𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚é𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎

∞
1
∑ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛 |𝑎| < 1
1−𝑎
𝑛=0

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑚ó𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎
∞
1
∑ → 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑛
𝑛=1

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝
∞
1
∑ → 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖 0 < 𝑝 ≤ 1, 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑝 > 1
𝑛𝑝
𝑛=1
∞
1 𝜋2
∑ = → 𝑆𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑒𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑟
𝑛2 6
𝑛=1

𝑆𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑎𝑠
𝑠𝑖 𝑏𝑛+1 = 𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛
∞

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑠 ∑ 𝑏𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑐ó𝑝𝑖𝑐𝑎

𝑛=1

𝑦 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑛 → 0
𝑦 𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑚á𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎
𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙
𝑁

∑ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 + ⋯ + 𝑏𝑁 = (𝑎1 − 𝑎0 ) + (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 ) + (𝑎3 − 𝑎2 ) + ⋯ + (𝑎𝑁 − 𝑎𝑁−1 )

𝑛=1
= 𝑎𝑁 − 𝑎0
𝑠𝑖 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜
∞

∑ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑏1 + 𝑏2 + 𝑏3 + ⋯ = (𝑎1 − 𝑎0 ) + (𝑎2 − 𝑎1 ) + (𝑎3 − 𝑎2 ) + ⋯ = −𝑎0

𝑛=1

𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜:
1
∑
𝑛2 +𝑛
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 𝐴 𝐵
= +
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛 + 1 𝑛
 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑎
1 = 𝐴𝑛 + 𝐵(𝑛 + 1)
𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = 0, 𝐵 = 1, 𝑠𝑖 𝑛 = −1, 𝐴 = −1
1 1 1
=− +
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛+1 𝑛
𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
1 1 1 1 1
∑ = ∑ (− + ) = −∑( − )
𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 𝑛+1 𝑛 𝑛+1 𝑛
1
𝑠𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑛 = →0
𝑛
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛

− ∑(𝑎𝑛+1 − 𝑎𝑛 )

1 1 1 1
−∑( − ) = − (− ) = = 1
𝑛+1 𝑛 1 1

𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒

𝑆𝑒𝑎 ∑ 𝑦𝑚 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒, 𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑐ℎ𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛

𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝜙 𝑏𝑖𝑦𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝜙(𝑛) = 𝑚

𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜
𝑥𝜙(𝑛) = 𝑦𝑚

𝑇𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 ℝ, 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑜 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜

𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥 𝑒𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟 𝑎 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑠𝑒𝑎 ∑ 𝑦𝑚 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜

𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑝𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∑ 𝑦𝑚 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎 𝑥

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝜖 > 0 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑁(𝜖) ∈ ℕ 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑠𝑖 𝑛 > 𝑚 ≥ 𝑁 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑛

∑ |𝑥𝑗 | < 𝜖 𝑦 |𝑥 − 𝑠𝑥 𝑛 | < 𝜖 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒 𝑠𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑛 − é𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙

𝑗=𝑚+1

𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑀 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑜 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑥𝑁 ≤ 𝑠𝑦𝑚 . 𝑆𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑙 ≥ 𝑀
 𝑠𝑦𝑚 − 𝑠𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑥𝑘 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑘 > 𝑁 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑞

𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 |𝑠𝑦𝑚 − 𝑠𝑥𝑛 | ≤ ∑ |𝑥𝑘 | < 𝜖 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝜙(𝑞) = 𝑚

𝑘=𝑛+1

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠

|𝑠𝑦𝑚 − 𝑥| = |𝑠𝑦𝑚 − 𝑠𝑥𝑛 + 𝑠𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥| ≤ |𝑠𝑦𝑚 − 𝑠𝑥𝑛 | + |𝑠𝑥𝑛 − 𝑥| < 𝜖 + 𝜖 = 2𝜖

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 𝜖 > 0 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑦𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∑ 𝑦𝑚 = 𝑥

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑛 𝑒 𝑦𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑙𝑔ú𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝐾 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒
0 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑦𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 ∑ 𝑦𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑦 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎

𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 ∑ 𝑦𝑛

𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑆𝑢𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑦𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝜖 > 0, 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑁(𝜖) ∈ ℕ 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑠𝑖
𝑚 > 𝑛 ≥ sup{𝐾, 𝑁(𝜖)} 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
|𝑥𝑛+1 + 𝑥𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑥𝑚 | ≤ |𝑦𝑛+1 + 𝑦𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑚 | < 𝜖

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑙í𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑦𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠
𝑥𝑛
(𝑖) 𝑠𝑖 lim ≠ 0 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑦 𝑠ó𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑛 𝑙𝑜 𝑒𝑠
𝑛→∞ 𝑦𝑛

(𝑖𝑖) 𝑆𝑖 𝑒𝑙 𝑙í𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑦 ∑ 𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝑥𝑛
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑜 lim ≠ 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑙 > 0
𝑛→∞ 𝑦𝑛

𝑠𝑖 𝑙 > 1
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
0 ≤ 𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑙𝑦𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁
𝑃𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑙 𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝜖 > 0 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑁(𝜖) 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑠𝑖 𝑛 ≥ 𝑁 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑥𝑛
| − 𝑙| < 𝜖
𝑦𝑛
𝑥𝑛
−𝜖 < −𝑙 <𝜖 →
𝑦𝑛
𝑥𝑛
𝑙−𝜖 < <𝑙+𝜖 →
𝑦𝑛
𝑦𝑛 𝑙 − 𝑦𝑛 𝜖 < 𝑥𝑛 < 𝑦𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑦𝑛 𝜖
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑥𝑛 < 𝑦𝑛 𝑙 + 𝑦𝑛 𝜖
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑟 𝜖 > 0 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑜
𝑥𝑛 ≤ 𝑙𝑦𝑛

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑠𝑖 𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖 ∑ 𝑦𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑜:
𝐷𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
1
∑ sin2 ( )
𝑛
1
𝑁𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑒 ∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑖 𝑎𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙í𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑠
𝑛2
 1 1 1
sin2 (𝑛) sin (𝑛) sin (𝑛)
lim = ( lim ) ( lim )=1≠0
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞ 1
𝑛2 𝑛 𝑛
1
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ sin2 ( )
𝑛
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎í𝑧:
𝑎) 𝑆𝑖 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑜𝑠 ℝ 𝑦 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜 𝑟 < 1 𝑦 𝑢𝑛 𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐾 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒
1
|𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 ≤ 𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎

1
𝑏) 𝑠𝑖 |𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 ≥ 1 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒

1
𝑠𝑖 |𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 = 1 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑦𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
1
𝑆𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 |𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 ≤ 𝑟 → |𝑥𝑛 | ≤ 𝑟 𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾
𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑜 0 < 𝑟 < 1

∑ |𝑥𝑛 | ≤ ∑ 𝑟 𝑛 → 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝑏) 𝑆𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎 𝑎𝑛á𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑎
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑧ó𝑛 𝑜 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 ∶ 𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑥𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑒 0
𝑎) 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑟 < 1 𝑦 𝑢𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝐾 ∈ ℕ 𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑥𝑛+1
| | ≤ 𝑟 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒
𝑥𝑛
𝑏) 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑠 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑎 1 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛:
𝑆𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
𝑥𝑛+1
| | ≤ 𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑥𝑛
|𝑥𝑛+1 | ≤ 𝑟|𝑥𝑛 | ≤ 𝑟 2 |𝑥𝑛−1 | ≤ 𝑟 3 |𝑥𝑛−2 | …

𝑆𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒
|𝑥𝑛+𝑚 | ≤ 𝑟 𝑚 |𝑥𝑛 | 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑚 ≥ 1 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾
 𝐷𝑒𝑗𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑓𝑖𝑗𝑜 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾
ℎ𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑒𝑛 𝑚
∞ ∞

∑ |𝑥𝑛+𝑚 | ≤ ∑ 𝑟 𝑚 |𝑥𝑛 | → 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑚=1 𝑚=1

𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑥𝑛+1
𝑏) 𝑆𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒: | | > 1 → |𝑥𝑛+1 | > |𝑥𝑛 |
𝑥𝑛
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑦 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑒 0
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑝𝑢𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑎 0
𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑛𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎 0 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒

∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛 2 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑦 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑧𝑜𝑛 𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒

1
lim |𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 = 𝑟 < 1 → 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒
𝑛→∞

|𝑥𝑛+1 |
lim = 𝑟 < 1 → 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒
𝑛→∞ |𝑥𝑛 |

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙:
𝑆𝑒𝑎 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛 𝑑𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑜 𝑡 ∈ [1, ∞).

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 ∑ 𝑓(𝑛) 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑖 𝑦 𝑠ó𝑙𝑜 𝑠𝑖 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑎

∞ 𝑛
∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = lim (∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡) 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒
1 𝑛→∞ 1

𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛: 𝑃𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑓 𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑎 𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜 [𝑘 − 1, 𝑘]

𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠
𝑠𝑖 𝑚 = 𝑓(𝑘) 𝑦 𝑀 = 𝑓(𝑘 − 1) 𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑡𝑜𝑑𝑎 𝑡 ∈ [𝑘 − 1, 𝑘]
𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑒
𝑚 ≤ 𝑓(𝑡) ≤ 𝑀
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑟 1 = [𝑘 − (𝑘 − 1)] = Δ𝑘
𝑚 ≤ 𝑓(𝑡)Δ𝑘 ≤ 𝑀
𝑆𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑒:
 𝑘
𝑓(𝑘) ≤ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑓(𝑘 − 1)
𝑘−1

𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑒 𝑘 = 2 ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑎 𝑛

𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑓(𝑘) ≤ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ ∑ 𝑓(𝑘 − 1)

𝑘=2 1 𝑘=2

𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑎 𝑠𝑖 𝑙 = 𝑘 − 1

𝑂𝑏𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠
𝑛
𝑠𝑛 − 𝑓(1) ≤ ∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑠𝑛−1
1

𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒
𝑛
lim (𝑠𝑛 − 𝑓(1)) ≤ lim (∫ 𝑓(𝑡)𝑑𝑡) ≤ lim 𝑠𝑛−1
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑖𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑖ó𝑛 𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑎𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑠

𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑜 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝
1
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑥𝑛 =
𝑛𝑝
𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
𝑛
1
𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑒 lim ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑡𝑝

𝑠𝑖 𝑝 = 1
𝑛
1 𝑛
lim ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = lim ln (𝑡) | = lim (ln (𝑛)) = ∞ → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑡𝑝 𝑛→∞ 1 𝑛→∞

1
𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 ∑ 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑛
𝑠𝑖 ´𝑝 ≠ 1

𝑛 1
1 1 1−𝑝 𝑛 1 1−𝑝 𝑠𝑖 𝑝 > 1
lim ∫ 𝑑𝑡 = lim 𝑡 | = lim (𝑛 − 1) = {𝑝 − 1
𝑛→∞ 1 𝑡 𝑝 𝑛→∞ 1 − 𝑝 1 1 − 𝑝 𝑛→∞
∞ 𝑠𝑖 𝑝 < 1

𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑢𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑝 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 0 < 𝑝 ≤ 1 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑝 > 1

𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑎𝑏𝑒
𝑎) 𝑆𝑖 𝑥𝑛 𝑒𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑎 𝑠𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑖ó𝑛 𝑑𝑒 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑑𝑒 0 𝑦 𝑠𝑖 𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒 𝑢𝑛 𝑛ú𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑎 > 1
𝑦 𝐾 ∈ ℕ 𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑞𝑢𝑒
 |𝑥𝑛+1 | 𝑎
≤ 1 − 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑛 ≥ 𝐾
|𝑥𝑛 | 𝑛

𝐸𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 ∑ 𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒

𝑆𝑖 𝑠𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑦𝑜𝑟 𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑒𝑛 𝑙𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑑𝑎𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖ó𝑛:

|𝑥𝑛+1 |
𝑎 ≔ lim (𝑛 (1 − ))
𝑛→∞ |𝑥𝑛 |

𝑠𝑖 𝑎 > 1 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒, 𝑠𝑖 𝑎 < 1 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒

𝐸𝑗𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑜: 𝐴𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑎𝑟 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒:
(𝑛!)2
∑ , ∑ 𝑛𝑛 𝑒 −𝑛
(2𝑛)!
𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑧ó𝑛
(2𝑛 + 2)! = (2𝑛 + 2)(2𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛)!
2
((𝑛 + 1)!)
𝑥𝑛+1 (2(𝑛 + 1)!) (2𝑛)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)! (𝑛 + 1)2 𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1 1
= 2 = = = 2
→ <1
𝑥𝑛 (𝑛!) 𝑛! 𝑛! (2𝑛 + 2)! (2𝑛 + 2)(2𝑛 + 1) 4𝑛 + 6𝑛 + 2 4
(2𝑛)!
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠:
(𝑛!)2
∑ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
(2𝑛)!
𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑎 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒
𝑑𝑎𝑑𝑜 𝑛 𝑦 𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑜𝑠 𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑙𝑜𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑠
𝑛 𝑛
𝑥𝑛 = ( )
𝑒
𝐴𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜 𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜 𝑑𝑒 𝑙𝑎 𝑟𝑎í𝑧
1 𝑛
𝑟 = lim |𝑥𝑛 |𝑛 = lim → 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒
𝑛→∞ 𝑛→∞ 𝑒

𝑃𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑎 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒