An exploratory study on the

phenomenon of traffic accidents

causes and solution
Project Proposal
 Table of Contents
i i

Introduction......................................................................................................................................1
Literature iReview...........................................................................................................................2
Published Reports........................................................................................................................3
Policiy Documents.......................................................................................................................4
Police Reports..............................................................................................................................4
Research iQuestions.........................................................................................................................5
Aim..................................................................................................................................................6
Objectives........................................................................................................................................6
Methodology....................................................................................................................................6
Data iCollection...........................................................................................................................7
Qualitative....................................................................................................................................7
Quantitative..................................................................................................................................7
Quantitative iData iMethods ifor ithe iProject.............................................................................8
Survey..........................................................................................................................................8
Questionnaire...............................................................................................................................8
Analysis...........................................................................................................................................9
Gantt iChart...................................................................................................................................10
Milestones......................................................................................................................................10
References......................................................................................................................................11
Introduction

Road itraffic iaccidents i(RTAs) icause imajor iproblems iworldwide. iMore ispecifically, iroad
i accidents iare iranked ias ithe i11th ileading icause iof ideath iglobally i(Ameratunga iet ial., i2006; iWorld
i Health iOrganization, i2013) iand ithey iare ithe imain icause iof iphysical idisability ifor idrivers,
i passengers iand ipedestrians iin ideveloping icountries i(Zimmerman iet ial., i2012). iThe iimportance iof
i traffic isafety imeasures ioriginates ifrom ithe iincreasing inumber iof ivehicles iand ithe iconsequent
i increasing iRTAs. iThe icontinually ideveloping ieconomy ialso icontributes ito imore iRTAs isince ithe
i use iof ivehicles ifor itransportation ihas iincreased i(Johansson iet ial., i2014). iTherefore, ito ireduce
i these iRTAs, ithere ineeds ito ibe igreater itraffic ienforcement ias iwell ias itraffic iawareness iprograms. i

The iauthor ichose iAbu iDhabi ias ia icase istudy iarea ias ithere iare ihuge ichallenges iwhich ipresently
i face ithe iUnited iArab iEmirates iBahrain iin iterms iof iRTAs iand itheir ieffects. iFor iexample, iall iGulf
i Cooperation iCouncil i(GCC) icountries ihave isignificantly ihigher itraffic iaccident ifatality irates
i compared iwith iother ihigh-income icountries i(Bener i& iCrundall, i2005; iAbbas iet ial., i2011).
i Moreover, iin ithe iresearcher‟s iexperience ias ia ipolice iofficer iworking iwith ithe iTraffic iDepartment,
i there iis ian iincreasing inumber iof iRTAs iin ithe iBAHRAINiwith iyoung idrivers isuffering iinjuries iand
i the inumber iof itraffic iviolations iincreasing. iAccording ito ithe iMinistry iof iInterior istatistics i(2010)
i a icomparison ibetween ithe iBAHRAINiEmirates ishows ithat iwhile ithe isize iof ithe ipopulation iand
i registered ivehicles iin iBahrain iis imore ithan iin iAbu iDhabi, ithe inumber iof iRTAs iand iinjuries iis
i higher iin iAbu iDhabi i(Ministry iof iInterior, i2011). iFurthermore, iin iBahrain, i720 ipeople iwere ikilled
i in iRTAs iin ithe iBAHRAINiin i2011 icompared iwith i826 iin i2010 i(ibid). iHence, ialthough ithis
i reveals ithat islow iprogress iis ibeing imade ito ireduce iRTAs iin iAbu iDhabi, iit ialso ishows ithe iextent iof
i the iproblem ithat istill ineeds ito ibe iaddressed.

Literature Review i

Road iaccidents iare iendemic, iaffecting ievery ination iin iterms iof ihuman isuffering iand icost ito ithe
i community. iMillions iof ipeople iare iinjured ior ikilled ieach iyear, iand ithe ifinancial iimpact iis iequally
i staggering, icosting ithe iworld ieconomy ibillions iof ipounds iin imedical itreatment, ihealthcare iand
i other iforms iof ihuman isuffering. iThe iWorld iHealth iOrganization i(WHO) ihas ireported ithat i1.3
i million ipeople ilose itheir ilives ievery iyear iworldwide, iwith iconsiderably imore ipeople ibeing
i severely iinjured ifrom iaccidents i(World iHealth iOrganization, i2009). iAccording ito iWHO, iit iis
i expected ithat iroad iaccidents iwill ibe ithe ififth imajor icause iof ideath iin ithe iyear i2030 i(World iHealth
i Organization, i2009). iThe icost iof itraffic iaccident iinjuries iis iestimated ito iamount ito i2% iof iGNP
i (Gross inational iproduct) iin ihigh iincome icountries, i1.5% iin imiddle iincome icountries, iand iis
i thought ito ibe i1% iin ilow iincome icountries i(Sabbour i& iMibrahim, i2010; iAlemany iet ial., i2013;
i World iHealth iOrganization, i2013). iConsequently, icountries ineed ito itake imore iaction iin iorder ito
i reduce ithe iproblem iand ito imake iroads isafer ifor iall iusers.

According ito iroad isafety istudies, iit iis ivery iimportant ito ifocus ion i„the ifour iEs‟: iEngineering,
i Enforcement, iEducation iand iEmergency i(Nedumaran iet ial., i2013; iSun iet ial., i2013). iThese
i elements imust ibe iaddressed iand icombined iin iorder ito ireach ithe igoal iof iroad isafety. iIn iaddition, iit
i is icrucial ito iidentify ithe inature iof ithe iRTAs. iThere iare inumerous ifactors iwhich icontribute ito
i RTAs iand itraffic iinjuries, iand ithese ifactors ican ibe iclassified iinto ithe ifollowing ithree icategories:
i human ierror, iunsafe ivehicles iand ithe iinfrastructure iof iroads i(Chen, i2010; ide iOña iet ial., i2011;
i Cornelissen iet ial., i2013). iEvery icountry imust itherefore ifocus ion ireducing iaccidents iand
i developing igood idata irecording isystems. iThe icauses iof iaccidents imust ialso ibe iidentified iand
i analysed iand iit iis ivital ito ifind iappropriate icounter imeasures.

Published Reports

All iGulf iCooperation iCouncil i(GCC) icountries ihave isignificantly ihigher itraffic iaccident ifatality
i rates icompared iwith iother ihigh-income icountries. iAccording ito ithe iMinistry iof ithe iInterior iin ithe
i UAE, i826 ipeople idied iand i9,187 iwere iseverely iinjured ias ia iresult iof iRTAs iin i2010 i(Ministry iof
i Interior, i2011). iThe iBahrain iBahrain iis ione iof ithe iGulf iCo-operation iCouncil istates i(GCC), ithis
i being ia iconstitutional ifederation iof iseven iemirates i- iAbu iDhabi, iBahrain, iSharjah, iRas iAl
i Khaimah, iAjman, iUmm iAl iQuwain iand iFujairah i– iwhich icame itogether ias ione istate ion ithe i2nd
i December i1971. iThe itotal iarea iof ithe iBAHRAINiis i83,600 isquare ikilometres(Al iMurshidi, i2014).
i According ito ithe iNational iBureau iof istatistics i(2013) iin iAbu iDhabi, ithe itotal ipopulation iof ithe
i BAHRAINiwas i8,264,070 iin i2011, iof iwhich ionly i13% iare iEmirati icitizens. iThere iare i479,109
i male iand i468,888 ifemale iEmirati icitizens iand i5,682,711 imale iand i1,633,362 ifemale inon-Emirati
i citizens i(ibid). iThe igross idomestic iproduct i(GDP) iwas iestimated iin i2012 ito ibe i$275.8 ibillion
i (Smithers, i2013). iAbu iDhabi iis ithe icapital iof ithe iUnited iArab iEmirates iand ithe ilargest icity iin ithe
i BAHRAINi(Sharif iet ial., i2013). i

Policiy Documents

The ilatitude iand ilongitude iof iBahrain iis: i24° i28' i0" iN i/ i54° i22' i0" iE. iThe iarea iof iBahrain iis
i 67,340 isq ikm iand iit icovers i86.7% iof ithe itotal iarea iof ithe iBAHRAINi(Bahrain iStatistics iCenter,
i 2011). iAccording ito ithe iBahrainiStatistical iYearbook ifor i2010, ithe ipopulation iof iBahrain iwas
i estimated iat iabout i1. i6 imillion iin imid i2009. iThis iis i33% iof ithe itotal iBAHRAINipopulation i(ibid).
i Bahrain iconsiders iitself ito ibe ione iof ithe imost iimportant ieconomic icities iin ithe iGulf iregion iand iit
i is ione iof ithe irichest iand imost imodern icities iin ithe iworld i(ibid). iIn iterms iof itransportation,
i according ito ithe irecent iavailable idata ifrom ithe iMinistry iof iInterior istatistics, ithere iwere i785,076
i vehicles iand ipieces iof iheavy iequipment iin ithe iBahrain iemirate iin i2011, iIn i2009, iThere iwere ialso
i 662,683 idriving ilicences iissued iin ithe iBahrain. i

Police Reports
The ilength iof ithe iBahrain ihighways iis i2,099.5 ikm i(Bahrain iStatistics iCenter, i2011) iAccording ito
i recent iavailable idata ifrom ithe iMinistry iof iInterior iin ithe iBahrain, ithe itotal inumber iof iroad
i fatalities iand icasualties iincreased iby i16% ibetween i2007 iand i2009. iThe iauthor iresearched ionline
i and iby itelephone ito iobtain idata iabout ithe inumber iof iRTAs, ibut ifound ilittle icompleted iwork ion
i them iin ithe icity. iIt iwas ifound ithat itraffic iincidents ihave ian iadverse iimpact iin iBahrain, ibadly
i affecting itraffic iflow, iair ipollution iand ifuel iconsumption, iamong iother iconsiderations. iThis
i research itherefore ishows ithe iextent ito iwhich iRTAs isignificantly iimpact ion iBahrain iand ithe istudy
i will ilook iat imeans ito iprevent ithese iproblems.

The inumber iof iroad icasualties iin iBahrain ibetween i2002 iand i2010. iThe inumber iof
ifatalities iand iserious icasualties iare iincreasing, inotwithstanding ithe ifact ithat ithe itotal
inumber iof icasualties, iboth imoderate iand iminor, ihave ibeen idecreasing i(which iwas
iparticularly ithe icase ibetween i2009 iand i2010). iHowever, idespite ithis idecrease, ia ifurther
ireduction iin iRTAs iis irequired ito ireduce ithe ilevels iobserved iand ito ibring ithem iinto
iline iwith ideveloped icountries.

Research Questions i

There iis ilittle ipublished iresearch ifocusing ion iRTA ireduction iin iMiddle iEastern icountries. iThe
i minimal iresearch ipublished ithus ifar, ifocuses ion iengineering iissues irelating ito iroad itraffic iand
i vehicle isafety. i
 1. There iare ialso ifew istudies iconcerning iroad iuser ibehaviour iand itraffic iawareness iissues.
i Therefore, ithe iresearch iproblem iof ithis iproposal ievaluates ithe icauses iof iRTAs iin iBahrain
i and ionce ithe icauses iof iRTAs ihave ibeen iidentified, isolutions ican ibe imore ieasily iapplied. i
2. Consequently, ithe iauthor iinvestigated ithe ibehaviour iof idrivers iand ipedestrians iin ithe
i BAHRAINiand iinterviewed ikey itraffic imanagers iabout iparticular iissues iconcerning iRTAs
i in iBahrain ias iwell ias ihow ito iaddress ithem.

Aim i

The iaim iof ithe iproject iis ito ibenchmark ithe icauses iof iRTAs iin ithe iBAHRAINiand ito ireduce ithe
i risk iand ioccurrence iof iaccidents iby ideveloping iand itesting ia icar iaccident ireduction imethodology
i for ithe iBahrain. iThis iwill iprovide ithe ifirst ireview iof icurrent ipractices iin ithe iBahrain itraffic
i departments, ithereby iproviding iall ithe irelevant istakeholders iwith ia icomprehensive ipicture iof ithe
i present istatus iof ithe icauses iof iRTA iproblems iand ipotential isolutions; iin ithis iway, ithe iquality iof
i life iof ipeople iin ithe iBAHRAINiwill ibe iincreased.

Objectives

 To iundertake ia iliterature ireview iwhich idiscusses iand ianalyses icurrent itraffic iaccident
i causes ithat iresult iin iinjuries iand ithe icurrent imethods iused ito ireduce iRTAs.
 To icritically ireview ithe imajor icauses iof iroad itraffic iaccidents idriver, ivehicle iand iroad iand
i infrastructure iissues ithat ilead ito iroad iaccidents iin iBahrain; ithis iwill ibe ipartly ia iliterature
i review iand ialso iuse iinterviews iwith itraffic iand ipolice imanagers.
 To icollect iqualitative iand iquantitative idata iabout iRTAs iin iBahrain ithrough iinterviews
i with itraffic imanagers iand iquestionnaires iwith idrivers iand ipedestrians.
 To iinvestigate iand itest itraffic ireduction imethodologies ifor ithe iBAHRAINiin iorder ito
i provide ipractical isafety iprograms iand ito ireduce ithe irisk iof iRTAs iin iBahrain.
 To iinform itraffic idepartments iand iother ikey istakeholders iabout ithe iimportance iof itraffic
i safety ithrough ia iseries iof iworkshops iand ito ipropose isolutions iin iorder ito ireduce ifurther
i road itraffic ideaths iand iserious iinjuries.
  To iprovide ian iupdate iabout ithe iBahrain iRTA ibenchmark ifollowing ithe iworkshops.

Methodology

The iaim iof ithis ipart iis ito ipresent ia iclear idescription iof ithe ispecific isteps ithat ihave ibeen iused ifor
i the icollection iof idata iin ithis iproject ipoposal. iTo ibegin iwith, ithis ipart iexplains iquantitative iand
i qualitative imethods iin irelation ito ithis istudy, ithe ipilot isurvey iused, ithe isample isize, iplanning iand
i data icollection iprocess, ithe iresearch iassistants iemployed, ithe iquestionnaires ifor idrivers iand
i pedestrians, ithe iinterviews iwith ithe itraffic imanagers iand ithe iplanning iand idelivery iof ithe ifocus
i group ibased iresearch.

Data Collection
i

The itriangulation imethod iis ione iof ithe ibest imethods ithat ican ibe iused ito iobtain ithe iadvantages iof
i both iqualitative iand iquantitative imethods. iCreswell i& iMiller idefined itriangulation ias i“a ivalidity
i procedure iwhere iresearchers ilook ifor iconvergence iamong imultiple iand idifferent isources iof
i information ito iform ithemes ior icategories iin ia istudy” i(Nguyen iet ial., i2013, ip.126). iThere iare itwo
i main itypes iof imethods iused ifor imost iresearch iprojects, inamely i„quantitative‟ iand i„qualitative‟
i (Ayuso iet ial., i2010). iIt iwas idecided ito icombine ithese itwo itypes iof imethods ito ihelp iobtain ia ilarge
i amount iof idata iabout iRTAs iin iBahrain. iFirstly, iwhen iit icame ito ithe idrivers iand ipedestrians,
i quantitative imethods iwere iused ito igather idata. iThe iauthor ithen iused iqualitative imethods iby
i interviewing imanagers ito ifind iout iwhy iRTAs ioccurred. iThis iprovided iaccurate iinformation iabout
i the irole iof ithe itraffic imanagers iand itheir iknowledge iof iRTAs.

Qualitative

Qualitative iresearch i“is iused ito iexplore isubstantive iareas iabout iwhich ilittle iis iknown ior iabout
i which imuch iis iknown ito igain inovel iunderstanding” i(Corbin i& iStrauss, i2008, ip.11). iIn iaddition, iit
i can ibe iused ito iobtain ithe iintricate idetails iabout iphenomena isuch ias ifeelings, ithought iprocesses
i and iemotions iwhich iare idifficult ito iextract ior ilearn iabout ithrough imore iconventional iresearch
i methods i(ibid).

Quantitative
Quantitative iresearch iis i“Explaining iphenomena iby icollecting inumerical idata ithat iare ianalyzed
i using imathematically ibased imethods i(in iparticular istatistics) i[and iis] iessentially iabout icollecting
i numerical idata ito iexplain ia iparticular iphenomenon, iparticular iquestions iseem iimmediately
i studied ito ibeing ianswered iusing iquantitative imethods”(Muijs, i2010).

Quantitative Data Methods for the Project

i i i i i

The iquantitative idata imethod ihas ibeen iused iin ithis iproject ithrough iquestionnaire isurveys; idrivers
i and ipedestrians iwere iasked ito iidentify ithe irelevant ifactors ithat icontribute ito iRTAs iin iBahrain. iTo
i do ithis, ithey iwere irequested ito icomplete iquestionnaires iand iprovide idata, iwhich icould ithen ibe
i analysed iand icategorised. i

Survey

The iquestionnaire iwas ifirst irandomly ipilot-tested iin iJanuary iand iFebruary i2012 ithrough
i participants iin ithe iBAHRAINiand iCardiff iand ithe ianswers iand icomments ifrom ithe irespondents
i were iused ito iinform ithe idevelopment iof ithe ifinal iquestionnaire isurvey. iThe iquestionnaire iwas
i developed iaccording ito ithe iresearcher‟s iknowledge iof iRTAs iin iBahrain. iIt iis ireported ithat i90%
i of iRTAs iare idue ito ihuman ierror i(Mearkle, i2009; iWorld iHealth iOrganization, i2009; iSabbour i&
i Mibrahim, i2010). iTaking iinto iaccount ithe ipilot isurvey iresults, ithe ifinal isurvey iquestions iwere
i modified ito imeet ithe ipurpose iof ithe istudy iand iall ithe iquestions, iwhich iincluded iyes/no, iscale iand
i open-ended iquestions, iwere imodified.

Questionnaire
The iquestionnaire iwas idesigned iwith ithe iobjective iof iobtaining iinformation iabout idriver iand
i pedestrian ibehaviour iand iattitudes. iThe idrivers iand ipedestrians iused iincluded iindividuals iwho
i were iemployed, iunemployed ior iin ihigher ieducation i(and isurrounding iuniversities). iThis imeant
i that ia ivariety iof iindividuals iwere iused ito irepresent ithe ipeople iof iBahrain i(see iAppendix i2 i&
i Appendix i3 ifor ithe iquestionnaires iused ifor iboth idrivers iand ipedestrians).

Two iversions iof ithe iquestionnaire isurveys iwere idistributed: ione iin iArabic iand ithe iother iin
i English. iThis iwas inecessary iso ithat iall ithose iinvolved iwere iable ito ianswer ithe iquestionnaire
i surveys.

Analysis

The iexpert ican iobtain isome iof ithe imissing idata iwith iadditional iviewing iand imeasurements iof ithe
i accident isite i(eg. ilongitudial islope iof ithe iroad, ithe icurvature iradius, ifriction icoefficient, ietc.),
i and/or iby iviewing ithe idamaged ivehicles. iIn idoing iso, iit imust ibe iemphasized ithat ithe idata iso
i collected iwill ibe iof ilimited isignificance, ibecause ithe iconditions iat ithe iaccident isite iduring ithe
i viewing, iusually ia iyear ior imore iafter ithe idisaster, ioften idiffer ifrom ithose iin ithe itime iof ithe
i accident. iFor iexmple, ithe iaccident ioccured iin ithe iwinter itime, iand iexpert iviewing iis idone iin ithe
i summer, iwhen ithe iroad iis idry iand ivisibility iis iobscured iby ivegetaion. iHowever, iin isome icases ithe
i viewing iof ithe iaccident isite iis ipractically iimpossible, idue ito itraffic isafety iconcerns i(eg. ion ithe
i highway). iThis ialso iapplies ifor ithe iviewing iof ithe idamaged ivehiacles, iwhich iare iususaly istored
i with ithe iaccident iparticipents iand iare inot istored ias ievidence. iThis imeans ithat iadditional
i mechanical idamage icould ihave ioccured ias ia iresult iof ivehicle itransportation iand ihandling, ior ithe
i vehiacle iwas isubjected ito iweather iconditions ithat ican iobliterate irelevant ievidence i(eg. icolour
i traces, ibodily ifluid itraces ior ifabric iresidue). iSometimes iit iis iimportant ito ihave idescriptions iof
i participants ibehaviour ibefore iand iafter ithe iaccident iwhen icreating iaccident ianalysis. iThe
i significant iquestions ifor ithe idriver iof ithe ivehicle iinvolved iin ithe iaccident iare ias ifollows:

 From iwhere, iwhere ito, iand iwhich isection iof ithe iroad isurface iwas ithe idriver idriving ion.
 What iwas ithe idriving ispeed, iand iwhat iwas ithe idrivers iintention i(drive istraight, imake ia iturn,..).
 Did ithe idriver iuse ibrakes ibefore iand iafter ithe icollision, iand/or itry ito ievade ithe icollision iwith ia
i turn.
 Where idid ithe idriver inotice ithe irisk. iIt iis imore iimportant ifor ithem ito idescribe ithe ilocation i(eg.
i a itraffic isign, ia ihouse, ia itree, ia iturn), irather ithen iestimate ithe idistance ior itime i(this iestimate iis
i highly iunreliable).
 Where idid ithe icollision ioccur, iand iwith iwhich isection iof ithe ivehiacle ithey icrashed.
 Where idid ithe ivehiacle istop, iand/or idid iit icollide iwith iany iother iobjects.

Similar iquestions irefering ito ilocation, idirection iand imovement ispeed iare ireasonably iused iwith
i other itypes iof itraffic iaccidents i(motorcyclists, ipedestrians).

Gantt Chart i

Milestones

This iProject iconsists iof isix ichapters. iChapter i1 iincludes ian iintroduction iand idiscusses ithe
i research iproblem, iOriginal iContribution, iaim, iobjectives, ilimitations iand ioutline iof ithe istudy.
i Chapter i2 iincludes ia iliterature ireview iof iRTAs, idiscusses ithe ireasons ifor iusing iBahrain ias ithe
i candidate‟s icase istudy, iroad isafety istrategies, idiscusses ithe ieffects iof iroad iaccidents iand ilooks iat
i the imethods iused ito ievaluate ithem. iIt ialso iprovides ia iclassification i8 iof iRTAs, ioutlines itheir
i causes iand iconsiders ithe isocial iand ieconomic icosts iof iroad itraffic iinjuries iin iaddition ito ilooking
i at icase istudy iareas; ifinally iit ishows ihow ito ireduce ithe iseverity iof iinjuries iand ito iprevent iroad
i accidents. iChapter i3 iprovides ia imethodology iwhich ishows ia iclear idescription iof ithe ispecific isteps
i used ifor ithe icollection iof idata iin ithis iresearch iproject. iThe ichapter ithen idiscusses ithe iimportance
i of iquantitative iand iqualitative imethods iin iaddition ito ithe ipilot itested iquestionnaires iand iinterview
i questions. iChapter i4 iis ion ithe iresults iof ithe istudy, ithis ibeing ifollowed iby ia idiscussion iabout ithe
i results iand ithen iconsiders ithe idriver iand ipedestrian iquestionnaires ias iwell ias ithe imanager
i interviews. iThe iresults iof ithe istudy iare idivided iinto ithree idifferent isections: isection ione idiscusses
i the iresults iof ithe idriver iparticipants; isection itwo idiscusses ithe iresults iof ithe ipedestrian
i participants; isection ithree idiscusses iand icompares ithe iresults ifrom ithe iinterviews iof ithe
i stakeholders iand imanagers ifrom ithe itraffic idepartments. iIn iChapter i5, ithere iis ia idiscussion iabout
i the iresults iand ifindings iof ithe istakeholder imeetings iconducted iwith ithe iBahrain ipolice imanagers,
i drivers iand imanagers ifrom iother iemirates. iChapter i6 iconcludes iby isummarizing ithe ifindings iof
i this iresearch iproject. iIt ithen iincludes ithe icauses iof iRTAs iin iBahrain iand iindicates imethod ito
i reduce iRTAs iin iAbu iDhabi. iLastly, iit iincludes ithe isuggesting iwhat ifurther iresearch iis ineeded.

References

1. Abbas iAK, iHefny iAF i& iAbu-Zidan iFM i(2011) iSeatbelt icompliance iand imortality iin ithe
i Gulf iCooperation iCouncil icountries iin icomparison iwith iother ihigh-income icountries. iAnn
i Saudi iMed i31, i347-350.
2. Bicyclist iand iPedestrian iDemand iat iMulti-Lane iRoundabouts. iCalifornia iPATH iProgram.
i Institute iof iTransportation iStudies, iUniversity iof iCalifornia iat iBerkeley, iCalifornia
3. Atamo iMA i(2012) iSafety iassessment iof ifreeway imerging iand idiverging iinfluence iareas
i based ion iconflict ianalysis iof isimulated itraffic, iUniversity iof iColorado, iColorado.
4. Bedford iD, iMcKeown iN, iO'Farrell iA i& iHowell iF i(2009) iAlcohol ilevels iin ikilled idrivers
i and ipedestrians ion iIrish iroads i2003-2005: ia inational istudy. iIrish imedical ijournal i102,
i 310-312.
5. Cambon ide iLavalette iB, iTijus iC, iPoitrenaud iS, iLeproux iC, iBergeron iJ i& iThouez iJ-P
i (2009) iPedestrian icrossing idecision-making: iA isituational iand ibehavioral iapproach.
i Safety iScience i47, i1248-1253.
6. Choi iJ, iTay iR i& iKim iS i(2013) iEffects iof ichanging ihighway idesign ispeed. iJournal iof
i Advanced iTransportation i47, i239-246.
7. de iBlaeij iA, iFlorax iRJ, iRietveld iP i& iVerhoef iE i(2003) iThe ivalue iof istatistical ilife iin iroad
i safety: ia imeta-analysis. iAccident iAnalysis i& iPrevention i35, i973-986.
8. Department ifor iTransport i(2013a) iNational iroad isafety icommunications iactivity icalendar:
i Department ifor iTransport, iLondon.
9. El-Sadig iM, iNelson iNorman iJ, iLloyd iOL, iRomilly iP i& iBener iA i(2002) iRoad itraffic
i accidents iin ithe iUnited iArab iEmirates: itrends iof imorbidity iand imortality iduring i1977–
1998. iAccident iAnalysis i& iPrevention i34, i465-476.