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Physical and Chemical Adsorption and its Applications

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DOI: 10.37628/IJTCK

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 International Journal of ISSN: 2456-6977
Volume 7, Issue 2, 2021

Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics DOI (Journal):10.37628/IJTCK

http://chemical.journalspub.info/index.php?journal=JTCK&page=index

Review IJTCK

Physical and Chemical Adsorption and its Applications

Dr. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali1,*, Dr.Radhiyah Abdul Baqi Aldujaili2 , Intisar Obaid Alfatlawi3

Abstract
The content of the review requires extensive information about the excellence of its physical and chemical types,
which is a superficial phenomenon that refers to the ability of solid or liquid materials to attract or pull
molecules of gases or liquid solutions to their surface to come into direct contact with them, where the term
adsorbents is used to denote those solid or liquid materials. The liquid used to adsorb gases or solutes, while the
term adsorbate is used to denote the withdrawn particles; As an example, charcoal used in gas masks can be
mentioned for its ability to remove toxic substances and impurities in the air. Adsorption is completely different
from absorption, which refers to the process of distributing the substance equally over the entire mass of the
substance, while this phenomenon occurs on the surface of the substance only, but if both phenomena occur at
the same time, it is called sorption. Physical adsorption can occur at temperatures approaching or less than the
boiling point of the adsorbent material when appropriate conditions are provided, while chemical adsorption
occurs at temperatures exceeding the boiling point of the adsorbent material, meaning that temperature plays an
important role in the occurrence of the adsorption process as it can Physical adsorption occurs at low
temperature, followed by chemical adsorption at high temperatures.

Keywords: Physical Adsorption, Chemical Adsorption, (liquid: liquid) (solid: solid) (solid: liquid) (solid: gas),
Temperature, Adsorption of Gases

INTRODUCTION
Adsorption is defined as the phenomenon of collecting extended particles, atoms, or ions, which is called an
adsorbate, on the surface of another substance called an adsorbent (17). Examples of it are porous clays and silica
gel.). It is natural that the states of matter that have specific surfaces in space are the two states (liquid and solid),
*Author for Correspondence and therefore the surface contact areas that lead to adsorption
Pro. Dr. Nagham Mahmood Aljamali are (liquid: liquid) (solid: solid) (solid: liquid) (solid: gas) [1-
E-mail: dr.nagham_mj@yahoo.com 3]. This is the most widely used method to remove pollutants
that exist in low concentrations and that cannot be removed
1
Professor, Ph.D., Department of Chemistry, Synthetic by traditional biological methods. The reason behind the
Organic Chemistry, Iraq. adsorption phenomenon is the presence of unsaturated force
2
Assist. Prof, Department of Chemistry, College of fields residual due to the lack of consistency or
Education for Girls, University of Kufa.
3
Lecturer, Chemistry Field, Altoosi University College, communication of the sufficient number of calculations on
Iraq the particles on the surface particles, as is the case Within the
liquid or solid phase, where adsorption leads to the saturation
Received Date: November 12, 2021 of the force fields on the surface, and therefore due to a
Accepted Date: November 22, 2021 decrease in the free energy values (∆G) of the surface [4–6],
Published Date: December 31, 2021 the adsorption process occurs. The adsorption process is also
Citation: Nagham Mahmood Aljamali, Radhiyah accompanied by a decrease in the value of the entropy (∆S)
Abdul Baqi Aldujaili, Intisar Obaid Alfatlawi. because the molecules that experience adsorption are
Physical and Chemical Adsorption and its restricted due to their bonding with the adsorbing surface
Applications. International Journal of atoms, and therefore lose part of the degrees of freedom, and
Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics. 2021; there is a difference between the processes of adsorption,
7(2): 1–8p. desorption and absorption, as the opposite process of the
http://chemical.journalspub.info/index.php?journal adsorption process is the desorption process (Desorption) and
=JTCK&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D= that what occurs in this process is the separation of adsorbed
1168 molecules, atoms or ions [7–10] from the adsorbing surface,

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Physical and Chemical Adsorption and Its Applications Aljamali and et al

and this requires returning the liberated energy to the system [11].

TYPES OF ADSORPTION

Physic-Adsorption
As result of the bonds that those atoms have with the neighboring atoms of the same substance. Adsorption is
carried out on such surfaces through natural attractive forces or the so-called vander waals forces (3). This type of
adsorption can be in the form of multiple layers of the adsorbent material on the surface of the adsorbent material
when suitable conditions of pressure and temperature are available [12]. The adsorbent and the adsorbent, which
is estimated at less than (40 kj/mol), therefore, this type of adsorption does not need high temperatures and does
not require activation energy and occurs at low temperatures similar to the process of condensation of vapors on
the surfaces of liquid materials [13–15].

Chemical Adsorption
This type of adsorption occurs on surfaces that are not electronically unsaturated, as such surfaces tend to form
chemical bonds with the atoms or molecules that have been adsorbed. As a first step in the chemical reaction that
occurs between the adsorbent surface and the adsorbent material, this type of adsorption needs a high activation
energy, as well as the accompanying temperatures are high and estimated in a quantity greater than ((40 kj/mol),
and this type of adsorption is specific and is not reversed and limited by its layer Oxygen adsorption on coal
surface, hydrogen chloride adsorption on iron surface. The Factors affecting on Adsorption [16–18].

The Nature of Adsorbate

The interaction between the adsorbent surface and the adsorbed particles is affected by the nature of the
adsorbent in terms of shape, size, radius, polarity, presence of effective groups, molecular weight and
solubility. The presence of more than one component in the adsorption solution leads to the selective
adsorption of one of the components of the solution without the other. Increasing the molecular weight of the
adsorbent facilitates its adsorption process on the surface due to the increase in the possibility of its association
with the surface in more than one site, and that the presence of multiple aromatic rings in the composition of
the adsorbent makes it work to increase the adsorption efficiency on different adsorbent surfaces [19–21], and
their distribution on the surface in terms of the nature of regularity or homogeneity and lack thereof (7) as the
adsorption efficiency depends on the physical and chemical properties and particle size of the adsorbent
material, so the adsorption rate increases with the decrease in particle size. Therefore, the diffusion step on the
surface of the material must be enhanced by smaller particles, as well as note the other critical aspect of the
adsorption process, which is the size distribution of the pores within the particles that allow the effective
migration of pollutants to the adsorption point [22–24].

The Acidity Function

The change in the acidity of the solution in the adsorption process affects the nature of the active groups
present in the composition of both the adsorbent surface and the adsorbent. In the process of adsorption of
gases, odors, heavy metals and medicines on solid sorbent materials such as (activated charcoal and clay).
There are two definitions of the concept of adsorption that we will present in order to understand the scientific
term better and make it easier for the reader to distinguish between (adsorption – adsorbent – adsorbent material)
and what is the mechanism of the bonding of molecules between each of them.

It is the phenomenon of gathering a gaseous or liquid substance in the form of molecules, atoms or ions of a
certain substance called an adsorbate on the surface of another porous solid substance called an adsorbent. Weak
Vander Waals, in this case, is called physical adsorption, or through the formation of chemical bonds with atoms,
molecules, and ions, and in this case it is called chemical adsorption [24–26]. The adsorbed phase or adsorbate is
the substance attracted to the surface, while the adsorbent is the substance whose surface is adsorbed. Here we
have to note the importance of differentiating between the term adsorption and the term absorption, as the
difference between them is as follows: adsorption describes the concentration of a substance on the surface, while
absorption involves the penetration and entry of one substance into the body of another substance in addition to
its concentration on the surface [27–29].

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International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2456-6977

Factors Affecting the Adsorption Process

Nature of the Adsorbed Gas: The gases that are easy to liquefy are more adsorbable, and the adsorption increases
with the increase in the critical temperature of the gas. The adsorption process increases with increasing gas
pressure (concentration), and the rate of increase is rapid at first, then gradually slows down as the surface is
covered with gas particles [30].

The Nature of the Adsorbent Surface: If the surface area is large, the adsorption efficiency is large. Charcoal
and silica gel are good adsorbents because they have a porous structure that increases the surface area.

Temperature: Increasing the temperature of coal from 350-1000°C increases its surface activity.
Adsorption is one of the most important fields in surface chemistry, as adsorption and the auxiliary factor have
now become two very important scientific branches, and hardly any of the existing industries in our time is
devoid of benefit from them, and the industries of petroleum, oils, dairy and dyes are a good example of the
importance of Adsorption and auxiliary action in its growth and development. The utilization of adsorption
applications is not limited to the industrial aspect, but also extends to other aspects, the most important of which
are environmental pollution, medical fields and what is related to them in terms of treating poisoning cases and
preparing drugs. This phenomenon becomes clear in the process of gathering a substance in the form of
molecules, atoms or ions on the surface of another substance. Examples of adsorption are many, we mention the
adsorption of acetic acid on animal coal, in which acid particles collect on the surface of coal particles, and
hydrogen adsorption on the surfaces of some metals such as nickel and iron. Adsorption is usually accompanied
by a decrease in the free energy (ΔG) of the adsorbent surface, as well as a decrease in the entropy (ΔS) because
the molecules that suffer adsorption become restricted due to their attachment to the surface atoms, and thus lose
some of their degrees of freedom compared to the state they were in Before adsorption, the decrease in the free
energy ΔG and the entropy ΔS simultaneously results [31–34] in a decrease in the heat content (ΔH)) according
to the thermodynamic relationship that links the three quantities together at a given temperature:
ΔG = ΔH–TΔS

The Importance of Adsorption

The applications of adsorption have expanded recently in this field very quickly due to the increasing need for
it and the high environmental requirements in a wide quantitative and qualitative manner. These applications
have facilitated the great technological development in the preparation and provision of many different adsorbent
materials, and this in turn helped to achieve many important applications in adsorption processes and for various
purposes. During a long period of time, many researchers tried to build a clear concept and perception about the
mechanism by which the adsorption process occurs, and in fact this development led to the design and
formulation of many mathematical equations that describe adsorption processes for different uses in a semi-
experimental manner. Finally, it has become possible to solve these mathematical equations related to adsorption
using numerical analysis, and the development of software and the availability of advanced computers have
enabled the identification and study of factors affecting adsorption directly without delving into misleading areas.
But a very important question arises in our minds, which is, how does the phenomenon of adsorption arise? [35–
39].
Adsorption of Gases by Solids
Factors: the nature of the surface, the type of gas adsorbed, the surface area of the steel, the temperature, and
the pressure of the gas. Comparing the volumes of different gases adsorbed on the surface of coal at 15°C shows
that the extent of adsorption of these gases runs parallel to the increase in the critical temperature of the gas
liquefaction. Increasing the surface area of the adsorbent increases the total amount of adsorbent gas. A real state
of equilibrium arises between the gas in contact with the steel and the gas on the surface of the steel, and the
equilibrium process is greatly affected by temperature, the higher the temperature leads to a decrease in the
amount of adsorbent [40]. The molecules of the adsorbent material are connected on the surface of the adsorbent
material by the relatively weak Van der Waals interfering forces, as it occurs on all surfaces and there are no
surfaces specialized for this adsorption. For example, nitrogen gas can suffer physical adsorption on the surface
of any solid material, provided that the temperature is less than the boiling point adsorbed material [41].

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Physical and Chemical Adsorption and Its Applications Aljamali and et al

How does Adsorption Happen

It occurs as a result of unbalanced excess forces on the surface of a liquid or solid matter that attract
molecules and keep them in contact with the surface [42].

In Liquids: When studying the movement of molecules in water, it is possible to understand the way
adsorption occurs, as the water molecules within the total section of the material attract the surface water
molecule to the inside, and a state of surface tension arises, and thus that molecule is exposed to equal
attractive forces from all directions, and the sum of the forces acting on it becomes equal to zero while in the
liquid. If this indicates something, it is the different conditions affecting surface molecules that are subjected to
unbalanced forces compared to the molecules inside the liquid that are subject to equal forces [43].

In Solids: When adsorption occurs in solid materials, the unbalanced equivalence forces acting on the
surface atoms work in the emergence of the excess forces, and by studying what happens when a large crystal
of a solid substance splits into a smaller part, we notice the emergence of excess forces or what looks like voids
on the surface of the material, so that adsorption occurs when Other molecules are located in these spaces as
result of the formation of a chemical bond that acts as attractive forces of great influence, and therefore can be
classified into two types:

Physi-Sorption
Physical adsorption involves the use of van der Waals forces as attractive forces between an adsorbent
(solid) and an adsorbent (gas molecules) and is characterized by:
 All gases are subject to adsorption on the surface of a solid, so there is no difference in physical adsorption.
 The higher the liquefaction capacity of the gas, the greater the physical adsorption it is subjected to.
 It is considered an inverse phenomenon that depends on pressure and temperature. Conversely, the lower
the pressure, the further away the gas molecules are from the surface of the solid.
 It increases with the increase in temperature and decreases with its decrease.
 As a result of the increase in the surface area of the porous materials, they are considered one of the best
materials for physical adsorption.
 It happens without the need for any kind of energy.

Chemi-Sorption
In this type of adsorption, the attractive forces between the adsorbent and the adsorbent are in the form of
chemical bonds formed within a single-molecule layer, and this process is characterized by the following [44–
50]:
 For its occurrence, a chemical bond is required to form between the adsorbent and the adsorbent.
 It occurs slowly at lower temperatures, and increases in frequency with increased pressure.
 It relates to the surface area with which the greater the adsorption.
 Unlike physical adsorption; It needs specific energy to stimulate it.3
 Fields of use of adsorption phenomenon
 Scientists rely on this phenomenon when their work requires them to find a vacuum, and reactive coal is
usually used.
 Coal miners use masks against toxic gases; Which depends on this phenomenon to purify the air of these
gases.
 When some works impose the absence of moisture in the place, a gel made of aluminum and silica is used,
which is able to absorb moisture through adsorption.
 Adsorption-capable charcoal is used to break up inert gases.
 In the medical fields, pharmaceutical drugs can kill germs through this phenomenon.
 Usually, the color of the sugar is removed by adding charcoal, which is able to adsorb these colors.
 It is also used in the paint industry to get rid of inert gases, as it will affect the ability of the paint to adhere
well to the surface. Figures (1–4).

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International Journal of Thermodynamics and Chemical Kinetics
Volume 7, Issue 2
ISSN: 2456-6977

Figure 1. Physical and chemical adsorption[5].

Figure 2. Mechanism of physical and chemical adsorption on surface[6].

Figure 3. Conditions of physical and chemical adsorption[8]

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Physical and Chemical Adsorption and Its Applications Aljamali and et al

Figure 4. Adsorption on cotton [9]

CONCLUSION
The importance of adsorption is one of the old techniques, it has the importance of what makes any industry
nowadays indispensable in its applications and use. It is used in the petroleum, dyes and food industries such as
oils, dairy and other industries that there is no scope for enumeration. It suffices to point out that there is almost
no existing industry at the civil and military levels that is free of adsorption processes. Perhaps the most common
applications of the adsorption process are the process of water treatment and purification, especially those
resulting from various industrial processes and sewage water, in order to remove any trace of polluting
substances of great toxicity to the environment and society, as well as to treat the color, taste and smell resulting
from pollution.

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