Professional Documents
Culture Documents
2021-2022 Fall Laboratory Textbook
2021-2022 Fall Laboratory Textbook
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
METALLURGICAL-MATERIALS ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT
İSTANBUL 2021-2022
Table of Contents
General Chemistry Laboratory Rules.......................................... 1
Laboratory Equipment.................................................................. 36
Midterm Study
Experiment 6: Solubility................................................................ 99
Final Study
General Chemistry
Laboratory Rules
Temel Kurallar (Öğretim
Üyeleri)
Laboratuvarlarda Kimyasal Risk Faktörleri ve Önlemler
Laboratuvar güvenliği
❑Çalışan kişinin ve çalışma materyalinin korunması için; çalışma sırasında
belirli laboratuar kurallarının, yöntemlerin, altyapı ve cihazların
kullanılmasıdır.
❑Laboratuvar ortamında çalışanların sağlık ve güvenliği için temel güvenlik
kurallarına uyulması büyük önem taşımaktadır.
❑Bu sebeple laboratuvarda çalışan kişilerin laboratuvar sorumluları
tarafından yapılacak uyarılara uyuması gerekmektedir.
LABORATUVAR GENEL KURALLARI
1) Laboratuvarda çalışılırken uzun beyaz önlük giyilmeli ve laboratuar boyunca
önünün ilikli tutulmalıdır.
15
8) Cam kapaklı şişeler açılamadığı durumlarda şişe kapağına bir tahta parçası ile hafifçe
vurularak gevşetilmeli, bu fayda etmediği takdirde camın genişlemesi için küçük bir
alevle şişe döndürülerek boğazı dikkatlice ısıtılmalı veya şişe bir müddet su içinde
batırılmış vaziyette bırakılmalıdır.
9) Kapaklı ve tıpa ile kapatılmış kaplardaki madde kesinlikle ısıtılmamalı, üzerinde ateşe
dayanıklı işareti taşımayan kaplarda ısıtma ve kaynatma yapılmamalıdır.
10)Şişelerden sıvı akıtılırken etiket tarafı yukarı gelecek şekilde tutulmalıdır. Aksi halde
şişenin ağzından akan damlalar etiketi ve üzerindeki yazıyı bozar. Şişenin ağzında
kalan son damlaların da şişenin kendi kapağı ile silinmesi en uygun şekildir.
11)Çözelti konulan şişelerin etiketlenmesi gerek görünüş ve gerekse yanlışlıklara
meydan verilmemesi için gereklidir. Kağıt etiket kullanılıyorsa yazıların ıslanınca
akmayan kalemle yazılmalıdır. Direkt cam üzerine yapılacak işaretlemeler cam
kalemi kullanılmalıdır.
12) Organik çözücüler lavaboya dökülmemelidir.
13) Şişelerin kapak veya tıpaları değiştirilmemelidir (karıştırılmamalaıdır). Çözelti şişelere
doldurulurken dörtte bir kadar kısım genişleme payı olarak bırakılır.
14) Cam kesme ve mantara geçirme durumlarında ellerin kesilmemesi için özel eldiven
veya bez kullanılmalıdır. Ucu sivri, kırık cam tüplerine, borulara lastik tıpa
geçirilmemelidir. Böyle uçlar; havagazı ocağı, zımpara veya eğe ile düzgün hale
getirilmelidir.
15) Tüp içinde bulunan bir sıvı ısıtılacağı zaman tüp, üst kısımdan aşağıya doğru yavaş
yavaş ısıtılmalı ve tüp çok hafif şekilde devamlı sallanmalıdır. Tüpün ağzı
kendinize veya yanınızda çalışan kişiye doğru tutulmamalı ve asla üzerine eğilip
yukarıdan aşağıya doğru bakılmamalıdır. Yüze sıçrayabilir.
16) Benzen, eter ve karbonsülfür gibi çok uçucu maddeler ne kadar uzakta olursa olsun
açık alev bulunan laboratuvarda kullanılmamalıdır. Eter buharları 5 metre ve hatta
daha uzaktaki alevden yanabilir ve o yanan buharlar ateşi taşıyabilir.
17) Sülfürik asit, nitrik asit, hidroklorik asit, hidroflorik asit gibi asitlerle bromür, hidrojen
sülfür, hidrojen siyanür, klorür gibi zehirli gazlar içeren maddeler ile çeker ocakta
çalışılmalıdır.
18) Civa herhangi bir şekilde dökülürse vakum kaynağı ya da köpük tipi sentetik
süngerlerle toplanmalıdır. Eğer toplanmayacak kadar eser miktarda ise üzerine
toz kükürt serpilmeli ve bu yolla sülfür haline getirilerek zararsız hale sokulmalıdır.
19)Termometre kırıklarının civalı kısımları ya da civa artıkları asla çöpe ya da lavaboya
atılmamalı, ATIK BİRİMLERİNE TESLİM EDİLMELİDİR.
Çeker Ocaklar / Havalandırma Kabinleri
Hava kabinleri ya da çeker ocak olarak
bilinen havalandırmalı kabinler, kimyasal
ya da mikrobiyolojik analizlerin güvenli bir
şekilde, kullanıcıya ve çevreye zarar
vermeden yapılmasına olanak tanırlar. Bu
kabinler kullanım amacına ve laboratuvar
imkanlarına göre çok çeşitli şekillerde
dizayn edilebilirler.
20) Kimyasallar taşınırken iki el kullanılmalı, bir el kapaktan sıkıca tutarken, diğeri ile
şişenin altından kavranmalıdır. Desikatör gibi özel tasarıma sahip cihazlar
kuralına uygun bir şekilde taşınmalı, taşınırken mutlaka kapak ve ana kısım
birlikte tutulmalıdır. Desikatör kapakları ara sıra vazelin ile yağlanmalıdır.
DESİKATÖR: Maddeleri
nemden korumak için
kullanılırlar. Nem tutmak
için içlerine susuz CaCl2
gibi maddeler konur.
Bazılarının kapağında
içindeki havayı
boşaltmak için musluklu
bir cam boru bulunur.
Bunlara vakum
desikatörü denir.
21) Asit, baz gibi aşındırıcı-yakıcı maddeler deriye damladığı veya sıçradığı hallerde
derhal bol miktarda su ile yıkanmalıdır.
Çözelti Hazırlama
❑ Çözelti hazırlarken kimyasal maddelerin “Güvenlik Bilgi Formlarında (Material Safety
Data Sheet, MSDS)” belirtilen güvenlik önlemleri alınmalıdır.
❑ Korozif (aşındırıcı) maddelerle çözelti hazırlanması sırasında mutlaka koruyucu gözlük
ve eldiven kullanılmalıdır.
❑ Laboratuarda yanıcı ve toksik maddelerle çalışılırken mutlaka çeker ocak
kullanılmalıdır.
❑ Asidin üzerine kesinlikle su ilave edilmemeli, asit suya azar azar karıştırılarak ilave
edilmelidir.
❑ Çözelti için kullanılacak kimyasal maddeler, stok kabından gerekli miktarda alınmalı ve
artan kimyasal madde stok kabına tekrar geri konulmamalıdır.
❑ Stok şişesine pipet daldırılmamalıdır.
❑ Pipet kullanırken mutlaka puar kullanılmalıdır. Kesinlikle ağız ile kimyasal madde
çekilmemelidir.
PİPET: Belirli ölçüde sıvıları bir kaptan
diğerine aktarmada kullanılır.
Pipetlerin içine sıvı alınması pipet
içindeki havanın emilmesi ile olur.
Emme işlemi lastik puarla yapılmalıdır.
Toksik veya korrosiv maddelerin (asit
gibi) çekilmesinde mutlaka puar
kullanılmalıdır.
✓ Pipetler dar cam borular olup alt
uçları, ufak bir delik bırakacak
şekilde aşağı doğru koniktir.
✓ Mikropipetler ise çok ufak hacimler
için kullanılırlar.
Dereceli pipetler Sulandırma pipetleri Bullu pipet
Pipetlerin kullanılışı: Mümkün olduğu kadar pipetle ağıza
sıvı çekilmemelidir. Bunun yerine pipetin ağzına
takılan ve sıvı çekmeye yarıyan pipetleyiciler (puar)
kullanılmalıdır. Puarlar;
1) Üçyollu puar
olarak sınıflandırılabilir.
Üç Yollu Puar: Tüm pipet türlerine uygulanabilir.
Puarda, parmakla baskı uygulanarak kontrol
edilebilen üç cam top bulunur.
A. vakum oluşturma,
B. pipeti doldurma, fonksiyonları için uygun
C. sıvıyı boşaltma vanaya basmanız yeterlidir.
C
Makro Pipet Puarı sentetik kauçuk ve
silikondan imal edilmiş olup, tüm pipet
tipleri için uygundur. Bu pipet puarı
demonte edilip temizlenebilir,
otoklavlanabilir
✓ numuneler,
✓ standartlar ve
1) Laboratuvar yönetimi tarafından alınan her türlü kimyasal madde “kimyasal madde
saklama odası”nda stoklanmalıdır.
8) Kimyasal madde miktarı ihtiyaca göre belirlenmeli ve maddenin raf ömrü göz önünde
bulundurularak satın alınmalıdır.
Etiketleme
Deri ile temasta iyice yıkanmalı, eğer yara açıksa hemen bir
sağlık kuruluşuna başvurulmalıdır. Yutulması durumunda kişi
hemen kusturulur ve mutlaka bir sağlık kuruluşuna
başvurulur.
10.Sülfatlar için ilk yardım
Basic Laboratory Equipment Beaker A beaker is a simple container for stirring, mixing and
heating liquids commonly used in many laboratories.
Chemistry is the science that deals with the composition and
properties of substances and various elementary forms of matter. Beakers are generally cylindrical in shape, with a flat
bottom. Most also have a small spout (or "beak") to
aid pouring.
Chemistry, as are all sciences, is a discipline based on observation.
Beakers are available in a wide range of sizes, from 5
In lecture, you will learn the principles and theories that, to date, best milliliter up to 2 liter.
explain the observations that have accumulated.
Beakers are commonly made of glass (usually
The problem is that, if all you have is lecture, then it is all too easy to borosilicate glass, pyrex®), but can also be in metal or
forget that these theories apply to the “real world.” certain plastics.
The laboratory experience is, by design, your opportunity to see these Borosilicate glass mainly constitute from silica and
principles and theories in practice. boron oxide.
Beaker Beakers are often graduated, that is, marked on An Erlenmeyer flask, also known as a conical flask,
the side with lines indicating the volume Erlenmeyer is a widely used type of laboratory flask which
contained. flask features a flat bottom, a conical body, and a
cylindrical neck.
These marks are not intended for obtaining a
precise measurement of volume, but rather an It is named after the German chemist Emil
estimation. Erlenmeyer, who created it in 1860.
Do not measure volume or prepare solutions at The Erlenmeyer is usually marked on the side
definite concentrations using a beaker! (graduated) to indicate the approximate volume
of contents.
The presence of a lip means that the beaker
cannot have a lid. Do not measure volume or prepare solutions at
definite concentrations using an erlenmeyer flask!
However, when in use, beakers may be covered by
a watch glass to prevent contamination or loss of The opening usually has a slight rounded lip so
the contents, but allowing venting via the spout. that the Erlenmeyer can be easily stoppered using
a piece of cotton wool, rubber bung or similar.
Alternatively, a beaker may be covered with using
a piece of parafilm
1
9/26/2016
Erlenmeyer flasks are extremely useful in the lab A volumetric flask (measuring flask or graduated
Erlenmeyer setting for stirring the contents by hand by swirling Volumetric flask) is a piece of laboratory glassware, a type of
the flask. laboratory flask, calibrated to contain a precise
flask flask volume at a particular temperature.
Erlenmeyers are used in chemistry labs for titration,
as they can be held and the contents mixed single- Volumetric flasks are used for precise dilutions and
handed leaving the other hand free to add reagent. preparation of standard solutions.
Titration, also known as titrimetry, volumetry, is a These flasks are usually pear-shaped, with a flat
common laboratory method of quantitative bottom, and made of glass or plastic.
chemical analysis that is used to determine the
unknown concentration of an identified analyte. Solutions with definite concentrations only used in
volumetric flasks.
A reagent, called the titrant is prepared as a
standard solution. A known concentration and The neck of the volumetric flasks is elongated and
volume of titrant reacts with a solution of analyte in narrow with an etched ring graduation marking. The
the presence of indicator to determine marking indicates the volume of liquid contained
concentration. when filled up to that point.
Erlenmeyers are also used in microbiology for the Do not heat any volumetric equipment!
preparation of microbial cultures.
2
9/26/2016
Graduated pipettes are a type of macropipette Pipettes are made of borosilicate glass;
Graduated consisting of a long tube with a series of Graduated disposable graduated pipettes are often made of
graduations, as on a graduated cylinder or polystyrene.
pipettes burette, to indicate different calibrated volumes. pipettes
Graduated pipettes are often graduated in one
They also require a source of vacuum; in the of two ways:
early days of chemistry and biology, the mouth
was used. Graduated pipettes commonly come Mohr, backward or drain-out pipettes have a 0
in 1, 2, 5, 10 and 25 mL volumes and they are mL mark just above the end of the pipette.
highly accurate.
Serological, forward or blow-out pipettes have
To avoid accidental ingestion of potentially no 0ml mark as that corresponds to an empty
harmful substances, a variety of propipetters pipette.
have been developed, both entirely manual and
electrically assisted Do not use graduated pippetes for measuring
hot solutions or do not heat them!
Volumetric pipettes or bulb pipette allow the A burette (also buret) is a device used in
Volumetric user to measure a volume of solution extremely
Burette analytical chemistry for the dispensing of
pipettes accurately (accuracy of four significant figures). variable, measured amounts of a chemical
solution.
These pipettes have a large bulb with a long
narrow portion above with a single graduation A burette is distinguished from a pipette by the
mark as it is calibrated for a single volume (like a fact that the quantity delivered is variable. Thus
volumetric flask). in a titration, one solution is dispensed with a
pipette, and another solution is added to it from
Typical volumes are 10, 25, and 50 mL. a burette in aliquots of varying size.
Volumetric pipettes are commonly used to make Burettes may be designated for use at a
laboratory solutions from a base stock as well as particular temperature. If used at another
prepare solutions for titration. temperature they should be subject to
calibration.
3
9/26/2016
A retort stand, sometimes called a ring stand, is A buret clamp is chemical or biological
Retort Stand a piece of scientific equipment, to which clamps
Burette Clamp laboratory equipment.
can be attached to hold test tubes and other
equipment such as burettes which are most It is used for firmly holding test-tubes, burettes
often used in titration experiments. and other glassware in place when performing
experiments such as titration.
It is also used in filtering, and extraction.
There are usually of two types, a single buret
The stands are usually made of a chemically clamp and a double buret clamp.
impervious metal and may be covered with
aluminium foil to further protect the base, on
which may sit a hot plate, magnetic stirrer,
heating mantle, or some other apparatus.
An iron ring, sometimes called an iron support A test tube, also known as a culture tube or
Iron ring and ring, is used in chemistry labs to stabilize flasks
Test tubes and sample tube, is a common piece of laboratory
clamp mounted to a ring stand. Test tube rack glassware consisting of a finger-like length of
glass or clear plastic tubing, open at the top,
Some iron rings include a clamp, while others usually with a rounded U-shaped bottom.
require a utility clamp to attach to a ring stand.
Test tubes are available in a multitude of lengths
A test tube clamp is used for holding a test tube and widths, typically from 10 to 20 mm wide
and 50 to 200 mm long.
4
9/26/2016
The substance to be ground is placed in the While crucibles historically were usually
mortar and ground, crushed or mixed with made from clay, they can be made from any
the pestle. material that withstands temperatures high
enough to melt or otherwise alter its
contents.
Evaporating Dish An evaporating dish is a piece of laboratory
glassware used for the evaporation of Crucibles are use for calcination.
solutions and supernatant liquids, and
sometimes to their melting point. The calcination process involves heating a
substance in a crucible or over an open flame
Most are made of porcelain or borosilicate until it is reduced to ashes.
glass.
5
9/26/2016
Pipeclay triangle Wire Gauze There are two types of wire gauze used in
A pipeclay triangle (or ceramic triangle) is a chemistry: a normally woven wire gauze, and
piece of laboratory apparatus that is used to one with a white circle imprinted on it.
support items being heated by a Bunsen
burner or other heat source. The latter has a ceramic composite intended to
aid in the dispersal in heat.
It is made of wires strung in an equilateral
triangle on which are strung hollow catlinite or The normal set-up is a ring stand which a
ceramic tubes. support ring attached to it. The wire gauze is
centered on the ring stand as to allow the open
The triangle is usually supported on a tripod or flame to be in contact with it to a certain
iron ring. extent, depending on the desired heat.
Unlike wire gauze, which primarily supports In the context of laboratory experimentation,
glassware such as beakers, flasks, or the combination of the wire gauze plus the
evaporating dishes and provides indirect heat added ceramic composite greatly aids in the
transfer to the glassware, the pipeclay triangle even dispersal of heat.
normally supports a crucible and allows the
flame to heat the crucible directly.
Laboratory Tripod Laboratory tripod is a three-legged equipment, Watch Glass A watch glass is a circular, slightly convex-
generally used as a platform of some sort. concave piece of glass used in chemistry as a
surface to evaporate a liquid, to hold solids
The word is derived from Greek word tripous, while being weighed, or as a cover for a beaker.
meaning "three feet".
The latter use is generally applied to prevent
A tripod stand has three legs and is widely dust or other particles entering the beaker; the
used in laboratories to conduct various watch glass does not completely seal the
experiments. beaker, and so gas exchanges still occur.
This lab equipment is used to support and hold When used as an evaporation surface, a watch
various flasks, beakers and other glass ware glass allows closer observation of precipitates
when not in use and also during experiments. or crystallisation, and can be placed on a
surface of contrasting colour to improve the
The stands are specially constructed using light visibility overall.
metals for light weight and ease of carrying.
6
9/26/2016
Tongs and Test Tongs are used for gripping and lifting tools, of Ground glass joint
which there are many forms adapted to their Ground glass joints are used in laboratories to
Tube Holder specific use. quickly and easily fit leak-tight apparatus
together from commonly available parts.
Funnel A funnel is a pipe with a wide mouth, good for Seperatory Funnel A separatory funnel, also known as separation
feeding, often conical mouth and a narrow funnel, separating funnel, or colloquially sep
stem. funnel, is a piece of laboratory glassware used
in liquid-liquid extractions to separate
Laboratory funnels are funnels that have been (partition) the components of a mixture into
made for use in the chemical laboratory. two immiscible solvent phases of different
densities.
There are many different kinds of funnels that
have been adapted for these specialized Typically, one of the phases will be aqueous,
applications. and the other a non-polar lipophilic organic
solvent such as ether, MTBE, dichloromethane,
Filter funnels, thistle funnels (shaped like chloroform, or ethyl acetate.
thistle flowers), and have stopcocks which
allow the fluids to be added to a flask slowly.
7
9/26/2016
A spatula is a small implement with a broad, Forceps are used when fingers are too large to
flat, flexible blade used to mix, spread and lift grasp small objects or when many objects need
materials. to be held at one time while the hands are
used to perform a task.
Spatula is used for weighing chemicals.
8
9/26/2016
Condenser Desiccator
Desiccators are sealable enclosures containing desiccants used for
preserving moisture-sensitive items such as cobalt chloride paper for
another use.
9
9/26/2016
On top of the funnel-shaped part there is a Filter paper comes in various porosities and
cylinder with a perforated plate separating it grades depending on the applications it is
from the funnel. meant for. The important parameters are wet
strength, porosity, particle retention, flow
rate, compatibility, efficiency and capacity.
10
Experiment 3:
Identifying An Unknown Liquid From Its Density
Purpose
✓ The purpose of this experiment is identifying an unknown liquid from its density and to
calculate metal its density.
Theory
✓ Density is mass of a unit volume of the material subtance. We use d=m/v formula to
calculate the density of material subtance. The letters we use this formula correspond to
the following terms we write below:
• m = Mass
• v= Volume
• d = Density
✓ Density is commonly expressed in units of grams per cubic centimetre. Density can also
be expressed as kilograms per cubic metre (in MKS or SI units). Incidently a concept
related to density is the specific gravity (or, even more appropriate, relative density) of a
material, which is the ratio of the material's density to the density of water. An object with
a specific gravity less than one will float in water, while a specific gravity greater than one
means it will sink. It is this principle that allows, for example, a balloon filled with hot air
to float in relation to the rest of the air. And archetpally, ships can float in water due to
density. The density of the air inside of the ship is low because of that the average density
of the ship is less than water and it can float.
Density=Mass/Volume
Pre-Lab Questions
1) What is the definition of density?
The distribution of a quantity (such as mass, electricity, or energy) per unit usually of space (such as
length, area, or volume) and the average number of individuals or units per space unit.
2) Convert the equation to represent volume.
V=m/d
Equipment List
✓ 250 mL erlenmeyer flasks
✓ 250 mL beakers
✓ 10 mL pipette
✓ Compound A1
✓ Compound A2
✓ Scale
Procedure
http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/108
1) These are our equipments.
2) We put beakers (250 mL) on the scale and we calculate their masses.
5) We put 10 mL liquid from compound A-1 to first beaker and we calculate its mass.
6) We put 10 mL liquid compound A-2 to other beaker and we calculate its mass.
7) We divide the masses of the compounds by their volumes to calculate their density.
Virtual Lab: Metals Density Problem
In this section we try to find the what is our metal materials by finding the density of these
materials. Firstly we write a value of mass by randomly. After that we found how many
milliliters is that value of mass which we wrote. When we calculate the volume of the materials
we use burette because burette is more sensitive then graduated cylindir. Thanks to mass and
volume we can calculate the density of metal. every material have different densities viz the
density of the each material is unique. In this way, from the density values we found thanks to
mass and volume, we understood which metal our materials are.
Metal 1
Metal 2
Metal 3
Post-Lab Questions
1) A liquid has a mass of 3.5 g and a volume of 8.5 mL. What is the density of the liquid?
2) In the previous problem, the student was given the mass of a liquid. Describe how you
would find the mass of a liquid.
Homework
References
✓ http://resource2.rockyview.ab.ca/science9/D2L_content/Sci.9%20Units/Unit2Chemistry/
science928.htm
✓ http://chemcollective.org/activities/vlab/69
✓ https://sciencing.com/find-mass-liquid-4479115.html
✓ http://chemcollective.org/activities/autograded/108
✓ https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/density
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
4) EXPERIMENT PHOTOS
6) HOMEWORK
Introduction
In lecture you have learned to read chemical equations and evaluate the mol to mol ratios of
reactants and products involved in a chemical reaction. In laboratory experiments it is difficult
to measure out chemicals in the exact ratio necessary for the chemical reaction. For time and
speed reasons, the reaction mixtures in lab will usually have a limiting and an excess reactant.
Limiting reagent (also called limiting reactant) problems use stoichiometry to determine the
theoretical yield for a chemical reaction. The limiting reactant will be completely consumed
in the reaction and limits the amount of product you can make. The limiting reactant also
determines the amount of product you can make (the theoretical yield). The reactant that is
left over after the reaction is complete is called the excess reactant.
Percent Yield: It is often important to calculate the percent yield of a reaction. If everything
goes according to plan, you will get exactly 100 percent of the theoretical yield produced in
your reaction. However, laboratory errors will often affect this number. Spills, calculation
errors, not drying a product and many other errors affect the mass of product obtained. Here
the amount of product actually produced in the laboratory experiment is compared to the
amount of product that should have been made theoretically. Percent yield is given by the
equation:
• Convert from mol of reactant to mol of product using the coefficients in the balanced
equation (mol to mol ratio).
• Convert from mol of product to mol of reactant using the molar mass.
Materials
Student tray containing the following:
• 2-250 mL beaker
• 1-tongs
• 1 stir rod
• 1 spatula
• 1 container of Al
• 1 DI water bottle
• Weigh boats
• Tweezers
• Student balance
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/chemistry1labs/chapter/lab-5-
worksheet/
Experimental Procedure and Data
1. Label a 250 mL beaker as “A.” Weigh beaker and record your measurement in the
data section.
2. Using an analytical balance and disposable weigh boats, weigh approximately 0.50 g
CuCl2 ∙ 2 H2O and 0.25 g Aluminum foil. Record the exact weight in the table below.
3. Place the Al and CuCl2 ∙ 2 H2O into beaker “A”. Make sure that the aluminum foil is
unfolded so that it will completely react.
5. Using a balance and a new disposable weigh boat, weigh out 0.70 g of CuCl2 ∙ 2 H2O
and 0.05 g of aluminum.
6. Place the Al and CuCl2 ∙ 2 H2O into beaker “B”. Again, make sure that the aluminum
foil is unfolded so that it will completely react.
7. Look at the contents of each beaker. Record the color of substances and any other
observations (odor (waft), bubbling, heat formation, etc.) that are visible at the
beginning of the reaction in the data table. Which reactant do you THINK is in excess
in each beaker? WHY???? Record this in your data section.
8. Using a graduated cylinder, measure 50.0 ml of distilled water and add to each beaker.
When water is added to the beakers, the CuCl2 •2 H2O will dissolve and the reaction
will proceed.
9. Stir the substances in the beakers occasionally with the stirring rod. The reaction
should take about 30 minutes to complete.
10. Record any color changes or any other observations as the reaction proceeds in the
data table.
11. As the reaction proceeds, record your observations (color changes, bubbling, etc) in
the data table. When the reaction has finished, evaluate the beaker: which reactant do
you THINK (based on your observations) is in excess in each beaker? WHY????
12. When the reaction is complete and you no longer notice bubbles forming, if there is
excess aluminum foil still observed in the beakers, add 6 M HCl in 1 mL portions
under the hood until the foil is completely reacted and no longer visible (but do not
add more than 5 mL). Stir to dissolve.
13. Allow the solid Cu to settle in both beakers. Decant (pour off the liquid) the solution
from the beakers into a waste container. Be careful not to lose any of the copper.
14. Wash the copper solid with 15 mL of deionized water. Let solid settle. Decant (be
careful to pour as much water off as possible without losing any of the copper solid).
Repeat once more.
15. Wash the copper solid with 10 mL of methanol. Let solid settle. Decant.
16. Under the hood, heat the beakers on a hot plate at a low setting until dry. Avoid
heating at high temperatures for longer periods of time which may cause the unwanted
oxidation of the copper product.
17. When the product appears dry, carefully place the beaker on wire gauze or paper
towels (do NOT place directly on the counter as the glassware could shatter).
18. After cooling, weigh the beaker and its contents. Record this in your data section.
Experimental Data nad Results
Experiment 6: Solubility
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ