker before an audience,
have been created.
TYPES OF SPEECHES
1. According to Purpose
a. Informative or expository speech – is mainly performed for the purpose of
educating the audience on new or relevant piece of information on a particular
topic.
b. Persuasive speech – is given solely for the purpose of convincing the
audience to agree with the speaker’s opinion in a particular topic.
c. Entertainment speech – aims to share laughter and enjoyment to the
audience through witty and humorous lines
2. According to Delivery
a. Manuscript Speech – is the word-for-word iteration of a written message
using visual aids.
b. Memorized Speech – is the rote recitation of a written message that the
speaker has committed to memory.
c. Extemporaneous Speech – is the presentation of a carefully planned and
rehearsed speech, spoken in conversational manner using brief notes.
d. Impromptu Speech – is the presentation of a short message without advance
preparation and is for people knowledgeable about the subject.
Module 6 Lesson 2: Types of Speech Style
The way we communicate varies depending on a lot of factors such as the
speech context, speech purpose, and speech delivery.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
1. Intimate
- Used for every close relationship
- Note: language used in this style may not be shared in public
2. Casual
- Is an informal communication between groups and peers who have
something to share and have shared background information but not have
close relations
- Note: Jargon, slang, and vernacular language are used
3. Consultative
- Is used in semi-formal and standard communication
- Note: professional or mutually acceptable language is a must in this style
4. Formal
- Is a one-way straightforward speech
- Note: what the speaker says is something that has been prepared
beforehand.
5. Frozen
- Is the most formal communicative style that is usually used during solemn
ceremonies and events
- Note: it does not require any feedback from the audience
Module 7: Types of Speech Act
A speech act is an utterance that a speaker makes to achieve an intended effect.
Speech acts are performed when a person offers an apology, greetings, request,
complaint, invitation compliment, or refusal.
TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
1. Locutionary act is the actual act of uttering or saying something.
For the utterances to be a Locutionary Act, consider the following:
 It has sense, and mostly importantly, for communication to take place.
 It has the same meaning to both the speaker and the listener.
 Utterances give rise to shared meaning when it is adjusted by the speaker
for the listener.
2. Illocutionary act, it is not just saying something itself but with the act of saying
something with the intention of:
 Stating an opinion, conforming, or denying something;
 Making a prediction, a promise, a request;
 Issuing an order or a decision; or
 Giving advice or permission
3. Perlocutionary act refers to the consequent effect of what was said.
This is seen when a particular effect is sought from either the speaker of the
listener, or both. The response may not necessarily be physical or verbal and is
elicited by:
 Inspiring or insulting
 Persuading/ convincing; or
 Deterring/ scaring

SEARLE’S CLASSIFICATION OF SPEECH ACT

1. Assertive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses belief about
the truth of a proposition. Some examples of an assertive act are suggesting,
putting forward, swearing, boasting and concluding.
2. Directive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker tries to make the
addressee perform an action. Some examples of a directive act are asking,
ordering, requesting, inviting, advising, and begging.
3. Commissive – a type of illocutionary act which commits the speaker to doing
something in the future. Examples of a commissive act are promising, planning,
vowing, and betting.
4. Expessive – a type of illocutionary act in which the speaker expresses his./her
feeling or emotional reactions. Some examples of an expressive act are
thanking, apologizing, welcoming and deploring.
5. Declaration – a type of illocutionary act which brings a change in the external
situations. Some examples of declarations are blessing, firing, baptizing, bidding,
passing a sentence, and excommunicating.