Terminology Group Project

Analysis of investment terms

Participants:
Borsh Anastasia
Vafina Julia
Galyanova Ksenia
Prikazchikova Polina
 Content
1. The thematic classification of the terms.....................................................................................3
2. Etymology............................................................................................................................. 6
3. Word-Building..................................................................................................................... 16
4. Morphological and structural features of terms.........................................................................19
5. Nuclear group of terms..........................................................................................................25
6. Hypernym/hyponym relationships...........................................................................................27
7. Polysemy............................................................................................................................. 30
7. Synonyms and antonyms.......................................................................................................39
8. Glossary............................................................................................................................... 40
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................................................ 61
 1. The thematic classification of the terms

Indicators

Ratio Index Measure

 Dividend payout ratio  Nasdaq index  Volatility

 Earnings-per-share  Dow jones index  Yield
 Price to earnings ratio  Profitability Index  Alpha
 Management expense ratio  Gross Present Value  Beta
 Rate of Return  Net Present Value  Delta
 Weight Average Cost of Capital  Liquidity
 Working Capital Ratio
 Quick Ratio
 Debt-Equity Ratio
 Return on Equity
 Return on Assets
 Prime rate
 Turnover Ratio
 Operating Margin
 Interest Coverage Ratio

Securities & Assets (Process Security)

Виды Активы Отчетность

 Stocks  Assets  Income statement

 Shares  Blue chips  Balance sheet
 Bonds  Day order
 Obligations  Equity
 Warrant  Fixed income securities
 Futures  Good till cancelled order
 Securities  Limit order
 Commodities  Market order
 Option  Portfolio
 Derivatives
 Process Accompanying results of the process

 Asset allocation  Capital gain

 Diversification  Capital loss
 Fundamental analysis  Profit-taking
 Risk  Dividends
 Hedging  Load
 Technical analysis  Benchmark error
 Active management process  Unrealized income
 Passive Management Process  Investment income
 Portfolio performance management  Expected return on investment
 Investment Decision
 Leverage
 Risk Aversion
 Risk Management Process
 Market risk
 Liquidity risk
 Concentration risk
 Credit risk
 Reinvestment risk
 Inflation risk
 Horizon risk
 Longevity risk
 Foreign investment risk

Strategy Financial Strategies

 Dividend reinvestment plan  Ask price

 Value investing  Bid price
 Growth investing  Spread bid price
 Momentum Investing  Initial public offerings
 Dollar-Cost Averaging
 Registered Education Savings Plan
 Registered Retirement Savings Plan
 Short Position
 Long position
 Market timing

Participants
Individuals and Legal Entities Markets Funds

 Investor  Bear market  Canadian investor protection fund

 Stag  Bull market  Exchange trade market
 Bull  Over the counter  Index fund
 Bear  Primary market  Mutual fund
 Speculator  Secondary market  Trust fund
 Broker\dealer  Forward market  Balanced fund
 Supplier  Swap market  Equity fund
 Trader  Hedge fund
 Face-amount Certificate
Companies
 Pinocchio traders
 Bucketeer
 Unit Investment Trusts
 Portfolio manager

Securities

Types of securities

Equity securities Debt securities Derivatives

Stocks  Shares Bonds  Treasury bill  Futures

 Sin stock  Assets  Non-rated bond  Loan stock  Warrant
 Smell cap  Perpetual bond  Option
stock  Puttable bond  Commodity
 Secure bond
 Zero-coupon bond

Securities

Method of income generation Position (Order)

Fixed income  Dividends  Good till cancelled order

 Corporate bond  Interest  Limit order
 Convertible bond  Margin  Market order
 High-yield bond  Stop order
 Junk bond
 Callable bond
 2. Etymology
Latin
Dividend (n.) - early 15c., divident, "that which serves as a barrier;"c. 1500, "act
of dividing;" from Latin dividendum "thing to be divided," neuter gerundive of
dividere "to force apart; to distribute". From late 15c. as "portion or share of
anything to be divided." Sense of "sum to be divided into equal parts" is from
1620s, hence "portion of interest on a loan, stock, etc." Mathematical sense
"number or quantity which is to be divided by another" is from 1540s (perhaps
immediately from French dividend "a number divided by
another"). Related: Dividends.
Management (n.) - 1590s, "act of managing by direction or manipulation," from
manage + -ment. Sense of "act of man aging by physical manipulation" is from
1670s. Meaning "governing body, directors of an undertaking collectively"
(originally of a theater) is from 1739.
Ratio (n.) - 1630s, "reason, rationale," from Latin ratio "reckoning, numbering,
calculation; business affair, procedure," also "reason, reasoning, judgment,
understanding," from rat-, past participle stem of reri "to reckon, calculate," also
"think" (from PIE root *re- "to reason, count"). Mathematical sense "relation
between two similar magnitudes in respect to quantity," measured by the number
of times one contains the other is attested from 1650s.
Index (n.) - late 14c., "the forefinger," from Latin index (genitive indicis) "one
who points out, discloser, discoverer, informer; forefinger (because used in
pointing); pointer, sign; title, inscription, list," literally "anything which points
out," from indicare "to point out," from in- "into, in, on, upon" (from PIE root *en
"in") + dicare "proclaim" (from PIE root *deik- "to show," also "pronounce
solemnly," and see diction). Related: Indexical. Obsolete in English in its original
sense (index finger is recorded from 1768). Meaning "alphabetical list of a book's
contents with directions where in the text to find them" is from late 16c., from
Latin phrases such as Index Nominum "Index of Names." Meaning "object serving
as a pointer on an instrument, hand of a clock or watch" is from 1590s. Scientific
sense (refractive index, etc.) is from 1829, from notion of "an indicator." Economic
sense (cost-of-living index, etc.) is from 1870, from the scientific usage.
Liquidity (n.) - 1610s, "quality of being liquid," from Late Latin liquiditatem
(nominative liquiditas) "liquidity," from Latin liquidus (see liquid (adj.)). Meaning
"quality of being financially liquid" is from 1897. Earlier in the literal sense was
liquidness (1520s).
Capital (n) - 1610s, "a person's wealth," from Medieval Latin capitale "stock,
property," noun use of neuter of Latin capitalis "capital, chief, first" (see capital
(adj.)). From 1640s as "the wealth employed in carrying on a particular business,"
then, in a broader sense in political economy, "that part of the produce of industry
which is available for further production" (1793).
Diversification (n.) - "act of changing forms or qualities," c. 1600, noun of action
from Medieval Latin diversificare "to diversify" (see diversify). Economic sense,
in reference to the spread of production over a variety of services or articles, is
attested from 1939, later of the spread of investments over a variety of enterprises.
Investment (n.) - 1590s, "act of putting on vestments" (a sense now found in
investiture); later "act of being invested with an office, right, endowment, etc."
(1640s); and "surrounding and besieging" of a military target (1811); from invest +
-ment. Commercial sense of "an investing of money or capital" is from 1610s,
originally in reference to the East India Company; general use is from 1740 in the
sense of "conversion of money to property in hopes of profit," and by 1837 in the
sense "amount of money invested." For evolution of the commercial senses, see
invest.
Investor (n.) - 1580s, "one who clothes;" 1862, "one who invests money," agent
noun from invest.
Analysis (n.) - 1580s, "resolution of anything complex into simple elements"
(opposite of synthesis), from Medieval Latin analysis (15c.), from Greek analysis
"solution of a problem by analysis," literally "a breaking up, a loosening,
releasing," noun of action from analyein "unloose, release, set free; to loose a ship
from its moorings," in Aristotle, "to analyze," from ana "up, back, throughout" (see
ana-) + lysis "a loosening," from lyein "to unfasten" (from PIE root *leu- "to
loosen, divide, cut apart"). Meaning "statement presenting results of an analytic
process" is from 1660s. Psychological sense is from 1890. English also formerly
had a noun analyse (1630s), from French analyse, from Medieval Latin analysis.
Phrase in the final (or last) analysis (1844), translates French en dernière analyse.
Payout (n.) - "fact or act of paying out," 1904, from the verbal phrase (mid-15c.);
see pay (v.) + out (adv.). Originally in reference to oil wells that produced enough
to justify the expense of drilling them.
Speculator (n.) - 1550s, "one who engages in mental speculation," from Latin
speculator "a looker-out, spy, scout, explorer; investigator, examiner," agent noun
from speculari (see speculation). The financial sense is from 1778. Formerly also
"observer, onlooker," especially "an occult seer" (1650s). Fem. form speculatrix
attested from 1610s. Related: Speculatory.
Bill (n.1) - "written statement," late 14c., "formal document; formal plea or charge
(in a court of law); personal letter," from Anglo-French bille, Anglo-Latin billa "a
writing, a list, a seal," from Medieval Latin bulla "decree, seal, sealed document,"
in classical Latin "bubble, boss, stud, amulet for the neck" (hence "seal"); see bull
(n.2). Sense of "written statement detailing articles sold or services rendered by
one person to another" is from c. 1400; that of "order addressed to one person to
pay another" is from 1570s. Meaning "paper intended to give public notice of
something, exhibited in a public place" is from late 15c. Sense of "paper money,
bank-note" is from 1660s. Meaning "draft of a proposed statute presented to a
legislature" is from 1510s.
Futures (n.) - "goods sold on agreement for future delivery," 1880, from future
(n.) in a financial sense "speculative purchase or sale of stock or other commodities
for future delivery."
Trader (n.) - "dealer, trafficker, one engaged in commerce," 1580s, agent noun
from trade (v.).
 French
Price (n.) or a variant of prize (v.) or from Old French prisier, a variant of preisier
"to value, estimate; to praise." Related: Priced; pricing.
Expense (n.) - also formerly expence, late 14c., "action of spending or giving
away, a laying out or expending," also "funds provided for expenses, expense
money; damage or loss from any cause," from Anglo-French expense, Old French
espense "money provided for expenses," from Late Latin expensa "disbursement,
outlay, expense," noun use of neuter plural past participle of Latin expendere
"weigh out money, pay down," from ex "out, out of" (see ex-) + pendere "to hang,
cause to hang; weigh; pay" (from PIE root *(s)pen- "to draw, stretch, spin").
Volatility (n.) - 1620s, noun from volatile (adj.). 1590s "fine or light," also
"evaporating rapidly" (c. 1600), from French volatile, from Latin volatilis
"fleeting, transitory; swift, rapid; flying, winged," from past participle stem of
volare "to fly" (see volant). Sense of "readily changing, flighty, fickle" is first
recorded 1640s. Volatiles in Middle English meant "birds, butterflies, and other
winged creatures" (c. 1300).
Assets (n.) - 1530s, "sufficient estate," from Anglo-French assetz, asetz (singular),
from Old French assez "sufficiency, satisfaction; compensation" (11c.), noun use
of adverb meaning "enough, sufficiently; very much, a great deal," from Vulgar
Latin *ad satis "to sufficiency," from Latin ad "to" (see ad-) + satis "enough," from
PIE root *sa- "to satisfy." At first a legal word meaning "sufficient estate" (to
satisfy debts and legacies), it passed into a general sense of "property," especially
"any property that theoretically can be converted to ready money" by 1580s.
Figurative use from 1670s. Asset is a 19c. artificial singular. Corporate asset
stripping is attested from 1972.
Prime (adj.) - late 14c., "first, original, first in order of time," from Old French
prime and directly from Latin primus "first, the first, first part," figuratively "chief,
principal; excellent, distinguished, noble" (source also of Italian and Spanish
primo), from Proto-Italic *prismos, superlative of PIE *preis- "before," from root
*per- (1) "forward," hence "in front of, before, first, chief." The meaning "of fine
quality, of the first excellence" is from c. 1400. The meaning "first in rank, degree,
or importance" is from 1610s in English. Arithmetical sense (as in prime number,
one indivisible without a remainder except by 1) is from 1560s; prime meridian
"the meridian of the earth from which longitude is measured, that of Greenwich,
England," is from 1878. Prime time originally (c. 1500) meant "spring time;" the
broadcasting sense of "peak tuning-in period" is attested by 1961.
Rate (n.) - early 15c., "estimated value or worth, proportional estimation according
to some standard; monetary amount; a proportional part," from Old French rate
"price, value" and directly from Medieval Latin rata (pars) "fixed (amount)," from
Latin rata "fixed, settled," fem. past participle of reri "to reckon, think" (from PIE
root *re- "to reason, count"). Meaning "degree of speed" (properly ratio between
distance and time) is attested from 1650s. Currency exchange sense of "basis of
equivalence upon which one currency is exchanged for another" is recorded by
1727. Meaning "fixed public tax assessed on property for some local purpose" is
by 1712.
Value (n.) - c. 1300, "price equal to the intrinsic worth of a thing;" late 14c.,
"degree to which something is useful or estimable," from Old French value "worth,
price, moral worth; standing, reputation" (13c.), noun use of fem. past participle
of valoir "be worth," from Latin valere "be strong, be well; be of value, be worth"
(from PIE root *wal- "to be strong"). The meaning "social principle" is attested
from 1918, supposedly borrowed from the language of painting. Value
judgment (1889) is a loan-translation of German Werturteil.
Profitability (n.) - mid-14c., profitabilite, "usefulness, use," from profitable + -ity
or from Old French profitablete. Sense of "quality of being profitable, gainfulness"
is by 1890.
Cost (n.) - c. 1200, "price, value," from Old French cost "cost, outlay, expenditure;
hardship, trouble" (12c., Modern French coût), from Vulgar Latin *costare, from
Latin constare, literally "to stand at" (or with), with a wide range of figurative
senses including "to cost," from an assimilated form of com "with, together" (see
co-) + stare "to stand," from PIE root *sta- "to stand, make or be firm." The idiom
is the same one used in Modern English when someone says something stands at X
dollars to mean it "sells for X dollars." The meaning "equivalent price given for a
thing or service rendered, outlay of money" is from c. 1300. Cost of living is from
1889. To count the cost "consider beforehand the probable consequences" is
attested by 1800. In phrases such as at all costs there may be an influence or echo
of obsolete cost (n.) "manner, way, course of action," from Old English cyst
"choice, election, thing chosen." Compare late Old English alre coste "in any way,
at all."
Risk (n.) - 1660s, risque, "hazard, danger, peril, exposure to mischance or harm,"
from French risque (16c.), from Italian risco, riscio (modern rischio), from riscare
"run into danger," a word of uncertain origin. The Englished spelling is recorded
by 1728. Spanish riesgo and German Risiko are Italian loan-words. The
commercial sense of "hazard of the loss of a ship, goods, or other properties" is by
1719; hence the extension to "chance taken in an economic enterprise." Paired with
run (v.) from 1660s. Risk aversion is recorded from 1942; risk factor from 1906;
risk management from 1963; risk-taker from 1892.
Suppliant (n.) - early 15c., suppliaunt, "a petitioner at law," from Old French
suppliant, variant of soupleiant, noun use of present participle of supplier "to plead
humbly, entreat, beg, pray," (Old French souploier, 12c.), from Latin supplicare
"beg, beseech" (see supplication). Originally in English especially at law; sense of
"humble petitioner" is from mid-16c. As an adjective, "supplicating, entreating"
from 1580s. Related: Suppliance; suppliantly.
Market (n.) - early 12c., "a meeting at a fixed time for buying and selling
livestock and provisions, an occasion on which goods are publicly exposed for sale
and buyers assemble to purchase," from Old North French market "marketplace,
trade, commerce" (Old French marchiet, Modern French marché), from Latin
mercatus "trading, buying and selling; trade; market" (source of Italian mercato,
Spanish mercado, Dutch markt, German Markt), from past participle of mercari "to
trade, deal in, buy," from merx (genitive mercis) "wares, merchandise." This is
from an Italic root *merk-, possibly from Etruscan, referring to various aspects of
economics. Meaning "public building or space where markets are held" is attested
from late 13c. Meaning "a city, country or region considered as a place where
things are bought or sold" is from 1610s. Sense of "sale as controlled by supply
and demand" is from 1680s. Market-garden "plot of land on which vegetables are
grown for market" is by 1789. Market-basket "large basket used to carry
marketing" is by 1798. Market price "price a commodity will bring when sold in
open market" is from mid-15c.; market value "value established or shown by sales"
(1690s) is first attested in the writings of John Locke. Market economy is from
1948; market research is from 1921.
Fund (n.) - 1670s, "a bottom, the bottom; foundation, groundwork," from French
fond "a bottom, floor, ground" (12c.), also "a merchant's basic stock or capital,"
from Latin fundus "bottom, foundation, piece of land" (from PIE root *bhudh-
"bottom, base," source also of Sanskrit budhnah, Greek pythmen "foundation,
bottom," Old English botm "lowest part;" see bottom (n.)). Meaning "stock of
money or wealth available for some purpose" is from 1690s; sense of "store of
anything to be drawn upon" is from 1704. Funds "money at one's disposal" is from
1728.
Warrant (v.) - late 13c., "to keep safe from danger," from Old North French
warantir "safeguard, protect; guarantee, pledge" (Old French garantir), from warant
(see warrant (n.)). Meaning "to guarantee to be of quality" is attested from late
14c.; sense of "to guarantee as true" is recorded from c. 1300. Related: Warranted;
warranting; warrantable.
Equity (n.) - early 14c., equite, "quality of being equal or fair, impartiality;" late
14c., "that which is equally right or just to all concerned," from Old French equite
(13c.), from Latin aequitatem (nominative aequitas) "the uniform relation of one
thing to others, equality, conformity, symmetry;" also "just or equitable conduct
toward others," from aequus "even, just, equal" (see equal (adj.)). Equities, "the
ordinary shares of a limited company," carrying certain rights to assets and profits,
is attested by 1904.
Coupon (n.) - 1822, "certificate of interest due on a bond" (a piece which could be
cut from the bond and presented for payment), from French coupon, literally "piece
cut off," from couper "to cut," from coup "a blow" (see coup). Meaning widened to
"discount ticket" 1860s by British travel agent Thomas Cook. The specific
advertising sense "ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount
or rebate when purchasing a product" is by 1906. A financial term, which, together
with the practice, is borrowed from France. In the United States, the certificates of
State stocks drawing interest are accompanied by coupons, which are small tickets
attached to the certificates. At each term when the interest falls due, one of these
coupons is cut off (whence the name); and this being presented to the State
treasurer or to a bank designated by him, entitles the holder to receive the interest.
Debt (n.) - c. 1300, dette, "anything owend or due from one person to another, a
liability or obligation to pay or render something to another," from Old French
dete, from Latin debitum "thing owed," neuter past participle of debere "to owe,"
originally, "keep something away from someone," from de "away" (see de-) +
habere "to have" (from PIE root *ghabh- "to give or receive"). Meaning "state of
being under obligation to make payment" is from mid-14c. Restored spelling after
c. 1400. In Middle English, debt of the body (mid-14c.) was "that which spouses
owe to each other, sexual intercourse."
Convertible (adj.) - late 14c., "interchangeable," from Old French convertible
"interchangeable" (13c.) and directly from Late Latin convertibilis "changeable,"
from Latin convertere "to turn around; transform," from assimilated form of com
"with, together" (see con-) + vertere "to turn" (from PIE root *wer- (2) "to turn,
bend"). Meaning "capable of being changed in form, substance, or condition" is
from 1530s. Of paper money, etc., "capable of being converted into gold of a
similar amount," from 1834. The noun is recorded from 1610s; meaning
"automobile with a fold-down top" is from 1916. Related: Convertibility.
Broker (n.) - mid-14c. (mid-13c. in surnames), "commercial agent, factor," also
"an agent in sordid business," from Anglo-French brocour "small trader," from
abrokur "retailer of wine, tapster;" perhaps from Portuguese alborcar "barter," but
more likely from Old French brocheor, from brochier "to broach, tap, pierce (a
keg)," from broche (Old North French broke, broque) "pointed tool" (see broach
(n.)), with an original sense of "wine dealer," hence "retailer, middleman, agent."
In Middle English, used contemptuously of peddlers and pimps, "one who buys
and sells public office" (late 14c. in Anglo-French), "intermediary in love or
marriage" (late 14c.).
Italian
Portfolio (n.) - "movable receptacle for detached papers or prints," 1722, porto
folio; 1719 as port folio, from portafoglio "a case for carrying loose papers," from
porta, imperative of portare "to carry" (from PIE root *per- (2) "to lead, pass over")
+ foglio "sheet, leaf," from Latin folium (see folio). Usually something like a book
cover with a flexible back, fastened with strings or clasps. Meaning "official
documents of a state department" is from 1835, hence figuratively, of a minister of
state. A minister without portfolio is one not in charge of a particular department.
Meaning "collection of securities held" is from 1930; portfolio investment is from
1955.
Old English
Income (n.) - c. 1300, "entrance, arrival," literally "a coming in;" see in (adv.) +
come (v.). Perhaps a noun use of the late Old English verb incuman "come in,
enter." Meaning "money made through business or labor" (i.e., "that which 'comes
in' as payment for work or business") first recorded c. 1600. Compare German
einkommen "income," Swedish inkomst. Income tax is from 1790, introduced in
Britain during the Napoleonic wars, re-introduced 1842; in U.S. levied by the
federal government 1861-72, authorized on a national level in 1913.
Yield (n.) - Old English gield "payment, sum of money; service, offering,
worship;" from the source of yield (v.). Extended sense of "production" (as of
crops) is first attested mid-15c. Earliest English sense survives in financial «yield
from investments».
Share (n.) - "portion," Old English scearu "a cutting, shearing, tonsure; a part or
division," related to sceran "to cut," from Proto-Germanic *skeraz (source also of
Old High German scara "troop, share of forced labor," German Schar "troop,
band," properly "a part of an army," Old Norse skör "rim"), from PIE root *sker-
(1) "to cut." Meaning "part of the capital of a joint stock company" is first attested
c. 1600. Share and share alike attested from 1560s. The same Old English noun in
the sense "division" led to an obsolete noun share "fork ('division') of the body at
the groin; pubic region" (late Old English and Middle English); hence share-bone
"pubis" (early 15c.).
Greek
Alpha (n.) - c. 1300, from Latin alpha, from Greek alpha, from Hebrew or
Phoenician aleph (see aleph). The Greeks added -a because Greek words cannot
end in most consonants. Sense of "beginning of anything" is from late 14c., often
paired with omega (the last letter in the Greek alphabet, representing "the end");
sense of "first in a sequence" is from 1620s. In astronomy, the designation of the
brightest star of each constellation (the use of Greek letters in star names began
with Bayer's atlas in 1603). Alpha male was in use by c. 1960 among scientists
studying animals; applied to humans in society from c. 1992.
Beta (n.) - second letter of the Greek alphabet, c. 1300, from Greek, from
Hebrew/Phoenician beth (see alphabet); used to designate the second of many
things. Beta radiation is from 1899 (Rutherford). Beta particle is attested from
1904. Beta male, pejorative term for a risk-avoidant, non-confrontational man
perceived as a follower or supporter rather than a leader, is by 2005, transferred
from zoology (birds, primates), where it is attested by 1962 (compare alpha male
under alpha).
 3. Word-Building

Speaking about word-building, there are 2 types of it: major and minor.
Major types of word building in modern English include:
Affixation. It’s the formation of words by adding derivational affixes to
different types of bases. The two primary kinds of affixation are prefixation,
the addition of a prefix, and suffixation, the addition of a suffix.
Here are some examples of prefixation: exchange (prefix ex- is borrowed from
Romanic, productive, frequent, neutral; its meaning is the idea of out of, noun-
forming, combined with noun and adj. stems; return (prefix re- is borrowed from
Romanic, productive, frequent, neutral; its meaning is the idea of repetition, verb-
forming\noun-forming, combined with verbal and noun stems.
More examples: reinvestment; unrealized.
And some examples of suffixation: management (suffix –ment is
borrowed from Romanic, convertive, noun-forming, its meaning is process,
action, combined with verb-stems, productive, frequent, neutral) [statement,
investment]; investor, speculator (suffix –or is borrowed from Romanic,
convertive, noun-forming, its meaning is the idea of agent or person,
combined with verb-stems, productive, frequent, neutral); dealer, supplier,
trader, manager, counter (suffix –er is convertive, noun-forming, native, its
meaning is the agent of the action, combined with verb-stems, productive,
frequent, neutral.
 More examples: volatility; liquidity; profitability; average; capital;
working; equity; operating; obligation; commodity; security; allocation;
diversification; fundamental; hedging; performance; leverage; liquidity;
concentration; reinvestment; inflation; longevity; unrealized; primary ;
secondary; balanced; protection; timing; averaging; education; commodity;
perpetual; puttable; treasury; convertible; callable.
Convertion. It’s making a new word from some existing word by
changing the category of a part of speech. E.g. risk (verb → noun); bear
(noun [an investor who sells commodities, securities or futures in
anticipation of a fall in prices] → verb [to endeavour to depress the price
of]); bull (noun → verb); stag (noun → verb); value (noun → verb).
Composition. It’s making a new word by joining two or more stems.
Here are some examples:
 payout – juxtaposition, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, fully motivated;
 earnings-per-share - syntactic, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting
of simple stems, endocentric, fully motivated;
 debt-equity – syntactic, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, fully motivated;
 turnover – juxtaposition, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, idiomatic;
 face-amount – syntactic, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, idiomatic;
 profit-taking – syntactic, subordinate, derivational compounds, 1IC is
derived, endocentric, idiomatic;
 benchmark – juxtaposition, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, idiomatic;
 dollar-cost – syntactic, subordinate, compounds proper, consisting of simple
stems, endocentric, partially motivated;
 high-yield – syntactic, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, partially motivated;
 zero-coupon – syntactic, coordinative, compounds proper, consisting of
simple stems, endocentric, fully motivated.
 Minor types of word building in modern English include:
Shortening. It’s the reduction of a word to one of its part, building a new
word with the help of subtraction of a part of the original word. There are no
examples of clipping among investment terms.
Blending. It’s the method of merging parts of words into one new word.
Bucketeer (the operator of a bucket shop; a fraudulent or deceptive trader)
→ bucket shop (brokerage firms that have clear and unmitigated conflicts of
interest with their customers) + racketeer (someone who makes money from
a dishonest or illegal business activity)
Graphical abbreviation. It’s the result of shortening of words and word-
groups only in written speech while orally the corresponding full forms are
used. Examples:
acronym alphabetism
DRIP - Dividend reinvestment plan Interest Coverage Ratio
RESP - Registered Education Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs)
Savings Plan Unit Investment Trusts (UITs)
WACC - Weight Average Cost of Initial public offerings (IPO)
Capital Registered retirement savings plan (RRSP)
ROE - Return on Equity Good till cancelled order (GTC)
ROA - Return on Assets Canadian Investor Protection Fund (CIPF)
Dollar-Cost Averaging (DCA)
Net Present Value (NPV)
Gross Present Value (GPV)
Debt-Equity Ratio (D/E)
Over The Counter (OTC)

Sound imitation/onomatopoeia. It’s the naming of an action or a thing

by a more or less exact reproduction of the sound associated with it. There
are no examples of onomatopoeia among investment terms.
Sound interchange. It’s a formation of a new word by changing some
sounds. To bear – bore (vovel-interchange); analysis – analyses (vowel
interchange).
Distinctive stress. It’s the formation of a new word by means of the
shift of the stress in the source word. E.g. ‘present – pre’sent (n-v).
 Reversion/back-formation. It’s the process of forming a new word by
extracting actual or supposed affixes from another word. Example: broker –
to broke.
Reduplication. It’s the formation of a word by repeating either the
word itself or a sound in it. There are no examples of reduplication among
investment terms.

4. Morphological and structural features of terms

In our group project, we analyzed 127 English investment terms found

in various dictionaries and glossaries on this topic. For further analysis, first
of all, it is important to pay attention to the number of components in the
term. According to the morphological structure of terms, all terms are
divided into terms-words and terms-phrases. They are also referred to as
one-component, two-component, and multicomponent terms. The data
obtained in the analysis reveal that 28% (38 terms) of all presented terms
belong to one-component terms. For example, "bond", "option", "asset",
"share", "investor" and others. The two-component terms include 54% (74
terms). Multicomponent terms include 18% (25 terms). Thus, the prevalence
of two-component and multi-component terms is obvious, since one-
component terms are not always able to accurately describe different
processes or concepts. The dominant group is two-component terms. This
can be explained by the fact that such terms are most convenient when used,
both in written and oral communication, since they do not cause any
difficulties in their understanding, in contrast to terms with a large number
of components.
According to the morphological type of the main word, two-
component and multicomponent terms are subdivided into substantive,
 adjective, and verbal phrases. The data obtained in the analysis reveal that
100% of two-component and multicomponent terms belong to the
substantive type (the main word is a noun).
As for the structural features of multicomponent terms, the
components of such terms, as a rule, are in an attributive relationship (in our
case, 100% of all two-component and multicomponent terms). The main
word is at the end, the defining component expresses concepts that are used
as features that characterize the main word.
The most common structural models for constructing two-component
terms are: Adj + N¸ N + N. Among the three-component: Adj + N + N and
N + N + N.

One-component Two-component Multicomponent

Volatility (derivative)
Yield (root word)
Alpha (root word)
Beta (root word)
Delta (root word)
Liquidity (derivative)
Stock (root word)
Share (root word)
Bond (root word)
Obligation (derivative)
Warrant (root word)
Futures (root word)
Securities (derivative)
Commodities (root word)
Option (root word)
Derivatives (derivative)
Asset (root word)
Equity (derivative)
Portfolio (compound word)
Diversification (derivative)
Risk (root word)
Hedging (derivative)
Leverage (derivative)
Profit-taking (compound word)
Dividends (root word)
Quick Ratio (root word + root
word)
Prime rate (root word + root
word)
Turnover Ratio (compound
word + root word)
Operating Margin (derivative +
root word)
Earnings per share (derivative +
root word)
Nasdaq index (root word + root
word)
Debt-Equity Ratio (compound
word + root word)
Dow Jones index (root word +
root word)
Profitability Index (derivative +
root word)
Blue chips (root word + root
word)
Day order (root word + root
word)
Limit order (root word + root
word)
Return on Equity (derivative +
derivative)
Dividend payout ratio (root
word + compound word + root
word)
Price to earnings ratio (root
word + derivative + root word)
Management expense ratio
(derivative + root word + root
word)
Weight Average Cost of Capital
(derivative + root word + root
word + root word)
Working Capital Ratio
(derivative + root word + root
word)
Interest Coverage Ratio (root
word + derivative + root word)
Gross Present Value (root word
+ root word+ root word)
Net Present Value (root word +
root word + root word)
Fixed income securities
(derivative + derivative +
derivative)
Good till cancelled order (root
word + root word + derivative +
root word)
Active management process
(derivative + derivative + root
word)
Passive Management Process
Load (root word) Return on Assets (derivative +
Investor (derivative) root word)
Stag (root word) Rate of Return (root word +
Bull (root word) derivative)
Bear (root word) Market order (root word + root
Speculator (derivative) word)
Broker\dealer (derivative) Income statement (derivative +
Supplier (derivative) derivative)
Trader (derivative) Balance sheet (root word + root
Bucketeer (derivative) word)
Interest (root word) Asset allocation (root word +
Margin (root word) derivative)
Over-the-counter (compound Fundamental analysis
word) (derivative + derivative)
Technical analysis (derivative +
derivative)
‌Investment‌‌Decision (derivative
+ derivative)
Risk Aversion (root word +
derivative)
Market risk (root word + root
word)
Liquidity risk (derivative + root
word)
Concentration risk (derivative +
root word)
Credit risk (root word + root
word)
Reinvestment risk (derivative +
root word)
Inflation risk (derivative + root
word)
Horizon risk (root word + root
word)
Longevity risk (derivative + root
word)
Capital gain (root word + root
word)
Capital loss (root word + root
word)
Benchmark error (compound
word + root word)
Unrealized income (derivative +
derivative)
Investment income (derivative +
derivative)
Pinocchio traders (root word +
(derivative + derivative + root
word)
Portfolio performance
management (compound word +
derivative + derivative)
Risk Management Process (root
word + derivative + root word)
Foreign investment risk (root
word + derivative + root word)
Expected return on investment
(derivative + derivative +
derivative)
Face-amount Certificate
Companies (compound word +
derivative + root word)
Unit Investment Trusts (root
word + derivative + root word)
Canadian investor protection
fund (derivative + derivative +
derivative)
Exchange trade market
(derivative + root word+ root
word)
Dividend reinvestment plan
(root word + derivative + root
word)
Registered Education Savings
Plan (derivative + derivative +
derivative + root word)
Registered Retirement Savings
Plan (derivative + derivative +
derivative + root word)
Spread bid price (root word
+ root word + root word)
Initial public offerings (root
word + root word + derivative)
derivative)
Portfolio manager (compound
word + derivative)
Bear market (root word + root
word)
Bull market (root word + root
word)
Primary market (derivative +
root word)
Secondary market (derivative +
root word)
Forward market (root word +
root word)

Swap market (root word + root

word)
Index fund (root word + root
word)
Mutual fund (root word + root
word)
Trust fund (root word + root
word)

Balanced fund (derivative + root

word)

Equity fund (derivative + root

word)

Hedge fund (root word + root

word)
Value investing (root word +
derivative)
Growth investing (derivative +
derivative)
Momentum Investing (root word
+ derivative)
Dollar-Cost Averaging
(compound word + derivative)
Short position (root word + root
word)
Long position (root word + root
word)
Market timing (root word +
derivative)
Ask price (root word + root
word)
Bid price (root word + root
word)
Sin stock (root word + root
word)

Smell cap (root word + root

word)

Non-rated bond (derivative +

root word)

Perpetual bond (root word +

root word)

Puttable bond (derivative + root

word)

Secure bond (root word + root

word)

Zero-coupon bond (compound

word + root word)

Treasury bill (root word + root

word)

Loan stock (root word + root

word)

Corporate bond (root word +

root word)

Convertible bond (derivative +

root word)

High-yield bond (compound

word + root word)

Junk bond (root word + root

word)

Callable bond (root word + root

word)

Stop order (root word + root

word)
5. Nuclear group of terms
The nuclear group of terms is the main group of specialized words or
meanings relating to a particular field of a certain subject, which are the
derivational basis for the formation of other terms. Derivation is the process
of forming a new word/phrase on the basis of an existing word/phrase.
Among the investment terms, one can distinguish the derivational
basis for the formation of complex terms.

 Investment  Margin
 Stock  Interest
 Market  Risk
 Fund  Market
 Dealer  Gain
 Supplier  Loss
 Trader  Profit
 Index  Income
 Ratio  Return
 Dividend  Strategy
 Value  Position
 Share  Plan
 Equity  Price
 Assets  Securities
 Rate  Bond
 The bulk of the terms presented are formed using the relations of composition
and subordination. Accordingly, complex words are divided into two classes:
 compositional (additive);
 subordinate (determinative) compound words.
In subordinate compound words, the components are not equivalent either
structurally or semantically. The main component, which, as a rule, is the second
part, has greater significance, is (semantically and grammatically dominant,
determines the meaning of the part of speech of the whole complex word. All the
terms presented in our study are determinative, for example:
 Hedge fund – fund of hedging
 Ask price – a price that is asked
 Bear market – market of bears
There are also terms formed by a simple juxtaposition of components in a
certain order, and the order of the bases in them may be opposite to the order in
which motivating words can be combined according to the syntactic rules of the
English language, and correspond to the order of words in free combinations
constructed according to the rules of syntax. For example:
 profit-taking dividends
 Dollar-Cost Averaging
There are also terms that represent isolated syntagmas that have preserved the
connective bases of service words, for example:
 Earnings-per-share
 6. Hypernym/hyponym relationships

Participants

Natural Juridical Markets Funds

person person

investor stock curb Primary Secondary Open Mutual Private

dealer market market funds funds funds
stag Bear OTC Equity Hedge
bull market fund fund
bear Bull Forward Balance
supplier market market d fund
trader Face- Swap Index
ammount market fund
Certificate Trust
companies fund
speculator Unit CIPF
Investment ETFs
Trusts
bucketeer broker
Pinocchio Portfolio
trader manager

Indexes
Ratio Index Measure
Dividend Payout Ratio Gross Present Value Volatility
Earnings-per-share Net Present Value Yield
Price to Earnings Ratio Nasdaq Index Alpha
 Management Expense Ratio Dow Jones Index Beta
Rate of Return Profitability Index Delta
Weight Average Cost of Capital
Working Capital Ratio
Quick Ratio
Debt-Equity Ratio
Return on Equity
Return on Assets
Prime rate
Turnover Ratio
Operating Margin
Interest Coverage Ratio

Process

Analyses Methods Risk Management

Fundamental analysis Asset allocation Risk Hedging
Technical analysis Diversification Risk aversion Active management
process
Market risk Passive Management
Process
Liquidity risk Portfolio performance
management
Concentration risk ‌Investment‌‌Decision
Credit risk Leverage
Reinvestment risk Risk Management
Process
Inflation risk
Horizon risk
Longevity risk
Foreign investment risk

Process results
Profit Loss
capital gain capital loss
profit-taking load
dividends benchmark error
unrealized income
investment income
expected return on investment

Strategies
Short-term Long-term
Short position Long position
 Market timing Growth investing
Momentum Investing Dividend reinvestment plan

Value investing
Dollar-Cost Averaging
Registered retirement savings
plan
Registered education savings
plan

Amount of money
Ask price
Bid price
Spread bid price
Initial public offerings

Securities

Types of securities Method of income Position

generation (Order)

Equity securities Debt securities Derivatives Fixed Dividends Good till

income Interest cancelled
Margin order
Stocks Shares Bonds Treasury Futures corporate limit order
Assets bill Warrant bond market order
sin   non-rated Loan Option convertible stop order
stock bond stock Commodity bond
smell perpetual high-yield
cap bond bond
stock puttable junk bond
bond callable
secure bond
bond
zero-
coupon
bond
 7. Polysemy
Invest
1. to put money, effort, time, etc. into something to make a profit or get an
advantage
2. to buy something that you think will go up in value, for example shares or
property, in order to make a profit
3. to put money, effort, time, etc. into something in order to improve it or get
an advantage

Stock
1. a supply of something for use or sale
2. the total amount of goods or the amount of a particular type of goods
available in a shop
3. the amount of money that a company has through selling shares to people
4. part of the ownership of a company that can be bought by members of the
public
5. a liquid used to add flavour to food, made by boiling meat or fish bones or
vegetables in water
6. animals, such as cows or sheep, kept on a farm
7. the degree to which a person or organization is popular and respected
8. the family or group that a person or animal comes from
9. the support or handle of a tool, especially the part of a gun that rests against
your shoulder

Market
1. the people who might want to buy something, or a part of the world where
something is sold
2. the business or trade in a particular product, including financial product
3. a place or event at which people meet in order to buy and sell things
4. a shop that sells mainly food
 5. a part of the world where something is or might be sold, or a particular
group of people who buy or might buy something
6. demand for a product or service, or the number of possible buyers for it

Fund
1. an amount of money saved, collected, or provided for a particular purpose
2. money needed or available to spend on something
3. a lot of something
4. to provide the money to pay for an event, activity, or organization
5. an organization that collects and manages an amount of money for investing
in a particular purpose

Index
1. an alphabetical list, such as one printed at the back of a book showing which
page a subject, name, etc. is on
2. a collection of information stored on a computer or on a set of cards, in
alphabetical order
3. a system of numbers used for comparing values of things that change
according to each other or a fixed standard
4. something that shows how strong or common a condition or feeling is
5. a number used to show the value of something by comparing it to something
else whose value is known
6. a system that measures the present value of something when compared to its
previous value or a fixed standard
7. a sign or measure of something

Value
1. the amount of money that can be received for something
2. the importance or worth of something for someone
3. a number or symbol that represents an amount
 4. to give a judgment about how much money something might be sold for
5. the degree of light or darkness in a color, or the relation between light and
shade in a work of art

Share
1. to have or use something at the same time as someone else
2. If two or more people share an activity, they each do some of it
3. If two or more people or things share a feeling, quality, or experience, they
both or all have the same feeling, quality, or experience
4. to put something on a social media website so that other people can see it
5. a part of something that has been divided between several people
6. one of the equal parts that the ownership of a company is divided into, and
that can be bought by members of the public

Equity
1. the value of a company, divided into many equal parts owned by the
shareholders, or one of the equal parts into which the value of a company is
divided
2. the value of a property after you have paid any mortgage or other charges
relating to it
3. the situation in which everyone is treated fairly and equally
4. a system of justice that allows a fair judgment of a case where the laws that
already exist are not satisfactory

Asset
1. a useful or valuable quality, skill, or person
2. something valuable belonging to a person or organization that can be used
for the payment of debts
rate
 1. the speed at which something happens or changes, or the amount or number
of times it happens or changes in a particular period
2. an amount or level of payment
3. to judge the value or character of someone or something
4. an amount of money that is charged or paid for a particular service
5. the amount that is charged as tax on income, interest on loans, etc., usually
shown as a percentage

Margin
1. the amount by which one thing is different from another
2. the profit made on a product or service
3. the outer edge of an area
4. something that makes a particular thing possible, such as an extra amount of
money, time, etc. allowed that makes it possible to deal with an emergency
5. the border of empty space around the written or printed text on a page
6. the difference between the total cost of making and selling something and
the price it is sold for
7. the difference between the amount of a loan and the value of the collateral
8. money, shares, etc. that a client gives to a broker to hold, that protect the
broker from loss on a contract

Interest
1. the feeling of wanting to give your attention to something or of wanting to
be involved with and to discover more about something
2. the quality that makes you think that something is interesting
3. something that brings advantages to or affects someone or something
4. money that is charged by a bank or other financial organization for
borrowing money
5. money that you earn from keeping your money in an account in a bank or
other financial organization
 6. an involvement or a legal right, usually relating to a business or possessions

Risk
1. the possibility of something bad happening
2. something bad that might happen
3. to do something although there is a chance of a bad result
4. to do something or to enter a situation where there is a possibility of being
hurt or of a loss or defeat
5. the possibility that an investment will lose money
6. the possibility that something will be harmed, damaged, or lost

Profit
1. money that a business earns above what it costs to produce and sell goods
and services
2. the good result or advantage that can be achieved by a particular action or
activity
3. to earn money from something

Return
1. to come or go back to a previous place
2. to give, do, or get something after something similar has been given or done
to you
3. to reply to someone's question or request
4. to send, take, give, put, etc. something back to where it came from
5. to happen again
6. to elect someone to be a member of parliament, or to another political job
7. the profit that you get from an investment
8. an occasion when something starts to happen or be used again
 9. the key on a computer keyboard that you press in order to say that the words
or numbers on the screen are correct, or that an instruction should be performed, or
in order to move down a line on the screen

Strategy
1. a detailed plan for achieving success in situations such as war, politics,
business, industry, or sport, or the skill of planning for such situations
2. a way of doing something or dealing with something
3. the way in which a business, government, or other organization carefully
plans its actions over a period of time to improve its position and achieve what it
wants

Position
1. the place where something or someone is, often in relation to other things
2. the part someone plays in a game, relating to the area of the field in which
they mostly play
3. the place where people are sent in order to carry out a course of action
4. a rank or level in a company, competition, or society
5. a job
6. the way in which something is arranged
7. the way in which someone is lying, sitting, or standing
8. an opinion
9. the fact of investing in something, or the total amount that is invested

Price
1. the amount of money for which something is sold
2. the unpleasant results that you must accept or experience for getting or doing
something

Securities
 1. protection of a person, building, organization, or country against threats such
as crime or attacks by foreign countries
2. the fact that something is not likely to fail or be lost
3. property or goods that you promise to give to someone if you cannot pay
what you owe them
4. investment in a company or in government debt that can be traded on the
financial markets and produces an income for the investor
5. the feeling of being confident in one's family and relationships
6. money you pay someone that can be legally used by that person if your
actions cause the person to lose money, but that will be returned to you if it is not
used

Bond
1. a close connection joining two or more people
2. an official paper given by the government or a company to show that you
have lent them money that they will pay back to you at a particular interest rate
3. a written agreement or promise
4. an amount of money that is paid to formally promise that someone accused
of a crime and being kept in prison will appear for trial if released
5. a place where single parts of something are joined together, especially with
glue, or the type of join made
6. the force holding atoms together in a molecule
7. a close and lasting relationship between people
8. an official document that states you will be paid a certain amount of money
because you have lent money to a government or company
9. an amount of money that an organization or government borrows and
promises to pay back on an agreed date with an agreed amount of interest, or the
document that contains this agreement

Hedging
 1. a way of avoiding giving a direct answer or opinion
2. a way of controlling or limiting a loss or risk
3. bushes or small trees planted very close together, especially along the edges
of a garden, field, or road
4. the activity of reducing the risk of losing money on shares, bonds, etc. that
you own, for example, by buying futures (= agreements to sell shares for a
particular price at a date in the future) or options (= the rights to buy or sell shares
for a particular price within a particular time period)

Warrant
1. to make a particular activity necessary
2. used to say that you are certain about something
3. an official document, signed by a judge or other person in authority, that
gives the police permission to search someone's home, arrest a person, or take
some other action
4. a reason for doing something
5. to make a particular action necessary or correct, or to be a reason to do
something:
6. the right to buy a company's shares at a particular price by a particular date
7. a legal document that gives someone, for example, the police, the authority
to do something
8. to promise that something is true, or say that it is certain that something will
happen

Option
1. one thing that can be chosen from a set of possibilities, or the freedom to
make a choice
2. the right to buy something in the future
3. one of a number of choices or decisions you can make, or the ability or
freedom to choose what you do
 4. an agreement that can be bought and sold, that gives the owner the right to
decide whether to buy or sell shares, bonds, etc. for a fixed price within an agreed
time period or on a particular date
5. an agreement in which a company buys a product from another company
and has the right to buy more of that product later, but does not have to do so
6. something that is added, at extra cost, to a basic product or service to make it
more attractive, efficient, etc
7. one in a list of possible actions that appears on a computer screen when you
click on a button

Commodity
1. a substance or product that can be traded, bought, or sold
2. a valuable quality
3. anything that can be bought and sold
4. a substance or a product that can be traded in large quantities, such as oil,
metals, grain, coffee, etc.
5. a financial product that can be traded
6. a thing or a quality that is useful

Derivatives
1. If something is derivative, it is not the result of new ideas, but has been
developed from or copies something else
2. a form of something made or developed from another form
3. a word developed from another word
4. a financial product such as an option (= the right to buy or sell something in
the future) that has a value based on the value of another product, such as shares or
bonds
5. in calculus (= an area of advanced mathematics in which continuously
changing values are studied), a measure of the rate at which a function is changing
 7. Synonyms and antonyms
Synonyms Antonyms
Process and indexes
profit-taking - profiteering, profit-making gain - loss, payout, expense
gain - profit, income, return, earning, yield, expected return - actual return
turnover
load - charge, freight risk - safety, security, insurance, protection
investment - investing, investiture active management process - passive
management process
expected return on investment - expected return asset -liability
on costs
asset allocation - distribution of assets unrealized income - realized income
diversification - variegation risk aversion - taking risks
risk - danger, hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril profitability - unprofitableness, unprofitability
hedging - hedge, hedgerow
management - administration, control
market - mart, emporium, rialto
credit - tick, trust, chalk, jawbone
risk aversion - avoiding risks
share - stock
ratio - coefficient, factor, rate, index, multiplier
payout - pay, repayment, disbursement, payoff,
redemption
rate - bet, stake, wager, ante
value - cost, worth, equity
profitability - efficiency, rentability,
profitableness, margin
capital - fund, principal, headband
working capital - operating cash, revolving fund,
inventories, operating fund
quick ratio - acid test
operating margin - return on sales
interest coverage ratio - times interest earned
interest - percent, rate
turnover rate - inventory turns, merchandise
turnover, stock turnover
working capital ratio - current ratio
profitability index - profit investment ratio, value
investment ratio
net present value - net present worth
gross present value - gross present worth
8. Glossary
1. Dividend payout ratio (коэффициент выплаты дивидендов) - the ratio
of the total amount of dividends paid out to shareholders relative to the net
income of the company. Отношение общей суммы выплаченных
акционерам дивидендов к чистой прибыли компании. Ratio - syn.
proportion, rate, ant. disproportion. Payout – syn.: pay, repayment,
disbursement, payoff, redemption
2. Earnings-per-share (прибыль на акцию) - a financial ratio, which
divides net earnings available to common shareholders by the average
outstanding shares over a certain period of time. Финансовый
коэффициент, который делит чистую прибыль, доступную держателям
обыкновенных акций, на среднее количество акций, находящихся в
обращении за определенный период времени.
3. Price to earnings ratio (соотношение цены и прибыли) - the ratio for
valuing a company that measures its current share price relative to its
earnings per share. Коэффициент для оценки компании, который
измеряет ее текущую цену акций по отношению к ее прибыли на
акцию.
4. Management expense ratio (коэффициент операционных расходов) -
the combined costs of managing a fund including operating expenses and
taxes. Совокупные затраты на управление фондом, включая
операционные расходы и налоги.
5. Nasdaq index (индекс Nasdaq) - a stock market index that consists of the
stocks that are listed on the Nasdaq stock exchange. Индекс фондового
рынка, состоящий из акций, котирующихся на фондовой бирже Nasdaq.
6. Dow Jones index (индекс Доу-Джонса) - a stock index of 30 major and
publicly traded companies in the U.S. Фондовый индекс 30 крупных и
публично торгуемых компаний США.
7. Volatility (волатильность) - the rate at which the price of a security
changes and moves up and down.  Скорость, с которой цена ценной
 бумаги изменяется и движется вверх и вниз.
8. Yield (доходность) - the measure of your return on an investment and is
calculated as a percentage.  Мера рентабельности инвестиций,
рассчитываемая в процентах. Syn.: profit, income, return, earning, yield,
turnover, Ant.: loss, payout, expense
9. Alpha (альфа) - the measure of an investment portfolio's performance
against a certain benchmark –usually a stock market index. Измерение
эффективности инвестиционного портфеля по сравнению с
определенным эталоном - обычно индексом фондового рынка.
10.Beta (бета) - the measure of the volatility of a stock or other security
compared to the general market. Мера волатильности акции или другой
ценной бумаги по сравнению с общим рынком.
11.Delta (дельта) - the ratio of the change in price of an option to the change
in price of the underlying asset.  Отношение изменения цены опциона к
изменению цены базового актива.
12.Liquidity (ликвидность) - the ease with which an investment can be
bought or sold without significantly impacting the price of the security.
Легкость, с которой инвестиция может быть куплена или продана без
значительного влияния на цену ценной бумаги.
13.Prime rate (базисная ставка) - the interest rate that commercial banks
charge their most creditworthy corporate customers.Процентная ставка,
которую коммерческие банки взимают со своих наиболее
кредитоспособных корпоративных клиентов.
14.Net Present Value (чистая приведенная стоимость) - the index which
shows the difference between the present value of cash inflows and the
present value of cash outflows over a period of time. Индекс, который
показывает разницу между текущей стоимостью денежных
поступлений и текущей стоимостью оттока денежных средств за
период времени. Syn.: net present worth
15.Profitability Index (индекс рентабельности) - is a measure of a project's
or investment's attractiveness. Мера привлекательности проекта или
инвестиций. Syn.: profit investment ratio, value investment ratio.
Profitability – syn.: efficiency, rentability, profitableness, margin, ant.:
profitableness, unprofitability
16.Rate of Return (рентабельность) - the net gain or loss of an investment
over a specified time period, expressed as a percentage of the investment's
initial cost.  Чистая прибыль или убыток от инвестиции за
определенный период времени, выраженная в процентах от
первоначальной стоимости инвестиции. Rate - syn.: bet, stake, wager,
ante
17.Weight Average Cost of Capital (средневзвешенная стоимость
капитала) - the rate that a company is expected to pay on average to all its
security holders to finance its assets. Средняя ставка, которую компания
платит всем держателям ценных бумаг за финансирование своих
активов. Capital – syn.: fund, principal, headband
18.Gross Present Value (чистая приведенная стоимость) - the total
present value of all the cash flows, excluding the initial investment. Общая
приведенная стоимость всех денежных потоков, за исключением
первоначальных инвестиций. Syn.: gross present worth. Value – syn.:
cost, worth, equity
19.Working Capital Ratio (коэффициент оборотного капитала) - the
measure which shows a company's ability to pay its current liabilities with
its current assets.  Показатель, показывающий способность компании
оплачивать свои текущие обязательства оборотными активами. Syn.:
current ratio. Working capital – syn.: operating cash, revolving fund,
inventories, operating fund
20.Quick Ratio (коэффициент быстрой ликвидности) - the ratio which
evaluates a company's ability to pay its current obligations using liquid
 assets.  Коэффициент, оценивающий способность компании погашать
свои текущие обязательства за счет ликвидных активов. Syn.: acid test
21.Debt-Equity Ratio (соотношение заемного капитала к собственному)
- a measure of the relative contribution of the creditors and shareholders or
owners in the capital employed in business. Мера относительного вклада
кредиторов и акционеров или владельцев в капитал, используемый в
бизнесе. Ratio – syn.: coefficient, factor, rate, index, multiplier
22.Return on Equity (рентабельность капитала) - a measure of financial
performance calculated by dividing net income by shareholders' equity.
Показатель финансовых результатов, рассчитываемый путем деления
чистой прибыли на собственный капитал.
23.Return on Assets (рентабельность активов) - is an indicator of how
profitable a company is relative to its total assets.  Является показателем
того, насколько прибыльна компания по отношению к ее совокупным
активам.
24.Turnover Ratio (коэффициент оборачиваемости) - the rate at which a
fund buys and sells investments compared with the value of the investments
it has in a particular period. Скорость, по которой фонд покупает и
продает инвестиции, по сравнению со стоимостью инвестиций,
которые он имел в конкретный период. Syn.: inventory turns,
merchandise turnover, stock turnover
25.Operating Margin (операционная рентабельность) - a profitability or
performance ratio that reflects the percentage of profit a company produces
from its operations, prior to subtracting taxes and interest charges.
Коэффициент прибыльности или производительности, который
отражает процент прибыли, которую компания получает от своей
деятельности, до вычета налогов и процентов. Syn.: return on sales
26.Interest Coverage Ratio (коэффициент покрытия процентов) - a debt
and profitability ratio used to determine how easily a company can pay
interest on its outstanding debt. Коэффициент долга и рентабельности,
 используемый для определения того, насколько легко компания может
выплатить проценты по непогашенному долгу. Syn.: times interest
earned. Interest – syn.: percent, rate
27.Capital gain (прирост капитала) - the increase in a capital asset's value
realized when the asset is sold. Увеличение стоимости основного
капитала, реализуемое при продаже актива. Gain – syn.: profit, income,
return, earning, yield, turnover, ant.: loss, payout, expense
28.Capital loss (убыток капитала) - is the loss incurred when a capital asset,
such as an investment or real estate, decreases in value.  Это убыток,
понесенный при снижении стоимости основных средств, таких как
инвестиция или недвижимость. Loss - ant.: profit, income, return, earning,
yield, turnover, sin.: loss, payout, expense
29.Profit-taking (получение прибыли) - the practice of selling an asset,
mostly shares, when the asset has risen in price. Практика продажи актива,
в основном акций, когда актив подорожал. Syn.: profiteering, profit-
making
30.Dividend (дивиденд) - a distribution of cash or stock to a class of
shareholders in a company. Распределение денежных средств или акций
среди акционеров компании.
31.Load (нагрузка) - a sales charge paid by mutual fund investors to the
brokers or agents who sell the fund to them. Комиссионные за продажу,
выплачиваемые инвесторами паевых инвестиционных фондов
брокерам или агентам, которые продают им фонд. Syn.: charge, freight
32.Benchmark error (ошибка бенчмарка) - a situation in which the wrong
benchmark is selected in a financial model, causing the model to produce
inaccurate results.  Ситуация, когда в финансовой модели выбран
неправильный бенчмарк, из-за чего модель дает неточные результаты.
33.Unrealized income (нереализованный доход) - a potential profit that
exists on paper, resulting from an investment.  Потенциальная прибыль,
существующая на бумаге, в результате инвестиций. Syn.: realized
 income. Income - syn.: profit, income, return, earning, yield, turnover, ant.:
loss, payout, expense
34.Investment income (доход от инвестиций) - is money that someone earns
from an increase in the value of investments.  Это деньги, которые кто-то
зарабатывает на увеличении стоимости инвестиций. Income - syn.:
profit, income, return, earning, yield, turnover, ant.: loss, payout, expense.
Investment - syn.: investing, investiture
35.Expected return on investment (ожидаемая окупаемость инвестиций)
- the profit or loss that an investor anticipates on an investment that has
known historical rates of return. Прибыль или убыток, которые ожидает
инвестор от инвестиций, для которых известна историческая
рентабельность. Syn.: Expected return on costs, ant.: actual return
36.Asset allocation (распределение активов) - an investment strategy that
aims to balance risk and reward by apportioning a portfolio's assets
according to an individual's goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon.
Инвестиционная стратегия, направленная на уравновешивание риска и
прибыли путем распределения активов портфеля в соответствии с
индивидуальными целями, толерантностью к риску и горизонтом
инвестирования. Syn.: distribution of assets.
37.Diversification (диверсификация) - a technique that reduces risk by
allocating investments across various financial instruments, industries, and
other categories. Это метод, который снижает риск за счет
распределения инвестиций по различным финансовым инструментам,
отраслям и другим категориям. Syn.: variegation
38.Fundamental analysis (фундаментальный анализ) - a method of
evaluating the intrinsic value of an asset and analysing the factors that could
influence its price in the future. Метод оценки внутренней стоимости
актива и анализа факторов, которые могут повлиять на его цену в
будущем.
39.Risk (риск) - any uncertainty with respect to your investments that has the
potential to negatively affect your financial welfare.  Любая
неопределенность в отношении ваших инвестиций, которая может
негативно повлиять на ваше финансовое благополучие. Syn.: danger,
hazard, insecurity, jeopardy, peril, ant.: safety, security, insurance,
protection,
40.Hedging (хеджирование) - a way of controlling or limiting a loss or risk.
Способ контроля или ограничения убытков или риска. Syn.: hedge,
hedgerow
41.Technical analysis (технический анализ) - a discipline employed to
evaluate investments and identify trading opportunities in price trends and
patterns seen on charts. Дисциплина, используемая для оценки
инвестиций и выявления торговых возможностей в ценовых
тенденциях и моделях, отображаемых на графиках.
42.Active Management Process (активный процесс управления) - the
process used when asset managers apply their specific area of expertise by
combining fundamentals, analytical research, and market forecasts to assess
which securities to buy, hold and sell within the portfolio they manage.
Процесс, используемый, когда управляющие активами применяют
свою конкретную область знаний путем объединения
фундаментальных данных, аналитических исследований и рыночных
прогнозов для оценки того, какие ценные бумаги покупать, держать и
продавать в рамках портфеля, которым они управляют. Ant.: passive
management process. Management- syn.: administration, control
43.Passive Management Process (пассивный процесс управления) - the
opposite of active management in which a fund's manager(s) attempt to beat
the market with various investing strategies and buying/selling decisions of a
portfolio's securities.  Противоположность активного управления, при
котором менеджер (-ы) фонда пытается обыграть рынок с помощью
 различных инвестиционных стратегий и решений о покупке / продаже
ценных бумаг портфеля. Ant.: active management process.
44.Portfolio performance management (управление эффективностью
портфеля) - the systematic planning, measurement, and monitoring of the
portfolio's organizational value through achievement against these strategic
goals. Систематическое планирование, измерение и мониторинг
организационной ценности портфеля посредством достижения этих
стратегических целей.
45.Investment Decision (инвестиционное решение) - the decision made by
the investors or the top-level management with respect to the amount of
funds to be deployed in the investment opportunities. Решение, принятое
инвесторами или высшим руководством в отношении суммы средств,
которые будут размещены в инвестиционных возможностях.
46.Leverage (леверидж) - the use of debt (borrowed capital) in order to
undertake an investment or project. Использование долга (заемного
капитала) для осуществления инвестиции или проекта.
47.Risk Aversion (предотвращение риска) - the tendency of people to
prefer outcomes with low uncertainty to those outcomes with high
uncertainty, even if the average outcome of the latter is equal to or higher in
monetary value than the more certain outcome. Тенденция людей отдавать
предпочтение результатам с низкой неопределенностью результатам с
высокой неопределенностью, даже если средний результат последнего
равен или выше в денежном выражении, чем более определенный
результат. Syn.: avoiding risks. Ant.: taking risks
48.Risk Management Process (процесс управления рисками) -
the process of identifying, assessing and controlling threats to an
organization's capital and earnings. Процесс выявления, оценки и
контроля угроз капиталу и прибыли организации.
49.Investor (инвестор) - a person or organization that invests money. Лицо
или организация, производящие инвестицию. Syn: capitalist,
 shareholder, lender; Ant: trader.
50.Speculator (спекулянт) - a person who buys goods, property, money, etc.
in the hope of selling them at a profit. Человек, который покупает товары,
имущество, деньги и т.д. в надежде продать их с прибылью. Syn:
venture, trader; Ant: employee, worker.
51.Face-amount Certificate Company (компания, предлагающая
сертификат с номинальной суммой) - an investment company which
offers an Investment Certificate as defined by the Investment Company Act
of 1940. Инвестиционная компания, которая предлагает
Инвестиционный сертификат в соответствии с Законом об
инвестиционных компаниях 1940 года.
52.Broker\dealer (брокер \ дилер) - a person whose job is to buy and sell
shares, foreign money, or goods for other people. Человек, чья работа
заключается в покупке и продаже акций, иностранных денег или
товаров для других людей. Syn: marketer, agent, trader; Ant: consumer,
end user.
53.Supplier (поставщик) - a person, company, or organization that sells or
supplies something such as goods or equipment to customers. Лицо,
компания или организация, которые продают или поставляют клиентам
что-либо, например товары или оборудование. Syn; provider, distributor;
Ant. customer, purchaser;
54.Trader (трейдер) - a person who buys and sells company shares or money.
Человек, который покупает и продает акции компании или деньги. Syn.
dealer, broker, speculator; Ant. buyer, investor
55.Bear market (медвежий рынок) - a market in which most investors are
selling because they expect asset prices to fall. The price trend in a bear
market is downwards. Рынок, на котором большинство инвесторов
продают, потому что ожидают падения цен на активы. Ценовой тренд
на медвежьем рынке направлен вниз. Ant: price control, bull market
56.Bull market (бычий рынок) - A market in which most investors are
buying because they expect asset prices to rise. The price trend in a bull
market is upwards. Рынок, на котором большинство инвесторов
покупают, потому что ожидают роста цен на активы. Ценовой тренд на
бычьем рынке направлен вверх. Ant: price control, bear market
57.Over-the-counter (OTC, внебиржевая сделка) - it is a decentralized
market made up of dealers who connect with each other using telephone and
computer networks. Это децентрализованный рынок, состоящий из
дилеров, которые соединяются друг с другом с помощью телефонных и
компьютерных сетей. Syn: off-exchange; Ant: stock exchange.
58.Primary market (первичный рынок) - the market in which newly issued
securities are sold. Рынок, на котором продаются вновь выпущенные
ценные бумаги. Syn: primary securities market, primary security market;
Ant: futures contract, financial instrument, secondary market
59.Secondary market (вторичный рынок) - a market where previously
issued securities are bought and sold. Рынок, на котором покупаются и
продаются ранее выпущенные ценные бумаги. Syn: secondary security
market, secondary securities market; Ant: primary market.
60.Canadian investor protection fund (CIPF, Канадский фонд защиты
инвесторов) - a not-for-profit organization that provides insurance to
member firms (financial institutions) and protects investors’ funds/assets up
to $1 million if the member firm goes bankrupt. (канадский фонд защиты
инвесторов) некоммерческая организация, которая предоставляет
страхование фирмам-членам (финансовым учреждениям) и защищает
средства/активы инвесторов на сумму до 1 миллиона долларов, если
фирма-член обанкротится.
61.Exchange Traded Fund (ETF, биржевой фонд) - an investment fund
traded on a stock exchange like a stock, with prices reacting to supply and
demand throughout a trading day. ETFs are usually passively managed and
have lower MERs than mutual/index funds. Инвестиционный фонд,
 торгуемый на фондовой бирже, как акции, с ценами, реагирующими на
спрос и предложение в течение торгового дня. ETF обычно
управляются пассивно и имеют более низкие РВК, чем
взаимные/индексные фонды. Syn: index fund
62.Index fund (индексный фонд) - a type of mutual fund that tracks a
specific index and attempts to replicate the performance of a benchmark
index by holding all the securities (stocks, bonds) in that benchmark index.
Тип взаимного фонда, который отслеживает определенный индекс и
пытается воспроизвести показатели базового индекса, удерживая все
ценные бумаги (акции, облигации) в этом базовом индексе. Syn: index-
tracking fund, tracker fund, index tracker fund.
63.Mutual fund (паевой фонд) - a fund that pools money from several
investors in order to purchase multiple securities that are actively managed
by a fund manager. Фонд, который объединяет деньги нескольких
инвесторов для покупки нескольких ценных бумаг, которыми активно
управляет управляющий фондом. Syn: mutual investment fund.
64.Trust fund (целевой фонд) - a fund consisting of assets belonging to a
trust, held by the trustees for the beneficiaries. Фонд, состоящий из
активов, принадлежащих трасту, принадлежащих попечителям для
бенефициаров;
65.Unit Investment Trust (паевой инвестиционный фонд) - An
investment company that offers a fixed, unmanaged portfolio, generally of
stocks and bonds, as redeemable "units" to investors for a specific period of
time. Инвестиционная компания, которая предлагает инвесторам
фиксированный, неуправляемый портфель, как правило, акций и
облигаций, в качестве выкупаемых "единиц" на определенный период
времени.
66.Pinocchio traders (трейдер-буратино) - a certain type of investor who
thoughtlessly invests large sums ignoring recommendations, which makes
administrators think about the imminent closure of the project.
 Определенный тип инвесторов, которые бездумно вкладывают
большие суммы, игнорируя рекомендации, что заставляет
администраторов задуматься о скором закрытии проекта.
67.Hedge Fund (хедж-фонд) - an investment fund that trades large amounts of
shares, currencies, etc. to take advantage of both rising and falling prices.
Инвестиционный фонд, который торгует большим количеством акций,
валют и т.д. чтобы воспользоваться преимуществами как растущих, так
и падающих цен.
68.Bucketeer (биржевой спекулянт) - a fraudulent or deceptive trader.
Мошеннический или вводящий в заблуждение трейдер.
69.Forward market (форвардный рынок) - the informal over-the-counter
financial market by which contracts for future delivery are entered into.
Standardized forward contracts are called futures contracts and traded on a
futures exchange. Неофициальный внебиржевой финансовый рынок, на
котором заключаются контракты на будущие поставки.
Стандартизированные форвардные контракты называются
фьючерсными контрактами и торгуются на фьючерсной бирже.
70.Swap market (рынок свопов) - the network of trades that exchange
entitlements, such as borrowing or holdings of currency, with one another.
Сеть сделок, которые обменивают права, такие как заимствования или
запасы валюты, друг с другом.
71.Open-end(ed)-fund (открытый паевой инвестиционный фонд) - a
collective investment scheme which can issue and redeem shares at any
time. Схема коллективных инвестиций, которая может выпускать и
выкупать акции в любое время. Syn: open-end mutual fund, open-end
investment fund; Ant: mutual fund, closed fund.
72.Portfolio manager (портфельный менеджер) - the person or entity
responsible for making investment decisions of the portfolio to meet the
specific investment objective or goal of the portfolio. Физическое или
юридическое лицо, ответственное за принятие инвестиционных
 решений по портфелю для достижения конкретной инвестиционной
цели или цели портфеля. Syn: money manager
73.Balanced fund (сбалансированный фонд) - a mutual fund that seek both
growth and income in a portfolio with a mix of common stock, preferred
stock or bonds. Взаимный фонд, который стремится как к росту, так и к
доходу в портфеле с сочетанием обыкновенных акций,
привилегированных акций или облигаций. Syn: hybrid fund, balanced
mutual fund, growth and income mutual fund, diversified fund, growth and
income fund.
74.Equity fund (фонд акций) - a mutual fund/collective fund in which the
money is invested primarily in common and/or preferred stock. Stock funds
may vary, depending on the fund's investment objective. Взаимный
фонд/коллективный фонд, в который деньги инвестируются в основном
в обыкновенные и/или привилегированные акции. Фондовые фонды
могут варьироваться в зависимости от инвестиционной цели фонда.
Syn: equity mutual fund, stock fund
75.Stag (олень) - a slang term for a short-term speculator—a day trader, for
example— who attempts to profit from short-term market movements by
quickly moving in and out of positions. Жаргонный термин для
краткосрочного спекулянта — дневного трейдера, например, —
который пытается получить прибыль от краткосрочных движений
рынка, быстро входя и выходя из позиций. Syn: short-term speculator,
day trader
76.Bear (медведь) - an investor who believes that a particular security, or the
broader market is headed downward and may attempt to profit from a
decline in stock prices. Инвестор, который считает, что конкретная
ценная бумага или более широкий рынок движутся вниз, и может
попытаться извлечь выгоду из снижения цен на акции. Ant: bull
77.Bull (бык) - an investor who thinks the market, a specific security, or an
industry is poised to rise. Инвестор, который считает, что рынок,
 конкретная ценная бумага или отрасль готовы к росту. Ant: bear.
78.Ask price (цена предложения) - this is the lowest price a seller is willing
to accept per unit of a stock or other financial security. It’s also known as the
offer price. Цена, по которой продавец согласен продать. Ask price –
syn. sale price, offer price; ant. bid price, sale price.
79.Bid price (цена покупателя) - this is the highest price that a buyer is
willing to pay per share of a stock or other financial security. Самая
высокая цена, по которой покупатель согласен купить предлагаемый
финансовый инструмент или другой актив. Bid price - syn. sale price; ant
sale price, offer price.
80.Spread bid price (цена спреда) - the difference between the prices quoted
(either by a single market maker or in a limit order book) for an immediate
sale (offer) and an immediate purchase (bid) for stocks, futures contracts,
options, or currency pairs. Spread bid price - syn. best bid offer. bid-
offer spread.
81.Initial public offerings (первичное публичное
предложение, первичное публичное размещение) - the initial price
that shares of a company are sold when they move from being a “private”
company to becoming a “publicly traded” company. Первая публичная
продажа акций акционерного общества, в том числе в форме продажи
депозитарных расписок на акции, неограниченному кругу лиц. Initial
public offerings - syn. initial placement.
82.Dividend reinvestment plan (план (программа) реинвестирования
дивидендов) - an investing strategy that allows investors to automatically
reinvest their dividends by buying more units of the assets/security instead
of receiving cash. The plan gives investors an opportunity to save on
transaction fees or commissions. Предоставляемая некоторыми
акционерными компаниями услуга, позволяющая акционерам
автоматически реинвестировать денежные дивиденды в акции
компании.
83.Value investing (стоимостное инвестирование) - an investment strategy
that involves picking stocks that appear to be trading for less than
their intrinsic or book value. Это покупка акций по цене ниже их
реальной (внутренней) стоимости. 
84.Growth investing (инвестирование в акции роста) - a type of
investment strategy that concentrates on increasing the value of the financial
assets one has, i.e. capital appreciation rather than annual income or
dividends. Стратегия инвестирования, при которой средства
вкладываются в акции со значительным потенциалом роста курсовой
стоимости, но маленькими дивидендами.
85.Momentum Investing (моментум-эффект, моментум-стратегия
инвестирования) - a system of buying stocks or other securities that have
had high returns over the past three to twelve months, and selling those that
have had poor returns over the same period. Это стратегия, направленная
на получение прибыли на инерции от существующих тенденций на
рынке.
86.Dollar-Cost Averaging (усреднение долларовой стоимости) - an
investment strategy that aims to reduce the impact of volatility on large
purchases of financial assets such as equities. Это инвестиционная
стратегия, которая направлена на уменьшение влияния волатильности
при покупке активов.
87.Registered education savings plan (зарегистрированный план
сбережений на образование) - an investment vehicle available to
caregivers to save for their children's post-secondary education.
Это налоговое убежище, предназначенное для студентов, получающих
высшее образование. В случае RESP взносы (составляющие основную
сумму инвестиций) облагаются или уже облагались налогом по ставке
налога вкладчика.
88.Registered retirement savings plan
(зарегистрированный пенсионный сберегательный план) - a
 retirement savings plan in Canada that enables you to save for retirement in
an account that is not taxed until you start making withdrawals. The
government sets an annual contribution amount that is a percentage of your
income for the previous year, up to a maximum. Это индивидуальные,
лично управляемые накопительные планы. Как пенсии от
работодателя, сбережения в RRSP пользуются правом льготного
налогообложения — вклады снижают налоги, и доходы от инвестиций
не облагаются налогом. Налоги платятся во время снятия средств с
этих планов.
89.Short position (короткая позиция) - a trading strategy that involves an
investor selling a stock (security) they don’t own with the aim of making a
profit when the price of the stock (security) falls. Операция, которую
проводит инвестор с целью получить прибыль, используя снижение
котировок ценных бумаг или валюты.
90.Long position (длинная позиция) - refers to the ownership of a stock. For
example, if you own 1,000 shares of a certain stock, you are said to be
“long” that stock. Характеризует традиционную ситуацию, в которой
инвестор покупает актив с расчетом, что стоимость его вырастет.
91.Market timing (маркет тайминг) - an investing strategy that attempts to
predict market outcomes using fundamental and technical analyses.
Это инвестиционная или торговая стратегия для принятия решений в
отношении финансовых активов, прогнозируя, как будет двигаться
фондовый рынок.
92.Stocks (акции) - a certificate documenting the shareholder's ownership in
the corporation. Сертификат, подтверждающий право собственности
акционера на корпорацию.
93.Shares (доли) - one of the equal parts that the ownership of
a company is divided into, and that can be bought by members of the public.
Одна из равных частей, на которые разделена собственность компании,
 и которые могут быть куплены представителями общественности.
Share - syn. contribution, part.
94.Bonds (облигации) - a debt instrument in which an investor loans money
to a company, government, or other entity for a period of time in exchange
for interest payments and a return of principal on specified dates. Долговой
инструмент, в котором инвестор ссужает деньги компании,
правительству или другому юридическому лицу на определенный
период времени в обмен на выплату процентов и возврат основной
суммы долга в указанные даты. Bond - syn. bail, bond certificate, bond
paper
95.Warrant (варрант) - the right to buy a company's shares at
a particular price by a particular date. Долговой инструмент, в котором
инвестор ссужает деньги компании, правительству или другому
юридическому лицу на определенный период времени в обмен на
выплату процентов и возврат основной суммы долга в указанные даты.
96.Futures (фьючерс) - contract to buy or sell an asset at a future date and at a
pre-determined price, as agreed upon by both buyer and seller. Контракт на
покупку или продажу актива на будущую дату и по заранее
определенной цене, согласованной как покупателем, так и продавцом.
97.Securities (ценные бумаги) - an investment signifying a stake or
ownership rights through shares (stocks) or debt (bonds) or other investment
products that have value and which can be transferred or sold to another
investor. Инвестиции, означающие долю или права собственности
посредством акций (акций) или долга (облигаций) или других
инвестиционных продуктов, которые имеют ценность и которые могут
быть переданы или проданы другому инвестору.
98.Commodities (товарные фьючерсы) - a generic product or material
which is interchangeable with another product of its kind and which can be
traded on a commodities exchange. Универсальный продукт или
 материал, который взаимозаменяем с другим продуктом такого рода и
которым можно торговать на товарной бирже.
99.Option (опцион) -a contract giving the holder the right to buy or sell an
asset at a set strike price in the future. Контракт, дающий владельцу право
покупать или продавать актив по установленной цене исполнения в
будущем.
100. Derivatives (деривативы) - a security whose value is derived from
the performance of other underlying assets. Derivatives are complicated
financial instruments (assets) that are packaged on the back of other
financial instruments, such as stocks, commodities, mortgages, bonds, and
interest rates. Ценная бумага, стоимость которой определяется
эффективностью других базовых активов. Производные финансовые
инструменты - это сложные финансовые инструменты (активы),
которые упакованы в другие финансовые инструменты, такие как
акции, товары, ипотечные кредиты, облигации и процентные ставки.
101. Assets (активы) - anything the company owns that is of value, such
as building, land, machinery. For investing purposes, assets include stocks,
bonds, cash, commodities, and more. Все, чем владеет компания,
представляет ценность, например, здание, земля, оборудование. Для
целей инвестирования активы включают акции, облигации, наличные
деньги, товары и многое другое. Asset - ant. liability
102. Day order (дневной ордер) - a trading order that is only good for
the day it is placed. If trade execution does not occur by the close of the day,
it is automatically cancelled. Торговый ордер, который действителен
только в тот день, когда он размещен. Если исполнение сделки не
произойдет к закрытию дня, она автоматически отменяется. Order –
syn. Arrangement.
103. Equity (собственный капитал) - the value of a company, divided
into many equal parts owned by the shareholders, or one of the equal parts
into which the value of a company is divided. Стоимость компании,
 разделенная на множество равных частей, принадлежащих акционерам,
или одна из равных частей, на которые делится стоимость компании.
104. Fixed income securities (ценные бумаги с фиксированным
доходом) - an investment that provides a return in the form of fixed periodic
interest payments and the eventual return of principal at maturity.
Инвестиции, которые обеспечивают доходность в виде фиксированных
периодических процентных платежей и возможного возврата основной
суммы долга по истечении срока погашения.
105. Good till cancelled order (отложенный ордер) - order which stays
open until the defined trading conditions are met or till it is cancelled.
Ордер, который остается открытым до тех пор, пока не будут
выполнены определенные торговые условия или пока он не будет
отменен.
106. Limit order (лимитный ордер) -an order to buy or sell a security
(stock) at a specified price. Ордер на покупку или продажу ценной
бумаги (акции) по указанной цене.
107. Market order (рыночный ордер) - a trade order put in by an
investor requesting the purchase or sale of a security (stock) at the current
market price.
108. торговый ордер, поданный инвестором с просьбой о покупке или
продаже ценной бумаги (акции) по текущей рыночной цене.
109. Portfolio (портфолио) - a collection of the different
securities/investments owned by an individual investor or institution. A
portfolio may consist of a mix of assets such as bonds, stocks, mutual funds,
ETFs, cash and cash equivalents. Совокупность различных ценных
бумаг/инвестиций, принадлежащих отдельному инвестору или
учреждению. Портфель может состоять из сочетания активов, таких
как облигации, акции, взаимные фонды, ETF, денежные средства и их
эквиваленты. Portfolio – syn. Folder
110. Junk bond (мусорная облигация) - company bond that has been
given a low rating/sub-investment grade by credit rating agencies.
Облигация компании, которой рейтинговые агентства присвоили
низкий рейтинг /субинвестиционный уровень.
111. Loan stock (облигация) - another name for a bond, normally used to
denote loans issued by non-government bodies such as companies. Другое
название облигации, обычно используемое для обозначения кредитов,
выданных негосударственными органами, такими как компании. loan -
syn.credit borrowing; ant. recall, resumption, foreclosure
112. Non-rated bond (облигация без рейтинга) - bond which has not
been rated by a large rating agency (e.g. Moody’s or S&P) and therefore
carries the risk of potentially being poor quality. Облигация, которая не
была оценена крупным рейтинговым агентством (например, Moody's
или S&P) и, следовательно, несет риск потенциально низкого качества.
113. Perpetual bond (бессрочная облигация) - bond that is issued with
no redemption or maturity date. The coupons on a perpetual bond are paid
indefinitely. Облигация, выпущенная без даты погашения или
прекращения действия. купоны по бессрочным облигациям
выплачиваются на неопределенный срок.
114. Puttable bond (облигация с правом досрочного погашения) -
bond that can be redeemed before maturity at the option of the bondholder.
Облигация, которая может быть погашена до даты погашения по
выбору держателя облигации.
115. Secured bond (обеспеченная облигация) - bond for which the
issuer has set aside assets as collateral to ensure principal repayment and
encourage timely interest payments. Облигация, по которой эмитент
выделил активы в качестве обеспечения для обеспечения погашения
основной суммы долга и поощрения своевременных выплат процентов.
116. Small cap stock (акции с малой капитализацией) - stock with a
market capitalization of among the smallest within a market, although the
 definition of what is small is to some extent arbitrary. Акции с рыночной
капитализацией, одной из самых маленьких на рынке, хотя
определение того, что является небольшим, в некоторой степени
произвольно
117. Sin stock (акции греха) - stock of a company that provides goods or
services that the investor has deemed unethical. Common examples include
the stocks of companies that are involved in the production or provision of
tobacco, alcohol, armaments, pornography or gaming facilities. Акции
компании, предоставляющей товары или услуги, которые инвестор
счел неэтичными. Распространенными примерами являются акции
компаний, которые занимаются производством или поставкой табака,
алкоголя, оружия, порнографии или игровых заведений.
118. Treasury bill (казначейский вексель) - bond issued by a
government with a maturity of one year or less. Облигации, выпущенные
правительством со сроком погашения один год или менее.
119. Zero coupon bond (облигация с нулевым купоном) - bond that
pays no coupons. It is sold at a discount to its face value and matures at its
face value after a specified term. Облигация, по которой не
выплачиваются купоны. Он продается со скидкой по номинальной
стоимости и погашается по номинальной стоимости после
определенного срока.
120. Equity securities (долевые ценные бумаги) - shares of capital
stock that reflect a shareholder’s ownership stake in a business, partnership,
or trust. Акции акционерного капитала, которые отражают долю
участия акционера в бизнесе, партнерстве или доверительном
управлении.
121. Debt securities (долговые ценные бумаги) - debts that can be
bought or sold between two or more parties in the marketplace before it’s
maturity. Долги, которые могут быть куплены или проданы двумя или
более сторонами на рынке до наступления срока погашения.
122. Stop order (стоп ордер) - order to buy or sell a stock at the market
price once the stock has traded at or through a specified price (the “stop
price”). Ордер на покупку или продажу акции по рыночной цене после
того, как акция торгуется по указанной цене или по указанной цене
("стоп-цена").
123. Corporate bond (корпоративная облигация) - type of debt
security that is issued by a firm and sold to investors. Тип долговой ценной
бумаги, которая выпускается фирмой и продается инвесторам.
124. Convertible bond (конвертируемая облигация) - fixed-income
corporate debt security that yields interest payments, but can be converted
into a predetermined number of common stock or equity shares.
Корпоративная долговая ценная бумага с фиксированным доходом,
которая приносит процентные платежи, но может быть конвертирована
в заранее определенное количество обыкновенных акций или долевых
акций.
125. High-yield bond (высокодоходная облигация) - bond that pay
higher interest rates because they have lower credit ratings than investment-
grade bonds. Облигация, по которым выплачивают более высокие
процентные ставки, поскольку они имеют более низкие кредитные
рейтинги, чем облигации инвестиционного уровня.
126. Callable bond (облигация, подлежащая погашению) - bond that
the issuer may redeem before it reaches the stated maturity date. A callable
bond allows the issuing company to pay off their debt early. Облигация,
которую эмитент может погасить до наступления указанной даты
погашения. Облигация с возможностью отзыва позволяет компании-
эмитенту досрочно погасить свой долг.
127. Variable-income securities (ценные бумаги с изменяющимся
доходом) - investments where payments change based on some underlying
measure—such as short-term interest rates—the payments of a fixed-income
security are known in advance. Инвестиции, в которых платежи
изменяются в зависимости от некоторых базовых показателей, таких
как краткосрочные процентные ставки, - платежи по ценным бумагам с
фиксированным доходом известны заранее.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Glossaries of Investment Terms

1. Dc.gov https://dcrb.dc.gov/service/glossary-investment-terms-0
2. IG https://www.ig.com/uk/investments/support/glossary-investment-terms
3. Investopedia https://www.investopedia.com/financial-term-dictionary-
4769738
4. J.P. Morgan
https://am.jpmorgan.com/us/en/asset-management/adv/resources/glossary-
of-investment-terms/
5. Mercer
https://www.mercer.com/content/dam/mercer/attachments/europe/Netherlan
ds/ic-dictionary-mercer.pdf

Dictionaries
1. Cambridge Dictionary https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ru/
2. Collins English Dictionary
https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english
3. Meriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary https://www.merriam-
webster.com/
4. Oxford Learner’s Dictionary
https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/
5. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology

Tutorials
1. Kabanova I.N. “Fundamentals of lexicology of the English language”