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v•ƒ& w  )7G6 3Y*L ?- ]6 3Y .V @[ 1m [ AG( L 1m l"6 ”*3& Arguments
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tCQbE 4w L " t?! 8c (" .L" "4w | Ca a 4‡ [ ”( =
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Tbc tC@  Tbc t‘.D Tbc „ [ %7L) a a 37 
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=    :r' ¤ < C9R :7 Qbc b&@/ 
.  !" .5 7  .a a
: q•/ ¯E* " Tz QbE b&@6 :7 L < C9R *?&-
Fh–  S–m *r&–@" V HJ Á tF!9¾ *3« F!9/ \7" VY  ˜*D :#$ Da
(&"• DDE .B :r' | :IE*( EJ$ ?G =- Fà &" $ Z& ) CD&
C–9Y  v \D&@) CŠD&@ FR*&@ *r&@" IE*( EJ$ Ca. :.5 Da
_L ! KŠG B 6" :FD V.[ K tXDY KŠG u• = G4. 2‡ EJ[ ¯E
#6 ,3&.
–.E[ :G–7 \D&@R $ tqI _L 5 < & \D&@R 1&@R CJ L ."Ia
(Ca!
„ [ FR*&@ *r&@" ^•6 Á t37- KY*( EJ$ 0- :55 Da
KY*–( –EJ$ *Bƒ t
„( EJ¬ VQ( ¯E* *Bƒ VY  T&7&@ :" Da
.37-

15
: ; +<-0
". Qbc b&@/" A & V*r&@ tb&@¾ @7 a  KI -1
;V&@® Tbc  < #$ 4‡ "Qbc b&@/ "* * p& ]( -2
. L*D&a ‘5 b&@6 & F$ r' 3' KI -3
;Qbc b&@/ ¹
 CL  -4
;Qbc b&@/ ”*L[ CL  -5
;Qbc b&@/ Š@ CL  -6
;Qbc qb&@/ ).[ CL  -7
;Qbc b&@/ ,- •h(  CL  -8

: 1 = «
: -7G/ ^G Q
g Π& Qbc qb&@R g
kbE ˜*D+AG( 0- -1
˜*–D+i–‡ AG( 0- +V„E* kbE ˜*D+
„( AG( 0- -2
 37 < _*Bƒ + V•/ kbE
 37 < _*Bƒ+kbE ˜*D+_v a+AG( 0- -3
kbE ˜*D+_v a+AG( 0- -4
_v– a + i‡ AG( 0- + V„E* kbE ˜*D+
„( AG( 0- -5
 37 < _*Bƒ + V•/ kbE ˜*D +
 37 < _*Bƒ+kbE ˜*D+AG( 0- -6

: 2 = «
. C@*( "&B = vS [ :r' 
= © |a. = a Y . &w
. F$ :7 < *?&( Qbc b&@/ :r&@ -1
. ‘5 :7 < *?&( Qbc b&@/ :r&@ -2
. "Q - .)7G/ < G[ ?3 [ 
*¤ t&b&@R " G -3

: 3 = «
16
: & AG(" )7G¾ QbE b&@ KI
". f@ DY < ! [ F*" _*E  ./ µ [ „Y$ ="

: 4 = «
: & AG(" )7G¾ QbE b&@ KI
"._*E µ [ F*" f@ DY <  ./ ! [ „Y$ ="

=>, "6,-6
?3@ >AB
!!!!!

D47( kbc :? G kbc [ t „G Ca. [ q•6 
CL bc [ #6 Z"@ 
< .9[
" [*.. Ca a Tbc @[ L FR*&@R [ #6 „ [ .9[ t(*) G kbc t(FR*&@R)
tCa a Tbc < 3&U ‚ ?3( .!( _  j. FR*&@R ).[ =- O *c * L = \*&" Ä
,- *D ?7 < FR*&@R ).[ FE * _L 2L  [ «[ t). ! D&  @
:r7@
_L \76 < @$ 
  \z 2L [ «[ ?B t7 * 4 S < FR*&@R @®
. D4 = ?&" [ YI/ [ *D7" \@ *
. FR*&@ - A  = *"R FR*&@R ).[ =- O *c < )' G
* gJ L S -
tkbE [ 
[ ,?  q*D = !& q = Z . L E4m -
. F?&E [ ƒ4w [ DDE q•6 V&a tEJ[ ,?  b&.
: 
Ä \9 6 D&  @

a. [ .G *G .v5B \4w[ 1I Tbc @ 2L & KD
#6 v9[ [ 8v a& FR*&@R =- O *c ›@ <
[ =! tTbc \4w[ =- a&" O *1 D& 
. FR*&@R = )7 … Z ?  = ƒ4w
& ¯" VY D&7 8 ŸG < :& Ga( 7 q"&B < L*{ ‚ qGa( =
[ = *D& AG( L v a&" wª Ca&! t_v a 
V- *& #6 t AG 0- *" t9
!!! _v a 
AG ,- *& [ tqRR*&@R = _v 
_*E v a& 6 8[ K7D _*E v a&
¤ = ,Q *ŠY R J " V.$ 3E  V-7G6 ?- Z [ ?Š
gy gJr( 3Y6 [ s1m
v a& =! tVE  V *3 )7G/ =Y Z [ VY 0&a 3Y/ =Y 6 .V?3a > AG` gJ’ )7G6
17
V&.! V17 a a D( "&! < v a&" ?&LR ]6 8„ = .)7G¾ Ca! R [ K7D R _*E
;VDz  ;V"y6  ;V\Q6  ;8v a& FR*&@R  ;v a& ?Y .X a [ ÀY6 
"4(

=>, "6,-6 


:

Cb& #6 F!9/ VQ = VQw6 H'( " H'" :8!  FL —$ ›a &B < \Q
[ .3a 1I  EJ[ Q ”*3&  q\Q6 8[ v a& =- u*1&. ( …". 3j
. )7G/ R 3Y/ m$ < 37 ”*  q Z J =- EJ[  p 3Y 8v a& FR*&@R

: =>, "6,-6 C%D


: & q? < @@$ v a& q\Q6 E =!
…/ *" H„ / -
 *" i‡ B] -
i‡ *"  B] -
­a$ ! [ ‘( !&" !  )* !& -
?&¤ 0&- KY
L &ER -
V7& 0S" 0&-R -
.  & -
?Y VY FD a. _l{/ *?&( q?
* …/ *" H„ / 8[ F$ \Q/ o$ j.
. C
: CL Ÿ  dL 5?& q?- #6 KQ H„ / qª B 6
A & -

  Am -

+ -
.D( -
A7& -
z?& -
. Ÿ  q  _L = ª B q\Q/ a C ?Y

A & :R[
18
: CL *+ A & qam .( #6 F3¢ = FD&.R L A & ”*L
Va  * . 8 3a( = ZI[ [ K@[ ! R[ 8[ fY! ! [ -
([ CL [ Tautologie (1c < )G *- `  Š
! R[ -
"L | " #6 R "L " #6 v' [ 8[ Q ! [ -
Va  * .  :Šw ¯" B [ -
1I ! [ -
CaJ- [ 8!Y ÀÅ 
8[ * ¤ ! [ -
. 3-.ƒ" a a 2La( @@[ A & F4


  Am :.•
5B[ &" gJr( Q v 5B[  E 5B[ EJ$ Q 3Y*L ›4" $ Z&
. V6 VQ( 4‡ < JÅ


+ :5•
KI   _L C„&D .Qbc 7 * K L4
+ v@ 2b 7 [ 8„ =
: 5 a&’ q"D = G4. sŠ
=z < 3   ZY KŠG
Q :7z "D( -
. 3?-* EJ$ p ‚ m7 ?B ?! "D( -

.D(: "
[ 5 [ 3a [ - [ aG " ”&wR VQ[ V"'& VQ[ l"6 CL .D(
... &G
&. 5B[ [ !Y " .l( 8„ = ! OE Tbc < ?3 
.D( g
" V7" V"'& VQ[ l"/   _L #6 kÆQ1¼( QE 3Q = ?3 œ[ ?B .  [ !a _ 
" V7" ”&wR VQ[ (*E AG [ B&' ”*L[ [ L |a. [ 2D |a.) VJ’
. V?w

A7& : w
: CL *+ A7& qam .V"'& VQ$ l"6 L A7&
19
,w&( ”*3 2Š F
-
Y* Iw ! R[ -
m7 ! 9 -
. XDY *E fY =?I 7- B KI" s? OΠDG
-
v5! kb1 A7&" D 8„ = ]6 Tbc \7 @@[ !Y$ A7 ,- *D 6
.FY F
2? #6 Fm  & ´E #[ E < ?+" 3Q&.6  ‚
: 1 F5
C-?&QR & ( ,- -
<D5 & ( ,- -
8
&GR & ( ,- -
. C@  & ( ,- -

: 2 F5
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b&7?  7" -
= 3'?  7" -
. *  7" -

z?& :@
@
. ”&wR VQ$ l"6 L z?&

: =>, "6,-6 

ED
CE C-I :r' !'" VD. 4‡ sI -
. gJr( _&. gQ )I?  E s7 -

=>, "6,-6 FG


:

2!&( B ]6 "vS Q[ =" R "q Q[ =" TbΠD Az -
.Z47( |a. 2D |a. Q( |a. ¥D& R gJr(

20
: 
% 
v a& *7- &-R " gJr( w[ -
&-R " „ [ ”*L$ w[ -
. )7G¾ Ca! R _*E v a& -

53: "
#
:

.a a kL &B .:r' 


.•5  a7 7 FE * Y :7  v a& 7 
15 i

Q R V.$ R[ XDY Qbc R  v a& i7 |7Q =?I Va7 =! :7 L
= „ [ sI L t v a 3&4" ? i7 "C?-" :7 $ .• tm[ w 7Q$
:. V.[ ,- :7 K & 8[) * *1& L .VY a( q  VEm KI V&7" V&a
L) :7 A ›@ =! .:7 1& "D( < C-. vS V7- g& (CQbE R 8v a
T† R & L =! tCQbE :. V.[ ,- :7 K & 7- 0a (Ca Y !96 ›@
R*&@R V&7" CQbE :. [ tCQbE R 8v a :. 6 FE$ B < 3Y V&J =- :7
37 ”*  q Z J =- EJ[  p L 8v a& FR*&@R :9¾) v a& ,- B ?ŠG
(K7D R _*E v a& ._*E aI bE 3Y  t)7G/ R 3Y/ m$ <
=! t v a 3&J  v a m7- @$ < CL :7 L < CQbc \7 m7- 6
: CL m7 _L .ŸG |a. < ()7G/ ”*L) QbE (3Y/ ”*L ( v a Q
z 3&a
:
  Am ª -
œ$ v•ƒ& v4w ] K 37! t[*( OE = CD )7G/ ZD R   _L [ žE(
.V6 VQ( 4‡ < Àr7 gJr( &" € tVr'
¢ * € E EJ$ €
:
+ ª -
  ,-$ .$ CQ‡ > :\*9$ 
  * Y
Q -
.$ G- tCQ‡ >" .$ G- :.$ \*9$ 
  \RhL " ?ŠD qG * Y
Q -
. ,-$ .$" .$ G- t "
,- ?ŠD Qbc V&7
K *Q !'" ?Š& :7 L < L4
+ v@ [ žE( -
. ¹D CE C-I :r' !'" VD. 4‡ sI < 2L@ L
  Am
:23a f@[
21
. 8v a& FR*&@R ”- -1
).[ CG" K .D 8v a& FR*&@R mw  -2
;w$ FR*&@R
;8v a& FR*&@R" 4( Tbc \4w[ CL  -3
;8v a& FR*&@R q\Q6 CL  -4
;8v a& FR*&@R q"y6 CL  -5
FR*&@R @® *7- 37 c gy ‚ Zz( CL  -6
;8v a&
: )*

: 1 = «
‚ KY* 2@" u*1&( R6  ./ |" :A & ª *r&@" & Ca a AG( H9
" VG&~
: 2 = «
" "&" R6 . .6 s R  ./ 6" :.D( ª *r&@" & Ca a AG( H9
:3 = «
[ q = bw L b‡: "
  Am ‚ª *r&@" & Ca a AG( H9
". vS
:4 = «
: @7  v a ª *r&@" & a a AG( H9
=!® wª X¸ =- v t|! ,- t" ‚ c Ç*È E³ vS 5 R" -
". 8
Q
". w  2L 21+" -
!¤ tV < *E tV < Fz7 tVRª < b@ t ./ L !L" -
". *"[ 37- ,r& = ‚ tm& < V& *"[ K' R ƒ" V-
".V AJ& d C„&D vS Y 6 " -

22
95,-6 "6,-6

95,-6 "6,-6 


:

 < ?!E q*Q ]6 ´E tCB  Ÿ w


v5B qŠzQ sa& [ L -
. V" C! ] ,- Ÿ?!E qŠz+
. *-D [ .D #6 G = [ t #6 i‡ = FD&.R L -
. v5! VŠzQ < *Q ` CB ,- 2!c L -
. B&' a" A& ŠzQ qRE = 2? L -

95,-6 "6,-6 C%D


:

[ =! .37 Ca!  K¡ .5[ =- - CL q*D = CŠD&@R R*&@ < Z4. :R[
: 5$ _L !
† [ -?&Q [ J KŠG -
q
39 -
ŠE6 q4 -
.mw E -
: F5 B 
Q p&w :.•
;CG F5 L L
;V- 0&- "G v L L
;sI L L
;gJr? 2Š L L
;R
V L
;V5« * .  Y 5 L
q*Q 6 QbE <  7 t@ [ 
„ 5[
Q *- = *Bƒ :5•
. 8[ [ *-D [ .D 8[ 5$ = 3Q&7&@ gy ‚ qm‡ šL :"
: V&.
: Rz. [ 
m 6 ! CŠD&@R FR*&@R < D47( G -
: .D #6 F5( = Z47. 
m -
23
(8[ [ *-G [ .G)  [ 2-[ G #6 mw G [ E = FD&.R" 7 s?
: V 5¸ Â .D = Z47. Rz. -
?3&  qB@  4 ,- za L T]¸ ˜*D. a@ Y *-G = mw E ˜*D
. Y*3& ( ?D [ *-D 5?& :r9 =

: 95,-6 "6,-6 6
H
. 3a 2?& *D 3Q t3&Em ,- 0&-R =! R q
39 [ KŠG ˜*D -
.2?& #6 a  f  . = 3 " D&7. .ŠE6 q4 = b&7& ( qm‡ -
* -& R & ]6 .* *+ Ca a * -& R & = %80 :F5
. * *+ Ca a
. q
39 ˜*D -
ZY& "" tŸ" " [ a [  l" $ Z \@ tD \ 7 q
39 B 6 :F5
73( c Š c "
u*E ?B :& FR*&@R" D †& KŠG #6 )Q 7 s& .†& KŠG -
([ I) V7- g& ([ u*E)
 &! * ŸE 2!1 8! - j. m ?B :F5 -
E @
= r& ( * [ CL D 4 _  @@$ 
( .c @
-
. G I B ,- 3D4 =!

95,-6 "6,-6 7 (0
:

:   :G. #6 CŠD&@R FR*&@R 2 D7


,- 2!c #6 qŠz+ ¯" ,- 2!c = =L FD&. L :G7 CŠD&@R FR*&@R -
*E ŠzQ \D&@ *" VJD@ F?&ER F&w 0 FR*&@ L .C!
,- 2!c #6 qŠz+ K¡ ,- 2!c = =L FD&. L & CŠD&@R FR*&@R -
. dD Lp  < FR*&@ L .C!

24
95,-6 "6,-6 

ED
:

=  $ Z' VQ& ® 5B[ @ c *1 ‹* = =$ Z' \D&@R VQ& -
G = V ! *Q *E R5 eY  .
W 8 8!Y L ` :&† 8 ‹*
V"  J 4‡ G R  )7G/ v•ƒ&
*-  tr' 5B[ V€ tpB[  E 4‡ s7« KŠG q
3' 5$ 6 -
.
¢ 8j7 4‡ .E[ V7- zb  L .gJr( _&. gQ ,-

: CŠD&@R FR*&@R Zz


- &( fJ‡ q??& -
 ƒ& 3&"G g " ŠE/ q4(
*E -
. m 4G V7- g& ® gJr( 2D 5$ KŠG D"4 *- -

: 
% 
5$ = Ca!  K¡ -
2Š ;sI ;V- 0&- "G v ;CG F5 L L :F5 B 
Q p&w -
;V5« * .  Y 5 ;R
V ;gJr?
q*Q 6 QbE <  7 t@ [ 
„ 5[
Q *- = *Bƒ -
. 5$ = 3Q&7&@ gy ‚ qm‡ šL -

53: "
#
:

C@*( &! .:r' 


.   :r' ¤ .C9R :. = .5 Da <
,3&. C9Y  v CŠD&@ FR*&@ *r&@" IE*( EJ$ Ca. *{ .a a kL
,I t[ ,- "„ t7 :CL XDY KŠG u• = G4. 2‡ EJ[ ¯E
#6
1&@R CJ L ."Ia _L ! KŠG B 6" :FD V.[ K tr' Q
l
. Ca! .E[ :G7 \D&@R $ tqI g[ < & \D&@R
: 23a f@[
.CŠD&@R FR*&@R ”- -1
FR*&@R V- D 8 [*( CŠD&@R FR*&@R V- D 8 [*( " G -2
. CQ&7&@R
25
.CŠD&@R FR*&@R qRW ¯" B][ -3
;CŠD&@R FR*&@R ).[ CL  -4
;CŠD&@R FR*&@R q\Q6 CL  -5
;CŠD&@R FR*&@R < D47( G p. AB -6
;CŠD&@R FR*&@R q"y6 CL  -7
;CŠD&@R FR*&@R @® *7- 37 c gy ‚ Zz( CL -8

)
:

these = hypothèse + arguments kbE + IY = EJ[ :K„.


: CŠD&@ FR*&@ *r&@" qEJ[ #6 & qIa FE
. Fz #6 C3&7 ^] ,- DS7( q?&¢ -1
. vB !'" q4 1&a7( qYD5 B -2
. qLB/ Iw q] :r' -3
. 1&  vS Y 6 -4
. } & K7 ‚ CL ,?j qr' -5
. € Ê Ÿ  :w CD- \7" q j7 -6

26
%
,@,-6 "6,-6

: %
,@,-6 "6,-6 

tq*D ,-*  „D =


*- [ „G = t·DG
·mr&@ … :r& » ‚ 7L ? L -
. Z47( *-G C„D ?B t„" 37- k&7 b&. ,-* w[ „G
. mw E < 37- &( kŠ&7 *-D = [ ti‡ #6  = FD&. L -

: %
,@,-6 "6,-6 7 (0
. 9 v 9 :-. CQ&7&@R FR*&@R -
:9( CQ&7&@R FR*&@R -
[ 5 t3 !-  „D "D < 5 _*{ .*E *D = T&7&@R VY ! 8 L
:„D ›*m = k&7& » [ t«Y  .6 R» :„D B t«Y  .6 B» :„D ›*m = k&7& »
«\9 \?!c ¯"» :„D ›*m «\?!E \' ¯"»
: 9( vS CQ&7&@R FR*&@R -
DJ7( lÍQ t&*D < _E 4@[ B tq*D( =
*- = T&7&@R VY ! 8 L
. CI  8
Í m T&7&@R L t5B[ ! [ _*"

: %
,@,-6 "6,-6 C%D
: q- u• = (C!@! D) 9( vS CQ&7&@R FR*&@R !&
*-D = :p! *D(
m‡ c = :S *D(
. &*D( q-&&@ =: b&7
: V&.
FR*&@R v c _L < .7B #6 z&’ q@G CL Q&7&@R qRR*&@R g[ 6
: & u5 qRc *E6 #6 CQ&7&@R
b&7 K p! *D(
b&7 K S *D(
p! *D( K S *D(
27
: CQ&7&@R FR*&@R qRW
FR*&@R ¸ 7.eY mw E ,- [* [ t*-G [ t 7DJ ?B V.ƒ" FD =! ?-
. D CQ&7&@R

%
,@,-6 "6,-6 

ED
:

. D47( V&m V&G


g " Lp = D CQ&7&@R FR*&@R &D

: %
,@,-6 "6,-6 FG
: & u5 1 À' VŠa&@" R6 11m ! R CQ&7&@R FR*&@R
p! *D( 1m
S *D( 1m
.b&7 &*D( " Cw* CD47( b .R < 5?&( T&7&@R ª 8[ D47( G 1m
5B[ a7 ! *G 8 gJr( 8S R *G CQ&7&@R FR*&@ 8
¢ K"4 -
. '( @?(  c Lj("
.CŠ37  C4D V"J = K". _B/" @ E6 CQ&7&@R FR*&@R * -


% 
:

3&1m * B tV&Q _v  gJr( 2D p! *D( ?Š * p&w -
Qc *7- m YI6 
ƒ" ža&E tS *D( 1m p&w -
. b&7 #6 q*D( = D&7. VQ` 8 FR*&@ Cw* CD47( b .R p&w -
: 1 CD4 F5 -

: Fz&’ v CQ&7&@ FR*&@


VGa ?& H{ < 2@E - DG
 1I b37
?&- :p! *D( -
Ga& 1Q. ? B[ [ * [ :S *D( -
. DG
 1I b37
?&- C- gy :b&7 -
: b&7 K p! *D( < Fz&’ CQ&7&@ FR*&@
b37
?&- C- gy ]6 .VGa ?& H{ < 2@E - DG
 1I b37
?&- -
. DG
 1I
28
: b&7 K S *D( < Fz&’ CQ&7&@ FR*&@
. DG
 1I b37
?&- C- gy ]6 .Ga& 1Q. ? B[ [ * [ -
: p! *D( K S *D( < Fz&’ CQ&7&@ FR*&@
?& H{ < 2@E - DG
 1I b37
?&- .Ga& 1Q. ? B[ [ * [ -
.VGa

:2 CD4 F5
4w CL (C-  7" Fc L ?B) k„7 ?&! 4& [ G t2 + AŠ = a B"
= v5! |a7 = C- 2 D #6 g 7. *7- *& . S. =17Y !L ...8„ =Š! ,-
"5` C- 2 D &. ?B ![ *w 2Š
V.[ t"‘ .R =Š!" L V.[ r&. V" *&. :Š‡
." 8„ =Š! *E * ¢ L _p&. tV4" aS. ?7 V7- Ca7. t4 &"• ?B
15:  14 :i a a kL &B < V'&7 C- = G[ z S :.
Nietzsche, Le gai savoir, in Oeuvres, Paris, R. Laffont, 1993, Tome 2, p. 59

: &QbE *E #6 :7 L 2 D7


Rz&’ Q&7&@ RR*&@ =?„& :#$ Qbc *E
=Š! ,- 4w CL k„7 ?&! 4& [ G t2 + AŠ = a B :p! *D(
. 8„
. k„7 ?&! 4& > 2 + AŠ = a C-: S *D(
. 8„ =Š! ,- 4w C- :(Y¤) b&7
(
  * j.) Rz.  VY   G - t@ RR*&@ =?„& :.5 Qbc *E
Z"  FR*&@R b&. CL FR*&@R L *D
(8„ =Š! ,- 4w C-) $ ....*& . S. =¨

: 23a f@[
. CQ&7&@R FR*&@R ”- -1
FR*&@R V- D 8 [*( CŠD&@R FR*&@R V- D 8 [*( " G -2
. CQ&7&@R
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29
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X" qRE CL  ;Qbc 3&a  ;3-.[  ;Qbc X" _L CL ?Y .Z 4 „.
;37€ 37 c gy ‚ Tbc \4w[ CL  ;CQbc

+%
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:

t(5B[ [) sm$ ,- &bE " [ tG " X" :*D Qbc  j7 < -
. Qbc b&@/ w

*¤ 
FG ! *7 
b&@6 J6 < t(5B[ [) &R
*E " X" :* *+ Qbc  j7 < -
t*E QbE

%
 Y 6
Z
:

 j7) XDY (5B[ [) &bE " [ tG " X" R Qbc X"Y t*D L X"
" X"Y t(* *+ Qbc  j7 (- !'" (5B[ [) &R
*E " " t(*D Qbc
: %73Y t
*& CQbc X" qRE [ E < tmw E R6 | FG$
G " X" -
 une énonciationG FG " X" -
CB v %@ FG " X" -
B v B@ " X" -

58
Ž6 ... -
= a&’ ).[ " X" Qbc X" $ t*D 5B[ X" L *{ Ca a 4‡ E <
:C ?Y Ca a 4‡ < CQbc X" qRE 2L[ E =! ] K =! tR* q*E
w[ bE bE " X" -
EJ[ bE " X" -
w[ EJ[ EJ[ " X" -
&QbE *E " X" -
. EJ[ QbE *E " X" -

: +%
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:  X" -
... ] tg " t$ :*{ X" _L = tD"@ bE  p& X" = )7 L *r&
:T&7&@R X" -
t]6 :*{ X" _L = tD"@ bE = * *Q bE T&7&@R X" = )7 L *r&
... V7 t&" t!L
:"D( X" -
,- t"D < t=! :*{ X" _L = tD"@ bE ¯E* X" = )7 L *r&
... 2" t" t|!
:g& X" -
*" t * < t.• tR[ :*{ X" _L = tkbE 1ŠR ˜*D& X" = )7 L *r&
... vw$ < tÁ t ]

: %
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:O0
Qbc X"  -
3¤ v < QbE X" *r&@ -

: 23a f@[
. V 5 tCQbc X" ”- -1
;CQbc X" a CL  -2
59
;CQbc X" qRE CL  -3
. 37 ). ! 5 ;Qbc X" ).[ CL  -4
;CQbc X" \4w[ CL  -5

:)*

: 1 = «
: @7 X" *r&@" & :7 2«[
3 " ›*m[ (.......) KŠ' ƒ4‡ L < KG[ R tV- .[  g Œ 8v ,- 2!E[ R .["
<  t\  ,- da†  d3'  D[ (.......) ...8*7- cm L[ R 8@ *7- \9[ Hm
." V6  7" R V] L OE = R6 V6 j.[ Y tm‡ CŠ
 C-I[ = vS  

: 2 = «
: & E&D( X" 1ŠR *r&@" @7( X"" :7 L < 
Q( qa \[
. [ R6 – V7! – " –   \a
*" ¨ *7- (.......) t* ,- V39 „ [ (.......) t ./ #6  7" g   ./ 6"
"S qQ
,Gƒ" 7@ E6 2 7.eY –  < q7@ 7 ]  u*E ?B – « 7- g 
#6 V" Z. > (J „ Š'- j ' L (.......) t8' )7 Š
=- TÅ > 7.ƒ" '.
_z{[ 8 FD( L ] V.6 . ./  L *E ,- 8
/ *Bƒ& [*( [ L 
Y = q  Ÿ.B ]6 V.[ f&G Š* G[ t?3 q- A'&B ?7E D"@ "9"
< G (.......) t .6 L g S ƒ" G/ d 7!® ¡& [
D&-RY 3&¡ =! V.eY  ./
AJ&" ]   S( w  23Y !/" V.[ *D&-[ d.6 2. .m& .!6 <
D&-R V.6 *E ?B
(.......) td- A&’ V.B 2 DDE D *m [ E  r9 [ Š r9 23Y[ ?B « r&
,D"[ 8 ŸG |a. < 8v B[ [ t* *Q = I 5«[ ! 
23Y[ [ d7! ] = 5B[
". C a. .[ VY

: 3 = «
%7L =! >  %1& R žD& R 7&Y?Y . 9 8[ VY | [ L t"b&" [* Y B 6
" Z a& [ 2„ [ .D(  S" BE <  !a 7
*&@ K„ tq5« k&7 t7 @E[ „ \9[

60
B [* "b&" V.[ t"b& Z  Y(
Q R V.[ Q.B 7 3j !L (...).q5?& _L
.Y
= D&' Y B [ ,- JG R
F* R $ L eY "b&" [* Y B Ÿ.B ]6 =!
7*G  c 7-4. Z J =- _D&. ® B "b&" © 7Y ! [ =!?( = V.$ "b&
.  c q-4.R" XDY 5( tY(
f@$
. :7 L < 
Q( Qbc X" Tr&@ -1
. V&a X" B -.
*E -2

: 4 = «
\9[ Hm 3 " ›*m[ ‘$ KŠ' ƒ4‡ L < KG[ R tV- .[  g Œ 8v ,- 2!E[ R .[
= vS   <  t\  ,- da†  d3'  D[ d! ...8*7- cm L[ R 8@ *7-
. 6  7" R V] L OE = R6 V6 j.[ Y tm‡ CŠ
 C-I[
¿:f@$
. :7 L < 
Q( Qbc X" Tr&@ -1
. V&a X" B -.
*E -2
. :7 R* q*E Tr&@ -3
...QbE *E tEJ[ tbE :R
*E B -.
*E -4

61

 C
:O0
: V5
= ."&! [  a' 2^@® < \@ v5B \4w[ 1I Tbc @ 2L & KD
‚ Ca a Tbc @® 3E4 ‚ -7 q" =- vB !'" €. \4w$ _L [ sI
B[ 
- F4 8 ”c t4 S < FR*&@R 8[    _L = F$ * < 37- 7•*
VŠ4w[ h  = ?& Ca R q" _… G/ 6 ._z« ‚ p! *D& Q
 tFR*&@R
2L[ =! > 6 t2& À9 L t. .6 ZE mw ƒ4‡ [ mw tLlb& *3+ F" I =
2& jc g . L ]6 ( tCQ" t9") ƒ4‡ Q*" *Bh ?B ›J/ ,- 2& À9
. Llb& zYE ] < ! [ , - 37 vB \4w$ _L 2Lƒ"
Q C ?Y .Fa

+* [, C
:O\
:

8c (" .L" "4w | Ca a 4‡ [ ”( = :Lp Tbc " X‡ -
Lp argumentation Tbc " X‡ CS7 R  tCQbE 4w L " t?!
démonstration
˜D &  ,- CQ?& "6 ƒ4w X‡ L =- g&  Lp Z47 Tbc Z47 " X‡ -
bc
Q R ]6 s R L tƒ4w/s1m :Š7• Fw = Tbc ˜D 2& ]6 Tbc
[ 11m ! R a a bc .fJw a Y bc
Q R V.[ ?B !!!! 11m a Y
... 7D v t *E #6 7D t 7D tvB *E #6 7D " tfJw
. a a < DDE R t2 < 8[ Y DDc 8[ " X‡ -

+%
 + ,-. C
:O0
:

VŠ@ v  E HI *- t”*  HI *- QbE b&@6  -
2@ ZY kbc    I oƒ" C- AI =- k7 CQbc \7 < T*& *. -
FY ZG
 sI CQbE
Y v QbE b&@6 -
5B[ \C9 R ]6 t3&Y Qbc b&@/ *Da c _L < :3I? [ EJ$ AI -
.aI [ "4„ EJƒ" [ \C9 " )7G/ ”*3& CQbE
3W = 5-

62
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:

. ?& bc :*E bΠ\a&BR 8[ t*E QbE @ *r&@ -


. kbc K 7 *- kbc = *E ). *r&@ 8[ tq *- Qbc @ |a. *r&@ -
Q( |a. ¥D& R gJr( 2!&( B ]6 "vS Q[ =" R "q Q[ =" TbŒ D -
. Z47( |a. 2D |a.
. m 4G V7- g& ® gJr( 2D 5$ KŠG D"4 *- -

"6,-6 C
:O0
:

a Y QbE K7 R _*E *Y ta Y QbE | FR*&@ v = Tbc :FR*&@R 
b1 ?G R tD47( bc 8[ FR*&@R a a Qbc b&@/ Š@ < m$ ƒ" *Bh.
FR*&@R ›@ < R6 * 8[ G
]6  [ t V.$  :VQ]¸ tb&7 < *D( |a. g ,- D 8Š
FR*&@ :1c -
. v!a& K4& . R S *" V.$ !a
Q À9 S :V5 .
)7G¾ Ca! R [ K7D R _*E v a& :V- FR*&@R 
 AG v a&" \a&BR -
3E  V-7G6 ?- Z [ ?Š
gy gJr( 3Y6 6 :_v a 
AG ,- FR*&@R -
[ VY 0&a 3Y/ =Y 6 tV?3a > AG` gJ’ )7G6 ¤ = ,Q *ŠY R J " V.$
VE  V *3 )7G/ =Y Z

ƒ" [ w[ qRR*&@" V?-* *- *E FR*&@
?&- -
CaY .•?(" FR*&@R 8v a& FR*&@R ‚E < mw FR*&@R = *E ). *r&@ -
KŠG 5ƒ" [ wª ). = qRR*&@" 2-*& *Y$ = ! qI _L 5
- &( fJ‡ q??& -
 ƒ& 3&"G g " ŠE/ q4(
*E L€ [ 3Q -
J" 3Y J" ,- d"  :fJw *D -
V&b&. FR*&@R q*D " D47( G ƒ4w -
D-...? ŸEJ" :F5 .?37" s R b&. g@ " G- G6 :£  A & -
". bc
£  FR*&@R E < *E b&7 [ t*E g  2L -
*D(   
*&( @$ : @¬ v! )7& L€ -
63
@[ L @[ t9 v @[ 9 @[ : @$ q &  " z?& *- -
aw
g@ L 7- B OE  Š*   ,- H&a.R *- 4‡   Z47 w
›S.R -
ŸG |a. < b&.
KŠG "b& 3„G7 *G .0&- )I [ tfJw ! [ =! tf9 Ÿ5 R •?( -

„( 5$
gJr? ”ƒ v (- A 3a v •® -
w$ fJw o*E6 &„G7& &„G " 8*c ¯G7&  E < A‡" FR*&@R -
11m
_7 2!&. [: F5 .b&7  ¯D. #6 [*( OE =
D g " b&. X" :CD47( ¯G7& -
. „ 3&4" S $ m&. [

: 8 C
:O0
V& E 4‡ *Da ® 3*. [ KŠG 5$ A < :D7 -
Y( E7 = vDY 4‡ y ® "
[ [ ?- [ a Y qQ A < :D7 -
"
$ [ ? [ a a qQ? Ca v F?&@ -
Va  * . 8 3a( = ZI[ [ K@[ A  -
[ CL [ :1c ,?  t8Š* A & -
g  A &" \a&BR -
A & 0? -
. CaJ- [ 8!Y ÀÅ g " A &
E *- -

: %
 Y C
:O0
CQbc X"  -
3¤ v < QbE X" *r&@ -
. kb1 CD47( X"&  -

64
: 
 C
:O0 ]
3-0
;…@[ ?Y tCa a Tbc \4w[ 2L[ CL ]6 _L
:  Š @[ •• #6 Ca a Tbc \4w[ KQ 8
D&- <
* b& ,- *D AI -
CD47( FR*&@R ! AI -
.4 S CD47( F?&@R ,- *D AI -
q!( ?7&" J' Ca a Tbc @® ,- *D ?7 [ @$ _L = HI" * 
: & * & u5
* b& ! -
CD47( FR*&@R ! -
.4 S CD47( F?&@R ! -
: 23a f@[
; & Ca a Tbc \4w[ CL  -1
;Qbc b&@/ \4w[ CL  -2
;!&!& \4w$ CL  -3
;FR*&@R \4w[ CL  -4
;* \4w[ CL  -5
;CQbc X" \4w[ CL  -6
;Ca a Tbc \4w[ @[ CL  -7
;Ca a Tbc @® ,- *D ?7 À9 CL  -8

   

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