Industrial Locations Saturday, October 23,2021 1:30 PM Distribution of key natural resources across the world (including South Asia and the Indian sub-continent); factors responsible for the location of primary, secondary, and tertiary sector industries in various parts of the world (including India) Timber Based industries Factors: 1. raw material- significant weight losing. Therefore most pulp mill and saw-mills are located near the jungles 2. River- In Jungles, for transportation. Myanmar- Irrawady; also clean water for processing paper/pulp industry, therefore in forest -> away from polluted river 3. River direction - towards market helps. Eg Southern Canada, Himalayas, Sweden. While in US West coast and Siberia its opposite therefore creates difficulty Why Canada for Lumbering? Comparison- Lumbering Temperate Tropical Same species tree Valuable tree scattered Frozen ground helps transportation | Dense forest- difficult to construct roads Softwood- easy to float on river | Heavy trees Major industries are near market. | Settlement sparse, economies non industrial: exception Also there is heavy mechanization | Malaysia- ready made Japanese Market Silviculture, govt regulation Lax regulations, slash and burn destroys jungles Paper-Pulp Industry + Canada- Quebec and Ontario. Factors- raw material, Transport. energy(rivers=> cheaphydropower), Labour, Mechanization, Market + Britain- Paper producer. Pulp import from Sweden and Canada. Mills located on coastal areas to reduce transport cost of imported raw material + Seandinavia- cheap hydro, mechanized, river flow=cheap transport + Malaysia, Philippines- forest on island=> easy to export due to low transport cost + Myanmar, Thailand- Best wood found inland=> requires tport but rivers help + India- ‘© Near raw material- bamboo, softwood in south GJ, OR, MP ‘© Near market- Kolkata=> raw material from NE, cheap labour, coal, water. + Why in middle to higher latitudes of Northern hemisphere? ‘© Plankton availability- abundant near continental shelves and shallow seas due to abundant sunlight and minerals from coastal water, upwelling of cool water, meeting of hot and cold currents Gulf stream and Labrador- US+ Canada, Nova Scotia Kuroshio and Oyashio- Honshu Northern hemisphere has more land=> large population=> higher demand SH- dairy product are abundant therefore fish market is smaller, also narrower continental shelves + Location factor- ‘© Medieval times- temperate forest provided quality wood for boat construction, raisin and tar useful for water proofing © Steel and heavy industry also developed near that area- Great lakes, Japan- to serve for today’s need © Market- agri produce low therefore fishing important © Coastline- highly indented good for harbors - in NA, EU and Japan ‘© Climate - cool temperate favors preservation and storage © Labour- hilly therefore little agriculture Norway Japan Extensive continental shelves Shallow water, meeting of currents Long coastline with good fishing sites | Many islands and indented coastline Soil, climate not suitable for agri Mountainous Well est shipbuilding industry Steel industry, engineering Cold climate preserves fish Little livestock, export to other neighbours + India West is more developed than east More developed fishing industry Continental shelf in western coast is wider Commercial varieties like Prawns and Mackerel mostly found in west‘aland water catches. = Primary ocean region J [= ocean streston Cotton Textile Lightweight. non weight losing, non perishable, therefore, imp factors- market, water availability (dyeing, bleaching), Energy(powerlooms), labor, capital Climate- humid is good as thread breaks in dry, therefore coastal areas MH, GJ, Osaka, Lancashire Port location for export Black soil for cotton production Lancashire, Manchester during colonial era: MH, Gl, Osaka, Shanghai now ‘Shanghai- humid climate, Yangtze basin good cotton cultivation, Port. railroad, Yangtze waterways, water+energy- Yangtze, labour, Market Also produced in areas around Hwang-ho, Sichuan, Nanjing, BeijingLEIA Cotton Producing | LE countries 2014 | a ie ae a i iter P A UC J G ’ _— ihrg, Ue ¥ : men < é « A es ai - orth OC if cumy ten | mn Zt como ove Silk Industry + Easy to transport, non bulky, non perishable, requires labour, demand for luxury item + Lyon France- silk production of Fr died due to high labor cost and silkworm killing disease but Lyon continues to prosper due to being fashion hub + Japan- only 0.5% today- no labor, market (local requirement vanished with westernization) + China- 80%, India- 18% + China- Climate: lower Yangtze valley= finest white mulberry silk, near Shanghai, Technology: Hybrid varieties using Japanese and Eu silkworm enabling multiple rearing of silkworm during a year, Labour, Cooperatives: Silk Communes, Govt policies of support and training + India- Mulberry in KATN, AP, WB, JK and Non Mulberry in JH, CG OR, NE + Why? Mulberry plants can grow easily, in non green revolution areas, labour: women participation. less capital intensive methods based on simple tech + KA- raw material, water free from iron and alkaline salts, Men: mulberry plantation, Female: rearing silkworm, Capital- WW2 brought investment due to demand by parachute industry, Tech: Central silk board located in Bangalore, Japanese support + Kanchipuram- raw silk from KA, Zari from GJ, River water, skilled labour, demand for silk sarees esp in south India Jute Industry + Raw material- WB, Energy- Raniganj and Jharia, Water- Hoogly, Labor, Capital- Kolkata + Challenges- Old methods, new tech required, synthetic fiber, lack of marketing strategy to promote as eco friendly, post partition dilemmaWheat + US- Praities- Soil: High P content, flat terrain, mechanisation, large land holdings, labour less req, transport. storage, government policy 200 400 600 800 1000 ‘Average regional wheat output (kg/ha) Com + Soil, climate- Chernozem soil, market- fattening animals before slaughter in Chicago, railroad transport well developed. govt policy- corn subsidy + Highly mechanized, little labor, also grow soybean Rice + China- Climate, Soil, Water, Labor, Tech, Tport Dairy + Consumption based: Milk- bulky, perishable therefore near market area, little area if only dairy, + Export based: NZ, Switzer, Holland, Denmark- low domestic population, convert milk to cheese, butter, powdered milk to increase shelf life and value, byproducts are used in pig industry + Daity- NZ- Climate- cold and humid, luxuriant, perennial and nutritious grass, skilled labour, tech: scientific breeding, vaccination. refrigeration. Govt Policy- quality control gives good international price, Transport- after converting it into butter, cheese, etc + Non Existent- Africa- Climate- tropical diseases affect best temperate breeds, little temperate grassland, locust destroys existing grassland, unskilled labour, transport. market. quality concerns + USA- com farming areas support.World milk production in 2013 RS 38% of milk produced is not formally processed Sect en fim production ntonn cM (e 59% protamy “ cnlnees Svat ceed ‘SIFCN 2076 Viticulture + Mediterranean- Climate: cant be cultivated after SON latitude, topography: plenty of sunshine; water: don’t require much water, deep roots, cool soil therefore less moisture loss; soil- France/ltaly, skilled labour- require precise conditions for growth, fermentation, storage to produce quality wine; market. Gl tag Rubber Plantation + Raw material- Latex from rubber trees, weight losing raw material therefore primary processing done onsite + Labour availability- skilled- to collect efficiently, prevent coagulation’ in abundance + Climate - tropical evergreen forest + Technology- vulcanization to increase industrial utility, automobile industry boosted demand + US developed synthetic rubber and promoted it substantially after Japan occupied SE Asia during WW2 + In India- Laterite soil, Kerala + SAm- less developed, political instability affected investment, govt policy didn’t promoted replantation like Malaysian govt did: could not ensure quality Iron-Coal based industries Essential inputs- + Iron ore, coking coal, limestone + Water for cooling + Energy for heating + Steel- dolomite, manganese in small quantities Near forest ‘+ Until end of medieval period, production on small scale + Energy was immobile - timber based charcoal+ Visveshvaraya Iron and steel plant (KA) was setup near jungle to get wood-charcoal, later switched to hydro electricity from Sharawati river Near Coal Fields + Charcoal + Iron found near coal mines in Britain + Transport was getting developed but raw material location remained primary factor + Germany- Ruhr Valley; Britain- Lancashire; US- Appalachian-great lakes; Australia- New South Wales region: China Near coastal areas + US, EU started importing coal by early 20th century + Japan, India- Vishakhapatnam, Ratnagiri, Mangalore + USA- Detroit, Chicago Factor- Empty Wagon + Iron ore- Rourkela => Bokaro = Industrial Inertia + Today - many sources of energy available, less coking coal req but industry still based on above factors + Reasons- Labour concentration as it became a hub, transportation well developed, capital investment deter shifting, Market Strategic resons + US, USSR Developmental strategy- + India- Bhilai for inclusive development + China- Backyard Steel furnaces in every commune under ’Great Leap Forward’ policy (lm TOP 20 STEEL-PRODUCING COUNTRIES 2014 (MILLION TONNES) Rourkela - coal Source: worldsteo! Steel Based Industrial Regions + Mid latitudes- coal availability, raw material for many secondary industries, tropical belt doesn’t have significant coal mines + Market is an important factor- automobile , defense industries, Ship building industry, railways, agriculture tools + US- Great Lakes-Pittsburg region + Canada- St Lawrence valley + Germany- Ruhr Valley+ Britain- Birmingham + Sweden- Central Region + CIS- Ural region + China- Manchuria by Japanese colonialists; Norther China- around Shantung: Yangtze Valley- iron ore deposit on south of Yangtze river Aluminum Industry Canada |+ don’t have any significant quantities of bauxite ore, yet they have many and aluminum processing industries in the country. Why? Norway _|+ Because both of them have cheap hydroelectric power. Australia _|+ Has largest deposits of Bauxite. + Queensland & Victoria: use coal based thermal powerplants. + Tasmania: use hydroelectricity USA | Eastern USA: Arkansas, Georgia and Alabama + Western USA: Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico states. + Declined because various environmental taxes & regulations had increased the cost of production. + As Dollar strengthened against Chinese, Australian currency, it became cheaper to import aluminum than produce it using expensive electricity +taxes @USA. + Largest producer (2012 data) Alumina [China Aluminum | Australia ‘+ Still China imports a substantial amount of Aluminum from Indonesia. Why? a. Aluminum is cheaper substitute of Copper. b. used backing plates for flat screen TVs (a lightweight alternative to steel), tablet computers, mobile phones, laptops or as a laminated film used in exterior packaging for batteries; c Aluminum in green applications such as solar paneling (used in the frame) and wind farms (in submarine cables for off-shore wind farm projects. + Location Factors- Raw material, Energy, Manpower, Connectivity, Market Copper Refining + 20th century- electrical industry + Weight losing, ore converted to blister copper (S and O impurities removed)Blister copper- 99%pure but still has impurities of Au Ag, Zn, Pb- electrolysis in CuS04 - This stage is not weight losing therefore location independent of raw material Foreign location- Zambia; USA- Utah Acid industry- not LSD- H2S04, PO3., - SO2 released in Copper smelting Petroleum Refineries Two stages- Production, refining Raw material were less decisive factors due to inertia as they were setup near coal fields No significant weightloss and all byproducts are usefulPost Independence History Nation Building Process and its Challenges + Independent India faced three kinds of challenges: 1, Shape a nation that was united, yet accommodative of the diversity in our society diversity could not remain together for long, 2. Establish democracy- in accordance with the constitution, 3, Ensure inclusive development and well-being of the entire society- evolve effective polices for economic development and eradication of poverty Partition: Displacement and Rehabilitation ‘+ Evolution of Two Nation theory - acceptance of this Idea in 1940s - eventual partition in 1947 ‘+ Mountbatten Plan acceptance led to formation of Redcliffe Commission - after the passage of India Independence Act, 1947 in June by British Parliament - 2 commissions - PJ, BN. + Limitation of this award: Justice Radcliff had no prior knowledge about India, He had no specialized knowledge needed for the task also. He had no advisors and experts. 4, 6 week deadline that Radcliff had was also a limitation of this award *+ Principle Followed: Muslim majority areas were to be merger in Pak, rest in India 1, Since majority in both east and west - Pak would consist of two territories 2. ‘Not all Muslim majority areas wanted to join Pak, eg Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan opposed two nation theory but as Khudai Khidmatgar boycotted the plebiscite due to insufficient suffrage, ML won the vote 3, Due to large Hindu population in both east and west, these provinces had to be pattitioned 4, What would happen to minorities on each side of border? + Consequence of Partition: © Most abrupt, haphazard, tragic transfer of people in history Brutal Killings, atrocities, rapes, honor killings in families - 5-10 lakh killed ‘Communal violence in Lahore, Arnitsar, Kolkata Partition of tables, chairs, govt. officials Relief and Rehabilitation of 6 million refugees from Pak- Dept of Rehab created: refugee camps were setup- Kurukshetra was the largest camp, Mumbai camp had refugees from Sind region © Some migrated before 15Aug after selling their assets- majority came after partition - some farmers tried staying but violence erupted and they migrated by road, rail, sea and on foot. © Resettlement - Punjab + Ist option was those properties that were left behind by migrants to Pak. More migrants came to India than left. Land of West PJ was more fertile * Initially each migrant farmer given 4 hectare irrespective of his holding in Pak, loans given to enable cultivation + Permanent allotment based on their original holding based on claims received from migrants- claims were verified by assemblies of other migrants from same village. Wrong claims were punished * Sardar Tarlok Singh of ICS, made innovations for successful implementation + By 1951, rehabilitation problem was solved © Rehab in Bengal took years and it was more difficult because of the constant exodus of Hindus from East Bengal ‘continued for years Plan of consolidation + Broad strategy 1, Territorial integration, 2. Mobilization of political and institutional resources 3, Economic development, and 4, Adoption of polices which would promote social justice, remove glaring inequalities and provide equal opportunities + Integration of Princely States © 40% of Area- 565 small and large states ruled by princes at time of independence Atlee's statement made them dream of independence ‘Sardar Patel - diplomacy and using both persuasion and pressure Travancore, Bhopal and Hyderabad announced their desire for independent status VP Menon - secretary. Govt approach was guided by three consideration - i, People of most of the princely states wanted to join Flexibility in negotiations and granting autonomy etc Back drop of Pattition- integration and consolidation - supreme importance 1 2 3© Howit was done? Invited princely states to join constituent assembly First step to Accede foreign relations, defense and communications - what they never had ii, Threat- he would not be able to handle people post independence iv. Convinced Mountbatten to bat for India - who persuaded states to join Union - only 3 states left now [Travancore [Divan was attached and Maharaja decided to accede « Jodhpur | proxnaty to Pak. jind India after pressured by Patel [Bhopal [Hindu and communists revolted against pro-Iinnah Musi ruler © After independence i. Junagadh- no geographic continuity with Pak. People, overwhelmingly Hindu, wanted to join India but ruler acceded to Pak. People revolted and formed govt, Aarze Hukumat led by Samal Das Gandhi. Diwan of Junagadh, Shah Nawaz Bhutto decided to invite Gol to intervene. Plebiscte decided their accession to India Kashmir - read from Laxmikant Hyderabad - largest princely state - surrounded by Indian Terrtory- now includes part of MH, KA, AP, TE. Nizam was tyrannical and Majls-e-Ittegad-ul Muslimeen or MIM advocated the set up of Muslim dominion. Nizam wanted independent status and entered into a standstill agreement with Gol for a year while he was negotiating with Gol. People's movement against Nizam's rule gathered momentum, peasants of Telangana region, women who were worst oppressed, communist, Hyderabad Congress were at forefront. Nizam responded with brutality of para military force, Razakars. Non muslim atrocities by razakars forced Gol to send army under Operation Polo invaded Hyderabad state and overthrew Nizam. MIM was banned in 1948, Nizam was rewarded for final submission and, ‘made Rajpramuih. iv. Manipur - Maharaja signed loA on assurance of internal autonomy. Under public pressure elections were held and state was made constitutional monarchy (First election in India based on Universal Adult Franchise), loA was signed in 1949 and all parties of Manipur except Congress opposed it, ‘© Smaller states were either merged with the neighboring states or merged together to form centrally administered areas’ large number of states were consolidated into five new unions, forming Madhya Bharat, Rajasthan, Patiala and East Punjab states Union [PEPSU] Saurashtra and Travancore-Cochin © Offered to Princes - Privy Purse, Titles, Personal Flags, salutes on ceremonies ©. After prolonged negotiation with French, Pondi and other french possessions were handed over to India in 1954 © Portuguese were not ready to handover their areas. NATO supported Portugal's position and Independence movement in Goa picked up. Finally in 1961, Indian army under Operation Vijay finished accession. Tribal Integration + Challenges - 1. Spread all over India 2. Market forces led integration during colonial time led to impoverishment and destruction of traditional way of life 3, Colonial administration in order to conserve and commercially exploit forest brought several laws that affected their livelihood, eg ban on jhum 4, Allthese led to rebellions eg, Santhal, Munda. + Tribal Panchsheel of Nehru 1 People should develop along the line of their own genius & we should avoid imposing anything on them. We should try ‘to encourage in every way their own traditional arts and culture. - Respect their Traditions 2, Tribals rights to land and forest should be respected. - Respect their Rights 3, We should try to train and build up a team of their own people to do the work of administration and development. Some ‘technical personnel from outside will no doubt, be needed, especially in the beginning, But we should avoid introducing ‘too many outsiders into tribal territory. - Respect their Intellect 4, We should not over administer these areas or overwhelm them with a multiplicity of schemes. We should rather work through & not in rivalry to, their own social & cultural institutions. - Respect their Autonomy 5. We should judge results not by statistics or the amount of money spent, but by the quality of human character that is involved. + Read Laxmikant for safeguards + Reasons for dismal performance of Tribal Policy: i. Quite often the funds allocated for tribal welfare are not spent or are spent without corresponding results and sometimes funds are even misappropriated. The watch dog of tribal interests, Tibal Advisory Council has not functioned effectively. ii, Administrative personnel are either ill trained or prejudiced against tribal. ii, A major handicap from which tribals suffer is denial of justice, often because of their unfamiliarity with the laws &the legal system. iv. Violation of strict land transfer laws for tribals, leading to alienation of land & eviction of tribals. vv. Rapid extension of mines & industries has worsened their conditions in many areas. Vi. The progress of education among the tribal people has been disappointingly slow. vii Exploitations from the forest officials and unsympathetic attitude of officials. + The Official Language: