Human Anatomy

Introduction to Human
Anatomy

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Anatomy
Defination - the study of structure of the body parts. i.e.
 Shape  Size  Position
 Color  Texture  Their relationships to one another

Subdivisions of Anatomy
Gross Anatomy ~ Macroscopic Anatomy . . . Large body parts Visible to
naked eye ; eg: Heart, Lungs, Kidneys etc
Regional Anatomy ~ all structures in a body area Surface Anatomy

Systemic Anatomy ~ 11 Organ Systems” eg: Skeletal, Nervous, Digestive etc.

Microscopic Anatomy ~ Cannot see with naked eye --- use microscope
– Cytology ~ Study of “individual” body cells
– Histology ~ Study of body tissues & many body cells
Developmental Anatomy:- from fertilization to adulthood
–Embryology ~ from fertilized egg till birth 2
Approaches
• Regional anatomy – dealt with the body structures in one part of the region
(such as the abdomen or leg)
• Systemic anatomy – dealing with the human body systems of the body
• Surface anatomy – the study of internal structures from the surface
I. The human body is divided into nine regions
1. Head 1. Abdomen
2. Neck 2. Pelvis and perineum
3. Thorax 3. Upper limbs
4. Back 4. Lower limbs

I. There are ten systems in human body

1. Integumentary system 1. Urinary system
2. Skeletal system 2. Reproductive system
3. Muscular system 3. Endocrine system
Cardiovascular system
4. Digestive system 4. Circulatory system Lymphatic system
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5. Respiratory system 5. Nervous system
Structural Level of Organization
1. Chemical
– Atoms & molecules ~
smallest units of structure
EG: C H+ O-- N K+
Na+ Ca++
• Water . . . 70% of body wt.
• CHO, Proteins, Lipids,
Nucleic Acids, Energy
2. Cell
– The smallest living unit in the
body ~ Specialized function
– Billions of body cells . . .
Hundreds of cell types
“Organelles” Structural &
functional components
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Structural Level of Organization ….

3. Tissue
– Many cells and some surrounding
material. Four Types in body
1. Epithelial Tissue . . . Lines body
surfaces
2. Nervous Tissue . . . electric impulses
3. Muscle Tissue . . . provides movement
4. Connective Tissue . . . support &
protects
» Bones Tendons Cartilage Ligament
» Blood Lymph Adipose

4. Organ
– Composed of at least two types of tissue
– Perform specific simple or complex
functions
eg:Stomach Heart Brain Bladder
Lungs Liver Kidney Intestines
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Structural Level of Organization ….

5. Organ System
– Combination of various organs
make up a specific system
– Inter-dependent ~ inter-connected
• For example: the stomach, small
intestine, large intestine, liver,
gallbladder, and pancreas make
up the digestive system
– Humans are composed of 11
organ systems
6. Organism Level ~ the Body
– Sum total of all structural levels
working together in
homeostatic balance . . . to
sustain life
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ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGIES
– Anatomical Position
– Directional Terms or Terms of Position
– Terms of Movement

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Anatomical Terminologies
Anatomical position
– Standing erect, with eyes looking
forward and neutral facial expression
– The hands are at the side , with palms
are facing forward
– Feet together and facing forward
• All discussion of the human body is in
reference to the anatomical position
– Is the standard reference point in which all
positions, movements, and planes are described

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Terms of Positions
Superior
• Refers to a structure being closer
to the head or higher than
another structure in the body

Inferior
• Refers to a structure being closer
to the feet or lower than
another structure in the body

Anterior
• Refers to a structure being more in front than another structure in the
body
Posterior
• Refers to a structure being more in back than another structure in the
body 9 9
POSITIONS …

Medial
• Refers to a structure being closer to the midline
or median plane of the body than another
structure of the body

Lateral
• Refers to a structure being farther away from the
midline than another structure of the body

Distal
(Reference to the extremities only)
• Refers to a structure being further away from the
root of the limb than another structure in the limb

Proximal
(Reference to the extremities only)
• Refers to a structure being closer to the root of
the limb than another structure in that limb 10 10
POSITIONS …

Superficial
Ventral
• Refers to a structure being closer to the
• Towards the front or belly surface of the body than another structure

Dorsal Deep
• Refers to a structure being closer to the core
• Towards the back 11 structure 11
of the body than another
POSITIONS …

Prone
• Lying face down

Supine
• Lying face up

Unilateral
• Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral
• Pertaining to both sides of the body
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Terms of movements
Flexion
• Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two
bones
Extension
• Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between
two bones
Hyperextension
• Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond
anatomical position

Adduction
• Moving a body part towards the midline of the body

Abduction
• Moving a body part away from the midline of the body13 13
Movements
PRONATION
• Turning the arm or foot
downward
• (palm or sole of the foot -
down)
• Prone

SUPINATION
• Turning the arm or foot
upward
• (palm or sole of the foot - up)
• Supine

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Movements
RETRACTION
• Moving a part backward

PROTRACTION
• Moving a part forward

ELEVATION
• Raising a part

DEPRESSION
• Lowering a part

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Movements

ROTATION
• Turning on a single axis

CIRCUMDUCTION
• circular motion at the hip
or shoulder

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MOVEMENTS OF THE FOOT

INVERSION
• Turning the sole of the foot inward
EVERSION
• Turning the sole of the foot outward
DORSIFLEXION
• Ankle movement bringing the foot
towards the shin
PLANTARFLEXION
• Ankle movement pointing the foot
downward
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Movements of the Wrist & Thumb
RADIAL DEVIATION
• Movement of the wrist towards the
radius or lateral side

ULNAR DEVIATION
• Movement of the wrist towards the
ulna or medial side

OPPOSITION
• Movement of the thumb across the
palm of the hand
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Anatomical Planes

• Fixed lines of reference

along which the body is
often divided or
sectioned to facilitate
viewing of its structures

• Allow one to obtain a

three-dimensional
perspective by studying
the body from different
views
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Anatomical Planes
Sagittal plane
– The plane dividing the
body into right and
left portions
– Midsagital vs
parasagital

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Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
– The plane dividing the
body into front and
back portions
– Also called the Coronal
plane

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Anatomical Planes
Transverse plane
– The horizontal plane
dividing the body into
upper and lower
portions
– Also called the
Horizontal plane

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Body regions (anterior)
– The anatomical names are
given first with the common
names in parentheses

Head and Neck Region

• Cephalon or cephalic (head)
• Cranial (skull)
• Facial (face)
• Frontal (fore head)
• Nasal (nose)
• Oculus or orbit (eye)
• Auris or otic (ear) Torso or Trunk Region
• Bucca (cheek)
• Thoracic (chest) • Pelvis (pelvic)
• Mentis (chin)
• Mammary (breast) • inguinal (groin)
• cervical (neck)
• Abdominal (belly) • coxal (hip)
• Umbilical (naval) 23
 Body regions (anterior)
Upper limb Regions
•Deltoid (side shoulder)
•Pectoral (chest)
•Sternal (center of chest)
•Axillar (arm pit)
•Brachial (arm)
•Antebrachial (forearm)
•Carpal (wrist)
•Manual (hand)
•Palmar (palm)
•Digital (fingers)
•Pollex (thumb)

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Body regions (anterior)

Lower limb Regions

• Femoral (thigh)
• Patellar or genicular (knee)
• Crus or crural (leg)
• Tarsal (ankle)
• Pes or pedal (foot)
• Digital or phallengeal (toes)
• Hallux (great toe)

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BODY REGIONS (POSTERIOR)
– The anatomical names are given first with the common
names in parentheses.
Head and Neck Region
•Cephalic (head)
•Nuchal (neck)

Torso or Trunk Regions

•Scapular (shoulder blade)
•Dorsum or dorsal (back)
•Vertebral (backbone)
•Lumbus/lumbar or loin (lower back)

Upper limb Regions

•Brachial (arm)
•Olecranon (elbow)
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•Antebrachial (forearm)
BODY REGIONS (POSTERIOR)
Lower limb Regions
• Gluteal (buttocks)
• Femoral (thigh)
• Popliteal (back of knee)
• Sural (calf)
• Calcaneus(heel)
• Plantatar (sole)

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Body Cavities
• Body Cavities ~ Large Chambers
• Contain many vital organs
– Protective ~ Cushioning ~ Isolating
• EG: Brain & Spinal Cord
• Allow for significant changes in size & shape
• EG: Lungs . . . . . . . . . thoracic cavity
Intestines . . . . . . abdominopelvic
Bladder . . . . . . . pelvic cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity ~ smaller ~ along back
– Cranial Cavity ~ Brain
– Spinal Cavity ~ Spinal Cord
Ventral Body Cavity ~ much larger ~ front
– Thoracic Cavity: – Abdominopelvic Cavity:
• Pleural Cavity(s) ~ lungs • Abdominal Cavity
• Mediastinum (not a cavity) • Pelvic Cavity
• Pericardial Cavity ~ heart 29
Body Cavities
• Thoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the
mediastinum, and the pericardial cavity
– Pleural cavities – each houses a lung
– Mediastinum – contains the pericardial
cavity, and surrounds the remaining
thoracic organs
– Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart
• Abdominopelvic cavity is
composed of two
subdivisions
– Abdominal cavity – contains
the stomach, intestines,
spleen, liver, and other
organs
– Pelvic cavity – lies within the
Abdominopelvic pelvis and contains the
cavity bladder, reproductive organs,
and rectum

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 Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
• Topographical divisions of the abdomen are used to describe the location
of abdominal organs and the associated pain. These are;
 A four-quadrant pattern
 A nine-region organization
• For that purpose, the four quadrants are defined by 2 planes
1. The transverse transumbilical plane - passing through the umbilicus and the
intervertebral [IV] disc between the L3 and L4 vertebrae
2. The vertical median plane, passing longitudinally through the body
• The nine regions are delineated by 4 planes → 2 sagittal & 2 transverse
The two sagittal planes are usually the midclavicular planes
– They pass from the midpoint of the clavicles (approx. 9 cm from the midline) to the
midinguinal points, midpoints of the lines joining the anterior superior iliac spine
(ASIS) and the pubic on each side
The two transverse planes are usually
− The transpyloric plane - halfway between the jugular notch and the symphysis
pubis (L1 vertebral level)
− The interspinous plane - passes through the ASIS of each side
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 Quadrant and Regions
• Large General Areas ~ NOT precise
• Important for Paramedics & EMT ~
Emergency Rooms
Abdominal & Pelvic Quadrants
– Right Upper Quadrant ~ RUQ
– Left Upper Quadrant ~ LUQ
– Right Lower Quadrant ~ RLQ
– Left Lower Quadrant ~ LLQ
Internal Organ Location Regions ~ “Very Precise”
– Right Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area
– Epi-gastric Region ~ above stomach
– Left Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area
– Right Lumbar Region
– Umbilical Region
– Left Lumbar Region
– Right Inguinal Region
– Hypo-gastric (pubic) Region ~ below stomach
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– Left Inguinal Region
 Topographical divisions and organs

Nine-regions

Four-quadrants

 Quadrants or regions are

useful because there is a
known relationship
between superficial
anatomical landmarks
and underlying organs

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Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
• Membrane Barriers ~ line body cavities
• Organs covered by moist serous membranes
– “Viscera” ~ organs contained in body cavities
• Cover surfaces of viscera & external organ
surfaces
• Secrete protective watery substance coating
viscera
– “Serous Fluid” ~ transudate
• Permits expansion . . . protection . . . lubrication
• Prevents rubbing friction between organs
• Prevents organs from sticking to one another
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Ventral Body Cavity Serous Membranes
Thoracic Cavity
– Pleural Cavity ~ contains
lungs
• Visceral Pleura ~ serous
membrane
– Covers outer surface of lung
• Parietal Pleura ~ serous
membrane Covers inner
thoracic wall

– Pericardial Cavity ~ surrounds heart

• Visceral Pericardium ~ serous membrane
– Covers heart
• Parietal Pericardium ~ serous membrane
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– Covers opposite surface of pericardium
 Serous Membranes
Abdominal Cavity

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Ventral Body Cavity Serous Membranes …

Abdominopelvic Cavity
• Abdominal Cavity ~ superior
– Peritoneal Cavity ~ houses liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine,
parts of large intestine.
• Parietal Peritoneum ~ serous membrane
– Lines inner surface of body wall
• Visceral Peritoneum ~ serous membrane
– Covers enclosed organs

– Retroperitoneal ~ outside Peritoneal Cavity

• Between peritoneal lining & muscular wall of abdominal cavity. Kidneys
are retro-peritoneal
• Pelvic Cavity ~ inferior
– Contains part of large intestine, bladder, some reproductive
organs
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– Organs covered by peritoneum
 Serous Membranes
Abdominal Cavity

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 Anatomical Variability
• Humans vary slightly in both external and
internal anatomy
• Over 90% of all anatomical structures match
textbook descriptions, but:
– Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat
out of place
– Small muscles may be missing
• Extreme anatomical variations are seldom
seen
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