NAMA :RIDO ILLAHI

NIM :20150210073
KELAS :AGROTEKNOLOGI B

Principles of Effective Writing

Good writing is communicates an idea clearly and effectively and good writing
is elegant and stylish. Clear writing starts with clear thinking.
To make good writing
Words:
1. Reduce dead words and heavy phrases
Get rid of jargon and repetition, Hunt down and cast out all unneeded words that
might slow your reader. Very, really, quite, basically, generally these words seldom add
anything usefu.
2. Cut, cut, cut; learn to part with your words
After investing much effort to put words on a page, we often find it hard to part with
them. Try the sentence without the extra words and see how it’s better—conveys the
same idea with more power
Sentence:
3. Follow: subject + verb + object (SVO)
In passive-voice sentences, the subject is acted upon; the subject doesn’t act and the
main verb must be a transitive verb (that is, take an object).
 Passive verb = a form of the verb “to be” + the past participle of the main verb
Most writing rules are guidelines, not laws, and can be broken when the
occasion calls for it and the active voice is direct, vigorous, natural, and informative.
4. Use strong verbs and avoid turning verbs into nouns
A sentence uses one main verb to convey its central action; without that verb the
sentence would collapse. The verb is the engine that drives the sentence. Dull, lifeless
verbs slow the sentence down. Action verbs reflect the action they were chosen to
describe, and help bring the reader into the story. Strong verbs carry the main idea of the
sentence and sweep the reader along and don’t kill verbs and adjectives by turning them
into nouns.
5. Eliminate the negative; use positive construction instead
Example:
 He was not often on time become he usually came late.
 She did not think that studying writing was a sensible use of one’s time
become she thought studying writing was a waste of time.
6. Use Parallel Construction
Pairs of ideas two ideas joined by “and”, “or”, or “but” should be written in
parallel form and lists of ideas (and number lists of ideas) should be written in parallel
form.

Writing a Scientific Manuscript

1. Abstracts
Abstract is the highlight of the main story that stands alone gives the spotlight on
every sheet of paper, limited Length (100-300 words, usually) used, by title, for
electronic search engines and most often only some people are reading. Abstrak gives
background,question asked, experiment(s) done, results found, the answer to the
question asked, Implication, speculation, or recommendation. Abstracts may be
structured (with subheadings) or free-form.
2. Introduction
Introduction explains what is known, what is unknown, your burning question, your
experimental approach, why your experimental approach is new and different and
important. Write in plain English, not technical conversation and take the reader one
step at a time from what is known to be unknown. End with your specific question.
Emphasize what's new and important about your work. Do not mention answers to
research questions and do not include results or implications.
3. The Discussion
Discussion is the part that gives you the most freedom, giving you the best chance
of displaying great writing and what is most challenging to write about. The purpose of
the discussion is answer the question posed in the Introduction, support your conclusion
with details (yours, others), defend your conclusion (acknowledge limits) and highlight
the broader implications of the work.
 Elements of the typical discussion section is key finding (answer to the question(s)
asked in Intro.), key secondary findings, context, strengths and limitations, what’s next,
the “so what?”: implicate, speculate, recommend, clinical implications of basic science
findings, and strong conclusion.
4. Materials and Methods
Materials and Methods Overview gives a clear picture of what has been done,
provide enough information to replicate the research (such as a recipe!), Complete, but
minimize the complexity, you can use the jargon and passive voice more freely in the M
& M section. Report methods in past tense (“we measured”), but use present tense to
describe how data are presented in the paper (“data are summarized as means )
5. Result
Results is report results pertinent to the main question asked, summarize the data
(big picture); report trends, cite figures or tables that present supporting data. Use
subheadings, include negative and control results, give a clear idea of the magnitude of
a response or a difference by reporting percent change or the percentage of difference
rather than by quoting exact data, Reserve the term “significant” for statistically
significant, and do not discuss rationale for statistical analyses. Use past tense, except to
talk about how data are presented in the paper. Use active voice since you can talk
about the subjects of your experiments, “we” can be used sparingly while maintaining
the active voice.
6. Tables and Figures
Editors (and readers) look first (and maybe only) at titles, abstracts, and Tables and
Figures. Like the abstract, figures and tables should stand alone and tell a complete
story. Titles is Identify the specific topic or point of the table. Use the same key terms in
the title, the column headings, and the text of the paper and keep it brief. Footnotes use
superscript symbols to identify footnotes, according to journal guidelines, use footnotes
to explain statistically significant differences, and use footnotes to explain experimental
details or abbreviations. Format uses three horizontal lines: one above the column
headings, one below the column heading, and one under the data, use short horizontal
lines to group subheadings under the heading, and follow the RE journal guides.
 7. Figures
Three varieties of Figures is Primary evidence, graphs, drawings and diagrams.
Figure Legends Allows the figure to stand alone contains brief title, experimental
details, definitions of symbols or line/bar patterns, statistical information.
8. Acknowledgements
Acknowledgements is Funding sources, non-authorship contributors (eg materials
offered, suggestions or consultations that are not significant enough for authorship).
9. Reference
Reference using computerized bibliography program, follow the journal guidance
(can request alphabetical list or order of appearance in text), follow standard
abbreviations (can be found online) and some journals limit the number of references
allowed.