ASSALAMUALAIKUM !

I am ABDUL MUQEET
I am working as Assistant Manager
(Procurement & Contract Management) NTDC.
3rd Sector Specific Course
TSG Training Centre, NKLP Lahore
Roll # 21
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POWER SYSTEM
PROTECTION SCHEMES
SEQUENCE OF PRESENTATION
▪ Introduction
▪ Why protection is needed
▪ Functions of Protection
Equipment
▪ Required Information for
Protective Setting
▪ Principles and elements of the
protection system
▪ Functions of Protective Relays
▪ Basic protection schemes
▪ Book Review
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FUNDAMENTALS
INTRODUCTION

▪ Composition of Power System

▪ Protection of Power System

▪ Behavior under Faulty Conditions

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WHY PROTECTION IS NEEDED
▪ Protection of Human Life and assets

▪ Protection of Power System

▫ Small disturbances

▫ Severe disturbances
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A TYPICAL POWER SYSTEM

▪ Here you have a list of items

▪ And some text
▪ But remember not to overload your slides with
content
Your audience will listen to you or read the
content, but won’t do both.

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FAULT CLEARANCE TIMES

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OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

▪ DEPENDABILITY : Trip when you should

▪ SECURITY: Don’t trip when you shouldn’t
▪ SPEED OF OPERATION
▪ SELECTIVITY
▪ SINGLE FAILURE CRITERION
▪ ECONOMICS: Don’t break the bank
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FUNCTIONS OF PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
▪ Ensure optimal power quality to customers;
▪ Minimize damage to the primary plant;
▪ Prevent damage to healthy equipment that conducts
fault current during faults;
▪ Restore supply over the remaining healthy network;
▪ Sustain stability and integrity of the power system;
▪ Limit safety hazard to the power utility personnel and
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the public.
REQUIRED INFORMATION FOR PROTECTIVE SETTING
▪ Single-line diagram of the system or area involved
▪ Line Parameters

▫ Line Length and Conductor length

▫ Maximum load current or apparent power (MVA)

▫ The number of conductors in a bundle 11

REQUIRED INFORMATION FOR PROTECTIVE SETTING
▪ Transformer Parameters

▪ Terminal Equipment Rating

▪ Fault Studies

▪ CT & VT Ratios
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REQUIRED INFORMATION FOR PROTECTIVE SETTING

▪ Checking for CT Saturation

▪ CTs for Transformer Differential Protection

▪ CTs for Transformer Restricted Earth Fault (REF)

Protection:
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PROTECTIVE RELAYS
FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF PROTECTIVE RELAYS
▪ To achieve maximum flexibility, relays is designed
using the concept of functional elements which
include protection elements, control elements, input
and output contacts etc.
▪ Protection element measures system quantities such
as voltages and currents and compares these
quantities or their combination against a threshold
setting pickup values). 15
SEQUENCE OF PROTECTION OPERATION

Operation Assertion
Pick up of
of of Relay
Fault Protection
Protection Trip Logic
Element
Element Signal

Action of
Fault CB
Relay Trip
Cleared Opening
Contact

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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF RELAYS
Protective relays respond and operate according to
defined operating characteristic and applied settings.

Each type of protective relay has distinctive operating

characteristic to achieve implementation objective:
sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and adequate speed of
operation.
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OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS OF RELAYS
Basic operating characteristics of protective elements
are as follows:
▪ Overcurrent protection function
▪ Directional function
▪ Distance protection function
▪ Differential protection function

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PROTECTION SCHEMES
OBJECTIVES OF PROTECTION SCHEME
▪ Function

▪ Purpose of Protection System

▪ Types of Protection Relays

▫ Primary Protection
▫ Backup Protection
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OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME
▪ An overcurrent condition occurs when the maximum
continuous load current permissible for a particular
piece of equipment is exceeded.

▪ The biggest area of concern for over-current

protection is how to achieve selectivity.

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OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME

▪ Uses current to determine magnitude of fault

▪ Simple
▪ May employ definite time or inverse time curves
▪ May be slow
▪ Selectivity at the cost of speed
▪ Inexpensive
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OVERCURRENT PROTECTION SCHEME

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DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION SCHEME
▪ Selectivity can be achieved by using directional
elements in conjunction with instantaneous or
definite-time overcurrent elements.

▪ Directional overcurrent protection schemes respond

to faults in only one direction which allows the relay to
be set in coordination with other relays downstream
from the relay location. 24
DIRECTIONAL PROTECTION SCHEME

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DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME
▪ Uses voltage and current to determine impedance of
fault
▪ Set on impedance [R-X] plane
▪ Impedance related to distance from relay
▪ Complicated
▪ Fast
▪ Expensive
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DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME

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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME
▪ Current in = Current out
▪ Simple
▪ Very fast
▪ Very defined clearing area
▪ Expensive
▪ Practical distance limitations
▪ Line differential systems overcome this using digital
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communications
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION SCHEME

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Book
Review

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FUNDAMENTALS OF POWER SYSTEM PROTECTION

▪ Y. G. PAITHANKAR
▪ S. R. BHIDE

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About The Author: Y. G. Paithankar
▪ Y. G. Paithankar was a Professor and Head of
Department at Visvesvaraya National Institute
of Technology, Nagpur. The other book
authored by him is titled Transmission Network
Protection: Theory and Practice. Y. G.
Paithankar has a rich experience of over 30
years in the field of power systems. Of the
many papers he has published in journals,
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fifteen have appeared in international journals.
About The Author: S. R. Bhide

▪ S. R. Bhide is an Associate Professor in the

Electrical Engineering department at
Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology,
Nagpur. Bhide has nearly three decades of
teaching experience. His research interest is
applying techniques of Artificial Intelligence to
power system protection schemes.
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34
35
A Sneak Peek into the Book

▪ The book is focused on teaching the fundamental

concepts and the related design aspects of
protective relay schemes. Written in a simple, clear
and down-to-earth style, this state-of-the-art text
offers protection engineers a stimulating
presentation that is both friendly and refreshingly
simple. 36
A Sneak Peek into the Book
▪ The job of the protection engineer is to devise such
schemes where closest possible match between the
fault characteristics and the tripping characteristics
is obtained.
▪ CTs and PTs are the ‘eyes’ and the ‘ears’ of the
protection system while the protective relays and the
circuit breakers are the ‘brain’ and the ‘brawn’ of the
system. 37
A Sneak Peek into the Book
▪ Whenever a tripping takes place it has all the
elements of intrigue, drama, and suspense. A lot of
detective work is usually undertaken to understand
the reason behind the tripping. It needs to be
established why the relay has tripped. Whether it
should have tripped at all. What and where was the
fault? These are some of the questions required to be
answered.
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Review and Recommendations

▪ Evolution of Power Systems

▪ Isolated Power System

▪ Interconnected Power System

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Review and Recommendations
▪ ‘Fundamentals of Power System Protection’ by
Paithankar and Bhide provides an excellent founding
stone for students as well as professionals. The
underlying concepts of complex power systems and
their co-relation with rudimentary protection equipment
has been described in an easy to understand manner. I
strongly recommend this book to all the colleagues and
personally look forward to revising some more concepts
from this book. 40
Credits

Special thanks to all the people who made and

released these awesome resources for free:
▪ Presentation template by SlidesCarnival
▪ E-Book by easyengineering.net
▪ Fundamentals of Power System Planning by Y.
G. Paithankar, S. R. Bhide
▪ Understanding of complex topics by Mr. Bilal
Ahmed Khan, AM (P&C) NTDC 41
Thanks!
Any questions?
You can find me at:
abmuqeet@ntdc.com.pk

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