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In a sentence words are divided into different classes or kinds because of their functions and usage. And
it is described by the term of parts of speech.
Parts of speech help to understand the uses or functions words and how different words can make a
meaningful sentence.
Noun
Pronoun
Verb
Adverb
Adjective
Preposition
Conjunction
Interjection
Noun
Name of anything like person, animal, place, thing, abstract, idea, action, state or quality is called Noun.
Example:
Maria, Girl, Dhaka, Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness, Family, Sleep, Death etc.
Poverty is curse.
Function of Noun:
Noun plays the role in a sentence as subject of a verb or object of a verb or both subject and object of a
verb.
Classification of
Noun:
Name of anything like person, animal, place, thing, abstract, idea, action, state or quality is called Noun.
Example:
Maria, Girl, Dhaka, Book, Teacher, Water, Honesty, Happiness, Family, Sleep, Death etc.
Poverty is curse.
Function of Noun:
Noun plays the role in a sentence as subject of a verb or object of a verb or both subject and object of a
verb.
Classification of nouns:
Noun can be classified into five categories:
Proper noun
Common noun
Collective noun
Abstract noun
Material noun
i. Proper Noun:
Example:- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. ( Dhaka is the name of one particular capital)
Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class but that represents one or all
of the members of that class or thing.
Example:
Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)
People: boy, girl, mother, father, baby, child, teacher, student, man, woman etc.
Things: book, table, computer, pen, pencil etc.
A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken together and
considered of as one whole.
Example:
Crowd, class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee, audience, council, public, navy,
cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation, senate, faculty, board etc.
Such as iron, steel, copper, gold, coal, silver, milk, water, tea, sugar, wheat etc.
Example:
v. Abstract Noun:
Abstract noun are the names of such things those can’t be touched, tested, smelt or heard.
Such as:
Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness, brightness
etc.
State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep etc.
nouns:
Proper noun
Common noun
Collective noun
Abstract noun
Material noun
i. Proper Noun:
Example:- Dhaka is the capital of Bangladesh. ( Dhaka is the name of one particular capital)
Common noun is a noun that is not the name of a particular thing or class but that represents one or all
of the members of that class or thing.
Example:
Sunny is a smart boy. (Here boy is common noun while Sunny is a proper noun)
Rimi is a clever girl. (Here girl is common noun while Rimi is a proper noun)
People: boy, girl, mother, father, baby, child, teacher, student, man, woman etc.
A collective noun is the name of a collection or number or group of things or persons taken together and
considered of as one whole.
Example:
Crowd, class, army, mob, gang, team, jury, family, herd, committee, audience, council, public, navy,
cabinet, group, company, society, troupe, corporation, senate, faculty, board etc.
Such as iron, steel, copper, gold, coal, silver, milk, water, tea, sugar, wheat etc.
Example:
v. Abstract Noun:
Abstract noun are the names of such things those can’t be touched, tested, smelt or heard.
Such as:
Quality- honesty, beauty, bravery, wisdom, heroism, stupidity, darkness, kindness, goodness, brightness
etc.
State- Childhood, boyhood, youth, death, poverty, slavery, sickness, sleep etc.
Pronoun
Common pronouns are I, me, he, she, him, his, her, they, them, it, we, and us.
Example:
Role of Pronoun in a sentence: Pronouns are usually short words and they are used to make sentence
less cumbersome and less repetitive.
Kinds of Pronoun:
Personal Pronoun
Possessive Pronoun
Reflexive Pronoun
Intensive Pronoun
Indefinite Pronoun
Demonstrative Pronoun
Relative Pronoun
Interrogative Pronoun
Reciprocal Pronoun.
i. Personal Pronoun:
Personal pronoun is used instead of person. Such as I, you, he, she, we, they and who.
When a personal pronoun is the subject of a verb then it is called Subjective Pronoun (I, we, he, she,
they, and you).
When a personal pronoun is not a subject and acts as the object then it is called Objective Pronoun (me,
you, her, him, it, us, them and whom).
A Possessive Pronoun shows ownership of something. Such as his, hers, its, mine, yours, ours, and
theirs.
Reflexive Pronoun refers back to the subject in the sentence. They are myself, himself, herself,
ourselves, themselves, yourselves and itself.
Example:
An Intensive Pronoun is used for emphasis. Intensive pronouns are myself, himself, herself, yourself,
itself, yourselves, ourselvesand themselves.
Example:
v. Indefinite Pronoun:
An Indefinite Pronoun refers to an indefinite or non-specific person or thing. Indefinite pronouns are
any, anything, some, someone, somebody, everybody, everything, everyone, nobody, none, one,
several, some, few, many and each.
An Indefinite pronoun may look like an indefinite adjective but it is used differently in sentences by
taking the place of a noun.
Example:
A Demonstrative Pronoun particularly point out a noun. This, these, that and those are demonstrative
pronouns to point out a noun.
Example:
- Look at that.
A Relative Pronoun is a pronoun that introduces or links one phrase or clause to another in the
sentence.
Relative Pronoun are that, who, whom, where, when, whoever, whichever and whomever.
Example:
- You should buy the book that you need for the course.
Interrogative Pronouns are who, which, what, whom, whose as well as whoever, whomever, whichever
and whatever.
- What’s happened?
A Reciprocal Pronoun refers the relations between two or more persons or things. Each other and one
another are Reciprocal Pronouns.
We use Reciprocal Pronouns when there are two or more persons or things doing the same thing.
Example:
Adjective
An adjective is a part of speech (word) that modifies a noun or a pronoun by qualifying, specifying or
describing it.
- Foxes are cunning animal. (Answer the question “What king of animal?”)
- Five or six gunmen attack the area. (Answer the question “How many gunmen?”)
- The one eyed man tells him the story. (Answer the question “Which man?”)
Adjective Classification:
Demonstrative Adjective
Distributive Adjective
Possessive Adjective
Interrogative Adjective
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue etc.
Example:
- He is a bad guy.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no etc.
Example:
Express the number or order of something or someone. Such as one, two, three, ………., first, second,
third, ……………, single, double, triple, quadruple, twofold, threefold, fivefold, ………… etc.
Example:
- The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.
Such as
Specify the nouns or pronouns. Such as this, that, those, these etc.
Example:
v. Distributive Adjective:
Express the distributive state of nouns. Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence. Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their etc.
Example:
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence. Such as which, what, whose etc.
Example:
Verb
A verb is a word or group of word (phrase) that is used to describe an action, state or occurrence.
Role of Verb in a sentence:
Verb forms the main part of the predicate of a sentence. Every complete sentence must have a verb.
Verbs are:
Verbs change their form based on time/tense (past, present, and future), person (first person, second
person, and third person), number (singular, plural), voice (active and passive) etc.
Kinds of Verb:
Verbs which are used independently without help of other verbs are called Principal or Main verb.
Example:- He is a singer.
Principal verbs are two types depending on the object they take:
a. Transitive verb.
Transitive verb is an action verb that requires one or more objects which receive the action of the verb
in a sentence.
Example:
- She reads the book. (verb with the object ‘the book’)
- He gave me a mobile phone. (verb with the object ‘me’ and ‘mobile phone’)
b. Intransitive verb.
Intransitive verb is an action verb that requires no direct object in the sentence.
Example:
And if object is not present in sentence then the verb is intransitive of that sentence.
So, to find an object we ask the verb by “Whom” or “what” and the answer we get is an object of that
sentence.
Example:
Gave Whom? Answer is me. And Gave what? Answer is mobile phone.
-She reads.
Verbs which help a Principal verb to form a sentence are called Auxiliary or Helping verb.
Example:
- He is singing a song.
Here, is and are helping the main verb sing, do, face.
i. Primary or Tense Auxiliaries such as be, am, is was, are, were, been, being, have, has, had, having, do,
does and did.
Example:
Example:
Finite verb:
A Verb which changes its form according to the number, person or tense and must has subject is called
finite verb
Example:
- He makes me proud.
Non-finite verb:
A Non-finite verb is a form of verb that is not limited by person, number or tense in a sentence and
cannot act as main verb.
i. Infinite
ii. Gerund
iii. Participles
Infinite:
Infinite verb is a non-finite verb that is made up of “to + base form of verb”.
Example:
Example:
Gerund:
A gerund is a form of non-finite verb which is made up by adding the ‘ing’ at the end of the base form of
a verb.
Example:
- Seeing is believing.
Participles:
Present Participle: Present participle is made by adding ‘ing ’ to the base form.
Example:
N. B.:
Both of Gerund and Present Participles are made by adding ‘ing’ to the base form.
But difference between them is Gerund functions as a noun and present participles functions as an
adjective.
Example:
Past Participle: Past participle is made by adding ‘ed’, ‘-d’ or ‘-t’ to the base form of a regular verb. Such
as looked, said, slept, broken etc.
The past participle can be preceded by have, has, had etc. to express the perfect aspect. And it also
expresses the passive voice.
Example:
- It is said by them.
- The floated area is good for cultivation.
Adverb
An adverb is a word which modifies or qualifies the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb or any
other words or phrases in the sentence such as quickly, firmly, lightly, carefully, extremely etc.
Example:- The leopard runs quickly. ( Here quickly modifies the verb)
- Most of our countrymen are very poor. (Here very modifies the adjective)
Adverb adds information and impression about time, manner, place etc. in a sentence.
Form of Adverbs:
Many adverbs those express how an action is performed are end in ‘ly’. But many others like fast, well,
never, least, more, far, now, very, just, still etc.
Kinds of Adverbs:
i. Adverbs of Time: Indicate the time of an action and answer the question ‘when’?
Such as now, soon, still, then, today, yet, since, back, ago, already, before, after, recently, today, lately,
tomorrow, once, someday, early etc.
Example:- I have already finished my job.
- I will do it now.
ii. Adverbs of Manner: Express the manner of an action and answer the question ‘How’?
Such as happily, slowly, quickly, carefully, loudly, easily, fast, bravely, hard, well, badly etc.
iii. Adverbs of Place: Indicate the place of an action and answer the question ‘Where’?
Such as here, there, up, down, in, out, by, hither, thither, where, anywhere, somewhere, everywhere,
nowhere etc.
Example:- Go out.
- I love to be here.
Such as extremely, fully, quite, almost, very much, too, a lot, totally, absolutely, fairly, hardly, rather etc.
v. Adverbs of Affirmation and negation: Indicate assertion and express the one’s reaction to question.
vi. Adverbs of Frequency: Express the frequency of an action and answer the question “How often”?
Such as never, ever, always, often, seldom, everyday, sometimes, usually, normally, frequently, rarely,
hardly, scarcely, once a week etc.
Conjunctive Adverb:
Such as also, finally, furthermore, consequently, hence, however, incidentally, indeed, instead, likewise,
nevertheless, meanwhile, next, nonetheless, otherwise, then, still, thus and therefore.
Example:- The people waited for an hour; finally the train comes to the station.
- The police men searched the market; indeed the gunman has escaped through the basement door.
Position of Adverb:
i. Adverbs of time usually come at the end of a sentence or at the beginning of sentence.
iii. Adverbs of Degree or Quantity come before the verb, adjective or adverb.
Prepositions
By the word preposition means position something before something. And in English grammar-
A preposition is a word placed or positioned before a noun or a pronoun or noun equivalent to show the
relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence.
For, of, on, at, in, to, off, by, up, with, from, into, within, like, until, above, about, against, under, before,
after, among, along, across, around, behind, bellow, beneath, beside, between, beyond, down, during,
except, inside, near, since, toward, through and upon.
Role or function of preposition in a sentence:
A preposition sits before a noun or a pronoun to show noun’s or pronoun’s relationship to another word
in the sentence. Preposition helps to construct a sentence.
Example:
i. Simple Preposition such as in, at, by, of, for, on, over, under, up, to, from, out, about, under, with etc.
- He goes to school.
ii. Double Preposition such as into, onto, within, without, from, among, toward, behind etc.
Present or Past Participles can be used as Prepositions. Such as concerning, regarding, considering,
pending etc.
Example:
i. Preposition of Place, Position and Direction (in, at, on, by, next, to, beside, )
In
At
On
By
Above
To
Towards
From
On the table.
Go to university.
Towards east.
At
After
Before
By
During
From
For
In
On
Since
Within
By 4 p.m.
During five years. During the whole day/summer, during five years.
For a week/month.
On Sunday.
Since he comes.
For
Form
Of
Through
With For the good of the people, died for the country.
Died of cancer.
Conjunction
A conjunction is a part of speech or word that connects –
The conjunctions are and, but, or, for, nor, so, yet, because, if, whether, lest, unless, as, since, how,
when, where, while, why, till, until, after, before, however, as soon as, though and than.
Example:
- The bird flies through and through the sky. (preposition to preposition)
- Coordinate Conjunction
- Subordinate Conjunction
- Correlative conjunction
Coordinate Conjunction:
Coordinate conjunctions such as and, but, or, nor, for, so, or yet are used to join individual words,
phrases and independent clauses.
Example:
Subordinate Conjunction:
The subordinate clause such as since, because, although, as, until etc. are used to join an independent
clause to a dependent clause.
The subordinate conjunctions are used before the dependent clauses. Dependent clause can be placed
before or after the independent clauses.
Example:
Correlative conjunctions:
Correlative conjunctions are pairs of conjunctions such as both…and, either…..or, neither……nor etc.
used in the sentences to link words, phrases and clauses.
Correlative conjunctions connect two words or phrases or clauses those have the similar structure and
are grammatically similar. That means nouns are linked to nouns, adjectives to adjectives, prepositional
phrases to prepositional phrases.
Example:
Interjection
The part of speech that expresses strong feeling or sudden emotions or sentiment is called interjection
or exclamation.
Interjections are not grammatically related to any other part of the sentence.
Example: