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    11 views11 pages

    Pedestrian Circulation

    Uploaded by

    anil horrison

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 11
    340-3 ‘Table 340-1. COMMON SENSORY STIMULI IN PEDESTRIAN ENVIRONMENTS Sensory category Examples of common simul Tactile Temperature Himaty ‘Wind and breezes Presta Finches and sata Stable ground surfaces Bas, knob, ara hanes Hancratings and ares Telephones, vending and Tanking machines Tetues unde oot Vegetation within each Water Drea facades Food and di Aubiony Nol tai oie cessive race tate Uniergreund ebings Artie Distant shay nie Ete Conversation Pray seb he and ong dors are often encouraged to operate in pedestrian environments Spatial Considerations: The most comfortable human environ- iments ae those characterized by a relative ly strong degree of spatial enclosure. It is important to remain cognizant not only of ‘weak spatial structures in outdoor environ ‘ments but also ofthe differences between transitional space and nodal space Because movement through an environ: ment is a visual-spatial sequential (kines thetic) experience, the “modulation” of transitional space and the “hierarchical ordering” of nodal space ate important design principals. Figures 340-1 and 340-2 illustrate these two principles in general terms. Sensory Stimuli and Related Considerations: Aesthetic aspects of pedestrian cirula- tion refer to the myriad of sensory and intellectual “experiences” enjoyed by Pedestrians when moving through various environments. Designers should remain aware of the many environmental factors that contibute to the enjoyment of aut- door places, providing a richness of exper- ence and a depth of meaning to all who Prteioral and amateur cotter wed Wedite ets, chimes, nd whites Windia fags and fabs ovale fue Vendor stony Heating entation, and coating systems Foot tae om varus pavements Visa Spat peception orm, sale, et) Fermof abject Proporton and sale of abjets Socal acti, Prominent landforms Vegetation Water features Mcetineous matress Sim and shadow Ran snom, fp mst Smoie Senage Stortontadvertnements Window pay Posed te Bitboads ‘may enjoy participation in designed or managed envionment, Table 340-1 isa checklist of vaious sen= sory stimul, some of which are related to pleasant experiences and others which are Lunpleasant, and therefore, are normally avoided or mitigated. Obviously, a checklist ofthis sort cannot be comprehensive, but it does provide a starting point for sensory assessment of exsting or proposed pedes- twian environments Basic information on the pedestrian is use- ful in instances where spatial standards do ‘not exist or where existing spatial standards are inapplicable. Reference can be made to physical characteristics of the human figure itself in order to make rational decisions about required spatial dimensions and other details of a proposed pedestrian env ronment. 2.1 Dimensional Criteria ‘Human Dimensions and Activity: Figure 340-3 illustrates approximate dimensions of human figures.in various activity postions (see Section 210: Spatial Standards, for more data). Spatial requte- Wala fences ‘rest frre an features Gverhad wires and ebles Segetaton wie (Ove characte ofa pace Stes urder construction Src teres clr commpostions Tonal contrasts um change Seauonal change Moonight Nanttsing, lire ar aed iewshed rom inprtant vantage ports cereal ender ‘Overal congruenies otetony eh emissions ‘Odorous smote Fresh Fragrant vegetation Restaurant doorways Sitdor cates iors iter and debs Refuse ares fetal fe iments differ in various regions and between diferent cultures as @ function of accustomed densities of people, heritage, and social and environmental values. Forward Spatial Bubbles: Forward spatial bubbles, as illustrated in Figure 340-4, refer to the extent of unob- structed forward vision held to be psycho logically comfortable for the average pedestrian under various circumstances. As mentioned previously, the spatial require iments for psychological comfort will differ across regions and cultures, This information is useful when calculat- ing the amount of clear space necessary to accommodate expected numbers of people when the intent is to maintain a reasonable degree of psychological comfort Use of a mathematical formula to deter- ‘mine minimum walkway widths requires that a decision be made on an acceptable spatial bubble foreach walkway being con- sidered. Refer to 3.1 in this section for use ofthis formula Time: Saver Standards for Landscape Architecture 340 Pedestrian Circulation 340 Pedestrian Circulation swage, Figure 340-3. Human dimensions in various activity positions. These dimensions are approximate average spa- tial requirements which are used primarily as an aid to professional judgment, rather than as standard criteria, 2.2 Movement Criteria Walking Rates: Table 340-2 shows average walking rates of adult pedestrians. The average walking te of a pedestrian will decrease as pedes trian density on a walkway increases and/or the clear space ahead of the pedes trian becomes less than approximately 4 500 mm (15 fe). Pedestrian walking rates are not significantly affected by grade changes of 6 percent or less, but intrsec: tions, stairways, escalators, and turnstiles will slow down movement. Refer to 3.1 in this section for informa: tion on calculating minimum walkway widths based on pedestrian walking rates ‘Acceptable Walking Distances: Figure 340-5 illustrates the average range of walking distances that people (in the United States) are typically wiling to walk Acceptable distances will vary from these ‘averages depending on the purpose of the trp, cultural diferences, climate cand tions, ete., but these averages give a rough ‘dea ofthe kind of behavior to expect from pedestrians in parking lots, or on trips with In their communities. Pedestrian Density Criteria: Figures 340-6 and 340-7 show pedestrian flow volume, speed, and density for walk: ways and stairways. This information can be used as a visual guide for estimating ‘existing or proposed pedestrian traffic vol- umes and speed, and for determining min= imum walkway widths by use ofthe math- ‘ematical formula given in 3.1 ofthis section 2.3 Visual Criteria Eye Levels and Cone of Vision: The eye level of an average adult in a standing position and a sitting position is illustrated in Figure 340-8. Pedestrians will focus most of their attention at eye level and below during normal perception of their surroundings. ‘The human cone of vision (ie, the fixed eye) is approximately 30 degrees vertically and 60 degrees horizontally, with angles of ‘acute vision somewhat less than this, as isteated in Figure 340-9, Eye levels and cones of vision are espe- aly important in terms of the placement and orientation of pedestrian signage. Visual Perception: ‘Sense of Spatial Enclosure: An external enclosure is most comfortable when its ver- tical planes are one-half to one-third as high as the width ofthe space enclosed. If the ratio falls below one-fourth, the space begins to lack a sense of enclosure (Figure 340-10), Social Communication: For a variety of reasons, the scale and form of a space will Influence pedestrian behavior and the type (of social communication that may occur within that space. Physical distances that boring people into close proximity, or sepa rate them, are important design considera tions. Settings meant to be conducive to active social communication, or those ‘meant to alow a certain degree of privacy, fequite careful thought as to the degree of eye contact possible, and probable, within the scale and layout ofthe setting, It is helpful to possess a general under- standing of the eapabiites and limitations ff normal human vsion in terms of social ‘communication. Several examples are i trated in Figure 340-11 ‘Table 340-2. AVERAGE WALKING RATES OF ADULT PEDESTRIANS we mmvin ‘erage att 7000 dey (75 yo) 6500 unc 00 Staorays ing down) 4560 Stans (ging up) 2% ———— x0 a 2 4 x0 » 2 23 1. Spatial bubbles ae necessary in alelating accommodations for an expected num- ber of people in various situations with the intent of maintaining psychological ‘comfort (Figure 340-4), 2. The average range of walking distances that people (nthe Urited States) are typ- aly wlng to walk between actvites or from parking areas are subject to variation ‘depending on purpose ofthe trp, climactic conditions, or eultural diferences Most ‘people are not wing to walk distances greater than about 220 m (700 f).

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