Circle A circle is a locus of a point in a plane whose distance from a fixed point (called centre) is always constant (called radius). Equation of a circle in various forms : (a) The circle with centre as origin & radius ‘r' has the equation; x* + y* =r. y ce” WY (b) The circle with centre (h, k) & radius 'r' has the equation; (x — h)? + (y-k)’= y ey) (c) The general equation of a circle is x4 y+ 2gx + By +0 =0 with centre as (-9, -f) & radius = )g?+f?-c . This can be obtained from the equation (x-hF+(y-kP=e > ey —2hx-2ky +h +k =0 Take —h=9,—k=fandh?+k?— Condition to define circle :~ g@+f-c>0 Srealcircle. g?+f?-c=0 = point circle. g?+f?-c<0 = imaginary circle, with real centre, that is (- g, -f) Note: That every second degree equation in x & y, in which coefficient of x* is equal to coefficient of y* & the coefficient of xy is zero, always represents a circle. (4) The equation of circle with (x,, y,) & (X,, y,) as extremeties of its diameter is: (x= x) (x= x) + (¥-¥,) (Y-y,) = 0. (0 P A 8 (Ye) Gy Scanned with CamScannerExample #1: Solution : Example # 2: Solution : Example #3: Solution : Example # 4: Solution : Self practice problems (1) This is obtained by the fact that angle in a semicircle is a right angle. (Slope of PA) (Slope of PB) = > > (K- x) =x) + ¥-¥) YY.) = 0 Note that this will be the circle of least radius passing through (x,, y,) & (x, ¥,)- Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, -2) and ra The equation of the circle is (x - 1)? + (y- (-2))?= 4? > (x-1P + (y+ 2) =16 = x+y 2x+4y—11=0 Ans. Is is 4. Find the equation of the circle which passes through the point of intersection of the lines 3x — 2y—1 =O and 4x + y—27 = 0 and whose centre is (2, — 3). Let P be the point of intersection of the lines AB and LM whose equations are respectively 3x-2y-1 i and 4x +y~2) Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 5, y = 7. So, coordinates of P are (5, 7). Let C(2, -3) be the centre of the circle. Since the circle passes through P, therefore CP =radius = (5-2)? +(7 +3)? = radius = /109 . Hence the equation of the required circle is (x= 27 + (y +3)?= (Yi0aF Find the centre & radius of the circle whose equation is x? + y*— 4x + 6y + 12=0 ‘Comparing it with the general equation x + y* + 2gx + 2fy + ¢ = 0, we have 2g=-4 => g=-2 21=6 => f=3 & c= 12 ntre is (~g, -f) i.e. (2, -3) and radius = yg? +*-c = y(-2)? +(3)?-12 = Find the equation of the circle, the coordinates of the end points of whose diameter are (-1, 2) and (4, -3) We know that the equation of the circle described on the line segment joining (x,, y,) and (X,, y,) a8 a diameter is (x — x,) (x ~x,) + (y-y,) (y— y,) = 0. Here, x,=-1,%, =4,y,=2andy, So, the equation of the required circle is (+1) (x= 4)+(y-2)(y+3)=0 => x+y’ 3e+y-10=0. Find the equation of the circle passing through the point of intersection of the lines x + 3y = 0 and 2x ~ 7y = 0 and whose centre is the point of intersection of the lines x + y + 1 = 0 and x-2y+4=0. (2) Find the equation of the circle whose centre is (1, 2) and which passes through the point (4, 6) (3) Find the equation of a circle whose radius is 6 and the centre is at the origin. Answer: (1) 24 ye ax—2y=0 (2) xP+y? —2x-dy-20=0 (3) x+y? = 36 Scanned with CamScannerIntercepts made by a circle on the axes: The intercepts made by the circle x?+ y’+ 2gx + 2fy +c = 0 on the co-ordinate axes are 2/g"- (on x-axis) & 2\1-¢ (on y-axis) respectively. ' ge>c = Circle cuts the x axis at two distinct points. g=c = irole touches the x-axis. g (f= 3)? Putting f = 3 in (i) we obtain c = 9. Itis given that the circle x? + y’ + 2gx + 2fy + ¢ = 0 intercepts length 8 on x-axis 2\g-c =8 => 2 Hence, the required circle is x’ + y? + 10x + 6y + 9 = 0. 9=8 > g'-9=16 => g=s5 Self practice problems : (4) Find the equation of a circle which touches the positive axis of y at a distance 3 from the origin and intercepts a distance 6 on the axis of x. (5) Find the equation of a circle which touches positive y-axis at a distance of 2 units from the origin and cuts an intercept of 3 units with the positive direction of x-axis. Answers: (4) x+y? 6Y2x-6y+9=0 (5) x+y? —5x-4y+4=0 Parametric equations of a circle: The parametric equations of (x — h)? + (yk)? =F are: x=h +r cos 0; where (h, k) is the centre, ris the radius & @ is a parameter. y =k+rsin0; —x (K-2)P + (y- 1) =2? So, the parametric equations of this circle are xX=2+2cos0,y=1+2sin0. Example # 7 : Find the equations of the following curves in cartesian form. Also, find the centre and radius of the circle x=a+ccos0,y=b+csind Solution: Wehave:x=a+ccos,y=b+csind = x-ay (y-by = (AA) + [2S] =costo+sino => — (x-a)+(y-bye= Clearly, itis a circle with centre at (a, b) and radius c. Self practice problems : (6) _ Find the parametric equations of circle x* + y*- 6x + 4y~12=0 (7) Find the cartesian equations of the curve x = -2 + 3 cos 8, y=3+3sin0 Answers: (6) x= 3+ 5.cos 0, y=-2+5sin0 (@) (x #2" +(y-3)"=9 Position of a point with spect to a circle: The point (x,, y,) is inside, on or outside the circle S = x°+ y+ 2gx + 2ty +c =0. according as S, = x,? + y,? + 2ax, + 2ly, +¢< =or > 0. Note : The greatest & the least distance of a point A (lies outside the circle) from a circle with centre C & is AC AC i} A Is ris AC +r & AC ~ r respectively. —a 4 Example # 8 : Discuss the position of the points (1, 2) and (6, 0) with respect to the circle + y¥—4x+2y-11=0 Solution: — We have x + y*~ 4x + 2y—11 For the point (1, 2), we have S, = 1?+2°-4x14+2x2-11<0 For the point (6, 0), we have S, = 6? + 0?-4x6+2x0-11>0 Hence, the point (1, 2) lies inside the circle and the point (6, 0) lies outside the circle, or S=0, where S =x? + y?—~ 4x + 2y- 11 Self practice problem : (8) How are the points (0, 1) (3, 1) and (1, 3) situated with respect to the circle x+y? 2x- ay +3=07 Answe (8) (0, 1) lies on the circle ; (3, 1) lies outside the circle ; (1, 3) lies inside the circle. Scanned with CamScannerLine and a circle: Let L = 0 be a line & S = 0 be a circle. If ris the radius of the circle & p is the length of the perpendicular from the centre on the line, then: ) por the line does not meet the circle i. e. passes out side the circle. (i) p=r ¢> the line touches the circle. (It is tangent to the circle) (ii) per co the 1@ is. a Secant of the circle. (i) o> the line is a diameter of the circle. Also, if y = mx + cis line and x? + y’ = a’ is circle then (i) ch the line is a secant of the circle. (i) =a2(1 +m!) <> the line touches the circle. (It is tangent to the circle) (ii) c®>a2(1 +m) <> the line does not meet the circle i. e. passes out side the circle. eo Ste These conditions can also be obtained by solving y= mx + ¢ with x? + y’ = a® and making the discriminant of the quadratic greater than zero for secant, equal to zero for tangent and less the zero for the last case. Example # 9 : For what value of c will the line y = 2x + ¢ be a tangent to the circle x + y?= 5? Solution: We have: y= 2x +cor2x-y+c=0.....(i) andx?+y?=5 .......(ii) If the line (i) touches the circle (ii), then length of the 1 from the centre (0, 0) = radius of circle (ii) > cash Hence, the line (i) touches the circle (ii) fore = + 5 Self practice problem : (9) For what value of A, does the line 3x + 4y =A touch the circle x? + y*= 10x. Answers: (9) 40,10 Slope form of tangent : y =mx + cis always a tangent to the circle x?+ y?= a? if c? = a?(1 + m*). Hence, equation of tangent is. y=mx + a Vi+m* and the point of contact is (- Point form of tangent : (i) The equation of the tangent to the circle x’+ y? = a at its point (x, y,) is, XX, + YY, = a (ii) The equation of the tangent to the circle x?+ y*+ 2gx + 2fy + ¢ = 0 at its point (x, y,) is: xx, + yy, + 9 (x+x,) +f (yty,) + 0 = 0. Scanned with CamScanner