Statistics
Statistics is the study of the collection, organisation, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data.
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, Mode and Median
Relationship Among Mean, Median and Mode
Mode = 3 × Median – 2 × Mean
Mean of Grouped Data Modal Class
To calculate the mean of grouped data, we In a grouped frequency distribution,
have three methods. we locate a class with the maximum
frequency. This class is called modal
class.
1. Direct Method Firstly, find the class
mark xi for each class interval. Then, Mode of Grouped Data
mean, x– =
Σ fi xi , where, x is class mark and f is In grouped data, mode is a value
Σ fi i i inside the modal class and it is given
the frequency corresponding to the class by the formula
mark xi. f1 – f0
Mode = + ×h
2f1 – f0 – f2
where, l = lower limit of the modal class
2. Assumed Mean Method
Σ fi di h = size of the class interval
Mean, x– = a +
Σ fi f1 = frequency of the modal class
where, a = assumed mean, fi = frequency f0 = frequency of the class preceding
corresponding to each xi , di = xi – a for the modal class
each i. f2 = frequency of the class succeeding
the modal class
3. Step Deviation Method Cumulative Frequency Curve or
Σ fi ui Ogive
Mean, –x = a + ×h
Σ fi The term ‘Ogive’ is pronounced as
where, a = assumed mean, fi = frequency ‘ojeev’ and is derived from the word
ogee. An ogee is a shape consisting of
corresponding to each xi, h = class a concave arc flowing into a convex
x – a
width, ui = i arc.
h
Less than Type Ogive Median from Cumulative
In this type, an ogive is cumulated upward.
Frequency Curve
Mark the actual upper class limits along Locate n/ 2 on the y-axis and draw a
the x-axis, cumulative frequency of line parallel to x-axis from this point,
respective classes along the y-axis and plot cutting the curve at a point. From this
the points (upper limits, corresponding cf ) point, draw a perpendicular to the
on graph paper and join them by a free x-axis. The x-coordinate of point of
hand smooth curve. intersection of this perpendicular with
the x-axis gives the median of the data.
Median
Median is defined as the middle most or
the central value of the variable in a set of
observations, when the observations are
arranged either in ascending or descending
order of their magnitudes.
Median of Grouped Data
Firstly, find the class whose cumulative
frequency is greater than (or nearest to) n/2.
This class is called median class. Then,
n
— – cf
Median = + 2 ×h
f
where, l = lower limit of median class
n = number of observations
cf = cumulative frequency of class
preceding the median class
f = frequency of the median class
h = class width (assuming class size to be
equal)
Cumulative Frequency
It is defined as a consecutive sum of
frequencies. Cumulative frequency can
also be defined as the sum of all previous
frequencies upto the current point.
More than Type Ogive
In this type, an ogive is cumulated
downward. Mark the actual lower limits
along the x-axis, cumulative frequency of
respective classes along the y-axis and plot
the points (lower limits, corresponding cf)
on graph paper and join them by a free
hand smooth curve.