Total English - Teacher's Guide - Class 11

(ii)
Contents
U n it 1 3 — 4
U n it 2 4 — 9
U n it 3 9 — 12
U n it 4 12 — 16
U n it 5 16 — 19
U n it 6 20 — 23
U n it 7 23 — 26
U n it 8 26 — 30
U n it 9 30 — 33
U n i t 10 33 — 38
U n i t 11 38 — 44
U n i t 12 44 — 48
U n i t 13 48 — 50
U n i t 14 50 — 54
U n i t 15 54 — 57
PROJECT WORK
Answers for Listening Skills 58

UNIT-1 3
A. SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

Assignment 1
1. She finished her practice session and went home.
2. He must work hard or he will not succeed in life.
3. She must work hard or she will not win the competition.
4. He took up a job as an accountant and everyone was surprised.
5. She not only advised him but also gave him money.
6. There were floods and the crops were destroyed.
7. There were several reminders but he did not pay the fine.
8. The boy misbehaved and so the teacher punished him.
Assignment 2
1. Having packed her suitcase she went to the airport.
2. It is never too late to mend.
3. Amit is not as clever as some other boys of the class.
4. It is foolish to waste time in idle pursuits.
5. In spite of the ship having gone down, the passengers were saved.
6. She expressed regret for acting so rudely.
7. Passengers are forbidden to enter the metro station without a face mask.
8. Only a millionaire can afford such a luxurious life.
B. DIRECTED WRITING-I
Assignment 1. (Article)
(a) Unemployment a major problem facing the country—Causes: (i) rapid
growth of population; (ii) inadequacies in our education system that
increase the aspirations of the youth, without providing suitable capabilities
for getting a job; (iii) slow pace of industrial growth and creation of jobs;
(iv) unemployability of large number of people due to lack of skills.
(b) Global Warming refers to the rise in average mean temperature on the earth
due to the increased concentration of Greenhouse Gases due to the burning
fossil fuels, industrial pollution, vehicular pollution, etc.,—depletion of the
Ozone layer in the atmosphere—clearing of forests and disturbance in the
forest ecosystem on a large scale—global warming is leading to changes in
4 TEACHERS’ HANDBOOK (TOTAL ENGLISH-XI)
sea level, rainfall pattern, radiation balance, agricultural production, melting

of glaciers and ice caps, spread of diseases like malaria, dengue, etc.
Assignment 2. (Book Review)
(a) Name and author of the book—publisher of the book—a brief outline
describing the themes of the stories—writing style—awarded the best book
by a new author—overall impression.
(b) Name and author of the book—genre of the book (novel, drama, anthology,
poetry)—brief summary of the content of the book—specific aspects of the
book—overall impression.
Assignment 3. (Film Review)
(a) Name of the film, its director, producer and script writer—brief outline of
the story of the film—performance by the actors—music and choreography
—shortcoming, if any, of the film—message of the film.
(b) Name of the film, director, producer, script writer—brief outline of the story
of the film—performance by the actors—music and dance—reason for its
being awarded National Award for being the Most Entertaining Film.
Assignment 4.
Please refer to Hints for Question (1, 2) given in Chapter 1 in the Textbook.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignments 1
1. in 2. forth 3. down 4. up
5. on 6. out 7. round 8. about

A. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES (1)

Assignment 1
1. The work was done when I was present.
2. He worked as he had been instructed.
3. Come back when it is seven o’clock.
4. He cried when he was punished.
5. Do you consider that he is trustworthy?
UNIT-2 5
6. He has promised that he will help you.

7. He worked hard so that he might pass the examination.
8. What they explained cannot be true.
Assignment 2
1. Tell me your destination.
2. The law will punish the guilty.
3. Tell me the meaning of her statement.
4. I do not know the time of my return.
5. That is my pen.
6. A palace built on a hill cannot be hidden.
7. This is our study place.
8. On hearing the news, he became happy.
Assignment 3
1. If you ask no questions, you will hear no lies.
2. As soon as he stands up to speak, everyone is silent.
3. If you do not speak, I will fire.
4. If you do not run fast, you will miss the bus.
5. If you exercise regularly, you will soon get slim.
6. Though he is wealthy, he is discontent.
Assignment 4
1. Run or you will not be in time.
2. She was not welcomed, therefore she went away.
3. She heard the news and fainted at once.
4. They wanted to win; therefore they went to play.
5. She was ill, so I forgave her.
6. Do not eat too much or you will be ill.
Assignment 5
1. Having caught the bus, she went to the university.
2. Unless the thief apologises, he will not be pardoned.
3. None but a fool would believe you.
4. Seeing the teacher, the boys stood up.
5. The sun was so hot that we could not sit outside.
6. Time is too precious to be wasted.
7. Gita, who is wearing a green frock, is my sister.
8. No sooner had Joe seated himself than he asked for water.
9. Children should study hard so that they might pass the examination.
10. Seeing the people, the robber took to his heels.
11. One should sympathise with the poor.
12. Many years ago he had written to me.
B. CREATIVE WRITING
Assignment
1. My ideal birthday present would be a laptop—will be able to complete my
assignments —collect more information concerning my syllabus—will be
able to take my laptop to my school, to my coaching classes and get help
from my teachers—besides studies, I will be able to listen to music, watch
videos, play games—will be in touch with my friends electronically.
2. Make hay while the sun shines means that we should make good use of
opportunities while they are available—birds and animals too follow this
principle—bees collect nectar from flowers and store it for lean months
—similarly, birds migrate to warm sunny regions long before the winter
sets in—opportunity once lost is lost forever—therefore, we must plan our
work, analyse the pros and cons and begin it without any delay.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment 1
1. in 2. off 3. forward 4. away
5. on 6. up
Assignment 2
1. to 2. into 3. about 4. round
5. to 6. of 7. across
Common Errors—Agreement of the Verb with the Subject
1. Either my son or those children have damaged this window.
2. One of my friends is leaving for Japan today.
3. Either you or I am to attend the meeting.
4. The President, as well as the members, is guilty.
5. Measles is a bad disease.
6. A hundred rupees is all the money she needs.
7. Steps to Indian History is published by Rupa.
8. The family living next door often quarrel among themselves.
9. Nobody, not even the committee members, is here.
10. The cow and calf is his only property.
UNIT-2 7
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 2
Question 1
(a) Success is the realisation of one’s desired aim—from my childhood, I had
the dream that I should do something so that my name and photograph
will appear in the newspapers—average in studies but good in sports—
joined cricket academy at the age of seven—practised daily—I was selected
to represent India in Under 14 Cricket team—made a century on my
debut —praised by everyone—interview and photograph in all the leading
newspapers—dream came true—the next day, another player made one
hundred fifty runs—I was replaced by him in all the newspapers—though
happy to achieve my dream, realised that success is short-lived.
(b) Teacher’s day—responsibility of class four—nervous and apprehensive in
the beginning—unable to control the naughty students—caricature of me
on the black board—pranks played on me—chewing gum on my seat—
plastic lizard in the book—exasperated but also amused—won them over
by laughing with them at their pranks—had a good time.
(c) For the View: Tradition is nothing but old order—order is not instinctive,
it is an outward imposition—most of the superstitions and narrowness in
outlook originate from tradition and they prove obstacles to progress—
caste system is a tradition, which differentiates between man and man and
hinders progress.
Against the View: Traditions are unwritten beliefs and customs, handed
down from generation to generation—they constitute the emotional fabric,
which binds us to our forefathers and makes us distinct—traditions lay
down guidelines for decision-making and leave us free to utilise our time
and energy more effectively—traditions are a stimulant to progress—we
need not have to worry about mundane things, as there is a set custom or
procedure to do some of them—it is a scientific approach to life where the
final outcome is assured without having to experiment.
(d) Destiny implies that there is some Power which determines the course
of events beforehand—in such a case there is no chance or choice left—
believers in destiny maintain that not even a leaf can move without God’s
will, implying that there is no freedom at all—believers of Karma theory
stipulate that the results of actions in the previous births that have not
been exhausted unfold in future births—however, they believe that human
beings are free to act in their existing birth—according to karmic theory,
therefore, destiny is a matter of both chance and choice but constrained by
certain forces from the past lives.
(e) India has the largest young population in the world—but it is the most
unemployable population—according to a recent survey by a leading
organisation, about 47 per cent of Indian graduates are not qualified for
any industry job—unemployment figures rise, but industry is facing a
shortage of skilled workforce—social inequalities, inadequate teaching
infrastructure, lack of adequate vocational and technical training and lack of
effective assessment of skills are some of the reasons for unemployability—
Solution: Public Private Partnership (PPP) based education to bring in more
industry-specific training to the workforce.
(f) Life is a reflection of our actions—Mrs Natrajan a pious and helpful
woman—not affluent, always willing to help others—at times, found
herself in difficulty for helping others—loved and respected by everybody
in her neighbourhood—only daughter got married in a different city—
Mrs Natrajan fell sick, nobody to look after—neighbours came to know—
came forward to help her—got her admitted into a hospital—a neighbour
looked after her in the hospital like her own mother—cured, came back
home—welcomed by all—she got back what she had been giving to others:
love, respect and support.
Question 2
Please refer to Hints for Question 2 (a, b) given in Chapter 1 in the textbook.
Question 3
(a) 1. The book that I borrowed last week is not as good as the book that I
borrowed this week.
2. Never did we see a movie together in a theatre after 2015.
3. He ought not have eaten all the ice-cream.
4. Neither of the statements made by him were incorrect.
5. The architect asked his client whether he had planned to have a
house-warming ceremony.
(b) 1. up 2. at 3. away 4. by 5. down
6. out 7. off 8. through 9. for 10. on
(c) 1. goes 2. is 3. earned 4. naming
5. submitted 6. to attempt 7. named 8. suggested
9. made 10. success
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. executed (line 2) 2. infinite (line 3)
3. precise (line 6)
(ii) 1. The police are trying to build up a picture of what happened.
2. The sheep pen of my uncle can accommodate about five hundred
sheep.
3. The dates which we had bought in Dubai got wet and have become
sticky.
UNIT-3 9
(b) (i) Fifty-Six was a customer of Ah-Yen, who used to get his laundry washed
by him. He was actually the narrator himself a fact which remained
unknown to Ah-Yen. He got his name by the number, Fifty-Six allotted
to the laundry he used to send to Ah-Yen.
(ii) Ah-Yen guessed that Fifty-Six was a student at the University from
(a) his absence from town during the four summer months; and
(b) the cuffs of his shirts on which he used to write dates, formulas
and propositions in Geometry.
(iii) Ah-Yen concluded that Fifty-Six was in love when Fifty-Six’s dress shirts
rose from one or two to four and his silk handkerchiefs were replaced
by linen ones.
(c) Ah-Yen, a laundryman, used to speculate about his clients through their
laundry habits. Number Fifty-Six was Ah-Yen’s customer whom he had
never seen as he always sent his laundry by a boy. From the state of his
laundry, Ah-Yen assumed many things about him like his being a University
Student, his studying Law, his falling in love with a girl and his breakup
with her. Finally, from a red stain on his shirt, Ah-Yen concluded that
Number Fifty-Six had committed suicide. The narrator, who was himself,
the Number Fifty-Six, revealed that everything about him was a figment
of Ah-Yen’s imagination.

A. AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND VERB

Assignment
1. was 2. is 3. deserve 4. are 5. was 6. were
7. is 8. was 9. was 10. make 11. were 12. were
13. was 14. was 15. is 16. is
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. without 2. up 3. back on 4. out 5. up
6. in 7. over 8. on 9. at 10. away
Common Errors: Use of Pronouns

1. He insisted on my accompanying him.
2. Beena and I work in the same office.
3. Yours is the best painting in the exhibition.
4. One should keep one’s promises.
5. This is the best film I have ever seen.
6. Let you and me play cricket.
7. Except me, all students are going for the picnic.
8. Between you and me, Sunil is a thief.
9. The teacher wants to see Joe and you.
10. Suresh and I went there.
11. I cursed myself for going late to the station.
12. Where is the man who you said insists on seeing me?
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 3
Question 1
(a) The place where I feel at home is ‘Hridayalya’ the old-age home—since I
lost my grandparents when I was a child, I feel happy amidst the elderly
people—I often visit Hridayalya, which is located on the banks of Ganga
—I talk to the elderly people, play games with them and listen to their
experiences—during festival time, I take sweets and gifts for them—at
times, I just sit on the banks of Ganga and feel rejuvenated—I learn a lot
from the elderly people and get motivated to work hard.
(b) Cousin’s engagement ceremony—personally visited my hostel to invite
me—I promised to be there—set out on time—caught in a traffic jam, caused
by major accident ahead—would take two to three hours—annoyed and
disappointed—had to reach anyhow—took a different route—road blocked
on that route due to a rally—had to come back on the earlier route—finally
reached—engagement ceremony over—cousin really angry but forgave me
after hearing the difficulties I had to face.
(c) For the View: Students spend too much time watching TV—adverse effect
of violence—adverse effect on their studies—bad effect on their eyesight—
bad effect on their human qualities—leads them into a world of fantasy
and make-believe.
Against the View: TV Programmes educate and instruct—educationally
TV has a lasting impact—education by demonstration—education through
entertainment—TV fosters family get-together.
UNIT-3 11
(d) Procrastination means to keep delaying something that must be done—the

word taken from Latin ‘procrastinatus’, which itself evolved from the prefix
pro, meaning ‘forward’ and crastinus, meaning ‘of tomorrow’—procrastination,
typically implies delay caused by laziness or apathy of a person—when
something is delayed, the time which would have been profitably used is
wasted—hence, proscrastination is the thief of time—examples.
(e) Air Pollution refers to the introduction of harmful gases into the atmosphere
that has damaging effects on living things and the environment—Causes: (i)
burning of fossil fuels like coal and petroleum; (ii) gases emitted by vehicles;
(iii) exhaust from factories and households; (iv) mining operations; (v) indoor
air pollution caused by household cleaning products, paints, varnishes;
Harmful Effects: (i) Greenhouse effect and Global Warming; (ii) Acid Rain;
(iii) Depletion of Ozone Layer; (iv) Diseases—the respiratory system, heart,
eyes and skin.
(f) Today—one of those days when everything went wrong—woke late—missed
school bus—father furious—forgot my practical file—punished—did not shoot
a single goal during hockey practice—returned home—door locked—called
brother and scolded him—did not hear any explanation—neighbour came
out—explained the situation—mother had collapsed—everyone was in the
hospital—news just came in that she had a heart attack—awestruck—I did
not know what to say!
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. He was old enough to be my grandfather.
2. Hardly had he reached home when it began to rain heavily.
3. Vacate the house, so that I need not have to file a case against you.
4. I wish I had written down her address.
5. Not only is our meal at lunch well laid but also delicious.
(b) 1. out 2. up 3. up 4. out
5. out 6. way 7. over 8. in
9. on 10. over
(c) 1. is compounded 2. sees 3. dumping 4. teaching
5. will learn 6. will protect 7. looking 8. to offer
9. swimming 10. partnering
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. infuriated (line 4) 2. astounded (line 34)
3. agony (line 36)
(ii) 1. There was no power so we spent the night in absolute darkness.
2. Her engagement was cancelled because her fiance could not reach
the village in time.
3. The day of his appointment as Principal coincided with his birthday.
(b) (i) Besides telling the dentist that he had a number of urgent appointments
to attend to, the narrator gave as many lame excuses he could to avoid
having the appointment with the dentist.
(ii) In the dentist’s clinic there were two assistants dressed in white like
navy personnel. The equipment included a gas tank and a pump with
a set of rubber tubes to administer gas to the patient.
(iii) The dentist gave a huge bill for administering gas and removing the
teeth, etc. The narrator, in return, sent a bill amounting to $400 for
mental agony, for putting him under gas, for having fun with him
under gas and for telling lies regarding the effect of gas.
(c) There are number of humorous incidents in the passage. First, the narrator’s
reaction when he heard the word gas and the excuses he gave to avoid the
appointment with the dentist. Second, the narrator’s consultation with at
least fifty people about the effects. Third, the way the dentist took out the
narrator’s entire jaw with a sledge hammer and pickaxe instead of pulling
out the decaying tooth. Finally, the narrator receiving a huge bill from the
dentist and the narrator sending a bill to him amounting to $400 for mental
agony and taking the doctor to the court for the same.

A. TENSES AND THEIR USE (1)

Assignment
1. arrived /had finished 2. had locked/got
3. informed/checked 4. had discussed/presented
5. had/left 6. am working
7. is still waiting 8. are constantly worried
UNIT-4 13
B. COMPOSITION — ORGANISATION
Assignment
● Advantages of Shopping Malls
6. Provide everything that consumers 1. Provide a one-stop shopping

want — be it ambience, convenience, and eliminate the need to visit
style, variety, etc. numerous stores.
2. Provide easy access to

5. They have revolutionised a variety of national and
Shopping Malls
the retail industry. international brands.
4. Provide a large number of restaurants 3. Provide recreational facilities

and food courts where people can sit, — theatres, discos, children’s
relax and relish a variety of cuisines. parks, etc.
● Early Morning Scene in the Countryside
6. Some women milking cows and 1. A pleasant and rejuvenating

buffaloes; some giving fodder to the atmosphere; cool breeze and
cattle; others fetching water from the greenery all round; fresh new
wells and river. leaves on the trees and green grass.
2. Symphony being carried

5. A number of men and Early Morning out by birds with their calls,
young boys doing yoga Scene twittering and chattering.
and other exercises.
4. Farmers and labourers going 3. Many people taking bath in

to their fields. the river and going for prayers
in the nearby temple.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. into 2. with 3. over 4. with
5. with 6. around 7. in 8. way
Common Errors : The Tenses
1. If I have the time, I shall visit the zoo.
2. He hasn’t yet completed his assignment.

3. I look forward to seeing you.
4. It is high time we left the place.
5. I’d rather you stayed at home.
6. The English alphabet consist of 26 letters.
7. Mr Sen owns two houses.
8. If I speak the truth, no one would believe me.
9. If he had worked hard, he would have passed.
10. Yours is the best house in the town.
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 4
Question 1
(a) The protagonist of the film ‘Bajrangi Bhaijaan’, Bajrangi, played by Salman
Khan, has to take tough decisions throughout the movie—the first one is
his decision to take care of a six-year-old, speech-impaired girl, when he
himself does not have a decent job—however, the toughest decision he takes
is to go across Pakistan border, without a passport or visa, to reunite the
girl with her family—the Director has justified the protagonist’s stand of
not taking the visa by showing the Pakistan Embassy has stopped issuing
visas due to some political trouble—further, the difficulties the protagonist
faces, are symbolic of the problems facing the two countries and how these
can be solved if the people of the two countries take a firm stand.
(b) My parents went out of station for two days, leaving me alone to manage
the house—got up late in the morning—tried to make my breakfast—made
a mess in the kitchen—maid did not come—cleaned the house and washed
the clothes—exhausted—ordered lunch from a restaurant—called my friend
—saw a movie till late night—decided to be more organised for the next
day—got up early cleaned the house—prepared meals for my parents—
parents happy to find the house well-managed.
(c) For the View: The petroleum reserves of the world are dwindling and the
fuel prices are rising—to save fuel and money and to check rising pollution
and better traffic management, private cars should be banned—people should
travel by public transport—senior government officials and businessmen
must car pool— banning of private cars would reduce traffic on the roads,
reduce pollution and save time consumed in travelling by road.
Against the View: Public transport is already bursting at the seams. Banning
the use of private cars will place a further burden—if private cars are
banned, top government officials and businessmen will have difficulties
in carrying out their daily engagements. Consequently, efficiency would
suffer—private cars are well-maintained so less polluting than the public
UNIT-4 15
transport system. If private cars are banned, pollution will increase and
also lead to chaos on the roads.
(d) Knowledge is an essential prerequisite without which no meaningful action
is possible—knowledge enriches the quality of life, which is why people
dedicate their entire lives in the pursuit and attainment of knowledge—but
knowledge without giving any tenable results is of no value—human beings
are judged by their actions and as such actions become an end in itself—for
example, any pioneering research in the field of science is considered useful
only if it can be put into practice to yield results beneficial to mankind.
(e) Indeed, small things make a big difference—usually small incidents change
the direction of our lives, be it through an interaction with someone else, a
failure or small piece of advice—in fact, the biggest decisions start with a
small inner voice that tells us to change certain things, be it our relations,
our behaviour, the decor in our room or ourselves—a small conviction that
‘I can’ do it can produce wonderful results—similarly, small negative things
can produce disastrous results, be it a negative thought, jealousy, lethargy,
or negligence.
(f) As the sun rose on a changed landscape, Ram Babu climbed out of his bed
with a heavy heart—there were giant cranes, lorries and trucks crawled all
over the once serene farm of his—the whole neighbourhood was shrouded
in dust kicked up by this activity—gradually, steel girders and huge concrete
slabs were hoisted and hammered into place—stark grey pillars contrasted
sharply with red trampled earth and distant green forest—after six months,
there arose a majestic flyover that carried a dual lane super highway—the
highway ran right through the heart of Ram Babu’s farm—Ram Babu lost
his land—started a small dhaba with the compensation money he got from
the government—makes more money but misses the serenity and natural
beauty that he grew up with.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. Her health started getting affected due to the extra work which she
took on.
2. He may not have worked here long but he has already impressed the
Principal.
3. Did they explain why the flight was delayed?
4. Sonu wishes he had submitted his project in time.
5.* He said, “Are you going away tomorrow?”
* In the book read: 5(A). He enquired of us whether we were going away the following day.
(b) 1. for 2. forward 3. up 4. off 5. down

6. off 7. on 8. of 9. into 10. against
(c) 1. to become 2. completely 3. decided 4. studying
5. creating 6. have installed 7. mimics 8. baking
9. breathe 10. are lured.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. escort (line 3) 2. spying (line 6)
3. glance (line 9)
(ii) 1. I did not long to return to India despite living in Japan for four
years.
2. The price for new car did not fall so I had to buy it at a high price.
3. The ENT specialist felt her ear before putting the probe in.
(b) (i) The narrator suspected that his friends were spying on him because he
heard them laughing and whispering after escorting him to his room
in the castle. He concluded they were waiting to observe the success
of their practical joke.
(ii) The narrator did not do anything to his bed. But he pulled the mattress,
the sheet and the rest of bedclothes to the middle of the room, facing
the entrance door and lay down on it.
(iii) When the narrator was fast asleep, he was awakened with a heavy
body falling on him and then a burning liquid covering his face, neck
and chest.
(c) The narrator went on a hunting trip with his friends. He suspected them
of playing a prank on him. So at night, when he entered his bedroom, the
most suspicious looking thing was the bed. He pulled down the mattress
and bedclothes into the middle of the room in front of the entrance gate.
He slept heavily till he was awakened by the sound of somebody falling.
The waiter who brought the breakfast tripped on him and spilled hot tea all
over him. So, the narrator’s bed created the conditions which the narrator
was trying to avoid throughout the night.

A. TENSES AND THEIR USE (2)

Assignment
1. will be leaving 2. will be flying 3. will have completed
4. will have travelled 5. will be meeting 6. will be driving
UNIT-5 17
7. will have written 8. will be seeing 9. will have

10. will not have
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. good 2. back 3. on 4. to 5. back
6. off 7. up 8. around 9. in 10. out
Common Errors : Use of Articles
1. Sana is the cleverer of the two sisters.
2. Both his sons go to school.
3. I went to the hospital to see my sick uncle.
4. There is a school for the blind in the city.
5. The sun is bright today.
6. Joe reads the Bible every day.
7. I watched the film from beginning to end.
8. This year Deepawali falls on Sunday.
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 5
Question 1
(a) Sometimes we make mistakes which we repent forever—I made one such
mistake when I passed out from school and was preparing for admission
to my favourite college—the day before my entrance exam, I was quite
enthusiastic—revised my lessons till afternoon—my uncle, aunt and cousin
visited us—they live in London and had come after five years—I got carried
away, did not study—slept late at night—got up late—got ready and hurried
for the examination centre—did not get an autorickshaw—boarded a bus—the
bus broke down midway—reached 30 minutes late—after much persuasion
allowed in—could not focus—not at all satisfied with my performance—not
selected—took admission in another college—still regret my mistake of not
giving my hundred per cent.
(b) Everything in this world is mortal—the one who is born will die, so the
period between birth and death cannot be wasted in idle pursuits—my
neighbour’s son, a handsome young man, got modelling assignments while
he was in Class XI—got a lead role in TV serial—went to Mumbai—became
a popular TV actor—by the age of 21, he had name, fame and wealth—
indulged in bad habits,—wasted money and time in idle pursuits—bought a
new Mercedes car—met with an accident, hospitalised for a month—could
not walk, properly—lost all the assignments—from his experience, I realised
how momentary life is to be wasted in idle pursuits.
(c) For the View: Students should be allowed to use tablets and computers
in the class for educational purposes—they are more comfortable in using
computers and tablets due to easy access to anything they want to check—
availability of a number learning Apps enable them to easily learn a number
of new things related to their curriculum—it improves their computer skills,
boosts creativity and enhances visualisation—paperless homework.
Against the View: Although technology is good for use in education—but
tablets and computers should not be allowed—it kills the imagination and
creativity of the students as they do not make any effort and try to copy
and paste from the internet using computers and tablets—the writing skills
of the students is also compromised as they copy many things from the
internet without using their thinking skills—since they type most of the
matter, they find it difficult to write with their hands—children’s eyesight
gets affected due to the radiations emitted by these devices.
(d) Life without an ambition is a waste—we are all born on this earth for a
definite purpose—it is upon us to realise that purpose and pursue it—
ambition is the source of all that is good as well as all that is evil—ambition
is the winner and loser of every game—it is better to lose while making
an attempt to reach our destiny than never trying and living a purposeless
life—ambition gives direction to our life and determines our future.
(e) H.W. Longfellow in his poem, A Psalm of Life said that lives of great men
remind us all that we can make our lives sublime—this means that we can
emulate these great men and be successful—learning from their example,
we march forward and are inspired to attain our goals—Abraham Lincoln
rose to be the President of the USA by the dint of his hard work, integrity,
idealism—he is remembered as the one who came to the White House
from a log cabin—Dr A.P.J Abdul Kalam, born in a humble family, rose
to be the Missile Man and later the President of India through hardwork,
perseverance and knowledge.
(f) Everything is possible by man’s will, determination and hard work—two
friends apply for a job—rejected—one of them vowed never to go for a job
—excuse of a hurt ego—the other was disappointed yet not discouraged—
applied for another job—put forth extra efforts—selected—achieved success.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. All that one has to do is to make the announcement this evening.
2. The older I am getting the more irritable I am becoming.
3. Inspite of aspiring for public recognition, he remained relatively unknown.
UNIT-5 19
4. If the flight was not delayed they would not have to spend a night in
a hotel.
5. One never knows what is going to happen, does one?
(b) 1. down 2. into 3. over 4. for 5. out
6. away 7. back 8. up 9. down 10. out
(c) 1. will be held 2. will be inaugurated 3. aims
4. showcasing 5. promoting 6. to preserve 7. to expose
8. to utilise 9. will be 10. are expected.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. decipher (line 2) 2. miniatures (line 6)
3. nestled (line 20)
(ii) 1. An unhappy person is a spring of negativity so everyone avoids
him.
2. To date they have received 200 complaints about the short coming
of their product.
3. The weather was cold and wet still we had a great time.
(b) (i) The letter made Edmond home sick because he was at the front, away
from home and awaiting orders to march. Since the letter was from his
beloved Octavie, it made his heart grew fonder and made him heart sick.
(ii) Octavie gave the locket to her beloved Edmond; who thought he lost it
in the heat of the battle. But actually, it was stolen by a fellow soldier,
who died in the battle. Since his body could not be recognised, from the
locket it was concluded that Edmond had died. It was the priest, who
removed the locket from the dead soldier’s neck and gave it to Octavie.
(iii) When Octavie is driving in a car with Edmond’s father, the letter asks
her whether she does not think that on such a beautiful day miracles
happen and should give them back their dead. For Octavie, the miracle
did happen, when her beloved Edmond, whom she thought had died
in the battle field, came back to her.
(c) Edmond, a soldier, was given a locket by his beloved Octavie, when he
was saying good bye to her while leaving for the battlefront. He considered
the locket as his lucky charm, which protected him from being hurt. When
a priest arrived at the battlefield, he removed the locket from the neck of
a dead soldier. Since the locket contained the photos of Octavie’s parents,
the priest gave it to her. When Edmond returned after sometime, it was
revealed that a fellow soldier, who had died in the battle, had stolen it
from Edmond before going to the battlefront.

A. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Assignment
1. The wagon is being loaded by three men.
2. Sasha was given a reward for her bravery by the President.
3. People knew Mr Singh to be a cruel man.
4. Alas! Rajiv’s voice will not be heard any more.
5. The book on wildlife was reviewed by one of the most eminent scholars
of the day.
6. Why were you deprived of your money by Sam?
7. Girls are now wearing short skirts again.
8. They are taking too much for granted.
9. The king was accused of various offences by his subjects.
10. By whom has the glass been broken?
11. It is often felt by us that these situations need never arise.
12. His voice must be listened to by them.
13. It was hoped by Varun that he would succeed his father.
14. It is believed that the crew has been saved by them.
15. So false an accusation ought not to be ever made by anyone.
B. DIRECTED WRITING-II
Assignment 1. (Cultural Programme)
(a) Date, venue, occasion of the three-day cultural programme—inauguration
by the Chief Guest—various folk-dances of North-Eastern States of India
by performers from these States— response of the audience.
(b) Date and venue of the cultural programme (Founder’s Day, school auditorium)
inauguration by the Education Minister of the State—different cultural
programmes: music, dance and plays—impression of the audience and the
Chief Guest.
Assignment 2. (Speech Writing)
(a) Points to be included in the speech: meaning and origin of Yoga, its mention
in our ancient scriptures, benefits of Yoga and the need to practise Yoga.
(b) Points to be included in the speech: type of youth in the country, their role
during India’s freedom struggle, present day role.
(You may also include other relevant details.)
UNIT-6 21
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. to 2. to 3. after 4. into
5. up 6. up to 7. down upon
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 6
Question 1
(a) Summer vacation—hot afternoon—no electricity—sat near the window—
busy street—children returning from school—people working in offices out
on the street to have lunch from the restaurants and food joints—people
trying to cool themselves by having cold drinks, ice candies, ice-creams,
juice, etc.—people on the road covering their faces and using umbrellas to
protect themselves from the heat-wave—realised that despite the vagaries
of nature, life goes on unhindered and we must learn to adjust ourselves
to any situation.
(b) [‘The road less travelled’ is a phrase extracted from the poem ‘The Road Not
Taken’ by the famous poet, Robert Frost—metaphorically speaking, someone who
takes ‘the road less travelled’, acts independently, freeing himself/herself from the
conformity of others, generally making his/her own choices and leaves a new trail
that becomes the road often travelled.]
When in class sixth, given the choice to choose any one sport from among
cricket, hockey, basketball, badminton and judo—everyone in the class
chose the famous sports and I chose judo—they jeered at my decision—
parents annoyed—decided to follow my inner voice; continued practising
judo—a new sport—required physical strength and mental alertness—
initially faced a number of problems—failed in all the competitions in
which participated—did not give up—continued practising in school
and even after school hours in a judo club—started winning matches,
inter-school and then district level competition—praised by everyone—
after completing Class XII, decided to pursue judo as a profession—lots of
opposition from family and friends—stuck to my decision—won medals at
national and international level—won a number of sports awards—a famous
sportsperson—many in school following my footsteps.
(c) For the View: (i) A morally upright person may not be successful if does
not get the right opportunity at the right time; (ii) many people have
reached the pinnacle of success by using the opportunity in hand, even if
they had to give up their values; (iii) Shakespeare’s characters Cassius and
Brutus prove that success depends on opportunity. (iv) during the Second
World War, Hitler rose to power and fame utilising each opportunity to
his advantage; (v) one can make hay while the sun shines but only when
there is the sun.
Against the View: (i) Success is sweet but its secret is sweat and therefore,
it depends on one’s character; (ii) one cannot be successful in life without
having a good character; (iii) a person can be successful without the
opportunity because he/she can create a number of opportunities with his
character; (iv) success achieved by being opportunistic is momentary and
short-lived.
(d) Attitude of a person reflects his way of thinking—attitudes grow with the
individual—they may be inborn, inherited or as a result of circumstances—
ego, a negative attitude—change in attitude affected by change of situation—
adjustment to new environment—success in life depends on attitude.
(e) Forests, absorb carbon dioxide and release oxygen—act as a lungs, i.e.,
purify the air—a part of eco-system—its trees support life-forms—provide
energy, shelter and food—regulate the temperature—prevent pollution and
conserve the soil—trees help to reduce greenhouse effect—forests, the wealth
of the country and the lungs of Earth.
(f) We were just about to board the plane when we heard the announcement to
go back to the airport because the flight has been delayed due to a technical
snag—disturbed, returned to the waiting lounge—airport crowded—hustle
and bustle of security personnel at the airport—heard that there was a
bomb in the flight—passed two hours at the airport in anxiety and fear—
announcement that the flight to Mumbai would take off within half an hour,
as the news of the bomb was a hoax call—relieved and boarded the flight.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. In refusing to sign the will, she greatly disappointed her sons.
2. Traffic might be delayed due to the spread of local market along the road.
3. All except the foundation of the fort has been lost.
4. How far are you covered by this insurance?
5. What is the seating capacity of this auditorium?
(b) 1. among 2. between 3. out 4. through 5. on
6. off 7. on 8. up 9. aside 10. out
(c) 1. conducted 2. used 3. breathing 4. undergoing
5. participated 6. concluded 7. showed 8. produced
9. to be carried 10. to replicate.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. unmitigated (line 4) 2. incense (line 19)
3. imputation (line 20)
(ii) 1. My mother does not like to eat at fast-food joints.
UNIT-7 23
2. After the ceremony, the peon replaced the trophy carefully on its pedestal.
3. The building has a high wall all the way round it.
(b) (i) Trysdale found himself confronted with his innerself. He discovered
how he had been living under the pretence of ego, vanity and conceit
and how free his lady-love was from all these follies.
(ii) Trysdale’s lady-love was devoted to him. She used to bestow all kinds
of supernatural qualities on him and highly admire him.
(iii) When Trysdale proposed to his lady-love, her eyes showed unmistakable
consent. But due to her feminine modesty and coyness, she did not give
any reply and said that she would send her answer the next day.
She sent him a strange cactus named ‘Ventomarme’, a Spanish word
which in English meant, ‘Come and take me.’
(c) Trysdale was in love with a girl, who was excessively devoted to him.
She showered him with supernatural qualities that puffed up his vanity
and self-conceit. When he proposed to her, it was out of his vanity that he
could swear that there was an unmistakable consent in her eyes. He did
not make any effort to understand the tag which she had sent alongwith
the cactus. He waited until night for her reply but when her answer did
not come, it was his pride and hurt vanity that prevented him from seeking
her and they broke off their relationship.

A. SEQUENCE OF TENSES
Assignment 1
1. would help 2. invites 3. emerges 4. have won 5. is
6. had made 7. are 8. might
Assignment 2
1. had known 2. had begun 3. could 4. should 5. could
6. was 7. might 8. were 9. move 10. had come
B. DESCRIPTION OF CHARACTERS
Assignment
1. An Indian shopkeeper, a busy person—works all day long—genial behaviour—
well acquainted with customer demands—patient and tolerant—focus on the
profit margin—proper management of stock—problems faced—competition

from fast developing retail chains.
2. Beggary, an evil and degrading act—an easy means of survival—a habit to
live on sympathies and depend on others—kidnapping flourishing under
the pretext of begging—children kidnapped, maimed and forced to beg—
pickpocketing also common practice of beggars—once on a journey to Jaipur
in train—surrounded by beggars—demanded one thousand rupees—too
stubborn to leave—caused a lot of embarrassment—struck a bargain—gave
four hundred rupees.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. put up with 2. pass for 3. pulled in 4. passed out
5. pass by 6. pulled up 7. pass off 8. put aside
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 7
Question 1
(a) Of all the people I know, I admire my father the most—he is my pillar
of strength—he is a dedicated father, who manages both family and work
effectively—he makes sure that each and every need of all the family
members is taken care of—he always manages to have a smile on his face
and knows how to make the worst day the best day—he never loses his
calm, despite any problem, big or small—my father’s trait which I would
like to inculcate in myself is how to handle difficult situations without
losing patience and confidence.
(b) One day two boys thought of playing a prank—they went to a local grocery
shop—told the shopkeeper that there is a prediction of an earthquake of
high magnitude at night—the people in the shop heard this—soon the
rumour spread like a wildfire in the entire colony—people came out of
their houses—fear and chaos all around—the policemen on duty saw this
—enquired from the people—revealed that it was a rumour.
(c) For the View: The money invested in advertisements increases the cost of
goods—if the price is not increased, there is a danger of using cheap and
second-rate materials in the making of goods—advertisements promote
sale of some harmful products which are injurious to physical and mental
health—advertisements lure people to buy goods which are not necessary
and thus lead to wastage of money.
Against the View: Advertisement is a skilful way of highlighting the
qualities of one’s products—advertisements update the public about the
UNIT-7 25
new products—new technologies—people can make smart choice—bring

profit to the producers while offering a wide choice to the public.
(d) Happiness is a state of mind—characterised by emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy—different people have different ideas of
happiness—for some it means abundance of love; while for others, it means
lots of money—for hungry man, it is getting meals—Work holds the keys
to happiness, as doing something which increases our confidence and
self-worth—Family and friends are great sources of happiness—Happiness
is not the absence of problems but the ability to deal with them.
(e) Imagination is the ability to form a mental image of something that is not
perceived through the senses—Imagination, first step towards achievement
of success—what we imagine with faith and conviction becomes a reality—
person without fancies is like a body without soul—progress of mankind
made possible by people who imagined better things and made them a
reality—Mahatma Gandhi imagined an ‘independent’ India—strived to
make it a reality.
(f) It was raining heavily and as I dashed towards the deserted building...—
entered the building, nobody inside—cobwebs all around—switched on the
torch of my mobile phone—suddenly, heard strange noises—got scared—
realised the sounds being made by a human—found an old man, sitting with
his beautiful young daughter—famine in the village—old man had come
to the city for a job—no place to live—living in the deserted place with his
daughter—offered the farmer the job of a gardener in my farmhouse and
a safe place to live—happily agreed.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. The teacher forbade the pupils from going out at night.
2. No other person in the village was as strong as my grandfather.
3. The people were moved to safety after the tornado had been raging for
several hours.
4. It all happened too quickly for me to get a good look at her face.
5. I will stay at home so that you can come in whenever you like.
(b) 1. to 2. with 3. to 4. along 5. off
6. in 7. after 8. on 9. with 10. from
(c) 1. complained 2. is going 3. fighting 4. took 5. began
6. faced 7. protecting 8. exposed 9. created 10. knocks
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. pride (line 2) 2. consent (line 6)
3. uproar (line 17)
(ii) 1. The institute runs special course on language for foreign students.
2. She joined the company five years ago as an assistant.
3. These beautiful glasses suit those girls who have round faces.
(b) (i) Mrs Vezzis agreed to the marriage of her daughter to Michele on the
condition that he would be able to earn at least fifty rupees a month.
(ii) The Sub-Judge of the town considered Michele’s action of taking charge
of the Police to control the rioting mob as unconstitutional because
being a Telegraph Signaller, it was not Michele’s prerogative to control
the riots.
(iii) As a consequence of firing on the mob one man died and the other was
lying on the road, almost dead. But the mob shouted and ran away
from there.
(c) Michele, a Telegraph signaller, could marry Miss Vezzis, only if his salary
would be 50 rupees a month. Once riots broke out between two communities
of Tibasu. As the mob was coming to wreck the Telegraph Office, a Police
Inspector came to Michele. He addressed Michele as Sahib and asked for
orders. On hearing the word ‘Sahib’, Michele’s race instinct got aroused.
He took charge and fired at the mob to control the riots. As a reward he
got a raise in his salary, amounting to sixty-six rupees a month. Michele
fulfilled the condition and got married to Miss Vezzis.

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (1)

Assignment 1
1. Unless he is careless, he will succeed.
2. I will arrive tomorrow, unless something goes wrong.
3. Unless you drive fast, you will not be fined.
4. He will never come, unless we invite him.
5. Unless you pay, I will not work.
6. Unless you wear a suit, you will not feel hot now.
7. Unless you want this, I will take it.
8. Unless you buy a ticket, you cannot board the train.
UNIT-8 27
Assignment 2
1. If there is nothing important to tell me, do not disturb me.
2. If you do not have my consent, you cannot sign this contract.
3. If nothing goes wrong, I will reach Mumbai tomorrow.
4. If he is not operated at once, the infection will spread.
5. If it rains heavily, no planes will take off.
6. If you wear cotton clothes, you will always feel cold.
7. If they don’t pay the fees, they cannot take the examination.
8. If you don’t return the money, you will be punished.
Assignment 3
1. If he refuses to repay the loan, he will go to prison.
2. Unless you get your admit card, you cannot enter the hall.
3. Unless I apologise, she will not speak to me.
4. Unless you submit the form now, the college will not accept it.
5. They will not come unless we invite them first.
6. Unless you work hard, you won’t succeed.
7. If you are careless, you will lose your job.
8. If they cheat, they will be blacklisted.
B. DIRECTED WRITING-III
Assignment 1. (Report)
(a) Jammu and Kashmir, the land and its culture—location—major tourist
attractions—best time to visit—accommodation—connectivity.
(b) Tamil Nadu, the land and its culture—geographical location—major historical
places to visit in the state—brief outline of the history concerned with these
places—overall impression of the place.
Assignment 2. (Personal Profile)
(a) Personal traits—academic achievements—achievements in co-curricular and
extra-curricular activities and sports—leadership qualities—reasons for your
being selected as the ‘All Round Best Student of the Year’.
(b) Personal traits—academic achievements—other achievements—why do
you want admission in a particular college—reasons for you being given
admission in the college.
Assignment 3. (Statement of Purpose)
(a) Personality traits—interests and hobbies—discipline and foreign university
in which you want to take admission—reasons for your being selected—
role of the university, which you foresee in developing your personality
and future.
(b) Same as (a) above.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment 1
1. ran into 2. ran after 3. run through 4. ran short of
5. run down 6. run over 7. ran off with 8. ran for
Assignment 2
1. up 2. in 3. apart 4. back
5. aside 6. out
Common Errors: Use of Prepositions
1. We stood in the shade of a tree.
2. The teacher has entrusted his work to me.
3. This shirt is superior to the shirt we saw in the last shop.
4. Happiness consists in contentment with one’s lot.
5. Besides a son by his second wife, he has a daughter by his first wife.
6. The peon is standing beside his officer.
7. He died of cancer.
8. The Committee consists of seven members.
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 8
Question 1
(a) I was selected to represent my state at the National Games for the Mens
Singles Badminton tournament—excited and practising hard—fell down from
the stairs—taken to the hospital—hairline fracture—highly disappointed—
cursed my fate—doctor took me to the adjacent room—young upcoming
cricketer lying there—had met with an accident, injured his spine—would
not be able to walk let alone play again—a budding talent ruined by the
accident—realised my suffering was nothing compared to his.
(b) It is rightly said that harder we work, the luckier we become—most of
the people who are called lucky are so because they worked for it—so
often what appears to be lucky is actually years and sometimes decades of
earnest hard work and relentless dedication—the so-called unlucky have
the misfortune because they are lazy and do not want to slog—the truth
is that only hard work brings in luck—my classmate, Rahul, only child,
born in an affluent family—got everything without even asking for it—did
not realise the importance of hard work—mediocre in studies—good at
athletics —selected for inter-school athletics meet—had a laid back attitude
and did not practice—felt since he has everything, he would also win the
race by luck—lost the race—at times I used to envy his luck—when he lost
UNIT-8 29
the race, I realised the truth of the statement, ‘Hard work puts, you where
good luck finds you’.
(c) For the View: Instructive, informative and entertaining—variety of
programmes—sports, educational as well as movies and serials—reaches
far away places.
Against the View: Studies and work neglected—causes laziness—no outdoor
games or exercise—no time to read books and make friends—deprives
person of peace of mind—leads to indiscipline.
(d) Ethics refers to the system of moral principles concerned with what is good
for individuals and society—Ethics covers the following dilemmas: (i) how
to live a good life; (ii) our rights and responsibilities; (iii) the language of
right and wrong; and (iv) moral decisions,—the concepts of ethics have been
derived from different religions, philosophies and cultures—Ethics provides
a framework to find our way through difficult issues like euthanasia, capital
punishment, abortion, killing of animals for human consumption, etc.
(e) It has been said that we make a living by what we get, but we make a life
by what we give—we make a living by working hard and getting money
in return—but when we give something to others like money, love, time,
even a thought, we beget love, joy, peace and inner harmony—the more
we give the more we get for our inner satisfaction—life is not made by the
riches and our personal achievements only—true worth of life is when we
understand the true significance of giving.
(f) He heard the sound of footsteps in the hall and the door opened and suddenly
there stood before him, a gigantic man dressed in riding-breeches.....—scared
to see him and froze on the spot—the man told him that he had come
from a far away land to take him there—he started coming close to him—
somehow managed courage and screamed with all his might—suddenly
his friends appeared shouting ‘happy birthday’—it was a prank by his
friends—celebrated his birthday with friends but missed his parents, who
were out of station.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. There are hardly any birds around the house.
2. I’d rather walk to school than go there by car.
3. No other player in Sri Lanka is as aggressive as Jayasurya.
4. The weather was so bad that we could not go out.
5. He told Rakesh not to talk so loudly otherwise he would wake up
everyone in the house.
(b) 1. aback 2. down 3. of 4. for 5. to
6. with 7. in 8. for 9. out 10. up
(c) 1. hired 2. to go 3. will fire 4. made 5. walked

6. propped 7. was doing 8. getting rid 9. learnt 10. doing.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. detained (line 1) 2. indisposition (line 2)
3. stillness (line 6)
(ii) 1. He smashed the window in his room with an iron bar.
2. Her kitchen is full of fancy gadgets and new crockery.
3. The mob carrying banners and posters advanced towards the officer’s
house angrily.
(b) (i) The Stout Gentleman was the subject of speculation to the narrator
because of the man being referred to as a Stout Gentleman and not as
gentleman or by his name. This presented to the narrator the size of
the man and the rest was up to his imagination.
(ii) The narrator thought that the Gentleman must be an old man because
people put on weight as they grow old and tend to live a life of ease
like not getting up early and having their breakfast rather late.
(iii) In order to see the Stout Gentleman, the narrator took a candle, hurried
to his (the Stout Gentleman’s) room and hesitatingly entered it to find
that the man had already gone to sleep.
(c) The Stout Gentleman checked-in, to the hotel on a rainy Sunday. He was
put up in room No. 13 and the staff called him, ‘The Stout Gentleman in
No. 13’. Throughout his stay in the hotel, the man did not come out of his
room. He used to get up rather late in the morning and order his breakfast
to be sent in his room. He would not go to the dining room for dinner and
would have it served in his room. To the narrator, he appeared to be an
influential old man, whose stay in the hotel brought lot of activity.

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (2)

Assignment
1. Should he be late, we will have to start without him.
2. Were she to fall, she would be hurt.
3. Were she to arrive now, her parents would be very surprised.
4. Had I known the facts, I would never have criticised you.
UNIT-9 31
5. Should the examination be cancelled, I will let you know.

6. Were the teacher to know, he would be here at once.
7. Should the brakes fail, the driven will use the gears to stop the car.
C. PHRASAL VERBS
Assignment
1. up 2. down 3. up 4. out
5. aback 6. over 7. out 8. over
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 9
Question 1
(a) Living at Shastri Nagar since thirteen years—rented accommodation—all
of a sudden asked to vacate—landlord’s daughter getting married—house
to be renovated and gifted as dowry—painful farewell to memories—left
behind old friends and neighbours—memories—the early morning walks—
the get-togethers—the celebration of different festivals—the most memorable
incident, the silver jubilee wedding anniversary of my parents—lot of fun
and entertainment.
(b) Going with my family to attend cousin’s wedding—number of weddings
on that day—cricket match between India and Australia at the Ferozeshah
Kotla stadium—a foreign dignitary visiting India—huge traffic jam on
the roads—felt miserable—cursed the system, traffic police and people in
general for the chaos—my father asked me to remain cool as there was no
alternative, except to wait—sat down quietly—imagined, if I had wings or
if we had helicopter service in the cities—the traffic eased after an hour
and we reached the venue, exhausted and frustrated.
(c) For the View: If public transport is made free, more people would use
it—it would lead to efficient labour markets since it would be easier for
poor people to get to their work places—it would reduce the number of
vehicles on the road—it would reduce air pollution—it would reduce cases
of asthma and other illnesses linked to automobile generated pollution—it
would reduce fuel consumption and save foreign exchange that goes into
importing petrol—there would be no need for conductors, ticket printing
or expenditure on revenue accounting—this excess manpower could be
diverted to other activities.
Against the View: If public transport is made free, the number of people
using it would go up—this will require increase in the number of vehicles,
which would imply more expenditure—the government would have to
pay for running the public transport; this money could be utilised on
other projects—free public transport would reduce the demand for other
vehicles like cars, scooters and bikes and would lead to the collapse of
automobile industry—many people like conductors, parking attendants and
those related to revenue collection would lose their jobs—overcrowding of

public transport—besides, the service provided would not be efficient and
customer-friendly.
(d) Stress refers to the human body’s biological response to any kind of
demand or threat—fear, panic, anger, tragedy and even competition can
cause stress—stress can be reduced by undertaking following measures—
(i) unwinding by watching one’s favourite movie, catching up with close
friends and talking about funny memories; (ii) laughing out loud since it
would increase oxygen flow to the body organs; (iii) spending time with
pet; (iv) going for a walk; (v) deep breathing; (vi) singing one’s favourite
songs or dancing to favourite music; (vii) meditation.
(e) Proliferation of materialism encourages people to run only after money at
any cost caring very little about moral and ethical values—moral and ethical
values are closely associated with religion and religious beliefs have little
place in materialism where people preach what they see and practise what
they like—materialism has produced the most vicious and dishonest man
who can tell a moral tale and preach high standards of morality, even though
he may, in his private life be morally corrupt—it is, therefore, said that if
there is materialism, there can be no morality—they do not care or care
very little about the relationship on which the whole civilisation is built.
(f) An old lady sits in a corner in the vegetable market selling fresh vegetables
—she stoops while walking and has difficulty in sitting and getting up—
despite her old age and physical problems, she is always cheerful—I buy
vegetables from her—she has a large family comprising five daughters
and a son—her husband is bed-ridden—her only hope is her son, who is
studying to be a doctor—one day she was not there—next day, she was
there but was looking pale, sad and preoccupied—she said that she had
lost her only son in an accident—she had no time even to grieve—she has
to earn money to feed the priests and perform rituals for the peace of her
dead son’s soul—Alas! the busy bee has no time to grieve.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. The final match was watched on TV by people all over the world.
2. You can get good marks if you study for two hours daily.
3. No other golfer is as powerful as Tiger Woods.
4. Not a single ship was seen by me for a whole month.
5. The bag was too heavy to be carried by the child.
(b) 1. down 2. up 3. in 4. with
5. aside 6. down 7.* through 8. around
9. against 10. for
* Read 7. as Joe went — my scheme to ascertain its feasibility.

UNIT-10 33
(c) 1. are known 2. lives 3. seen 4. hopping

5. picks 6. pecks 7. are called 8. perform
9. feeding 10. are
Question 4
(a)
(i) 1. liberality (line 5) 2. image (line 15)
3. prey (line 23)
(ii) 1. The scandal will soon blow over then you can return to the city.

2. Johnsy is back on her feet again after her surgery.
3. He requested the salesman to give him a change for `50.
(b)(i) Vallance was disinherited by his uncle and had no money for his upkeep.
He had to give up his apartment and sell his furniture to pay his debts.
He had to hand over all his clothes except those he was wearing, to a
man-servant to pay back his wages.
(ii) Ides feared that he would not remain alive to inherit his uncle’s wealth
as something unfortunate would happen to him like a tree would fall
on him or a cab would run over him or a stone would drop on him.
(iii) Vallance showed his concern for Ides by staying with him in the park
for the night and accompanying him to the lawyer’s office the next
morning lest something untoward should happen to him.
(c) Vallance was disinherited by his uncle and left with no money for his upkeep.
He met Ides, who was supposed to get an inheritance from his uncle. Ides
was afraid that he would die before inheriting his uncle’s wealth because
of some untoward happening. Vallance accompanied Ides to lawyer’s Mead,
who told Ides that due to a change in his uncle’s decision he would not
get any wealth now. He told Vallance that he would continue to inherit
his uncle’s wealth. Vallance got the fortune he never expected to get back
and Ides lost the wealth he dreaded to have.

A. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Assignment 1
1. Venu consoled his mother that he would go and work somewhere.
2. The girl expressed with dismay that the paper was difficult.
3. The old man sadly entreated us whether any of us would help him.
4. Rajan’s mother asked him to hurry up lest he should miss the school bus.
5. I enquired of Joe which game he played best.
6. The spectators applauded Pankaj saying that he played well.
7. The boy asked the man why he was standing on the road.
8. I enquired of the guard when the next flight would come in.
Assignment 2
1. Kamal said, “I take tea in the afternoon.”
2. I said to her, “Keep quiet.”
3. I said to him, “I hope you will pass the examination this year.”
4. Mary said, “I have seen this picture.”
5. He said to him, “Do not enter the house.”
6. The girl said to us, “I will go with you.”
7. I said to her, “Why did you disobey my orders?”
8. Ali said to Ravi, “Have you read the letter?”
Assignment 3
1. The officer said that anybody who found the ring would be rewarded.
2. The driver said that he would arrive before the sunset if the jeep didn’t
break down.
3. He said that he would have played with me last Saturday if it hadn’t rained.
4. The teacher said me that I must finish my composition before the end of
that period.
5. The Minister said that their earnings from exports would enable them to
expand their home industries.
6. My friend asked me whether I had watched television the previous night.
7. I told the teacher that some of the questions were difficult and we had
to think about them.
8. I requested the boy to give me his pen as soon as he had finished writing.
9. The student cried out with disappointment saying what they were to do
when the electricity had failed.
10. The Director asked his Secretary whether anyone had telephoned him
while he was out.
B. NARRATIVE COMPOSITION
Assignment
1. Went for an interview for the post of a Manager—interview successful—
qualifications and performance met with demands—selected—next day
a phone call—selection cancelled—another person recruited—later found
UNIT-10 35
out that the person selected was the son of a close relative of the CEO
—deeply hurt by the injustice.
(You may also include other relevant details.)
2. For the last one week every night I have been getting the same dream —the
dream of visiting a small temple near a river—then I see myself walking
along the river—suddenly I trip and fall into the river—I gasp for breath
and shout for help—it is at that moment that I wake up—I think I get
such nightmares because I don’t know swimming and have aquaphobia,
i.e., fear from excessive source of water.
C. HOMOPHONES
Assignment
1. air; heir 2. aloud; allowed 3. cue; queue
4. currant; current 5. heal; heels 6. hear, Here
7. hoard; hordes 8. bear; bared 9. born; borne
10. cited; site 11. coarse; course 12. compliments; complement
Common Errors: The Use of Correlatives
1. He is neither rich nor clever.
2. The thief carried away both my own and my wife’s books.
3. He cares neither for his wife nor his children.
4. He cheated not only her but also my mother.
5. Scarcely had Mohit left when Meena entered.
6. Though he worked hard, he failed.
D. SPECIMEN PAPER 10
Question 1
(a) If the entire stock of petrol and diesel were exhausted, the following would
happen: (i) all petrol and diesel-driven vehicles and machines will come to
a grinding halt; (ii) aviation industry will be completely shut and far off
countries and places will be cut-off from the rest of the world; (iii) remote
and inaccessible areas which depend for all their supplies on air transport,
will have scarcity of resources and may even have starvation deaths and
deaths for want of life-saving drugs and other essential items; (iv) animal-
driven carts, tongas, bullock carts, horses and donkeys will be pressed into
service to meet the paucity of essential transport services; (v) office-goers
and students will be seen going by cycles; (vi) people working in petrol
refining, mining, processing and distribution industry and industries run
on petrol and diesel will shut down, rendering many people unemployed
and shortage of a number of goods produced by these industries.
(b) Childhood definitely the happiest period of one’s life—a child is free of
worries, anxieties and tensions—leads a carefree life—a child’s every need
taken care of by the parents—loved and pampered by all.
I had a happy childhood and fond memories of it—youngest child in the
family—a pleasant period—spent enjoying every moment of it—every
wish fulfilled by the parents—played with cousins—showered with gifts—
admitted to the best school in the town—made a number of friends, had
fun playing, studying and eating together—wanted to grow up as early as
possible—but as a grown-up realise that childhood is the best period of
my life.
(c) For the View: The craze around sports makes sporting events international
extravaganzas and the nations across the globe make bids to host them—
this leads to the belief that sporting events bring huge benefits to a nation
—but in a developing country like India hosting international sporting
events is a waste—the amount of money received from international
bodies is negligible given the scale of investment required—the returns
are insufficient to cover the costs—the benefits from them are short-term—
the investments are mostly channelled in specific areas, namely building
state-of-the-art stadiums, luxury hotels and airports only in major cities
hosting the event—new construction requires demolishing or relocating
existing houses and offices and often people are not compensated adequately.
Against the View: Hosting international sport events results in the economic
growth of the host nation—the nation hosting major sports events receives funds
from international organisations like the International Olympic Committee—
new projects inject money into the economy and thus, stimulate it—rise of
trade and advertisement during such sporting events—the country gets an
opportunity to display its culture and hospitality—boosts the host country’s
tourism industry—international sporting events lead to the development of
the country’s infrastructure which benefits local population in the longer
run—the host nation spends huge sums of money on the sporting facilities
and sportsmen and thus improve the standard of sports in the country.
(d) The word ‘discipline’ comes from ‘disciple’, which means a learner or
follower of a teacher—a disciple puts himself under a teacher to be trained
and taught—the very essence of discipline is obedience—a child has to
learn obedience and discipline from the very beginning—a society that has
no discipline will soon fall to pieces—an army without discipline will be a
mere mob—no school, college, office or any establishment can run smoothly
without discipline—discipline, a necessity to achieve success.
(e) Life is ten per cent of what happens to us and 90 per cent of how we
respond to it—wise people learn from the mistakes of others—they apply
the wisdom gained from others’ experiences to their own life—learning from
the mistakes of others is better than learning at our own because we evaluate
ourselves more accurately when we see the consequences of mistakes made
by others—waiting to learn from one’s own mistakes is unaffordable.
UNIT-10 37
(f) ‘As the ticket collector asked for the ticket, I dug my hand into my pocket
only to discover that the purse along with the ticket had disappeared.....—
searched my luggage but could find neither my purse nor the ticket—felt
embarrassed—a gentleman sitting next to me, came forward to help me and
offered to pay for my ticket—as he took out the purse from his pocket, I
found that it was my purse—I raised an alarm—the railway police called—
found my Id-card, ticket and other documents in the inner pockets—the
man was a pick-pocket, who had taken out my purse, while I was moving
hurriedly into the station—he had neither seen me not searched the inner
pockets of my purse—caught by the police—saved from the embarrassing
situation.’
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. The Pioneer had a regular column written by Tina.
2. What effect did the floods have on Roger’s family?
3. Had our peon been on time everyday, he would not have lost his job.
4. It is expected that the police will make an arrest shortly.
5. Not a word did the accused utter throughout the court proceedings.
(b) 1. down 2. over 3. for 4. off
5. around 6. together 7. back 8. up
9. at 10. at
(c) 1. lives 2. is called 3. to lay 4. is carried
5. is deposited 6. converted 7. are hatched 8. laid
9. dies 10. is groomed.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. ceased (line 6) 2. monotonous (line 9)
3. paucity (line 14)
(ii) 1. She is a member of the academic board of the college.
2. India is on top of the table in terms of number of gold medals.
3. He cannot afford to pay the train fare from Delhi to Mumbai.
(b) (i) At the end of the first week, the people on board the ship were not
interested in food because the food being served to them was coarse
and monotonous.
(ii) Due to the scarcity of food caused by shipwreck, the provisions were
depleting. This caused the appetite of the people to improve and they
began to enjoy munching even raw vegetables.
(iii) It means that the health of a person depends on his environment and
the perceptions and superstitions he had about it.
(c) According to Dr Haimberger, people lack appetite when they continue to
eat same type of food every day and at the same time. They get bored of
this coarse and monotonous routine. However, when they are kept off food
for sometime and starvation is introduced, they regain their appetite. For
example, the people on board the ship, who were lacking appetite because
of their monotonous schedule of eating, regained their appetite when there
was a scarcity of food during the shipwreck and they had to remain hungry
for fifteen days. So people should not eat until they feel hungry.

A. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES (2)

Assignment 1
1. It is never so late that one cannot make amends.
2. The bread is so stale that it cannot be eaten.
3. The news is so good that it cannot be true.
4. He is so honest that he cannot be corrupt.
5. It was so cold that one couldn’t go for a walk.
6. She was so poor that she couldn’t pay her fees.
7. He was so late that he could not catch the train.
8. The hall is so small that it cannot accommodate everybody.
9. The tea is so hot that it cannot be drunk.
10. This tree is so high that I cannot climb it.
Assignment 2
1. She is too forgetful to remember the speech.
2. Sunil is too weak to walk.
3. He is too strong to be defeated.
4. These books are too costly for you to buy.
5. He is too short to be a basketball player.
6. She speaks too softly to be heard.
7. She is too weak to get up from the bed.
8. I am too tired to walk.
UNIT-11 39
Assignment 3
1. We have been told by the teacher to go to the library.
2. Parents should be obeyed.
3. The car was painted red by him.
4. Good news is being expected by us.
5. Never let a close friend be deceived by you.
6. He was given a computer by Ravi.
7. He was laughed at by all the girls.
8. We were surprised by their attitude.
Assignment 4
1. A bus knocked down a dog.
2. Someone was putting off the fan.
3. They will arrest the thief.
4. Someone has cut the telephone wires.
5. They refused him admission.
6. Why did the teacher punish you?
7. They rewarded him.
8. The facts had justified our action.
Assignment 5
1. There is no man who does not make mistakes.
2. No other country in the world is as rich as America.
3. I shall never forget his kindness.
4. His uncle is not as rich as he is.
5. No one disbelieves his honesty.
6. She is not always careful in her work.
7. No one but a rich man can afford to lead such a luxurious life.
8. Please don’t forget to bring my book.
Assignment 6
1. Everyone will look after his family.
2. The two brothers are like each other.
3. Few men can be cruel to an animal.
4. Please remember to post this letter.
5. Where there is smoke, there is fire.
6. He tried every means.
Assignment 7
1. This is not the way a student should behave.
2. The leopard cannot change his spots.
3. One should not waste time in reading trash.
4. I cannot forget your kindness.

5. No one can forget those kind people.
6. Everybody has heard of Tagore.
7. This is not the dress to be worn for the party.
8. Everyone fears the lion.
Assignment 8
1. Can their glory ever fade?
2. Is not prevention better than cure?
3. Is there anything better than honesty?
4. Could he have done anything without your advice?
5. Why cry over spilt milk?
6. Who will like to live like a beggar?
7. Who can deny that honesty is the best policy?
8. Don’t cowards die many times before their death?
Assignment 9
1. These mangoes have a delicious flavour.
2. Man is an excellent piece of work.
3. You shouldn’t dare criticise my truthfulness.
4. We had to face a lot of trouble.
5. I wish that we were young again.
6. I wish I had come one hour earlier.
7. The weather is very hot.
8. The sky is very beautiful.
Assignment 10
1. Oh, that I had met you five years ago!
2. What a happy life she led!
3. Oh, that the desert were my dwelling place!
4. Oh! that you were a teacher.
5. How intelligent the ant is!
6. How active he was in his old age!
7. Oh! How she promised to cooperate fully with me!
8. How hastily he acted!
Assignment 11
1. The rats were troublesome.
2. Ashoka was kind to his enemies.
3. He was dismissed for being negligent.
4. The merchant was successful in all his dealings.
UNIT-11 41
5. Be respectful to your teachers.

6. None of us was courageous to go near the tiger.
7. Rita hopes to get the first position in the examination.
8. He passed an anxious hour.
Assignment 12
1. He went there reluctantly.
2. The manager handled the situation skillfully.
3. She was poorly dressed.
4. Analyse the chemical carefully.
5. The farmer appeared foolish.
6. He answered unhesitatingly.
7. The patient spent a night restlessly.
8. The magician was dressed strangely.
B. ARGUMENTATIVE COMPOSITION
Assignment
1. Nuclear war—most destructive—no victor and no vanquished—unimaginable
horrors if nuclear weapons used—tension, fear and suspicion among the
countries—need for control of the proliferation of nuclear weapons—country’s
defence important—weapons not to be misused.
2. Money—both good and bad—good as our servant—can be used to get things
we like—can be utilised in whatever way we wish—if money becomes our
master—things get nasty—money controls us and we follow blindly—we
lose our humanity for money.
C. HOMOPHONES
Assignment
1. pair; pare 2. peak; peeked; piqued 3. pour; pores
4. rain; reign 5. son; sun 6. vain; vein
Question 1
(a) Went on a holiday to Mount Abu with my friend—travelled in an Express
train—delayed by four hours due to an accident—hired a taxi for the journey
uphill—narrow, winding roads—exciting drive—lodged in a tourist resort
with a lake view—spectacular sight of sun rise and sun set—refreshing early
morning walk—enjoyed boating and sight-seeing—captured the beauty in
our cameras—time flew unnoticed—bid farewell to a memorable stay.
(b) One fine morning I got up and realised that I could read the minds of
others—I entered the kitchen,—able to read my mother’s mind—wished
somebody would help her in washing the utensils and prepare a cup of
tea, as our maid had not come—I made a cup of tea for her—I also cleaned
the utensils, while she was having her cup of tea—met my friend who was
cheerful—in his mind he hated meeting me—realised how double-faced
people could be—fortunately, next morning I had lost this power.
(c) For the View: Fumes emitted by burnt plastic bags cause severe pollution
—Plastic bags are hazards for pets and stray animals. If swallowed, these
bags block the intestines of the animals, as a result of which the animals die
a painful death.—Plastic carry bags toxify food and other items carried in
them and make them unfit for consumption—Plastic carry bags if carelessly
disposed of can choke the entire sewerage and drainage system.
Against the View: Plastic carry bags are a wonderful invention of modern
science and technology—light weight and flexible,—serve many purposes
—Plastic carry bags are used for packing cloth, ready-made garments and
other valuable articles—They are elegant to look at and enhance the charm
of the goods packed in them—At present—lakhs of people are engaged in
the collection of used carry bags, processing the raw material, manufacturing
and selling these bags. A blanket ban on the plastic bags will throw all of
them out of employment.
(d) Someone has rightly said, “Hope is being able to see that there is light
despite all the darkness”—according to Charles R. Snyder, a psychologist,
hope includes three elements: a belief, a goal and a path—the person who
is hopeful believes that he/she will succeed and has a specific goal or
direction and so knows the path he/she will have to take to achieve the
desired outcome—hope is, therefore, a mindset, the will and determination
to believe that one can overcome any difficulty—thus, hope is a remedy
for all sorts of hardships and misfortunes.
(e) Success lies in courage and determination to carry out a task—cowards
seek means to escape—one has to leave ones comfort zone to get anywhere
in life—a turtle progresses only by sticking his neck out of his protective
shell —those who have reached the pinnacle of success have dared to dream
and worked hard to achieve their goals—if one wishes to succeed one has
to take risks without getting intimidated.
(f) A thief enters the house of a hermit stealthily and is caught—the hermit
not only welcomes him but gives him food and comfortable bed to sleep—
when the hermit is fast asleep, the thief gets up and sees currency notes in
an envelope on the dining table with a list of names and a letter written
by the hermit—the thief reads the letter addressed to the hermit’s junior,
asking him to deliver the money to the list of needy people, if he dieds as
he is suffering from cancer—the thief takes all the money from his pocket,
UNIT-11 43
puts it in the envelope and goes away—from that day onwards, the thief
gives up stealing and starts his life afresh.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. I want to succeed so well as to leave the college with Honours.
2. She told Mary that she must have been tired by then after all her
hardwork.
3. The reception Deepa got made her visibly upset.
4. If people do not concentrate on their work, they usually make silly
mistakes.
5. Nothing I could do to persuade her to sing had any effect.
(b) 1. with 2. to 3. down 4. up 5. up
6. by 7. about 8. across 9. in 10. up
(c) 1. was working 2. keeping 3. saying 4. looked
5. was standing 6. carrying 7. to pay 8. had asked
9. forgot 10. have made.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. tampered (line 10) 2. dubiously (line 11)
3. compensate (line 20)
(ii) 1. Could you please spell out the name of the medicine again?
2. He paid for the meal out of his own pocket.
3. The dull city starts to come alive in the evening.
(b) (i) The spell put on the paw meant that the paw had magical power to
grant three men three wishes each to prove that fate ruled people’s lives
and those who interfere with fate will have sorrowful consequences.
Mr White wished for two hundred pounds and his wish came true
when he got it as a compensation for the death of his son from the
company where his son was working.
(ii) Mr White’s second wish that his dead son be brought to life again.
He made that wish at his wife’s insistence who wanted her son to be
brought back to life at any cost.
(iii) 1. Mr White’s third wish would have been for his son to return to the
dead because he knew that his son Herbert was mangled beyond
recognition in the accident and they had burried him ten days ago.
2. He was aware of the fact that a son resurrected from the grave
would be no son at all.
(c) The paw had a spell to grant three wishes to prove that fate ruled people’s
lives and those, who interfered with fate had to face sorrowful consequences
Mr White’s first wish was to get two hundred pounds, which he got
as compensation after his son died in an accident. In his second wish
Mr White asked for his dead son to be alive. As his third wish he asked
that their dead son be returned to the peace of his grave. This wish was
fulfilled when they did not find anyone at their door.

A. USE OF ADJECTIVES
Assignment 1
Change the Degree of Comparison without changing the meaning:
1. Positive: No other metal is as heavy as lead.
Superlative: Lead is the heaviest of all the metals.
2. Positive: A foolish friend is not as good as a wise enemy.
3. Positive: You do not get up as early as I do.
4. Comparative: Mumbai is more crowded than Delhi.
5. Positive: No other flower is as sweet as the rose.
Comparative: The rose is sweeter than any other flower.
6. Positive: No other sauce is as good as hunger.
Comparative: Hunger is better than any other sauce.
7. Positive: No other girl in the class is as clever as Savitri.
Superlative: Savitri is the cleverest girl in the class.
8. Positive: Very few teachers in our school are as good as Mr Kumar.
Comparative: Mr Kumar is better than most teachers in our school.
9. Comparative: Adam is swifter than most other runners.
Superlative: Adam is one of the swiftest runners.
10. Comparative: Shimla is cooler than Lucknow.
Assignment 2
1. Joe is stronger than Eva.
2. Ravi is stronger than Mohan.
3. No other month in the year is as cold as December.
UNIT-12 45
4. No other book is as difficult as this one.

5. Kolkata is one of the largest cities.
6. No other Indian poet is as great as Kalidasa.
7. No other metal is as heavy as Lead.
8. She does not get up as early as I do.
9. That town is dirtier than this town.
10. Diamond is the hardest substance.
C. CORRECT USE OF WORDS

Assignment
1. fare; fair 2. formally; formerly 3. human; humane
4. industrial; industrious 5. judicial; judicious 6. loose; lose
7. persecuted; prosecute 8. right; rites
Question 1
(a) Returning home by train after an exciting trip to Agra—exhausted after
a hectic day of sightseeing—took my seat on the lower birth and went
to sleep—suddenly at night I woke up and found my suitcase missing—
lodged a complaint with the TC—similar complaints made by others in
the train—it seemed to be the work of gangsters—suddenly I got an sms
on my mobile, showing the location of my suitcase—actually, my brother,
who is doing Engineering, had put a tracking device inside my suitcase—
the device would show the location on the registered mobile number if a
stranger tried to force open the suitcase—the police tracked the location
from my mobile and found the gangsters—recovered all the goods they
had looted along with my suitcase—thanked my brother.
(b) Me and my friend fond of debating—members of the Debating Club in
school—both of us belong to different Houses in school and most of the
time debate an issue as opponents—sometimes I secure the first position
and sometimes she—but no personal rivalry and ill-will—for the National
Debating Competition only one student from our school was to be selected
—difficult topic for selection—worked hard—on the day of selection, both
of us quite excited—finally, my friend selected—congratulated her and
offered her help for the national level competiton—later on came to know
that my friend being the secretary of the Debating Club had manipulated
the selection procedure by somehow managing to invite the judges, who
were her relatives and who gave the result in her favour—was deeply hurt
at this injustice.
(c) For the View: (i) Different regions of India have different levels of development.
The regions which have not kept pace with the overall progress of the
country, have few employment opportunities, and many of these jobs are
cornered by people from better developed regions, leaving the local job seekers
high and dry; therefore, the locals deserve a preferential treatment — when
people migrate to other cities for jobs, it results in overcrowding and more
competition for resources and jobs, therefore jobs opportunities should be
created at the local level and given to locals only—if local people remain
at their place, it would lead to further development of that area.
Against the View: Every job has some job requirements and only such
people, who are equipped with necessary know how and skill to perform
those functions should be offered the job, whether local or outsiders—better
job opportunities, particularly for higher posts and skilled jobs are available
at the centres of political activity, trading and industrial centres and should
be available to all the citizens, irrespective of their location—it is the
Fundamental Right of all the citizens (Right to Equality) to get equality of
opportunity in matters relating to employment without any discrimination
on grounds of place of birth, residence, religion, race, caste and sex.
(d) A beautiful girl returning from office—finds a boy following her—horrible
thoughts cross her mind—reaches an alley—starts running—relieved at finally
getting rid of him—finds him yet again at her doorstep—about to hit with
her handbag—door opens—boy welcomed by her father—misunderstanding
cleared—son of a business associate from Australia—both become best of
friends.
(e) It has been said that we make a living by what we get, but we make a life
by what we give—we make a living by working hard and getting money
in return—but when we give something to others like money, love, time,
even a thought, we beget love, joy, peace and inner harmony—the more
we give the more we get from our inner satisfaction—life is not made by
the riches and our personal achievements only—true worth of life is when
we understand the true significance of giving.
(f) An old lady went to a shop to buy fruits—she gave the shopkeeper a five
hundred rupee note—the shopkeeper kept the note in a box and went
to answer to a telephone call—when the lady asked for her balance, the
shopkeeper said that she had not paid the money—after heated argument,
the shopkeeper did not budge—the lady went to the court—the judge asked
for proof—the incident was reported by a local paper—a man came to the
hearing on the next date—he was a photographer, who was clicking the
photographs of the elderly people for an article in a magazine—he had
clicked the old lady’s photo while she was giving the money—the judge
after seeing the photo passed the verdict in favour of the lady.
Question 2
UNIT-12 47
Question 3
(a) 1. He appeared to be fascinated by the Taj Mahal.
2. A puppet show followed one hour long talent contest.
3. My bunch of keys was lying among a large pile of bricks scattered over
the field.
4. Yesterday the weather was not as fine as it is today.
5. Hardly had the train arrived when the passengers rushed into the
compartments.
(b) 1. round 2. into 3. over 4. down
5. away 6. down 7. at 8. off
9. out 10. up
(c) 1. showed 2. honouring 3. volunteered 4. had abducted
5. were returning 6. got stuck 7. was scared 8. be killed
9. was taken 10. spending.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. darned (line 7) 2. baggy (line 7)
3. draughty (line 14)
(ii) 1. Credit will be given in the competition for the most innovative project.
2. He waited for her at the meeting point for an hour.
3. The company rolls out a new model for car every year.
(b) (i) Miss Martha was a forty-year-old woman, who owned a small bakery.
She had two false teeth and a sympathetic heart.
(ii) The customer, who used to visit Miss Martha’s bakery, was a middle-
aged man, having a trimmed, brown beard. Though he wore worn
clothes, yet he looked neat and well mannered.
(iii) It can be concluded that Miss Martha had a soft corner for the artist
from the following:
1. She used to sigh and wish if the artist could share her tasty meals
instead of the stale bread.
2. She wanted to add something good to eat to the food which the
artist used to purchase from her.
(c) Miss Martha, a forty-year-old lady had a small bakery. She got interested in
a middle-aged man, who frequently visited her bakery to buy stale bread.
On seeing brown stains on his fingers, Martha concluded that he was a poor
artist. She wished to enjoy meals with him. One day she inserted butter on
the stale bread, which he purchased. She imagined the happiness of the
artist on seeing her act of kindness. But the artist, who was a draftsman,
became furious for spoiling her drawing by adding butter to the stale bread,
which he used as an eraser.


Assignment
1. sole; soul 2. tenor; tenure 3. waived; waved
4. way; weigh 5. wet; whet
Question 1
(a) Greenery all around—fresh new leaves on the trees and green grass, symbolise
the beginning of the day by nature itself,—rejuvenating experience— flowers
of different colours add life in the canvas of nature—the morning symphony
of birds—all these interweave with the sunlight to brighten the day and
spur one on to action—as the sunlight appears, one can see the newspaper
vendors, milk vendors, school children with their parents waiting for their
school buses—overall, a refreshing and rejuvenating experience.
(b) Nature provides man with a number of resources,—however, man has
taken nature for granted, resulting in umpteen number of problems for
mankind—visited Kashmir two years back—enjoyed fully its serene beauty,
its valleys, terrace gardens, Dal Lake, rides in shikharas and comfortable stay
amidst nature in a houseboat—memorable journey—again visited Kashmir
this year—taken by surprise—heavy rains—Jhelum overflowing its banks—
water everywhere—caught in the floods—rescued by the Army—realised
that we take nature for granted—we have to give back to nature in terms
of caring for it and avoiding disturbing its balance.
(c) For the View: Reading fiction is more enjoyable than watching films—
books unfold the story at their own pace and one can read them at one’s
own tempo—books can be read anywhere, anytime, whereas movies require
atleast a TV to watch them, though nowadays can be viewed on a mobile
phone or tablet, but the effect is not the same—books provide all the details
necessary for fiction like history, geography, culture, etc., whereas movies
show only a bit of it in three hours—reading books gives the first hand
UNIT-13 49
experience of a story, whereas a movie is based on a book or a script and

gives second hand experience, as presented by its director.
Against the View: Reading fiction is not as enjoyable as watching–movies
bring the whole world to life before our eyes—reading a book is a lonesome
activity and at times boring whereas a movie can be enjoyed with family
and friends together—reading books take a long time whereas a movie
explains all in just 3 hours—since visual medium has a greater impact,
movies can be retained in the memory.
(d) The word ‘silence’ comes from the Latin word ‘silens’ meaning to be still,
quiet or at rest—silence is more than the state of being silent—silence
enhances concentration, promotes meditation and allows us to be in touch
with our inner self—our lives nowadays are surrounded by unwanted sounds
and noises, everywhere we go—we have become quite used to the effects
of sound—but still ‘silence’ is the ultimate need of the man and he seeks
it after a hard day’s work and finds it—to an extent when he sleeps.
(e) Failures bring pessimism and frustration—hopes are dashed—glory lies in
rising every time we fall—defeat : an opportunity to assess our abilities—
sharpen us for next attempt—determination and dedication required—conquer
the fear of failure and achieve success—positive attitude should be the basic
approach—life, a long journey of ups and downs—never give up.
(f) A child playing in his house—somebody rang the bell, the maid opened the
door—a courier boy—maid busy taking the parcel—the child slipped out of
the house—their pet dog followed him—a man kidnapped the child, put
the child in the car’s trunk and went to a nearby shop—the dog saw it from
a distance, went near the car and started barking—a policeman noticed it,
became suspicious—the kidnapper came back—the policeman asked him
to open the trunk—man forced to open the trunk—the child found—the
kidnapper caught—the child saved and handed over to the parents.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. Prices will increase still further with the increase in the service tax.
2. She is writing down the list of goods she has to buy lest she should
forget them.
3. Never before had I made chappatis.
4. No other coin that I have seen is as tiny as this.
5. All the arrangements for her wedding were made by her brother.
(b) 1. up 2. down 3. through 4. out 5. back
6. up 7. away 8. up 9. in 10. down.
(c) 1. was born 2. came 3. noticed 4. did not find
5. was made 6. found 7. was switched 8. was restored
9. wonders 10. have been.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. profoundly (line 4) 2. shuddering (line 4)
3. reigned (line 10)
(ii) 1. It will be the taxpayer who has to foot the bill.
2. After two days of practise the athletes were faint from hunger.
3. The burglar threw the jewellery into a well and ran away.
(b) (i) The narrator was woken up at night with the feeling of being shaken
by something. He found his bed clothes slipping away slowly towards
the foot of the bed as if someone were pulling them. He heard a heavy
footstep in his room, resembling that of an elephant.
(ii) Just before the narrator became conscious of somebody present in his
room, he noticed huge footprints in the ashes on the hearth, along with
his own bare footprint, which appeared like an infant’s in comparison
to the huge footprint.
(iii) The Cardiff Giant told the narrator that he was the spirit of the Petrified
Man, lying across the street in the museum there. Since he was the
ghost, he could not rest till the body was given a proper burial.
(c) The narrator was woken up at night by a sudden shaking. He found his
bedclothes slipping away towards the foot of the bed. He heard heavy
footsteps, resembling that of an elephant. He then noticed in the ashes on
the hearth, huge footprints along with his own. Then, without the opening
of the door, entered a huge figure—the ghost of Cardiff Giant, who told
him that he would not have rest till he got a proper burial. When the
narrator told him that the remains of the Cardiff Giant were in Albany,
he felt ashamed and left his room.

A. USE OF MULTIPLE PREPOSITIONS (1)

Assignment
1. with; on 2. to 3. to 4. for 5. to; for
6. to; in 7. to; with 8. to 9. of; from
10. with; in 11. with; for 12. to; against; of
13. with; on 14. in; to 15. on; back 16. of; for
17. with; for 18. to; against 19. on; at 20. of; from
UNIT-14 51
B. SUMMARY WRITING
Assignment
The Vatican City is the smallest independent state in the world enclaved within
Rome. The Pope is the head of State, who is vested with absolute legislative,
executive and judicial powers. He exercises these powers through a commission
of five cardinals, a Governor and Council. The Vatican has its army, radio
station, telephone, postal service and banking. The finances of Vatican City are
maintained through sale of postage stamps, mementos and publications. The
Vatican is a UNESCO World Heritage Site that attracts large number of visitors
from across the world for its religious and cultural significance.

Assignment 1
1. Adapt : The webbed feet help the ducks to adapt to the marine life.
Adopt : We should adopt good habits to be successful in life.
2. Team : The Australian cricket team is number one in the world.
Teem : The aquarium teemed with a variety of fish.
3. Waist : Girdle is a belt worn round a girl’s waist.
Waste : Plastic waste is hazardous to the environment.
4. Bear : People living in temperate climate cannot bear excessive heat or cold.
Bare : The boy lay bare chested on the hot sand.
5. Coarse : The old man was wearing clothes made of coarse material.
Course : Students pursue different courses after leaving school.
6. Decent : He worked hard to provide a decent living to his children.
Descent : The descent down the Himalayas was dangerous.
7. Loose : One should wear loose cotton clothes during summer season.
Lose : One should not lose one’s temper.
8. Principal : The Principal is responsible for maintaining discipline among
students and staff.
Principle : Mahatma Gandhi steadfastly followed the principle of non-violence.
9. Sole : The young man was the sole proprietor of the chain of industries.
Soul : There was a feeling of restlessness deep in her soul.
10. Farther : The mother warned her son not to wander farther than the
local market.
Further : Youngsters today prefer to go abroad for further studies.
Assignment 2
1. practise 2. loose 3. advice 4. effect 5. exceed
6. lightning 7. site 8. assent 9. Council 10. cheque
Question 1
(a) Hot summer night—sleeping on the terrace—suddenly woken up by
loud crashing sound—a bus carrying a marriage party had crashed into
a tree—rushed to the spot, where other people from my neighbourhood
were already there—many people injured—scene of chaos with women
and children crying—helped people get off the bus—gave first-aid to the
people with minor injuries and rushed those with serious injuries to a
nearby hospital—provided food, water and a place to sleep at night.
(b) Animals, at times appear remarkably human—two years ago my sister
studying for her exams late at night—she was alone at home as all the
other family members had gone for a wedding—our pet dog lying near
her study table—my sister felt uneasy and started walking in her room—
she then suddenly became unconscious and fell down—dog noticed this,
started barking loudly—when nobody responded the dog went to the
balcony and started barking—our neighbours sensed something wrong—
they made their son jump through the balcony into our house—he saw
my sister lying unconscious—opened the door—they took my sister to the
hospital—diagnosed as suffering from meningitis—timely treatment saved
her life—thanks to the humanly act of our dog.
(c) For the View: Communication through computers have prevented us from
developing interpersonal skills and limited our ability to have meaningful
relations with others—teenagers develop their social skills online, they
even prefer meeting people in the virtual world through video chatting,
instead of speaking face-to-face—by using short, ambiguous messages,
today’s generation is missing out on quality conversation—people make
friends online, which keep on changing and so no permanent friendships
or relationships are developed.
Against the View: Communications through computers online is an effective
way of getting in contact with even those friends and relatives who stay far
away and do not meet often—it helps build relationships because people
continuously send messages to each other during birthdays, anniversaries,
festivals and sympathise and condole a loss in the family—communicating
online gives a chance to the shy and the introvert to open up and practice
their social skills while interacting with others.
(d) Humour refers to the tendency of particular experiences to provoke
laughter and provide amusement—the term ‘humour’ has been derived
from the humoral medicine of the ancient Greeks, which taught that the
balance of fluids in the human body, known as humors, controlled human
health and emotions—humour helps to break the monotony, boredom and
relaxes—humour is used in literature, theater, movies and advertisements,
to entertain the audience.
UNIT-14 53
(e) Scientists from our country migrate to developed countries because of better
financial prospects—for enhancing their faculties and improving their talent
to achieve the feeling of highest fulfillment—since these avenues are lacking
in India, they move to other countries—this leads to a loss for India in terms
of money as well as scientific development—if they return to India, they
can play an important role in further enhancing the scientific development
of India using the knowledge gained from the experience abroad—India
has also to make sure that adequate facilities and working atmosphere is
made available to them to continue their research and development work
in India.
(f) It was night when we arrived, an almost full moon floated above the
building—decide to sleep on the terrace—awakened by a strange noise—
could see a flash of light—saw a slimy green creature, with round eyes,
protruding nose and having the looks of a robot, landing on my terrace
from a saucer-shaped spaceship—petrified, could not speak or move— alien
came closer to me—could not understand his language—the alien clapped
and one side of the saucer produced an LED TV like thing—it showed
some fruits like apples, grapes and oranges—I went downstairs, brought
apples, grapes and oranges from my refrigerator and gave to the alien—
the alien boarded his spaceship—while the spaceship was moving away, I
saw strange looking gold coins lying on my bed—probably, the alien had
left them for me.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. I wish I had used the opportunity to meet you.
2. What effect did the fluctuation in the stock market have on him?
3. No other person in our neighbourhood is as fit as my grandfather.
4. Not only we have bought some land but we are also building a house.
5. We had better go through the exercise again.
(b) 1. back 2. down 3. after 4. ahead 5. off
6. up 7. after 8. back 9. out 10. up.
(c) 1. passing 2. was surrounded 3. willing 4. to walk 5. clutched
6. got 7. heard 8. calling 9. brought 10. facing.
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. philanthropists (line 3) 2. feast (line 5)
3. reverence (line 7)
(ii) 1. He will not attend the meeting as he is out of station.
2. I chose to pass over her rude remarks rather than answering back.
3. Nobody is allowed to park their vehicle in front of the gate.
(b) (i) On the Thanksgiving Day, philanthropists organise a feast for the poor
and the hungry, to give thanks to God.
(ii) Stuffy was not hungry on the Thanksgiving Day because he had already
been fed by two ladies, who used to feed the first hungry traveller that
happened to pass by after the hour of noon, to celebrate the Thanksgiving
Day.
(iii) The Old Gentleman was not financially very strong. If he had enough
money he would not have starved himself for three days feeding Stuffy.
He sacrificed his meals for three days and his to continue the tradition
of feeding the hungry an Thanksgiving Day.
(c) The Old Gentleman, a staunch American Patriot came to his annual meeting
place, where he had been coming for the last nine years, to feed Stuffy, to
celebrate the Thanksgiving Day. Feeling sad at the thought of not having
a son, who would continue his tradition, he took Stuffy to a restaurant to
feed him. After having his meals, Stuffy fainted and had to be hospitalised
for overeating. After sometime the Old Gentleman was also taken to the
hospital because he had been starving to save money to continue the
tradition of feeding the hungry to mark the Thanksgiving Day.

A. USE OF MULTIPLE PREPOSITIONS (2)

Assignment
1. with; in 2. with; in 3. from; about; of; in
4. with; with 5. in 6. with
7. to; 8. to; for 9. with; at
10. at; against 11. with 12. to
13. for; for 14. to; for 15. of; to
Question 1
(a) Last Thursday, I got an offer letter from the office where I had gone for an
interview—I was surprised to find that I had been appointed as Incharge of
the Catering unit of the company—as I was reading the letter, my thoughts
went to the interview—I remembered that it was a strange interview as I
was not asked a single question about Event Management for which I had
UNIT-15 55
applied—I was instead asked questions related to food and cooking and I
could answer most of them because cooking is my passion—I went to that
office and came to know there were interviews for two different departments
and by mistake my Resume was sent to the Catering Department.
(b) Truly, parents are our first and most important teachers—the most important
lesson that I have learnt from my father is that hard work always pays and
honesty is the best policy—once under the influence of a classmate, I thought
of buying the Question Paper for the Exam—my classmate demanded ` 10,000
for the Maths Paper, which I always dreaded—in the hope of getting the
Question Paper, I stopped studying for Maths—I borrowed money from
my mother on the pretext of helping a friend, whose father was sick—on
the due date, I went to the stipulated place with the money to buy the
Question Paper—at the last moment, I remembered the lessons taught by
my father—I felt ashamed of myself—with great difficulty, I managed to
walk back home—told everything to my parents—they forgave me and
advised me never to look for shortcuts in life, for in the end it is only hard
work and honesty that pays.
(c) For the View: Sports should be an indispensable part of our education—the
prime aim of education is overall development of an individual and physical
abilities are as important as mental abilities, therefore sports, which lead to
physical development are necessary—sports could be equally exhilarating
mentally, as playing games is a joyous activity and the individual never
feels the strain—sports help in cultivating many good qualities like fair-
play, competition, leadership, team-work, obedience to rules, self-control
and the sacrifice of self for the good of all.
Against the View: Even though regular physical exercise is beneficial for
health, but it should be optional and not indispensable—in many countries
it is optional—if there is any injury during fitness training in school then
who is responsible—can be dangerous for students of weaker health—for
bookworm students it is waste of time—can hurt the feeling of physically
disabled student and can lower their confidence—“I am pushing sixty.
That is enough exercise for me.”—Mark Twain—Everybody has different
capacity of exercise.
(d) Beauty refers to a combination of qualities, such as shape, colour or form,
that pleases the aesthetic senses, especially the sight—beauty has been defined
in many ways by different people according to their own perceptions—
beauty is skin deep, it is much more than physical attractiveness—beauty
is complex and multifaceted.
(e) Friendship is the silken tie of love, and mutual understanding and trust,
which binds people together—friendship is a sacred trust without the
legal stamp—Woodrow Wilson is quite right is saying that ‘friendship
is the only cement that will hold the world together—in today’s world,
there are a number of countries fighting in the name of religion, race and
ethnicity—these differences can be mended if friendship exists between

them—they would then work for each other’s mutual interest and give up
hatred, violence and wars.
(f) Winter night—alone in the house—my pet dog with me—deep sleep—heard
a strange noise outside the door—scared—reluctantly opened the door—
no one outside—closed the door—saw a stranger sitting on a chair in my
room—about to shout, the man stopped me and said that he had come
from a far off land to see me—he had a strange looking tab on which he
showed me his land—it was a beautiful place, the type of which is not seen
on Earth—with the click of a button he could produce anything he wanted:
toys, games, pens, strange gadgets—I was dumbstruck—I just took a pen
from among the things he had—my dog woke up—on seeing the dog, the
man vanished from my room along with the things except the pen—I could
not sleep the whole night, thinking about the unknown visitor—strangely
enough the pen is still working after four years without changing the refill.
Question 2
Question 3
(a) 1. In spite of knowing that the water in the pond was polluted they drank it.
2. The more you practice, the more perfect you will become.
3. The guide requested the lady to leave her camera at the counter.
4. You can get 25 per cent discount if you buy at least 50 copies of the book.
5. It is reasonable to believe that they have been saved.
(b) 1. down 2. out 3. out 4. over 5. in
6. for 7. into 8. through 9. out 10. off
(c) 1. nicknamed 2. welcomes 3. starting 4. feathered
5. appeared 6. hovered 7. were appalled 8. mesmerised
9. speaking 10. are reckoned
Question 4
(a) (i) 1. apparently (line 6) 2. aimlessly (line 15)
3. blotches (line 18)
(ii) 1. She was asked to state all the facts related to the report.
2. On seeing the policeman, the thief decided to act like a joker.
3. The committee will present its final report in six months.
(b) (i) Mrs Sommers, after getting a sum of fifteen dollars, had the feeling of
self-importance, which she had not enjoyed for years.
(ii) After buying a pair of silk stockings, Mrs Sommers was highly elated.
She felt like lying back on a cushioned chair in the waiting room and
enjoying her newly bought luxury.
UNIT-15 57
(iii) When Mrs Sommers entered the restaurant, which she had hitherto
seen from outside, she felt that her presence would create a feeling of
surprise and dismay among the customers and staff of the restaurant.
But contrary to Mrs Sommers expectations, nobody took a note of her
presence in the restaurant.
(c) Mrs Sommers felt a sense of importance when she unexpectedly got fifteen
dollars. For a long time she had not indulged in anything for herself. So,
when she went for shopping and accidently touched a pair of silk stockings,
she experienced an exciting rush of desire. She bought those stockings and
immediately put them on. She also bought a pair of stylish shoes and two
high-priced magazines. She enjoyed a meal in a restaurant and revelled
in her new found craving for self-gratification. While returning home,
Mrs Sommers wished that her journey full of pleasure and self-importance
to continue forever.

PROJECT WORK
ANSWERS FOR LISTENING SKILLS
1. RUSSELL KIRSCH: INVENTOR OF PIXEL
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (b)
2. VISAKHAPATNAM FACTORY GAS LEAK
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a)
3. ELEPHANTS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)

6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d)
4. RAFALE
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (b)
5. ACTIONABLE INTELLIGENCE
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)

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(ii)

Answers for Listening Skills 58

A. SIMPLE, COMPOUND AND COMPLEX SENTENCES

sea level, rainfall pattern, radiation balance, agricultural production, melting

A. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES (1)

6. He has promised that he will help you.

A. AGREEMENT OF SUBJECT AND VERB

Common Errors: Use of Pronouns

(d) Procrastination means to keep delaying something that must be done—the

A. TENSES AND THEIR USE (1)

6. Provide everything that consumers 1. Provide a one-stop shopping

2. Provide easy access to

4. Provide a large number of restaurants 3. Provide recreational facilities

● Early Morning Scene in the Countryside

6. Some women milking cows and 1. A pleasant and rejuvenating

2. Symphony being carried

4. Farmers and labourers going 3. Many people taking bath in

2. He hasn’t yet completed his assignment.

(b) 1. for 2. forward 3. up 4. off 5. down

A. TENSES AND THEIR USE (2)

7. will have written 8. will be seeing 9. will have

A. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

profit margin—proper management of stock—problems faced—competition

new products—new technologies—people can make smart choice—bring

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (1)

(c) 1. hired 2. to go 3. will fire 4. made 5. walked

A. CONDITIONAL SENTENCES (2)

5. Should the examination be cancelled, I will let you know.

those related to revenue collection would lose their jobs—overcrowding of

* Read 7. as Joe went — my scheme to ascertain its feasibility.

(c) 1. are known 2. lives 3. seen 4. hopping

A. DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

A. TRANSFORMATION OF SENTENCES (2)

4. I cannot forget your kindness.

5. Be respectful to your teachers.

4. No other book is as difficult as this one.

C. CORRECT USE OF WORDS

C. CORRECT USE OF WORDS

experience of a story, whereas a movie is based on a book or a script and

A. USE OF MULTIPLE PREPOSITIONS (1)

C. CORRECT USE OF WORDS

A. USE OF MULTIPLE PREPOSITIONS (2)

ethnicity—these differences can be mended if friendship exists between

1. RUSSELL KIRSCH: INVENTOR OF PIXEL

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (c)

2. VISAKHAPATNAM FACTORY GAS LEAK

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (b)

1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c)

1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (a)

1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (b)

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