KULIAH 6

6 Proses Pembandaran di dunia

Pembandaran di negara-negara maju-membangun, punca
pembandaran, perbandingan proses
Causes of Urban Growth
• Urban population grows in two ways: by natural
increase (more births than deaths), and by
immigration.

• Natural increase is fueled by improved food

supplies, better sanitation, and advances in medical
care that reduce death rates and cause populations
to grow both within cities and in the rural areas
around them.

• Immigration is the second reason why population

grows, and it is the largest source of its growth.
Immigration to cities can be caused both by push
factors that force people out of the country and by
pull factors that draw them into the city.
Urbanization of First World
• Industrial Revolution-turning point in urbanization

• In the United States, about 5% of the population

lived in cities in 1800, but about 50% of the
population lived in cities by 1920.

• Throughout the 19th century, the US was

urbanizing.

• The same was true for most European societies

during the 19th century.
• Today about 80% of the US population lives in cities
and suburbs.
• Since no more than 100% of a population can
possibly be urban, urbanization as a process is
coming to an end.
Urbanization of Developing Countries
• The patterns of urbanisation in the developing world in
the past few decades have diverged significantly from
historical trends.

• For the developed world, significant urbanisation was

associated with industrialisation.

• With the cities came the factories.

• But today many developing countries, though highly

urbanised, lack large industrial sectors.

• Nigeria, for example, has the same percentage of its

population living in cities as China does.
• Population increase through migration led to
unprecedented economic growth, which
governments were not prepared for, resulting in
child labor and an extremely low standard of
living

• In the time it takes to create laws that influence

education, transportation, housing, and the job
market, newcomers to the cities cannot find work
or a suitable place to live and resort to living in
slums.

• This process is happening now in parts of Africa,

Southeast Asia, and South America.
• Rapid urbanization in African cities today can be
compared in some ways to the Industrial
Revolution that the Western world experienced
in the 18th and 19th centuries.

• Urbanization starts with an influx of people to

cities, people who had previously lived in rural
areas.

• The rush of movement raises the population of

cities, who need to provide for the new increase
in population with housing, employment, food,
clothes, transportation, etc
• This is where the cons of urbanization begin.

• Without proper regulation, the new city-dwellers will

not be able to find work, because the job market will
not stable enough for them to join.

• Inability to find work then leads to a decrease of an

already low income, which in turn leads to life in the
slums because people can’t afford housing as they
cannot find sufficient work.
•
• Thus, half of the city’s population lives in poverty on one
or two dollars a day.

• In Africa, 60% to 70% of all urban dwellers live in slums.

• Creates a lot of urban issues (Lecture 8)

• Notice that at mid-century only 17.8% of the
population of Third World societies lived in cities,
but in the fifty years since 1950 that percent has
increased to over 40%.

• By the year 2030, almost 60% of Third World

populations will live in cities.

• In just a few years the World will become

predominately urban -- about 80-85 years after
that happened in the United States.
Perbezaan proses pembandaran negara maju dan negara
membangun
• (i) Negara maju-bermula semasa era revolusi industri.
Negara sedang membangun awal dan pertengahan
1900, selepas kemerdekaan

• (ii). Di negara-negara maju, pembandaran dan kemajuan

serta perubahan masyarakat berlaku serentak. Di
negara-negara membangun, penumpuan penduduk di
kawasan bandar tidak diikuti oleh kemajuan ekonomi
perindustrian.

(iii). Pembandaran di negara maju sudah mula perlahan

kerana ia sudah dijung proses (migrasi rendah-kelahiran
rendah) Proses pembandaran di negara-negara
membangun masih berterusan dengan kadar yang
pesat, melebihi kadar purata pertambahan penduduk
bandar dunia. Misalnya di Malaysia, lebih 70.0 peratus
penduduk tinggal di kawasan bandar.
• (iv). Di negara maju, pembandaran seimbang di semua
kawasan tetapi di negara sedang membangun, Tekanan
pembangunan di tumpukan ke atas kawasan bandar.
Keberkesanan strategi memajukan ekonomi melalui
pembandaran menyebabkan bandar dianggap penting
dan dapat digunakan untuk mempercepatkan proses
pembangunan negara

(v). Di negara maju pembandaran disebabkan oleh

perubahan masyarakat dan penemuan teknik dan
teknologi moden dalam bidang pertanian,
pembuatan, pengangkutan dan perindustrian
berbanding di negara membangun pembandaran
berlaku kerana proses penumpuan penduduk ke
bandar-bandar besar kerana keadaan pembangunan
tidak seimbang di antara wilayah-wilayah dalam
negara, juga di antara kawasan bandar dengan
kawasan luar bandar.
Persamaan proses pembandaran negara maju dan
negara membangun
• Penumpuan penduduk di bandar-bandar besar dan
utama. Bagi kebanyakan negara membangun, wujudnya
fenomena penumpuan penduduk ke bandar-bandar
besar adalah salah satu petanda kemajuan
pembangunan tidak seimbang di antara wilayah-wilayah
di dalam negara-migrasi LB-B sgt ketara.

• Pembentukan Konurbasi- Pertumbuhan penduduk

bandar khususnya di negara membangun banyak
dicirikan oleh perkembangan bandar besar.

• Rebakan bandar ke kawasan pinggir- bandar-bandar

besar adalah ketara sekali.
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