Sistem Produksi

INTRODUCTION
• Production System & Operations Decision Making
• What is Operations Management?
• Decision Areas in Operation
• Definition
• Critical Process in Manufacturing & Services
• Basic Supply Chain
• Brief History.

Kuliah ke-1: Rabu, Feb.2011

 I. Production System & Operations Decision Making

Marketplace

Corporate Strategy

Finance Strategy Operations Strategy Marketing Strategy

Operations Management

People Plants Parts Processes

Materials & Products &
Customers Services
Planning and Control
Input Output
Production System
 II. What is Operation Management?

• Every book you read, every video you watch,

every e-mail you send, every telephone
conversation you have, and every medical
treatment you receive involves the operations
function of one or more organizations…..
• Success or failure of a company’s operations
functions determines its competitiveness from its
competitors….
• The collective success or failure of companies’
operations functions has an impact on the ability
of a nation to compete with other nations, and on
the nations’ economy…….
 Scope of Operations Management
• It ranges across the organization……
• People in OM, are involved in product and
service design, process selection, selection and
management of technology, design of work
systems, location planning, facilities planning,
and quality improvement.
• The operations function includes many
interrelated activities, such as forecasting,
capacity planning, scheduling, managing
inventories, assuring quality, motivating
employees, deciding where to locate facilities,
and more.
 Example in services: Airline operations system
• The system consists of the airplanes, airport facilities, and
maintenance facilities, sometime spread out over a wide territory.

• The real activity of management and employees in OM:

- Forecasting: weather and landing conditions, seat demand for
flights, and the growth in air travel.
- Capacity planning: to determine a number of planes, etc.
- Scheduling: planes for flight, and for routine maintenance;
scheduling of pilots and flight attendants; and scheduling of ground
crews, counter staff, and baggage handlers.
- Managing inventories: foods and beverages; first-aid equipment;
in-flight magazines; pillows`and blankets; and life preservers.
- Assuring quality: emphasis on safety in flying and maintenance
operations; dealing with customers at ticket counters; chek-in;
telephone and electronic reservations, and curb services; where
the emphasis is on efficiency and courtesy.
- Motivating and training employees: in all phases of operations.
- Locating facilities: which cities to provide service for; where to
locate maintenance facilities; and where to locate major and minor
hubs.
Example in manufacturing product: Bicycle factory

Real activities in OM:

• Assembly operations: buying components, such as
frames, tires, wheels, gears, and other items from
suppliers, and then assembling bicycles.
• Fabrications: forming frames, making the gears and
chains, and buy mainly raw materials and a few parts
and materials such as paints, nuts and bolts, and tires.
• The key management tasks: scheduling production,
deciding which components to make and which to buy,
ordering parts and materials, deciding on the style of
bicycle to produce and how many, purchasing new
equipment to replace old or worn out equipment,
maintaining equipment, motivating workers, and
ensuring that quality standards are met.
 Primary functions of OM
• System design, involves decisions that relate to system capacity,
the geographic location of facilities, arrangement of departments
and placement of equipment within physical structures, product and
service planning, and acquisition of equipment.

• System operation, involves management of personnel, inventory

planning and control, scheduling, project management, and quality
assurance.
Other part of the operations function:
- Purchasing: responsibility for procurement; close contact with
operations; evaluate vendors (quqlity, reliability, service, price,
ability to adjust to changing demand; receiving and inspecting the
purchased goods.
- Industrial engineering: scheduling, performance standards; work
methods; quality control; material handling.
- Distribution: shipping of goods to warehouses, retail outlets, or
final customers.
- Maintenance: general upkeep and repair of equipment; buildings
and grounds; heating and air-conditioning; removing toxic wastes;
parking; and perhaps security.
 III. Decision Areas in Operation
Forecasting
Strategic Operations Plans
Capacity Facilities Process Facilities
Planning: Location Planning: Layout
What is to How many Planning: Which Planning:
be produced? are to be Where are production How should
produced? they to be methods are equipment and
produced? to be used? work stations
be arranged?

Aggregate
Tactical Operations Plans Planning:
Master What is the overall
Scheduling: production plan
How many units for all products
Materials of each product (typically for the
Requirements will be produced year)?
Comprehensive Planning: (typically for the
OperationsPlans What materials month)?
are needed to
satisfy the master
schedule?
 IV. Definition

• Operations is often defined as a transformation process.

• Operations management (OM) is defined as the design,

operation, and improvement of the systems that create and

deliver the firm’s primary products and services.

Chase & Aquilano

 What is a Production System?

A production system is defined as a user of

resources to transform inputs into some desired
outputs.
 Transformations

• Physical--manufacturing

• Locational--transportation

• Exchange--retailing

• Storage--warehousing

• Physiological--health care

• Informational--telecommunications
 Input-Transformation-Output Relationship For
Typical Systems
System Inputs Resources Transformation Output
Restaurant Hungry Food, chef, waitress, Well-prepared and Satisfied
customers environment well-served food customers
Hospital Patients Physicians, nurses, Health care Healthy
equipment, rmedical individuals
supplies

Automobile Sheet steel, Tools, equipment, Fabrication, High-quality

factory engine parts workers assembly of cars cars
College or High school Teachers, class Impart knowledge Educated
University graduates rooms, books and skills individuals
Department Shoppers, stock Displays, salesclercks Attract shoppers, Sales to
Store of goods promote products, satisfied
fill orders customers
Airline Travellers Airplanes, crews Move to destination On time, save
Distribution Stockkeeping Storage bins, Storage and Fast deliveries,
Center Units (SKU) stockpickers redistribution availability of
SKUs
 Examples of types of operations

Type of Operations Examples

Goods producing Farming, mining, construction,
manufacturing, power generating
Storage/transportation Warehousing, trucking, mail service,
moving, taxis, buses, hotels, airlines
Exchange Retailing, wholesaling, financial
advising, renting or leasing, library,
loans, stock exchange.
Entertainment Films, radio and television, plays,
concerts, recording
Communication Newspapers, radio and tv
newscasts, telephone, satellites, the
internet.
 V. Critical Process in Manufacturing &
Services
• Process: Any step or series of steps that are involved in
the conversion or transformation of inputs into output.
ƒ Exist everywhere within an organization.
• Some processes focus on the development of new
product; some focus on the day-to-day production of
existing productions; still other focus on customer service.
• Services differ from manufacturing operations in many
respects:
ƒ In services, customers typically interact directly with
the service delivery process, and production and
consumption take place simultaneously.
ƒ Services are considered to be intangible, and they
cannot be stored.
 Operations as Service

1. Every organization is in the service business, whether it makes big planes or big
Macs
2. Services can be divided into:
– Core services wich are basic things that customers want from products they
purchase:
• Quality
• Flexibility
• Speed
• Price (or production cost)
– Value-added services which differentiate the organization from competitors
and build relationships that bind customers to the firm in a positive way:
• Information
• Problem Solving
• Sales Support
• Field Support.
 VI. Basic Supply Chain

Dominant Flow of Demand and Design

Information
S C
U U
P S
P DISTRIBUTION T
MANUFACTURER
L SYSTEM O
I M
E E
R R

Production
Physical
Planning and Physical Distribution
Supply
Control

Dominant Flow of Products and Services

Dominant Flow of Demand and Design Information
Financial Flow
 Physical Supply/Distribution

• Movement of goods from suppliers to the beginning of

the production process and from the end of the
production process to consumers

• Activities
– Transportation
– Distribution inventory
– Warehousing
– Packaging
– Materials handling
– Order entry
 Important factors in Supply chains

A number of important factors in supply chains:

• SC includes all activities and processes to supply
a product or service to a final customer
• Any number of companies can be linked in the SC
• The total chain has a number of supplier/customer
relationships
• SC contains a number of intermediaries such as
wholesalers, warehouses, and retailers
• Product or service flows from supplier to
consumer, design and demand information as
well as financial usually flows from customer to
supplier.
 The Growth of Supply Chain Concept

1. Explosive growth in computer capability and

associated software applications (ie., ERP,
internet, etc)
2. A large growth in global competition
3. A growth in technological capabilities for
products and processes (i.e, shorter product
life cycles, etc)
4. JIT influences enforce new approaches to
interorganizational relationships for companies
5. Companies keep only their most important core
competencies as internal activities.
VII. Brief History
 HW #1

Tugas individu:
Jelaskan 5 “operations function” yang
sudah dilaksanakan di suatu perusahaan,
peranannya, serta contoh-contoh kongkrit
kegiatan, proses, serta masalah-
masalahnya!
THE END