Psychology's History and Approaches arvard astronomer Owen Gingerich (2006) reports that there are more than 100 billion glases. Just one ofthese, ou own relative speck of galay, has some 200 billion stars, smuny’ of whic, like oar Sun sta are er led by planets. On the seal of outer space, we are les than a singe grain of sand on all the ocean’ beaches, and out ifetime bua relative nanosecond, Yet theres nothing more awe inspiring and absorbing than our own Inner space ‘Our brain, adds Gingerich, “is by far the mest complex physical object known to us in the entire cosmos" (p. 29). Our con sciogsnees-mind somehow arising fom matterremains a profound mystery. Our thinking, emotions, and actions” (and ‘ther interplay with others thinking, emo- tons, and actions) fascinate us. Outer space staggers us with Its enormity, but inner space enthrall us, Enter peyehologi- cal science. For peopl whose exposure to pscholony ‘comes from pop-culture Web sites, books, ‘magazines, and TV, paycelogsts analre personality offer counseling, an dipense child-rearing advice. Do they? Yes, and ‘much more. Consider some of psyeholony’s ‘questions that from tie to time you may ‘wonder about Have yu ever found yourself reacting to somthing a one of our bloga arent would—perhaps in a way you ‘vowed you never would~and then won ered how much of your personality you inert To wh eet ae perzon- to-ersonaieences in prsonalty pri pase by our gees? To what extent by the home and comma environments? Fave you ever woried about how to actamong peopl of diferent ultre, race, or gener? what ways are we ae es members of he human fai? How do we efi? Have you ever awakened from 3 night- snare and, with a wave of re, won= ‘ered why you had such a eazy dream? How often, an why, do we dream? He you replayed peek wth month-old a worded wy Ue bay fins the ge so dlghul” The inant rence ae thong, when yourmomentarly rmovetehind a dor, you actly dap pearonly to reappear ater out of thin ar ‘What babies actly perce ar think? Hie you ever wondered what leads to sol and work sccese Are some people Just born smarts? Doe sr tice pan why sme people gt chr, think more cated, orate more ses? WHATIS PSYCHOLOGY? Pryclogy’s Raat Peyclogeal Science Develops conraurorany PsyeHoLoGY Pryclogs gest Question PychoogysTheee Main Levels oF Aralyels Pychoogys Subfields Close tp: Tips fo ‘Shahi Pocblogr [Bhat ato seare2 UNIT £2 psvcuoLogy's aisroRy ano APPROACHES sites a smile the Fond srund Mwonghout ts oak ou i se eae Feeney or cake Se ender ry to Sena ‘hh npc inte wea ‘To asst your ative faring it Perodeal offer taming objectives * Have you ever become depresed or anaious and wondered whether you'l ever feel “normal”? What tigers our bd moad—ond ou god ene? Such questions provide gest for pgchology’ ll, because psychology la selence that sees to answer all sons of questions abou us ll-how and why we think, fel, and act as wed, What Is Psychology? Psychology's | Roots ‘ONCE UPON A TIME, ON A PLANET IN this neighborhood ofthe universe, there ‘ame tobe people. Soon thereat, these creatures became intensely interested inte Selves and in one another: Who are we? What produces our thoughts? Our feelings? (Our actions? And how are we to undentand and manage those around us? Presciontific Psychology low did psychology develop from its prescient roots in early understandings of mind and body tothe beginnings of, ‘modern science? Wie can trace many of psychology’: carent questions back through human history. These eal thinkers wondered: How do our minds work? Flow do our bodies elt to ‘our minds? How much of what we know comes bult in? How much is acquired ‘hrough experience? In India, Buddha pondered how sensations and perceptions ‘combine to frm ideas. In China, Confucaestresed the power of ideas and of 2 ‘ducated mind. In ancient Israel, Hebrew scholars atllpted today’s peyhology by linking mind and emotion tothe body; people were sald to think with thither end feel wth thelr bowels. In ancient Greece, the philosopher teacher Socrates (469-399 nc.) and his student Plato (428-348 n.cx.) concluded that mind ls separable from body and ‘continues after the body dis, and that knowledge is nnate—born within us, Unie Socrates and Plato, whe derived prinipes by loge, Plato's student Aristotle (384 3228.c4.) had a love of data. An Intelectval ancestor of today's scientists, stotlePSVeHOLOGY'S HISTORY AMD APPROACHES 3 deed prntples from crf bien. Motere, he sd Ione i nat renting (oy, Seca st to) sen It grows om the expences red Jour memories, he next 2000 years brought few enduring new insights nko human nature, but that changed in the 1600 when moder slence Began to flours, With it Caine ne thet of human behave, and ne versions ofthe ace debates. A fall bt brane Frenchman named René Deseates (1595-1650) aed with Socrates and Pato abou the etence of tate esr and minds being ently latins tor body" and able fo survive ls death, Deseatter concep of ind {ered inv conjecture yeopl have eve se, how theater nd and physical body communkate hscentist a wel at» phlosopher, Descartes i fected ala and cocladed tat te fd Sn the bran’ caer contained “an- Stal spits" These spits, he surmised, owed from the brain through what we Call the nerves (which he thought were hallow) tothe ruck, provoking move ‘ment. Memores formed as exerenes opened pores nthe ran into weh the rina spits ao flowed Descartes was ght that ewe pthé are important and that they enable 2 fae, Yet uit hough be asad standing upon the knowledge acu fiom 99+ preet of our human history, he hardly ha 2 cue Of what todays average 12yearold knows Inded, mst of the arte story of or selteploration = the story tld In this ookhar been wie ten In but the Tas historical eyeblink of man time. Mean, arst the English Channel in Batan scence wa taking # more down-o- fat fon, caused on Cet fe tne, and common-sense jgment. Panels Bacon (1561-1626) ecame one of the founders of mem sence and his infie enc linger in the experiments of today’s Protologalsclence. Bacon also was fc aed by the human mind and 8 flings. Dotpting wat weave come to appre. ate about gur mind's hunger to parce fanernseven In random erent, he wrote Ghat she buman undentandng, tom is Peular nature, ely supposes a geter eae of oder aod equally in things han it Fel find (Nonim Organi). lo foresaw rescach ndings on our noi ingand remembering events tat contour belts“ spetiion Is much the fan whether ite that of slog, reams, omen. inall of wich the deluded |. rryouhout he text, portant ‘elves abs events which are full, but nel and pas over theft, | Goncptr ar bouocs. he You hoop eb much more common.” Saye you cn tone ta wh Some 50 year fe Bocas death, Jo Lacke (1632-1704, a Bish poten | th denon in nerty margin plsophe st dwn fo ten one-page cay on “ur own blir foranupcom- | nin the Glossy othe end of tog dlcusion vith fend. ter 20 yas and hundred of pager, Lact had com | te oo» pleedone ohn’ grestet at papers (At ey Covering Hoan Undestang), Inch he amaustyagued hat the mind ath re tabs asa ankle cnvthich experience wie, Thee, ang to Bcos dea, helped frm modern | moti the vw tt nolede Ccplrclm, the view fat knowlege crignates in experince nd tat scene | STOnaeE epee ake Should, setae ely on obseaton and eeimentaton, irantecemenson “ seventn century ew nerves ine Tote a day Descoes proposed he Inds een ile |4 UNIT 42 PsvCROLOGY'S MISTORY AND APPReACHES Psychological Science Is Born ‘When and how did modem psychological science begin? Philosopher’ thinking about thinking continent the bith of sy: ology ase kro ion a Decne ayn 1879, nasal ie -ooe rom at Gemany’s Unversity of Llp. There we young men were Ipng an austere, middle-aged protsor, Wiel Wn, creat an ex ‘peimental appari Their achine mead the time ag between peo- shearing all ita plo and ther pressing aeepraph key (unt, 4993). Curis, people responded in about one tenth of econd when asked fo pres the hey ak S00 3 the Sound ozured—and in about 0 tenths of scond when ake to ess the ky as Soon a they wer om ‘cows aware of peeing the sound. (Tobe aware of one's awareness takes 2 Ite longer) Wut as seking to measure “atoms of the tnind”~the fastest and sinplest mental process, Ths began what many fanulder pychology’s fis experiment launching the fist psychologal ela Wand Wnt fr es lakoatny, sated by Wand and phology’ fst graduate sade [edt fit polo baat a he Tefore tng, this naw scence of psychology became organized into Ueto pg Cormay diferent branches, or scheals of thought, each promoted by pioneering tinker, ‘These ext shools include straturalism fnetionalism, and behaviors, desribed here (wth more on behaviovim in Uni 6), and to schools described in later units Gestale pjehology (Unie 4) and psychoanalysis (Unit 10). Thinking About the Mind's Structure Soon aftr tevin his Ph.D. in 1892, Word's student Edward Bradford Tichenet joined the Cornell Unversity faculty and introduced structurallsm. As physicists tnd chemists denned the structure of matter, s0Tithener aimed to discoe the Structural elements of rind, Hs method was to engage peonlei sel xefiectine inte ‘pectin (ooking inward), training them to report elements oftheir rpeence as they looked at aor, litened to a metronome, sell ‘ent, o tasted 3 substance, What were thelr immediate sensations, their insges, thelr feelings? And how di these relate to one another? Titchener shared with the English essayist C.S. Lewis te vew that here Is one thing, and only one inthe whole universe which We know more sbout than we cou learn from extemal observation.” ‘That one thing, Lev ld, ls ourselves, "We have, 0 to speak, inside information” (1960, pp. 18-19. ‘Als, intospection regured smart, verbal people. I also proved somewhat nrliable, ts results varying from person to person and Cxperience to experienc. Moreover, we often jos don't know why we feel what we feel and do what we do, Recent studies Indiate that people's reoletons frequently ext. So do thelr selteports about iat, for eample, ha eased them to help ot hurt another (Myers, 2002}, s introspection waned, so di sructraism Thinking About the Mind’s Functions Unlike thse hoping to assemble te truce of mi from simple ele dard rd Hehe ee ‘men yeaer ie yng to undetand car by amin sseliumseconoseachortheits | accnnedpartepibsoperpeogs Willa anes haut more ful o onside the evledfimcions eu thoughts and fetinge. Smeling eh the nose does,£PSYCHDLOGY'S HISTORY AND APPROACHES. 5 theking what the bran dos But why then an ln die things? Unde the | sstcturaam an ty cools tne: of crolutonay thet Chars Danae sumed tatthinking Mesa | rca ha nd onesie to tng decoys becauc war edptve-tconited our anos Conc | ashi eens ofthe severance utconser Opa shut ourpraentceumsanes, sootat rye snp ou unc Ass funcional joes ecaingedeoraonscfdown-carh, | Gurtonauem sctetot pecs Craton, many wpe, at and momcttomanentsteans of conous | enya proces tery Tame’ gests acy, however, came Ie from hls laboratory than fom his Har var teaching and his wrting. When net plague byl health and depression, James \asan impish, outgoing, and joyous man, who once called that "ee ist etre on biyehotgy I ever heard wae the first 1 eer gave" During ene of his wisecracking lectures 2 student interrupted and asks im to get serous (Hunt, 1993). He loved bis stent, his family, andthe worl of kas, but he tired of painstaking chores sich as proofreading. "Send me no proof!" he once told an eiitor. “wl return then opened and never speak to you sain” (Hunt, 1983, 143) James deplayed the same spunk in 1890, when—over the objections of Harvan's pesdent™he admlted Mary Calkins into his graduate seminar (Scarborough & Farumoto, 1987). (In thoee years women [acked even the sight to vote.) When Calkins Jone the other students ll men) dropped out. James tutored her alone, Late, se fnhed al the requirements fora Harvard PhD, outscoring al the male students on the qualifying exams. las, Harvard deniel her the degree she had earn, ‘offering he instead 2 degree from Radelife College, is undergraduate sister schol ho your en ma for women. Calkins ressted the unoqal treatment and refused the depee. (More ‘ant ‘Han a centty later, payehlogete and pychology students were lobbying Harvard to tema posthumously award Calkine the PhD. she eatnd [Feminist Psychologist, 2002.) (Galkine nevertieess went on to become a distinguished memory researcher and the ‘American ayeholglalAesclaton's (APA's) Birt femal president in 190 ‘When Harvard denled Calkinsthe claim to being psychology fst female oyholgy Ph.D, thathonor fl to Margaret Foy Washburn, who ater wrote an inluntia bok, The Anna Mind, and became the second female APA presilnt In 1921. Although 7 iL fs high ft * Willa mes and May WhionCllns James legedry | ‘Margaret Foy ashburn The fs woman a ese {Etc writes monte Cin, wo Became poo Chaog AD, Watbum syed anna enor eth ‘near acer deb wan oe pres oe rhe hl ind ‘cinta Rn ansoma PYcHOLOGY'S HISTORY AND APPROACHES “behaviors the view that payholoay BSeuta bean oxjnctive sence tat (@ screr bomovor without reference lea tady aoe wih Cb ak Jumaniste psychology histosaty {Sonica pereecte at amped its routh petrol thet peop Shathe nds pete abe -zognitve nourogcance th ite Getpinary toy ot ran acty inka wh conten Cn ere ;eychology the scence et have Be mena processes. Sigmund Freud The cantonal dn of stamens he inenadhamaiy eanderig ‘Washium’s thesis was the fst foreign stuly Wud published n ls Journal, er fender meant she was bared from Joining the organization of experimental psychologists (who explore behavior andthlaking with experiments), desi ts belng founded by Tichene, her ewn graduate adviser (johnson, 1997), Wht a ferent ‘wotd from the recent part-1996 to 2009—wben ven clined two ties or more ‘of new US. pychology PhDs and were 6 ofthe 13 lec presidents ofthe scence: ‘ofiente Assocation for Pychologieal Science. In Canada and Europe too, most cent sjchology doctorates have ben eae by women James influence reached even further throughs dozens of well-received articles, hich moved the publisher Henry Holt to offer a contract fr 2 teatbook ofthe new Science of psychology. James agreed and began work in 1878, with an spology for re ‘questing two years nish his wating, The text proved am unerpected chote and e- ‘uly tok htm 12 years (Why am nt surprised?) More than a century ater, people sil read the resting Principles of Pryaayy and marvel atthe brillance and ele- ance with which James introduced psychology to the edad public Psychological Science Develops 3: How did psychology continue to develop from the 1920; through today? ‘Taeyoung sence of pyehology dvloped from the mote establish fil of pioxopy and biology. Wundt vas both a philosopher and a physiooptJamis wat an Ames ‘losopher. van Pow, who plonazed he uy of lnming. vas a Rss Pusilogit. Stand Frat, who develop the Invent pchoanabie ‘theory of resonality, was an Austrian pysian Jean Paget the st cents ‘ost infil obser of chen, wa Swiss logit. This it of pono Ingpscholgiss—"Maplians of theming” as Moston Hunt (1993) hae called ‘emus pycholog’ oni ia many diplines and counties ‘The est ofthe story of pschology—the subject of this book-deveons st ‘many lees With pret rnging fom the ety of nee cell city the Stal of inzmatona eonfts,pyeoog ie nots def, In paychology’ earl days, Wundt and Tchenes cused on Inne senst- tions, images, and fens ames, too, engaged in introspective examina- tion ofthe stream af consiouress ani of emotion, Fed emphasae the ‘ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious ‘thought processes affect our behavior Thus, unt the 19205, pehalgy was defined as the science of mental if” From the 19205 into the 1940s, American pacholgits,intly le by ‘Aambeyant and provocative John 8 Watsons ter by the nal prowoe- aie BF. Skinner, dismiss introspection and redefined pcholay 25 “he ‘centile sly of observable behav.” Aer al sid thee behaviors, ‘cence i rooted in observation. You cannot acre a sensation, 2 feeling, ora thought bt you can observe and record peopl’ Behavior a they respond to etfer- cnt tutions. (More on these poycholoit in Unt 6) iting the 1960s and beyond, humanistic psychology rebelled against Freudian pychology and behaviovsm. loneers Cat] Rogers and Abraham Maslow found behavorsm’s focus on lamed behaviors too mechanistic athe than focusing on the meaning of eaty childhood memories, as 2 psychoanalyst might, the humanistic psychologist emphasize the importance of curent environmental influenes on ot south potential, and the importance of having our need for love and acceptance satisfied (More on this in Unit 10) In the 1940s, another movement emergd a psjehoogy gan to recaptures ink tl inteest In mental processes. Thi conve relation sppore ideas developed byuuira es FSYeKOLoGY'S MistoRY AND AP 1 1. Shlaner_Aleding beh Sir ej into Jot Baton ad Rais Rayer Nong wih ayer, spin and sided ho cooequenas shape bn ‘ktm chp paeoly he sees bhai ad = ae ‘henna conan spose ns aly ha bee caer pchologsts, such as the Importance of how our mind process and retains Safomaton, Bt eopatve pyhlogy and more vcr engtive neuroscence (he ‘oy of bran act inked wlth mental at) have expended upon those eas to ‘aplve alent the ways we prcele,proctst, and remember Information, This Spproach hasbeen éspaclly benef n helping to develop new ways to understand Ain treat disorders sich a depression, swe shall seein Unis 12nd 13, "fo encompass psecogys concer with erable ehevor and with ier thoughts and flings, today we define peychology asthe sane of behav and mental pros. Let's unpack this definiton, Behavior is anything an organism des—any action we an observe and record, Yelling, sling Dlinklng, sweating talking, and ques onnalte marking ae all observable behaviors. Mental processes are the intemal, Subjective experiences we infer from behavior—sensatons, perceptions, dteams, ‘thoughts, bel, and feelings “the key word in psychology's defination i sewe. Pychology, a wil emphasie thoughout thls book, isles tof findings than a way of asking and answering (questions. My aim, then, i mot anvely to report results but also to show you how psyhologlss play thir ame. You wll ee how vesearchers evaluate conflicting opin ons and ideas. And you wil leat how allo is, whether scientists or simply curious ‘ppl, can think smarter when descfbing an explaining te events of out Ives, ‘seh ma GSO Yourcef ewestons wil lp You hake the material more meaninat > Ask Yoursetr {your own fe (and therefore more How do you think psychology might change as more people fom non-Western counts | memorable) I you can answer the efit theres tothe el eat Yours questions which wil {rovidearovew ofthe Foy pols > Test Yourseir 1 tthe previous section, you 8, indeed, ready to move on! You ean ‘What ever defined the funding of modem scntiic psychology? iraeenpenes Binere oar {Yoursettaestions in Append Et ‘hes Te Youn qs an ud pn ate Yore® oustion#8 und #2 psvenaLogy's misrony AnD APPROACHES uuenmuretavers twee, | Contemporary Psychology ‘Eticanmentsisochecaal | xe 1s HONEERS TODAY's PSYCHOLOGISTS ae cise of many lan he ‘rats a behavior Toxevs 20ers | Intemational Union of Psychological Science has 69 member nations, from Albania SleGLIeemcanieaes | to zine Nenty ceryuhee mcnborkipn plop! etnies stwatsseion etrnapetns, | tominom 189 Ancien Pycelogal sseaton member an fe a Sertctona Maat | pas to neal 150000 ida, wh sna spd grew in the Bish Pc ‘Sm cominnateraredsr” | loge Socety (rom 110t0 000) In Chae unveiled reetagwiapent eye | parent ann 197 2008 thee wee 20 (Tey, 208), Woe sme 500,000 people have been trained 2s psychologists, and 130,000 of them belong to European psjehologicl organizations (Tikkanen, 2001). Moreover, thanks to In terational publications, joint meetings, andthe Tntemet,eollaberation and com ‘munication ios borders now more than ever. "We are moving rapidly toward « single world of psychological science,” reports Robert Bjork (2000) Psychology is roving and ies sobllzing “tous the wot, peychologits are debating enduring Sues, viewing behator ‘rom the dffering perspectives offered by the subfields in which they teach, work, and do reat, Psychology's Biggest Question “45 What is psychology historic bg issue? = Tcl, Dee ee Taken rnc or etna pce rated at aa econ | Sperber awl at beeenuit £2 PSYEROLOGI'S MistORY AMD APPROACHES! 9 reproduce in 8 particular envionment. Darwin's principle of natural selection— "he single best dea anyone has eve lad," says philosopher Daniel Dennett (2996) oll with us 150 years Later as an organking prinle of biology frelutlon also has. become ‘a important principle for tweny-frst-centiry Doychology. This would sutey bave pleased Darwin, for he Yelieved his theory Epa not only animal structure (suchas 2 pola bear's white coat) but aso Sthmal eevior (ach asthe eaneional expressions asecated with human lst and 380), ‘the nature-nutture debate weaves thread from the ancent Ged! time to our ‘own, Today's pryeologieexpar the isu by aking, fr example “eHow are we humans alike (eeause of ou common biology and evolutionary his= tony and diverse (becaute of our differing environment)? re gender ferences ological predisposed o socal constructed? {© scren's grammar mostly Innate or formed by experience? 1 How ae diferenees in intligence and personaly influenced by heredity ad byenviogment? ‘Ae semua] behaviors more “pushed” by Inner biology of “pulled” by ferternal incentives? «Should we treat pycholgial dlsorders~depresson, fr cxample~as dsorders of the bra, deorders of thought, r both? such debates continue. Yet over and over again we wil see that in conterpo- ruy cetence the nature-nuture tension daslves: Nurture works on what nature [nubs Our species Is boloically endowed with an enormous capacity to learn Ad ndage: Moreover very poyhsloglea! event (every thought, every emtion) is multaneousiy a biologeal event. Tus, depression can be both brain disordes ‘and 3 thought dsorder. ‘Anature- made natur-natre ‘pint Bene er ins faethe ume en ey prepay ile donged shod Frente aera ‘uence ominttigne, pena, ‘rdoter te Stef eta cater ins prove eh SFtndigr dover ner unt Thatch kporanc oth Psychologys Three Main Levels of Analysis. ‘Be What are psychology levels of analysis and elated perspectives? ach of iss & comple system that spat of age socal stem. But each af us is Iino compose af amale systems, such asouF neous system and body organs, which re compen of il smaller srtems—cels, molecules, and atoms10 owt 2 esvewoLosr's mISToRY AND APPRoACRES > pours eh eee Enectenpaintoce rie | Sa ay : Siesta fie ; Fore e a a a a : vec a =a | 1 haeana enes Lee t perce aor 1 ory cca nd ay gerne Poor oer on nee 1 Eoppenig malt uch tate) ‘These tiered systems suggest different levels of analysts, which offer comple ‘mentary outlooks’ Uke explaining why gzly bears hbernate.Is i because bi- bernaton helped their ancestors to suvive and reproduce? Because thelr inner physiology dives them to do so? Because cold environments hinder food gathering during winter? Such perspectives ave complementary because "everthing le elated to everthing else” (Brewer, 1996), Together, different levels of analysis frm aa Integrated blopsychosoctal approach, which considers the Influencer of blog ca, pyehologieal and soll eultral factors (FLOURE 3). Each lee provides a valuable vantage pont for Ioking at behavior, yet each by Asef Hs incomplete, Like diferent academic disciplines, psychology’ vated approaches, or perspectives, ask different questons and have thelr own limits, One pespective may stress the biological, sychologta, or soca-cultural level more than ‘other, but the diferent perspectives decclbed In TABLE 17 complement one ‘another, Conse, fr ample, how they shed light on anger. + Somsone working from 2 bioogleal perspective might study bran cleus that ‘cause us tobe “red in the face" and "hot under the cli,” or how heredity snd ‘experience influence our individual diferences in temperament. * Somcone working from the evolutionary perspective might nalye how anger faciltated the survival of ourancstor genes. © Someone working ftom the psychodynamic perspective might vew an outburst sm outa for unconscious hoe, Someone working from the Behavloval perspective might attempt to dtertnine ‘whlch external stimuli tiger angry sponses or aggresive act Someone working fom the cognitive perspective might sty how out Interpretation ofa situation affects our anger and ow our anger affects our thinking. Someone working from the humanist perspective (a istorcally important approach) might have been intersted in understanding how angry feelings affect a person's potential for growth and personal filme, © Someone working fom the social-eultual perspective might explore how ex- pressions of anger vary actos cultural conte, stern ewan le yang an sven ohoramsncn, 2blopeychosocal approach ant: Blotter pmrenaoniet na soll ‘tural veo any logical psychology s ranch tsyenotogy tat stucer h ks Between balance neaang ewascleres an bata genstis) hd psychotic proces =avolutlonaty psychology the =tudy it theroote ef bear ad ments Sones he ps fmt speychodynamlepeyehology Brando pectogy tes Imo oe paw sy ibahavioral payenoloy the scletiic ‘dy of ebeerale ote adit xpantien by pines of ear. ccognltive psychology te scletie arcutual psychology the S80) how stuatione and cures sect ou belo ana ting.PsYcHaLoGy's HISTORY AND APPROACHES 11 _PSYCHOLOGY'S APPROACHES ‘proach Focus Tiga te bod andl nae wan ‘emote ny erences he [emscoine oh cbse ience Et atone “ow in nal sl oa ome teonetgeet radeon og om in ins ‘halon naires inns ede pecan ose tomer ow ns me ar nade are ad cp (Se ainsi kcal” ou chr on ising ys ‘Wow ae meszgestansrnied wth the body How lood chert eed wth Ines al! set sh eigenen, ec ‘anon so depen sebastien? ow de sn oes br deat iow an aan pasa rb pial ‘Sos an pee es ste dguedt ‘ied wshr an hod Ho do we le fr parca bcs sation What se besk =o es tore wp ar ep si awe adil up ow cow ‘same manent spe gn oda duet moet coos, or dae de ‘he pont to remember: Like two-dlmensonalvews of three- dimensional obec, cach of paychology’s perspectives Is helpful. But each by itself fis to revel the whole plete ‘So ber in mind pochology' ints, Dont expect ito answer the wate gues tions, such at those posed by Russian novelist Leo Tolstoy (1908): “Why should 1 liv? Why should I do anything? Is therein life any purpose which the inevitable death that awalt me does not undo and estoy? Instead, expect that psychology ‘il help you understand why people tink, fel and act as they do. Then you should find the study of psychology fascinating and useful Wiis of ‘ger How ‘pal ch of Preto12_amini sz psvenotocr's mistony ano arpeoacues "Sprychometis the cantie sty ‘sdevelopmontal psychology the c= tnt stay of phys coon, rid ‘Sl change taughout ts Mean educational psychology the sty ot how peli roses sect td personaly psychology the tay of sigseculscaactetcraton ot “appli rseareh sci sty that fm to Sove paces prob, industria onganizationsl (YO) psychology te appeaton af pyeno- Fake ccna ote Psychology’s Subfields (8; what ae psychologys main subfields? curing a chemist at work, you probably cnvision a white-costed sentst sur. j ured by assvare and high-tech equip ‘ment, Picture a peychologst at work and you would be righ to enon © ahitecoated scents probing = "B's bran, an intelligence researcher mestut= Ing how quickly a9 infant shows boredom by looking away foun 3 familiar picture, an cxective evaluating new eS. Smeets "heathy fetes alg program, aa fovenplyers “mace A ht ms soe ec rat I * someone st computeranaaing rym aly ga talon whether oped tent’ tm- juan Deraments more closely resemble ‘thot of thelr adoptive parents or their bilogel parents a therapist listening carefully toa client's depressed thoughts a researcher visting another culture and collecting data on variations in human Values and behaviors {© atescher or witer sharing the Joy of psychology with others. ‘The cluster of subfields we cll psychology has les nity than inst other sck- ‘ences, But there isa payoff: Psychology is 2 meting ground for different disl- lines. "Psychology isa hub scientific decipine” said. Assoclstion for ychological Seience president Jin Cacloppo (2007). Ths, is a perfect home for those with wide-ranging interests, In thle diverse actives, from biclogleal ‘apcrimentation to cultural comparisons, the tbe of peychology i united by a common quest: describing and explaining bebavior and the mind underlying ‘There is even a branch of psychology devoted to sting the measurement of oat abilities, attitudes, and tral: prychometrlc, 8 youll pel smi i ds ed ‘pon acne ean aeons | Abimigtscets acemrertoo | tee ays gong ame hsstreundrg forse 5 ua seelge ae apts are shi Ihe the eof rset he Joules git tis ook, Ue nd ter epee | planet bo tha, —_—_——_—_____} ~ - “om