_Unr £ ay [exe O _ Design oP _Deok gab (Geir s slaw “bad a fe slab Culver) = Dota: ~ — Clear “span, - Ch _()- ~~ Clear acictth of ado” Car Lks of Wearing ood ‘é?. ~ BOM) Gre : id th op bearr ee) eusoy - (8) ) - 600, on oP Depth of Slas:— t Aasurne: —_tNocness of Slab_ar somm | mete: | _B=80.44 0m “Assume CHfeorve Cover S0mro Eppeesive Span ) [_ = __Al.s _ D=- 30 0 Ae aad kokichover 8 bespb ff PS cls oP dees sian 7 __ bell ap Beat load Bn: — on ~~ Seif cer 6 cles slaw (uae) D x25 [me hers oF tearing coat Cate) = €% 92. KN/m> Totat oleae toad = Wd= hb We YY bad 42 - 7 Me so Maps 9-5 Mo A | Liye Noes em: — (jo R») The 8 v0)" be ro” fe TRO = Claas An _beaaned Velde & hence Computations aaitl be mode fix 13 Claas of loading . a Lrpaotr faster of class Aw asked Vewrek % 20% go, fem sms Ae, Seetente _cleoreasirg » Linearly .6 10% fe gope wee. Yoon a eee 2 : — ERC mea 7 Sepee 2 - weit r094. Tin Clearente Ag sh sd : The _haskeo _Yehidle "3. Plased clase ff: sey + Se 1200 bese +120 — e+tof ) par tt | Ehleasive lenges of food — der G64 20 D4 ) ifeane tailth of the Sloe Pependieais a B enpressea! a abe = Ss Rf laf 9 a (B03 eee ae oly) a 7 a ots Yy tao | 1M. as Ae Pie. 8 : a Ee, ae ae a— —4-— Ging fem 55 ede rable the vame oP K. Corr espedic b (Broeey) 4 : ow = (o-8s* 26) = = pene Be =2 22 - ae The Praaied Yelucle "S_Plased close fp fhe tne —t a fs 1 (be) bit 1625p 20504 bef, —_4 So 99 gp. Seco Pe ets[owes oo (Net effedtive uadth oe clas persion = 2 [b+ Joe + 20804 be/ a] se Be | Pro _Toras_loed of hse “fraaks_aaith Senpaat = Loox (opr) oa ~Casorasoy Ci4 fo Ayg . intensive of food “ue & Ae * Be ae a a he 17S) GQ poe pats (i= ema] — 4 tota Pesran peo = (My) = five +Mue oe A ae 4 77|_ Shear clue Class aA - raeked veute/e: — Z For max Shear at Supt, the SRc crassn Wankel Velie |S aypanged a2 Shaan in follaing fo “Gurged_a2_Shaamn In faliusing fo t a va @ . te + 4 — : EPP. Waid of CUS perston TS given by —} bes ead Cia ef) bua hore 2 Pie ——}——+ermamning S Cume as be CV ba) _ t fee" 2 ——: tenet HC ef dispersion - _ Be -[ orto 1300 bp __—__ 4 1 mB ne ge ES De kf __ [Shear due h Live lanal Nut. Ute ste Cg - Rep) | 4 _ _ Shear clue © Dead (ad Nu se bid 4 2a Tofot design Shear( wy) = Vw +Vup “| ZO | Desyn P Dax Sau . Raft [me eo a val {Begs —S Provided a? —— 5 Ap pa AT fei Vad a | Pavde 25 ming bac ar Ss" © eens wanes12 mm B bos. Ga ay | Sa sierr=— ao | ze Nu " a As: Aso, Ak S090 bows Qu bers Up — 100 As “at Ss Code Tabe And- i 10045 4 fir Ss & & Corresponding fy 100 se 5 Hoa acCw 7i f e . 837 oe Pec Design a solid slab bridge for cass 4 loading for the following data: pon! ; =4.5 m Ct at inickness of wearing coat = 80 mm erase 0 mix. Take unit weight of concrete as 24000 N/rf Ut gantt al : Let the width of the kerb be 500 mm =0.5 m, 1 are a width of bridge, L =7+2x05=8 m, o ihe overall thickness of the slab be 330 mm, with effective depth equal to 200 mm recive spay 1 =4.54+0.3=4.80 m : M 20 concrete, m =13 and og. =7N/mm? ot aking = 125 N/mm’, we have the following design constants: 3x7_ gaa; j tyxT+ is 2. Dead Load B.M.' Dead load of slab =0.33 x 1x 1 x 24000 = 7920 N/m? Dead load of wearing coat = 0.08 x 22000 = 1760 N/m? ~ 9% 0.421 = 0.86 ; R=1x7% 0.86 «0.421 = 1.27 Total dead load i = 9680 N/m? Railing Dead load BLM. j}-—_Proratway » 7 m ——_____—_-» 9680(4.8)° Kerb rt “8 = 27880 N-m 3. Live Load B.M. Since the width of car- “at way is 7 m, two trains can pass or cross each + with a clear distance sl m, vit bead of 114 kN, *500 mm =0.5 m ey beste to centre dis- ia 5 gin Wheels of two +05=15 m Dist % ance of from Kant fc of fs i 4 gage of abutment 1589, m: m = 0.15 m FIG. 31.8.Distance of centre of wheel from edge of kerb =0.15 +2 eos m Dispersion width b of load along span = B + 2(80 +330) = 250 + 520 = 1070 mm As there are two axles, moment could be maximum under one 7 axles, be arranged as shown in Fig. 31.9 for maximum B.M. Let the distance of the C.G. of loads from support B be y. The distance a = 1.2 m for the pre- sent case, while b= 1.07 m. Let the maximum B.M. occur at C, the point of zero. shear. 2 oe 2P. R= = FIG. 31.9. Hence the value of z, for the location of point C of zero shear is given ty R-Fr =0 or 2Fy_f, 0 or zo 2bY B18) : a2 PT _(y48 4) 2|-2 z * Me = 27-1 (94343 t2)-5-7 G19 dM og van cue» 2E- (a8) aim For maxima, $!=0, which gives y= 0) --GLID For the present case, =2.36 m ae 2x 1.07 x 2.36 This is very near to £ ee t= gOS m. . Distance of C from Aci-(y+ $42 )+2=48-(236+ 52 +47) Distance of axle II from support a-( ~§ )=2.36 -0.6 = 1.76 m Distance of axle I from support Azi-(y+$)=4.8- 2.36 40.6)= 184m ‘These positions have been marked in Fig. 31.8 and 31.9. a When the two trains are running parallel, the effective width for various wheels overlap. Hence all the four wheels are taken together for calculation of effective ‘ 7 0S =5.16 @ and the’ quantity W in Eq. 31.6 will be o(1etis+ 184293 }+2 «008 L/1 = 8/4,8 = 1.67 A The effective width of slab on which the load acts is given by Eq. 31.the values of K as per 1.S.: 456-2000 are given Table 31.3(a) * 1 “< ‘TABLE. 31.3 (@) VALUES OF K FOR SIMPLY SUPPORTED AND CONTINUOS SLAB K for Simply Supported Stabs K for Continuous Slabs 04 o4 08 08 1.16 1.16 1.48 i Ln 1.68 1.96 1.84 2.24 2.48 L Tus the maximum value of K is for £21, For the present case, F= 1.67, for shich K=2.48, Hence from Eq, 31.6, Effective width for axle 1 = 2.48 x 1eq(1- 48 45.76 28.57 m Effective width for axle = 2.48 x 1.76 ~R )+5.76=8.52 m Since the effective width extend b widths will be as under: For axle I, e=(8.57/2)+ distance of C.G, of axle from free edge = 4,285 + 3.45 =7.74m For axle II, e=(8.52/2)+3.45=7.71 m. It should be noted that axle will be slightly different because of eyond the tree edges of slabs, the modified effective load P, per unit width of slab, marked in Fig. 31.9 f different values of e for each load. Thus, for Ist ale | 2x 114 2x 114 \ load, a 7a = 29.46 and for 2 nd axle load, P TF 29.57. In the analysis for determining y, however, it was assumed that P is the same for both axles. Impact factor ss 45 = 204 6+1 6448 ee * Effective axle load 2.98 *2% 114 x 1.42 = 323.76 KN = in pe Pot the load position marked " Fig. 31.10, FIG. 31.10._{ (323.76 323.76 1 R=[ (2Fsi¢ «1.76 ) ( Ves: A Gat + {FEB «2.96 || Fo 41.19 kN 2 Me = RX 2,35 ~ — 323-76 __ (1.07)"_ ne co = Ry x 2.3 Tyaco7 a 442 kN-m = 74.42 x10? em, The maximum B.M. due to live load occurs at a section 2.35 m from the and not at the middle of the slab, However, maximum dead load B.M. occur J? mid. span. a 4. 2 Dead load BM. at C= x=" 29000 [48 «2.35 - Total B.M. = 74420 + 27870 = 102290 N-m. Alternative Method for Live Load B.M. In the alternative method, it is assy that maximum B.M. occurs when the loads are symmetrically placed about centre of at B.M. at the centre will be taken for design purpose. This is reasonably correct since ye have seen that the actual location of point C of maximum live load B.M. is away from the centre only by 0.05 m. For this arrangement of loads (Fig. 31.11), x= distance of axle load from the nearest support =4 (4.8 - 1.2)=1.8 m. 35)? oor |. 27870 N-m Since the effective width for individual loads will overlap, the quantity W in Ea, 31.6 will be =18+15+1.8+ 2x—+2x0.08 = 5.76 m as before. 29.5 KN L/1=8/4,8 = 1.67 ; K=2.48 18 e=248 x18 (1 S iat 5.76 = 8.55 29.5 KN > FIG. 31.11. Since the effective width extends beyond the free edge of slabs, the modified effective width = By 3.45=7.72 m. 2x 114 772 =29.5 kN Dispersion along span = 250 + 2 (80 + 330) = 1070 mm 45 __ 45 Impact factor = PS aiecea ND Maas = 140] 29.5 x48 — 29.5 x 12 ]as.4 enn = 7500 Dead load BM. = 27860 N-m. Total B.M. = 75400 + 27880 = 103280 N-m, as against 102290 N-m fou Hence it is better to follow the alternative method, which is much simpler. Load per meter width= = 0.42 nd ati:4, Design of Section : Design B.M. = 103280 N-m = 103280 x 10? N-mm 103280 x 10° 1000 x 1.27 Provide an overall depth of 330 mm. Using 20 mm @ bars and a clear cover available d = 330-25 -10=295 mm. d= 285 mm of 5 mm. . *_ 1000 x 314 spacing of 20 mm @ bars=—“2 SI 96.4 mm Hence provide these @ 95 mm c/c. Bend half the bars up near the support. 5. Distribution Reinforcement : Distribution steel is provided to resist 0.3 times the jive load B.M. and 0.2 times the dead load moment. M = 0.3 x 75400 + 0.2 x 27880 = 28196 N-m = 28196 x 1000 N-mm Using 12 mm © bars, Effective depth = 295 - 10-6=279 mm 28196 x 1000 _ oo . _ 1000x113, Aa = SPORE RTTS 740 mm’. <. Spacing of 12 mm o bars =—— 120 mm 6. Live Load S.F. : The _ 1)P=45.09KN IT )P’= 40.47 kN koess 1.2m: 2.915 m4 maximum S.F. occurs when the Joad is near the support. Since the dispersed width in the di- rection of span=1070 mm = 1.07 m, the wheel loads will be placed as shown in Fig. 31.12 for maximum S.F. aie Distance of Ist axle from °'9™ \ support FIG. 31.12. 4 = 492 40.15=0.685 m. For £ K=248 -(Table 31.3 a). w for individual load = 0.5 +2x0.8=0.66 m Effective width for first axle = 2.48 x 0.685 ( ~ 2583 \4.0.66 = 2.12 m. The effective widths will overlap. Hence let us find the combined effective width of all the four wheels of first axle of the two trains. WH 18415 41842x 2542x008 = 5.76 m. as before. € = 2.48 0.685 [1- O688 | + 5.76 =7.22 m Since the effective width may extend beyond the free edge of slab (specially when the wheel load is 0.4 m away from the kerb as shown in Fig. 31.8) modified effectivewong 7.22 z . | width = $+ dist, of C.G. of loads from free edge = 3° 43-45% 7.06 m. Since aig 5 | it ister snd axle from the nearest . it will be adopted. Similarly, distance or 2nd axle | cM Supp, Beas rae iteas m t. 31.12). The etfcctive width of individual wheels wilt ovens and hence combined W for all the four wheels =5.76 m as before. ¢=248x1 sss( 1 — 1885. }+ 5.76 «8.6 m. Since the effective width extends 7 5 4.8 ‘1 beyond the free edge of slabs modified effective width = 8.6/2 + 3.45 =7.75 m, y ‘Thus the effective width for first axle of loads is 7.06 m and that for the Secon axle of loads is 7.75 m. Impact factor = 0.42. Effective axle load = 2 x 114 x 1.42 = 323.8 kN P for first axle = 323.8/7.06 = 45.86 kN; P’ for second axle = 323.8 / 7.75 = 41.78 KN (41.78 x 2.915) + 45.86 (2.915 + 1.20) _ 64 69 yy Now R, 48 Live load S.F. = 64.69 KN ; Dead load S.F. = (9.68 x 4.8)/2 = 23.23 kn Total V 64.69 + 23.23 = 87.92 KN. 7. Check for Shear : Nominal shear stress on the beam is __V _ 87.92 x 1000 : = Ba = p60 295 7 0-298 N/mm _d Hoos 2. , 1OAs_ 1653 At the support ee ee = 1653 mm* +. PEt = Toy a9 X 100 = 0.56% Hence for M 20 concrete, having 0.56% reinforcement t, =0.32N/mm*, Thus +, is less than t,. Hence safe. 8. Check for development length at supports : The Code stipulates that at simple supports, the diameter of reinforcement should be such that Mt yh be in the present case, only half the bars ate available, 1000 x 314 Ae ea 2 1 af 35 ] 1653 mm’ Now, My = 125 x 1653 x 0.86 x 295 = $2420 x 10? Nemm V=S.F, at support = 87,92 x 10? N Ly = Sum of anchorage beyond centre line of the support and equivalent anchorage value of hooks. Let US assume a support width /, = 300 mm, Assuming a clear side cover x’= 40 mo. and providing U-hook for which the anchorage value is 160 we get bo L kay 304160 ]=(4-¥ +130 }= 1580-40413 = 110 + 13 x 20 =370 mm. ' i i _ 2X 125 Len aE 0.8 7 39-06 © = 39.06 x 20= 781 mm.M. 2 Now ttle = ono i +370 = 966 mm > Lg. Hence safe. 9. Design of Kerb The kerb is designed for a live load of 4 kN/m? and for a horizontal load of 7.5 gn/m length. Width of kerb = 500 mm. Let the weight of railings etc. be 0.5 kN/m run. Te ee ee Keeping, ight as 240 mm, the total depth of kerb = 330 + 80 + 240 = 650 mm. this hei Live load per metre run of kerb =0.5 x 1x 400 = 2000 N Dead load of kerb = 0.65 x 0.5 x 24000 = 7800 N Weight of railings etc. =500 N Total = 10300 N=10.3 kN B.M. = = 29.66 KN-i = 29.66 x 10° N-mm. While determining the live load B.M. in slab, the width of kerb was also taken imto account. Hence traffic live load B.M. for a width of 500 mm should also be considered. Live load B.M. for class A loading = 0.5 x 75.4 = 37.7 kN-m =37.7 x 10° N-mm Total B.M. = (29.66 + 37.7) 10%= 67.36 x 10° N-mm Vf 67.36 x 10° . = 00x27 = 326 mm. Total depth provided = 650 mm. 10.3 (4.877 8 Hf Surfacing oh ay ‘094 #09 i“ {Lia mm 18 mmo 12mmo @ 160 mmcle @ 8Ommele @ 120mm cle 45m 12mm Gaommol —@ 120mmele (0) Cross-section FIG. 31.13.Using 20 mm bars, available d= 650-25-10=615 = mm 67.36 x 10% errs 2 Mg, of 20unm @ bars = 1018 5 Au = 5x 086 xGIS 7 1018 mm m /314=3% Hence provide 4 bats of 20 mm , However, the available bars of main reinforcemen, of slab (ie, 20 mm @ 95 mm cic) =500/95 which are more than 5. bars will be sufficient. Design of kerb for horizontal force Horizontal force = 7500 N; Hence these Height of kerb above road. surface = 240 mm Height of kerb above level of slab = 240 + 80 = 320 mm. Cantilever B.M. due to horizontal load = 7500 x 320 = 2400000 N-mm The width of kerb is 500mm, which is sufficient to take the compressive stresses, ie 2400000 125 x 0.86 (500 - 25 - 5) This will be provided by the vertical legs of stirrups of 8 mm ® @ 200 mm ck. Provide two bars of 12 mm @ at the corners for supporting the stirrups. The details of reinforcement etc. are shown in Fig. 31.13. = 47.5 mm?