a: : mW CHRETER Cont Rand Vie nd bi Dito “The probability that headway imei at most 5 sec is nasa [ fics f 15e™ Unlike discret dist co PCYEG) = PLY = 5) Cone again the pl of X= cme headway given in Example 5. Whats the pohly that ie beaay i a. Atmst6see? P0226) = ‘(hee rela) « be Mor than 6 see? Ar least 60. 5° ed fe BaveenSand6see) En Se 3s Pl gers o)= + Soz—"4il = 107] Soppse the resto temperate X (aC) in cern chemical process has a uiform dsibuon wih A= 5 qenvfonas a. Gompue PUK < 0). 5 peu b Compute F(-25 << 25). «5 ( qeabh 6 Compe 25 X53) 5 a Kd For & satisfying -S 0). * a € Compute A=1 5). FE. LatX denote the vibratory stress (psi on a wind turbine blade at a paicular wind speed in 2 wind wine. The ace Blade Fatigue Life Assessment with Application to ‘AWTS. of Slar Energy Enge, 1982: 107111 proposes the Rayegh distin, with pal (6-3 + oH) = Plless than 5 sec) = P(X < 5) 6, Givem expen for A 52) TO a JASE s 1-9 dg 5 1 [ etde= asee(- A 15 1.078(-472 + 928) = ) 91 3 such a the binomial, hypergeometic, and nega- tive binomial, the distribution of any given continuous rv cannot usually be derived sing simple probabilistic argu pf based on prior knowledge and families of pas that have been found to be sensible candidates in experimental situation; several of Justas inthe discrete case, iti est as consisting of X values rather than individuals or objecs. The pis then a model forthe distribution of values inthis numerical population, and from this model various population characteristics (suchas the mean) canbe calculated. mens Instead, one must make ajdiious choice of available data Fortunately there are some general wie varity of ‘these are discussed later in the chapter. soften helpful to think ofthe population of inter- oe pene P° 0 aberie wae ‘as a model for the X distribution. a Verify that fx 6 legitimate pd. 1, Suppose #= 100 (a vale sugesed by raph inthe aril). What the probability at Xs ato 2002 Les ‘than 200? At least 200? ‘c. What is the probability that X is between 100 and 200 {agin assuming 8 = 100)? : A cllege profesor neve ise see before ihe end of thehourand aluays finishes iss witha 2 inate the { our Let X= the time ht elapse our andthe en ofthe er and Find the vale of and daw he conespoding density curve (Hin Total area wider the raph offs b Whatis th probability thatthe lecwre ends within 1 min of theend of the hour? Po & 421) ‘c. Whatis the probability that te lecture continues beyond the hout fr between 60 and 90sec? UW X 1.6) 4, What i the probability thatthe lecture conins for a teas, 90 ser Beyond the end ofthe our? P(X 2715 a 1-POXL Is) { - 3 i Sate” Scanned with CamScanner% ‘The actual tacking weight ofa tro cartige that is set to track at 3g ona panicular changer can be regarded asa con- tinuous rv X with pot _ fill - 37 2ses4 wf ‘a, Sketch the graph of fx). Di Findthevalieofk. Was the probably tht he cual waking weight is presr than he prescibd weigh? 44, What is the probability that the actual weigh is within 25 g ofthe prescribed weigh? What sthe probably thatthe actual weigh fs from the prescribed weight by mor than 5? cothervise a 7 The time (min) fora lb assistant to prepare the equipment fora cersin experiments bleed wo havea uniform iti tution with A = 25 and TS “E Deering the pa of X and sketch te conesponing density cave. ‘. What is the probability that preparation time exceeds 33nin? - ‘c. Whats the probability that preparation time's within 2 min ofthe meantime? [Hin en rom tbe graph of fl) 4, Foranya such that 25 0, andthe pis eo Soko = fe" 0 <0 26 a, Sketch he graph off). Verify thatthe total area under the graph equals 1. Ifthe rv Xhas pfx; for any fred > 6, obtain an expression for PSB) 4. For gested the somal distibution with mean 1050 4m and Sedand deviation 150 um was a reasonable mel for droplet size for witer (the “control ‘eatment”) sprayed through 21460 iin aoa a What isthe pokbiliy thatthe sz ofa single pl is Jess than 1900 jm? Atleast 1000 pen? ‘by What the proba that he ie of single droplet between 1000 and 1500 4m? <7 @liow woud you characte the males 2% of al droplets? i the sizes of five independently selected droplets are v Ouns what isthe probability tha atleast one exceeds oy5_1500am?, PCS) = POX Ger) = +9987 ja Regd P21 = ET)? “FC The sintiuidh of resistance fr resistors ofa certain type is now toe normal wih 10% of al resistors hhaving a resistance exceeding 10.256 ohms and. 5% faving a esiance small than 9.671 oh. What are the * ean value and standard deviation of the resistance dis- tribution? ne “34 There ate two machines aaiabe for cuing cork intended <7” for wen wine bles. The ist probes corks with diam eter that are normally isrited wih mean 3cm and stan dard deviation 1 cn. The second machine rodues corks sa dames tht hae 2 normal dsution with mean [10 em and sonar deviation 02cm. Accepable corks have diameters between 29m ad 3.1 em. Which machine je more elt rsa an acceptable cok? 2” (a Ha orn dition as y= 3D and oy = 5, whats the Ist percentile ofthe distribution? ‘Whats the fh percentile ofthe dstibation? The wv ofa i etched on an integrated cituit hip is tally dstribned with mean 3.000 jun and standard evita 140, What width yale separates the widest 1 ofall sch ines fo the oer OF? wy 7, The se “Mane Cay Silva To for Beer derstanding of RED" UL of Stractral Ener, 193: 1586-19 supe that yield stent (Asi for A36 grade ste is orally dstted wit = ander = 4. oy (What vale cis such at einer BB ~ 6.88 4.04 the atomatic opening device 6 ne wep aig te he + ‘constanttemperature Sp a a= 0055 cof a military cargo para hue hasbeen designed to open when the praca is 2 mabe pn ae efi aioe fly has a ama dsb wih eh vale 200 ad dtandard deviating 30. Equipment damage wil cc if the parachute opens an alte of fess than 100 Whats te probability tat there i equipment mage the pao of aes oe of five independ dered parachuest PCAo5) 2 PERE 109) sooo nperl sani place in 2 ra tnedum is rorally dst with ‘peony be scl temperature fhe edu, sad “pecan a. Wat wold th valve of fave be tense paola cag a iin. of? 6. Determine, forte folloning: haa a= 663 ub “GG, 1 bolt vhread length is normally distributed, what is the M proba hat the tread length of 2 andor seed bolis _ a. Wiha 1.5 SDs ofits mean val? “LB Farr than 25 $s fo its ea ae? Teen ad 25D fom its ea ae? CA “45.A matin that proce al bearings bas intly ben set Tso hat the ire average diameter ofthe bearings it proves wrt is 50 in. A bearing is accepable its diameter i win bn ofthis ge vale, Suppose, however, that he st ting has hanged during the course of production, that tbe earings hve normally dsibted diameters with mean ale 499 and standard deviation 002 in, What pereat- ge of the bearings produced will not be acceptable? “46 The Rockwell harness of 2 metal is determined by Sj impressing a hardened: pi into-the surface the = Wo etal and then measuring the depth of penetration of the pin. Suppose the Rockwell hardness of a particular alloy is normally istribued with mean 70 and standard deviation 3. (Rockwell hardness is measured ona contin vous scale) . a If a specimen is acceptable only if ts hardness is between 67 and 75, what isthe probability dat a ran domly chosen specimen hasan acceptable hanes? by ihe accepabl ange of hares is (70 ~ 6,70 # € for what vale of would 95% of all specimens have accepfale hardness? Ihe acceptable range sin part (a) and the hardness ‘ofeach of ten randomly selected specimens is indepen deny detemined, what is the expcted suber of acceptable specimens among the ten? ‘d. What isthe prot at at most eight of ten inde «pendently select specimens havea hardness oss than Scanned with CamScanner. "88 O( 21.7) = cit ‘ATER Cominvous Random Vales nd Potty Otte Ta80 ta 7A? in Y= he suber aneg een spiness what he proxi pbbiiy ati dn hardness les than 73.84 binomial variable; what sample of 1000 individuals who have purchased es at lal MeDonals's, | AK SY Soppose ony 756 of livers in aceain sate reglaly __* Aldeast 4D can taste the dilene betwen te wo is? [YS weara seat bel A random sample of 50 diversi sl 1: At most 5% can taste the dllerence between the two sample of 500 drives is selected. oir PE $3) 1 Whats te proba tat “a 2h & Between 360 and 400 (inline) of the divers inthe ~S. Chebyhev’s inequality, (see Exercise 44, Caper 2) is ® ‘sample regularly wear a seat belt? ‘valid for continuous 2s well as discrete-distibutions. It ‘Fewer than 400 of those in the sumplereuly wear /> states that for any aumber -k suisying, k= 1, , seal bel? PAX — yl 2 ko) = Mk? (see Exercise 4 in Chater for we = ~ 48. Suppose Appendix’ is zz ‘an interpretation). Obtain this probability in the case of a ere ret ie cris ne = ain ck = 1,2 an 3am e a A-LS Zs -55) = (SC 22 = 172) 5 pve bound BACIISZE 55) (ss) — (- 92) ~ Sh Let X denote the number of fla slong 100m ree of oC ) = o ) 7 magnetic tape (an integer-valued variable). Suppose X has Ws inecessary totaal 4) for zag? What prop- : : ee esol Soprximately 2 romal dstibuion wit y= 25 and ryote trem ene es up ee an ca te > 99 Zeenat OG, conser Babies borin the “normal” rage of S79” ~ iy date number ffs AG, weeks gestaonal age. Extensive a supons the 4, Between 20and 3 nce. ‘Sunplon thts ebisbomin te Used aro Lesh 3 Binh weigh is normaly dsibtd with mean 3° ged “EF, x have a binomial disibuon with parameters = stata devon 482. (The aricle “Are Bais 59M X hee «ac Ce tbl Normal?” (The Anereo Satin, 18%. 23) asec ne analaed dt from apa year forasensblecice .__W UNE sem gp amps of cls ner isogram dot okt al na, ; co ee act tasdecrnetna ts 1, 28 pobabiies elated frm Api wast sone hospi messing wighiagaansand TEAL: ores easing tothe eres ounceandien comeing US SSM) tigi A nail dice fas crab at * ACID allowed for ths gave a histogram tat was well described —y4_* by anormal distribution) pose that 10% of al tel shafts produced by a cenin 4 What the probability thatthe bith weight ofa ra- 7 prcessre nonconforming but canbe ewciked (ater than opp doy selected baby ofthis type exceeds 40004? Is having tobe scraped). Consider a random sample of 200 { between 3000 and 4000 g? shai, and le denote the number among these hat ae i 'b. What is the probability that the birth weight of a ran- ‘nonconforming and can be reworked- What is the (approxi- } domly eet baby ofthistype's eter less than 2000 ¢— mat) probability that Xs | ' cr gern 50g? Att? Wits pbb tale binh weigh ofaanonly Ls thn 302 selected baby of this type exceeds 7 Ib? oO ¢. Between 15 and 25 (inclusive)? ~ 4. Ho would you chen te mst eee. Tall She eight tition of pes sein ern mane Bit eg? is ual wi ean val 2 Tb and nid de .IfTisa random able with anomal dutionand TR" tae eae oablara emt ae riNtctcmane? Qe sataons Sk Tener sium abe is eminem Be wil in Wh ie bution of birth weight expressed in pounds (shape, ee tear, and standard deviation, and then eck the SE< NM 56Show iat the relationship between a general noxmal per cane and te coreqedingpcneisssiveintis |, Seton nop Rae 2 =a +(e : PO Pane = for ND lt N 2 25m response to" concerns about tutional coments of G3— fast foods, McDonald's has announced that it will use a f. Show that if X has a normal distribution with parame: ters wanda, then ¥ + 6 (a linear function of X) _7) ew cooking oil fo its french res that wll decrease sub- ee stantially trans faty acid levels and increase the amount also has anormal distribution, What are the parameters ‘of more beneficial polyunsaturated fat. The company 4 of the distribution of Y fie, E(Y) and VI)? dint Write the cif of Y, PCY = j), as an integral involving claims that 97 out of 100 people cannot detect a dife- = ence in taste between the new and old oils. Assuming. = hepa of X, and then different wih respect oy that this figure is correct (as'a 4ong-run proportion), setthe puf of P] - probability from part (c). How does this compare fo your previous answer? Scanned with CamScanner7 170. CuPTER Comins Rado Vaiebls ad PobabltyDsibtins DEFINITION. | Let» bea postive imege. Ten a random variable X ssid to havea chi- squared distribution with parameter» ifthe pdf of X isthe gamma density witha = 0/2 and B = 2. The pf ofa chi-squared rv is thus 1 HAA YEO _ | 2002) (4.10) fian= 0 x<0 9 ‘The parameter vis called the number of degrees offreédom (dof X. The A | symbol xis often used in place of “chi-squared.” $4, keep = Seeq_st_of jl ea— SC RBRERCESES sets a4 9-1) a Sue X= the ime between two sucessive ails at he S) { @AGSKS8) 0 PO 6) | 86 Suppos the tme spent by arandonlyselected student who uses a terminal connected to & local time-sharing computer. /” fly has 3 gana distribution with mean 20 min and varanee 80 in -4 . Scanned with CamScannerEse —. AG corres Coninious Rando Vales a obey DSEBAOns mean thickness using 2 method that asumed 2 nomal ‘population distribution? YY gy gp a8 10h 10 L219 131 Las 149 159 162165 1117648 sare precipitation valves dut- 94, The accompanying observation ing Marc over a 30-year period in Minneapole-t Pal nin 30 102 28 28 1A, 309 13E 187: 96 fr a3 dst 32 LI 189 10 337 20 39 13590 tos 220 52 Bl 475 205 4 Convet and interpret anormal probability plot for this dataset by Calculate the square root of each valve and then con- struct a normal probability plot based on this trans formed data, Does it seem plausible thatthe square rt ‘of precipitation is normally distributed? ‘¢. Repeat part (b) aftr transforming by cube roots, 95, Use a saiical software package (0 constuct a normal probability plot ofthe tensile ukimate-stength data given in Exercise 17 of Chapter 1, and comment. 9%, Let the ordered sample observations be denoted by Jhdipe+- od Ot being the smallest and y the large). Ove ested record ina compe disk memory device once the head hasbeen positioned over the comect ck the dks rotate once every 25 milisce, a reasonable assumption is that X's uniformly distributed on the interval (0, 25) 2. Compu P10 = X = 20). i, Compute PX = 10) _ ‘c. Obtain the edf F(X). 4 Compute E(X) anda. ear denote the temperature at which a cena chemical tio takes place. Suppose that X has pat 1 Lig ty = so-{" ) -1ses2 0 otherwise TE Sketch the graph of fr). -¢ © Determine the cdf and sketch it, 6 1 te median empathic the action aes pe a ein wpe er ve Suppose this reaction is independent cad out once ineach often different labs and tha the pf of reaction time in each lab sa given, Let ¥ = the number among suggested check for normality is. 10 pit the (Grd ~ 5yn,y) pars. Soppose we belive that the centers core from a dstibaton with mean 0. 2nd Test, be the ordered able wales of He ys we tsnormal plot is a probably plot of the ws Moc speifially. since P(|Z| S$) = Pow S 2 Bote 2 allsormal plot is 2 plot of, he (@ MU ~ ye + 1/2} m) pis The view of is los that small of large outliers inthe original ew i ‘only atthe upper end of the plot at cross 1ctenoral ple the folowing simple st measurement eros, and comment: ~3.78)—1.27, 144, 1238, ~43.40, 1.15, ~3.96, ~ 2.34, 30.4. time observations (1000s of hours) life testing of 16 integrated circuit 97. The following failure resulied from acelerate chips of a cenaimype: 928 116 3595 $025 3008 177 2420-265 248 3043 3791 2126 2299 5589 366.7 2046 percentiles of the exponential plot ty of Use the comesponding distribution with A= 1 to construct a probabil ‘Then explain why the plot assesses the plau the sample having been generated from any exponential ‘the ten. labs at which the temperature exceeds 1. What kind of distribution does ¥ have? (Give the names and. x : Jia de oe ey) ei ydauic component. Suppose the pf of X is af) = et A> ~ Yea) Verity tha i isa legitimate pt. ‘VB. Determine he el. Use sult of past (b) to calelt the probability that ime to failure is between 2andS yea. {What isthe expected time to failure? —>4echiows C1 the component has a salvage value equal 10 104 + 2) when its time to alu is x, whats the expected savage value? iS 95 te spe fora tin ainsi geaby 0 <0 7 osxct | eel (tee 1 JG i) uses 1s aod, = ih Scanned with CamScannera. Obtain the pf fr) and sketch its graph. 1 Compue 5 5 X= 2) whe Compute E1X). } “{W2, ‘The breakdown voltage of a randomly chosen diode of A —cetain types known o be normally distributed with mean salve 40V and standard deviation 1.5 V a. What isthe ppbiliy tthe voltae ofa single ie inbetween Mand 42? Wha value i such tha aly 15% ofall des have volagesenceeding hat ae? 4 GN four dds are independ selected, what isthe obey att aten as avon 7 104 The attivle “Compute Assitod Net Weight Cont” {aay Prores, 981: 22-25) suggests 2 soma st tution with mean 137.208 and and deviation L601 forthe aul eonens of jas ofa cetain type Ths cores 3515 02. a What isthe prbatiliy that a single contains wee than the sae cones? ‘among en analy selected jus, wht the peta fiiy tat test ght cota more than the sated coatens? ‘suming hte mean remain at 137210 what aloe ‘ruldh standard deiton vet be changed 80st (95 of al jus conan mee than the tated coe? "eC When cit toads wa inthe manus of commpst ise players ae tested. the ong tun pcentaze of eee esis 5%, Soppve that fc of 20 Dads has be ecived afta be condition ofa particu Board is independot of at of any oh Ind 42 Whatsthe pout oobi that at east 10% of the ban inthe btch ae defetne? fF > 2% fh What isthe approximate probably that here are AS, easy Heian ac? > = 3) ‘The anicle “Characterization of Room Temperature Damping in Aluninun Indium Alloys” (Meal, Tras, 1993: L6I-I6I9) suggests that AD mat gain Sine am) fora alo cosising of 2 indium coud! be onde with 2 nama distribution with 2 mean alve 6 and strand devin 14 “1 Waist probability ht grain size exceeds 100? te What isthe probaly that grain size is between and 80? ‘Whatiteral (a) ines the central 90% of al gain sies (stat S% ae below a and S% are shove b)? The reaction tie (n seconds) to a certin stimulus is 2 continuo radon variable with pu p v +0 TO %/ » W yenis wo oy is. 0 otherwise | va. Obani of “ Whatsthe probaly iat ection eis t most 25 seo? Bete 15 and 25 sec? 19 Sugita er omecminia. A, Compac the standard deviation of reaction ime Tonal aes more han 1. ee treat, TEM ther until one further seco son ests (tice BSP Fess Demise esl amount ta remain, lin: Lt HX) = te ie Oa ie ight is on asa function ‘of reaction time X.} ‘some systems, 2 customer 1S allocated to one of 100 ‘service facilites. Ifthe service time for a customer served ty fay ss ane ribo with armel Pre and ste eprint alee 84 Fi be te pif X= ses ine oa domly selected customer Is pews (iepae 120 n= 0 arhesise © comes on and stays on it has elapsed or until the pe R Brody “his infen called the hyperenponenial or ited xP tents ston, This isination is als proposed 82 tac frail aruntin* Modeling Monson Afected Beal of Pian by Point Proveses” of Water Re- seanes Pasig od Morn 1992: 671-68) a ey hat fi A, Asp indo 3 pl Wat inte cdf Fle 9? Mba AeA paisa whats UA? 4 Wing he fact hat F(N2) = 2A? when X hasan ex penta dstetion wih pueter A compute FUX°) ten Khas pf AAs Then compute 11. ee Theeeficiat of tarion of a andom vanahle (0F hutetio) is CV = arf, What i C for an expen tian? What ean you say about the ale of CV'nhen X asa hyperexponenta dstribtion? {Whats CV fran Ean ditnuton with parameters {Vand # as defined in Exercise 68? (Nore: In applied sf, wo te sae C0 bd i ch of the wee tee dsb ight be apron Ti The ate “Determination of the MTF of Foitve say Pues Using the Noni Cao ato” (Plsogpic Foy Sint nr, 8 3420) oes Hes CAP anton wit rant A = 93 03 model eed 2L2*° tation of a photons free pathlength (um) under cenain cians. Supp tisisthe core model ey Af 5) What isthe expected pth length, and whats the tan- A dard deviation of path length? . awa be ty ph kag exe 30° Wot is the probability ht pth Kength is beeen 1.0 and 3.0? pines tn 4 Ss rik re Peis of Cain Sel f analysis of Corsin Profiles” (Carrsion Science 1985 05-315) suggests the following cf forthe depth X ofthe eee ecusiaee + Elra,p) se" SK Scanned with CamScanner