Fwh5wt 3rd Printing 2.28.20

5
Fun with
FOR EVALUATION PURPOSES ONLY. NOT FOR DISTRIBUTION.
HELE
Lory C. Balaoing
Erwin R. Callo
Rosita N. Credo
Esperanza SJ Lorenzo
Maria Nora N. Soriano
Authors
Nora Narvaez-Soriano
Author-Coordinator
Published and Distributed by:
Main Visayas Mindanao

Abiva Bldg., 851 G. Araneta Ave. 2/F Cebu Holdings Center Abiva Bldg., 127 MacArthur Highway
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6 (632) 8712-0486 6 (032) 231-5118 6 (082) 297-1291
* wecare@abiva.com.ph * wecare@abiva.com.ph * wecare@abiva.com.ph
i
Third Printing 2020
Philippine Copyright © 2018
by Abiva Publishing House, Inc.
Abiva Bldg., 851 G. Araneta Ave., 1113 Quezon City
All Rights Reserved

This publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced

or distributed in any form or by any other means, including
photographic, electrostatic, mechanical, or any other method
for any use, including information storage and retrieval,
without prior written permission from the publisher.
Printed in the Philippines
ISBN 978-621-405-255-4
FwHELE5 02-2020-03
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface, xi
Acknowledgments, xiii
Unit 1 HOME ECONOMICS, 1

Chapter 1 CARING FOR ONESELF WHILE GROWING UP, 2
Lesson 1 Boys and Girls'’Physical Development, 3

Look and Learn, 3
Think and Remember, 5
Try This, 6
Lesson 2 Understanding Changes in Oneself, 7

Look and Learn, 7
Try This, 9
Lesson 3 Proper Body Care and Good Health

Habits, 10
Look and Learn, 10
Try This, 12
Lesson 4 Care of Clothes and Personal

Belongings, 13
Look and Learn, 13
Try This, 19
Chapter 2 TAKING CARE OF YOUR HOME, 20

Lesson 1 Parts of the House, 21
Look and Learn, 21
Try This, 24
Lesson 2 Housekeeping Tools and Equipment, 25

Look and Learn, 25
Try This, 29
iii
Lesson 3 Cleaning the House and Its
Surroundings, 30
Look and Learn, 30
Try This, 35
Lesson 4 Housekeeping Schedule, 36

Look and Learn, 36
Try This, 38
Lesson 5 Home Furnishings, 39

Look and Learn, 39
Try This, 41
Lesson 6 Making the Home Comfortable and

Pleasing, 42
Look and Learn, 42
Try This, 47
Chapter 3 NUTRITIOUS AND ADEQUATE FOOD FOR

THE FAMILY, 48
Lesson 1 The Family Meals, 49
Look and Learn, 49
Try This, 52
Lesson 2 Planning Nutritious Meals for

the Family, 53
Look and Learn, 53
Try This, 57
Lesson 3 Guides in Buying Food Wisely, 58

Look and Learn, 58
Try This, 63
iv
Lesson 4 Preparation and Cooking of Meals, 64
Look and Learn, 64
Try This, 68
Lesson 5 Serving the Family Meals, 69

Look and Learn, 69
Try This, 71
Chapter 4 LEARNING TO SEW BY MACHINE, 72

Lesson 1 Parts of the Sewing Machine, 73
Look and Learn, 73
Try This, 77
Lesson 2 Basic Sewing Tools and Equipment, 78

Look and Learn, 78
Try This, 82
Lesson 3 Basic Operation of the Sewing Machine,

83
Look and Learn, 83
Try This, 86
Lesson 4 Safety Rules in Sewing, 87

Look and Learn, 87
Try This, 88
Lesson 5 Sewing Project for Home: Learning to

Sew a Throw Pillowcase, 89
Look and Learn, 89
Try This, 92
v
Unit 2 AGRICULTURE, 93
Chapter 1 PLANTING AND PROPAGATING
VEGETABLES, 94
Lesson 1 Importance of Vegetable Gardening, 95
Look and Learn, 95
Try This, 97
Lesson 2 Planning a Vegetable Garden, 98

Look and Learn, 98
Try This, 99
Lesson 3 Steps in Vegetable Gardening, 100

Look and Learn, 100
Try This, 105
Lesson 4 Preparing Organic Fertilizer, 106

Look and Learn, 106
Try This, 109
Lesson 5 Pest Control, 110

Look and Learn, 110
Try This, 113
Lesson 6 Harvesting and Marketing Vegetables, 114

Look and Learn, 114
Try This, 116
Chapter 2 RAISING TWO-LEGGED AND WINGED

ANIMALS AND FISHES, 117
Lesson 1 Raising Chicken, 118
Look and Learn, 118
Try This, 120
vi
Lesson 2 Duck Raising, 121
Look and Learn, 121
Try This, 123
Lesson 3 Quail Raising, 124

Look and Learn, 124
Try This, 127
Lesson 4 Raising Tilapia, 128

Look and Learn, 128
Try This, 130
Unit 3 INDUSTRIAL ARTS, 131

Chapter 1 WOODWORKING, METALWORKING, AND
BAMBOO CRAFTS, 132
Lesson 1 Materials in Woodworking,
Metalworking, and Bamboo Crafts, 133
Look and Learn, 133
Try This, 137
Lesson 2 Tools Used in Woodworking,

Metalworking, and Bamboo Arts and
Crafts, 139
Look and Learn, 139
Try This, 141
Lesson 3 Basic Processes in Woodworking,

Metalworking, and Bamboo Arts and
Crafts, 142
Look and Learn, 142
Try This, 144
vii
Chapter 2 BASIC KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN
ELECTRICITY, 145
Lesson 1 Basic Electricity, 146
Look and Learn, 146
Try This, 149
Lesson 2 Making Simple Electrical Gadgets, 150

Look and Learn, 150

Try This, 152
Chapter 3 SIMPLE REPAIRS OF HOUSEHOLD AND
SCHOOL FURNITURE, 154
Lesson 1 Simple Repairs of Household and School
Furniture, 155
Look and Learn, 155
Try This, 163
Lesson 2 Common Spots, Defects, and Possible

Cures, 164
Look and Learn, 164
Try This, 165
Unit 4 ICT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 167

Chapter 1 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY (ICT), 168
Lesson 1 Introduction to Sharing of Documents
and Media File, 169
Look and Learn, 169
Try This, 170
viii
Lesson 2 The Search Engine: Website and
Bookmarks, 171
Look and Learn, 171
Try This, 176
Lesson 3 Electronic Spreadsheets, 177

Look and Learn, 177
Try This, 183
Lesson 4 Online Forums and Chats, 184

Look and Learn, 184
Try This, 187
Lesson 5 Posting a Message and Sharing a

Website, 188
Look and Learn, 188
Try This, 190
Lesson 6 Flyers, Brochures, and Posters, 191

Look and Learn, 191
Try This, 196
Chapter 2 SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 198

Lesson 1 Spotting Opportunities for Products and
Services, 199
Look and Learn, 199
Try This, 202
Lesson 2 Products and Services, 203

Look and Learn, 203
Try This, 206
ix
Lesson 3 The Demand for Products and Services,
207
Look and Learn, 207
Try This, 210
Lesson 4 Business for Home and Community, 211

Look and Learn, 211
Try This, 214
Lesson 5 Selling Products and Services, 215

Look and Learn, 215
Try This, 217
Glossary, 219
Bibliography, 215
Index, 227
About the Authors, 234
x
PREFACE
Fun with HELE is a worktext series in Home Economics and Livelihood Education (HELE) for
grades 4, 5, and 6. The book is designed for young boys and girls to develop basic knowledge, skills, and
values in preparation for life-long learning.
The book covers four learning areas. These learning areas are geared toward the development of
basic knowledge and information, skills and processes, and acquisition of values leading toward the
development of a satisfying and productive personal, family, and community life. These areas are as
follows:
Area 1. Home Economics

Area 2. Agriculture
Area 3. Industrial Arts
Area 4. ICT and Entrepreneurship
The lessons in the worktext are learning situations in each of these areas which are written to em-
phasize knowledge and information, skills, values, and attitudes which will enable the young boys and
girls to develop and grow into a responsible member of the family, school, and community.
To facilitate learning, innovative ideas are introduced using icons and illustrations:
Look and Learn serves as springboard for the important concepts in the lesson proper.
The scope and sequence of these concepts are based on the K to 12 Curriculum.
Think and Remember includes written exercises or tests for the cognitive part of
the lesson.
Try This are things to do or simple activities or projects intended for personal, school,
or home use which may be income generating and integrates ICT when necessary.
It is hoped that with the use of these HELE worktext series, learning can be fun, enjoyable and
productive for both boys and girls, and the teachers as well.
xi
xii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors and publisher would like to thank the following persons and institutions without
whose support, the publication of this worktext would have not been possible at all.
Mushi banban (Japan, Daikyo International Philippines, Inc.) for photo of sticky traps as pest control
on page 112;
Dr. Jose G. Balaoing for photo of pechay, mustard, eggplants, and tomatoes on page 115; and steps in
home gardening on pages 100–104.
Shutterstock.com for photos on pages 39, 40, 133, 135, 136, 142, 143, 146. 148, 151, and 169.
The authors and publisher have made every effort to obtain permissions for all copyrighted works
used in this book. If you have a copyrighted work in this publication and you have not given us per-
mission, please do contact our office so we may make the appropriate corrections and citation in sub-
sequent printings.
Unit 1
Home Economics
Home Economics covers phases of work which involve the development of knowledge
and desirable basic skills, attitudes, and values leading to the development of young boys
and girls who are responsible and exemplary family and community members.
Increased knowledge and skills that will help improve the self, family, and community
life are introduced in the following chapters:
1. Caring for Oneself While Growing Up

2. Taking Care of Your Home
3. Nutritious and Adequate Food for the Family
4. Learning to Sew by Machine
Chapter 1
Caring for Oneself While Growing Up

Boys and girls experience changes during puberty, a stage of development characterized
by physical development. Puberty occurs at the ages of 11, 12, and 13 for both boys and
girls. According to experts in Human Development, it is normal for puberty to begin at
any point from ages 8 to 14.
Puberty is the time when girls and boys become capable of reproduction or having a
baby.
The physical changes among boys during puberty differ from those that girls
undergo. Boys commonly experience the growth spurt later than girls. Girls experience
menstruation, a periodical flow of bloody fluid from the body’s vagina while the boys start
to discharge or ejaculate semen while asleep. More often, boys undergo circumcision
at the age of puberty. Bodily care and good health habits have to be developed during
these physical changes to avoid infection and to have a healthy body. It is important to
understand and accept that these physical changes are part of growing up.
Aside from the physical changes, you will also learn in this chapter about good
grooming and caring for one’s clothes. These are also part of the development of good
habits and learning how to care of one’s self while growing up.
2
Lesson 1 Boys and Girls'
Physical Development
Look and Learn
Physical development occurs while a boy or a girl is growing up. This

includes changes in height, weight, and appearance. Height and weight are
true important indicators of physical development.

You can get to know your weight using a weighing scale. Your weight may be
measured in kilos or pounds. Such unit of measure will tell you if you have gained, lost,
or maintained your weight.
The following chart will show the ideal weight based on a person’s height. The chart
serves as reference or guide for understanding the average measurements at a certain
age. Your exact height and weight, however, are influenced by nutrition, environment,
and heredity.
Chart of Normal and Ideal Height and Weight of Adolescent Girls and Boys

Age Girl Boy
(years) lb (kg) lb (kg)
8 44 lbs–79 lbs 45 lbs–77 lbs
(19.958 kg–35.834 kg) (20.412 kg–34.927 kg)
9 48 lbs–90 lbs 49.5 lbs–88 lbs
(21.772 kg–40.823 kg) (22.453 kg–39.916 kg)
10 55 lbs – 104.5 lbs 56 lbs–100.5 lbs
(24.948 kg–47.400 kg) (25.401 kg–45.586 kg)
11 61 lbs–117 lbs 60.5 lbs–114.0 lbs
(27.669 kg–53.070 kg) (27.442 kg–51.710 kg)
12 68 lbs–135 lbs 66.5 lbs–130 lbs
(30.844 kg–61.235 kg) (30.164 kg–58.967 kg)
13 75 lbs–147 lbs 74.5 lbs–144 lbs
(34.019 kg–66.678 kg) (33.793 kg–65.317 kg)
14 85.5 lbs–158 lbs 84 lbs–159.5 lbs
(38.782 kg–71.668 kg) (38.102 kg–72.348 kg)
3
During a one-year sudden growth or spurt, boys and girls can gain 10.41 centimeters
(cm) and 8.89 cm in height, respectively. This spurt typically occurs two years earlier for
girls than for boys at ages 9 to 10.
Weight spurt begins earlier for girls because they typically develop more body fat
while boys tend to gain more muscles. Boys and girls will be about the same height until
puberty when girls become taller than boys because girls begin puberty at an earlier age.
Aside from the possible change in weight, boys and girls experience other physical
changes. For boys, these are the following:
1. Deepening of voice. The tone of voice changes

and become low pitched.
2. Broadening shoulders. This is due to the
increased muscle development in boys as
they grow up.
3. Growth of facial hair. The hair that grows in
the face will later develop as mustache and
beard.
4. Growth of hair in the legs, chest, and armpit.
Hair begins to grow on the legs, chest, and
armpit.
5. Reproductive organs mature. This is
characterized by ejaculation of semen during
sleep.
6. Growth of pubic hair around the private parts.
7. Increase in height.

Girls also experience physical changes. Some of these changes are similar to what
boys experience, but mostly are different. The following are the physical changes for
girls:
1. Development of breasts. The breasts become enlarged and the nipples begin to
grow. Girls may notice a swelling under their nipples. After that the breasts will
get bigger and fuller and may feel more than a little sore at times.
2. Hip curves become more noticeable. The hips grow rounder and the waist gets
narrower. The large bones across the hips, called pelvic bones, begin to grow.
These give the girl’s body a curve-like shape.
3. Growth of hair in the armpit and in the pubic area. Hair starts to grow in the
armpit. Girls will also notice that hair starts to grow on the pubic area.
4. Reproductive organs become more mature. This is characterized by the onset of
menstruation, the periodical flow of blood from the vagina. The genitals grow a
little bit and are now ready for reproduction.
4
5. Onset of menstruation. For the first two years,
menstruation can be very unpredictable or
irregular. Eventually, the cycle will settle into
a regular pattern that is unique to a person’s
body. A regular cycle lasts for 28 days. The
menstrual cycle is often referred to as the
period because regular menstruation occurs
at a certain period or time every month.
6. Girls start to sweat more. Sweat glands become
more active especially on the armpit.

7. Girls gain weight. It is normal for more body
fat to develop along the girl’s upper arms,
thigh, upper back, and hips.
8. Pimples. A skin condition shows up in the form
of blackheads or whiteheads in the face. Acne
is a serious result of pus-filled pimples.
Think and Remember

Which of these physical changes are experienced by a boy or a girl? Classify and write
the item number under the column for boys or girls. Then put a check on the physical
changes that you have experienced or are currently experiencing.
Boys Girls 1.
broadening of shoulders
2.
growth of mustache
3.
development of breasts
4.
deepening of voice
5.
increase in height
6.
prominence of hip curve
7.
growth of hair on the chest, legs,
armpit, and pubic area
8. onset of menstruation
9. reproductive organs become more
mature
10. having pimples
5
Try This
Do the following:
1. Get your partner of opposite gender. List down your height and weight.
2. Compare your data and note the difference.
3. Discuss your findings to prove that there are physical differences in height and
weight among boys and girls.
6
Lesson 2 Understanding Changes in Oneself
Look and Learn
Some changes between the ages of 11 to 13 are brought about by one’s

physical development. It brings new responsibilities, knowledge, and priv-
ileges. Knowing the changes will help one understand himself/herself and
others.
Puberty can be a difficult time for you. New emotions and feelings are developing.
Strong feelings of gladness, displeasures, anger, affection, or fondness oftentimes cause
confusion and challenges. One should learn to control his/her emotions. Display of
emotions such as outburst of temper may cause embarrassment and unhappiness to
oneself and others. If needed, one should ask the help of his/her parents if he/she is
having difficulty learning to control his/her emotions.
7
Here are some reminders to learn to be able to understand changes in oneself:
1. The physical changes that occur during puberty are perfectly normal if a person
is healthy. Not all parts of the body grow at the same rate. One may notice that
his/her feet and hands grow first. One might need several new pairs of shoes in a
year. Then his/her arms and legs grow longer. Lastly, the rest of the body grows.
The shape of the body also changes, with the girls developing wider hips and the
shoulders of the boys become broader. Sweat glands become active especially on
the armpits. It changes the odor of your perspiration.
2. One should accept his/her body as it grows and changes. A child must not feel
afraid when he/she experiences those changes. Cruel teasing or bullying classmates
about these changes will cause unhappiness and hurt feelings among peers. One
may happen to be the tallest or the shortest or the fattest in the class. His/Her
voice may be cracking when he/she is excited. A child may have pimples in his/her
face. He/She may feel awkward or clumsy sometimes. Coping with these physical
changes is sometimes difficult, because it makes one self-conscious. It is important
that one understands and accepts that the changes are normal development in
growing up so that he/she can care for himself/herself.
3. One should learn to work and relate well with the opposite sex. He/She should be
friendly and helpful while working and studying with his/her classmates. He/She
should be responsible and fulfill all the assigned tasks but ask for a classmate’s
help when tasks are difficult to do. Refrain from teasing each other regarding
some physical abnormalities.
Think and Remember
A. Match the physical changes in column A with the correct description in column B.
Write the letters of the answers on the line.

A B
____ 1. reproduction a. monthly cycle of blood flow

____ 2. puberty b. occurs at ages 9 to 14
____ 3. menstruation c. capable of having a baby
____ 4. sweat d. body perspiration
____ 5. semen e. male bodily fluid
f. growth of hair in the pucbic area
8
B. Match the emotions in column A with the correct description in column B. Write
the letter of your answer on the line.
A B
____ 1. bullying a. strong feeling of displeasure

____ 2. anger b. feeling of gladness
____ 3. happiness c. kind of fond attachment
____ 4. temper d. strong expressed feeling
____ 5. affection e. feeling of displeasure

f. fear
Try This
Do the following:
1. Form a group of four among your classmates.
2. Plan a short skit on the topic “How to Cope with Physical and Emotional Changes
During Puberty.” Make sure that you show how to cope or avoid teasing or bully-
ing classmates about the physical changes they undergo.
3. Assign roles to members.
4. Practice and present the skit to the class.
5. Have the other groups and your teacher comment on your presentation.
9
Lesson 3 Proper Body Care and
Good Health Habits
Look and Learn
Proper care for the body is very important to have a healthy body and to
avoid infection. Practicing good health habits will also help. Such practices
will come in handy during menstruation or circumcision.
Proper Bodily Care

A developing body needs proper care. When one’s body is going through physical
changes, he/she should be able to care for his/her body, especially when a girl already
has menstruation or when a boy undergoes circumcision.
Menstruation is a discharge of blood through the vagina. The process of menstruation
indicates that a girl is nearing reproductive maturity. A girl’s reproductive system
consists of two ovaries which produce tiny eggs or ovum. When the girl reaches puberty,
an ovum ripens once a month. The egg goes out with the menstrual flow. This is called
the menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle occurs every 26 or 28 days.
Experiencing menstruation does not mean one is sick. Once a month, one may
experience abdominal pain or headache before or during menstruation. Should one
experience this or other symptoms of menstruation, she should talk to her parents about
it.
During menstruation period, practice habits such as the following to maintain
personal cleanliness:
1. Maintain good hygiene. Take a bath daily. The vaginal area should be washed
several times a day during menstrual period.
2. Always use a clean pair of underwear and wash them after use.
3. Hands should be washed thoroughly before and after handling sanitary napkins
and underwear.
4. Sanitary napkins should be changed 2–3 times a day to stay comfortable and fresh.
Note that the number of times may vary per person depending on one’s menstrual
flow. It is important to always bring extra sanitary napkins so one can change
anytime when needed. Dispose of used napkins by wrapping them on a piece of
paper before throwing these into the garbage bin. Do not flush used napkins into
the toilet bowl.
10
How girls take care of their bodies during menstruation is very important to avoid
infection and have a healthy body as they grow. Similarly, boys need to have proper
bodily care too when they undergo circumcision.
Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin at the tip of the penis. The medical
process of circumcision is done in a doctor’s clinic. Newly circumcised boys should do the
following to avoid infection:
1. Take a warm bath daily.
2. Wear a skirt, a malong, or any loose garment. Wear loose comfortable underwear.
Wearing loose garments will allow air to circulate. Remember to wash the
underwear after use.

3. Wash hands with soap and water before dressing the wound. Remember to do this
always so the wound will not be infected. Dispose of used cleaning items properly.
4. Wash the wounds with the prescribed disinfectant.
5. Take and apply doctor’s prescribed medicine regularly.
Good Health Habits

Good health habits consist of personal cleanliness and bodily care. Setting a regular
time to do these activities is necessary in order to develop the habit. The following are
the good health habits that you must learn to do independently:
1. Take a daily bath or shower. Use personal grooming aids.
2. Wear clean clothes and underwear.
3. Brush teeth after eating.
4. Wash face regularly before going to sleep to avoid having pimples.
5. Keep regular hours for sleeping, resting, and playing.
6. Eat a balanced diet of rice, fish, and vegetables; and drink at least eight glasses of
water every day.
7. You may apply deodorant under the armpits since your sweat glands are active
during puberty.
11
Think and Remember
Check whether each of the following reminders relate to boys or girls. Write B if it
refers to boys’ circumcision, or G for girls’ menstruation. Write the letter of your answer
on the line.
_____ 1. Use sanitary napkins for protection.

_____ 2. Visit a doctor to perform the cut.
_____ 3. Clean underwear from discharge of semen.

_____ 4. Have a monthly flow of blood.
_____ 5. Wash the vagina daily.
_____ 6. Use guava leaves extract to wash the wound.
_____ 7. Take prescribed medicine for the wound.
_____ 8. Take a warm bath daily.
_____ 9. Wash the bloodstained underwear.
_____ 10. Wear loose shorts or skirt.
Try This

Do the following:
1. Work in groups. The girls in the class will be in one group while the boys will be
in another group.
2. With the help of your teacher, invite a resource person to talk to each group about
proper hygiene during menstruation and after circumcision. The resource person
may be the school doctor or school nurse.
3. Prepare a list of questions that you will ask your group’s resource person. Write
the answers and explanations of the resource person. Remember to apply what
you have learned in your personal hygiene practices.
4. Express your appreciation to the resource person after the talk. Make a thank-you
card and give it to the group’s resource person.
12
Lesson 4 Care of Clothes and
Personal Belongings
Look and Learn
Proper care of clothes is essential in order for them to last longer. The
proper ways of taking care of clothes include washing, removing stains,
and ironing with proper folding and storage. It is also important that proper
clothes be worn appropriately for different occasions and times.
Proper Care of Clothes

Clothes are worn for protection. Wearing proper clothes reflect good grooming. A
person who wears neat and clean clothes commands respect from others. For example,
when you dress up properly for an occasion, people regard and admire you. Thus, it is
important to know the appropriate clothes to wear at a given time and place so that you
will feel comfortable and confident. Study the pictures that follow.
13
It is also important that a person knows how to take care of his/her clothes and other
personal belongings. Here are some suggestions:
1. Hang dirty clothes after using to keep them dry from perspiration or from rain.
Avoid putting them in the laundry basket immediately as doing this may cause
molds to grow and develop stain which is hard to remove.
2. Hang clean clothes in the closet or clothes cabinet.
3. Mend or sew torn parts. Do this as soon as possible to avoid accidentally making
the torn parts bigger.
4. Fold personal accessories such as socks, stockings, handkerchiefs, headbands, and
underwear neatly. Put them in shelves or plastic drawers properly.
Washing Clothes
Taking care of one’s clothes includes learning to wash, iron, and remove the stains
on them. As a child grows older, he/she can help his/her parents wash dirty clothes. One
may start washing underwear, handkerchiefs, and socks.
It is economical to schedule a wash day once a week because it saves time, water,
energy, and money. Note the following procedure when washing clothes.
Materials:
• clean, running water
• washing basins
• soap or detergent
• hangers and clothespins
• fabric conditioner (optional)
• one’s loads
Procedure:
A. Sorting
1. Sort out white clothes from colored
ones, less soiled from the dirtier
ones, and delicate fabrics from the
thicker ones.
2. Before washing, check all clothes
to be washed. Make sure that the
pockets are empty and that shoulder
pads are removed. If there are torn
parts of clothes, repair these first.
14
B. Soaking
Soak the sorted clothes in clean water. Soak
first the white clothes, then the less soiled items,
followed by the colored ones. Colored clothes
that may stain others should be separated.
C. Soaping
Soap clothes according to the sequence below. Note that this is according to the type
of fabric and degree of being soiled.
1. white collared items, such as school
blouses or polo shirts
2. less soiled or less dirty items such as
handkerchief, undershirt, and brassieres
3. delicate fabrics such as silk
4. colored or dirtiest clothes like colored
T-shirts and working clothes
D. Rinsing
1. Put clean water in the basin where you
will rinse the clothes. The amount of
water should be enough based on the
number and type of clothes.
2. Rinse the soaped clothes. Start with the
white clothes, followed by the less soiled
items, the delicate fabrics, and lastly, the
colored ones. Squeeze excess water from
the clothes. Put the rinsed clothes in
another clean basin.
3. Rinse washed clothes three times.
E. Drying
Hang the clothes on the clothes line. Use
appropriate hangers and clothespins to hang your
clothes and to prevent them from falling. Do not
expose the colored clothes to direct sunlight to avoid
having the color fade easily.
15
Removing Stains
Stain is a discoloration, a spot, or a blot in the fabric that is clearly seen from the
surface of clothes. When stains are not removed promptly and properly these will stick
to the clothes permanently. Clothes with stains are unsightly. Wearing stained clothes
will reflect on one’s personality. Thus, it is important that one should also know how to
wash clothes with stains, or how to remove stains from the clothes.
Here are some ways to remove the different types of stain from the clothes:
Stain Ways to remove stains

rust Put calamansi juice and salt on the spot of stain and let it dry
under the sun. Repeat several times until the stain is removed.
ink Rinse in cold water before washing with soap. Put calamansi
juice and salt on the stain. Let it dry.
paint Rub the stained spot with cotton and turpentine.
fruit Soak in a basin of soapy water with a teaspoon of bleach solu-
tion. Rub thoroughly. Rinse well.
blood Soak stained spot immediately in cold water for about two hours.
Wash in lukewarm water and soap. Rinse well and dry.
chewing gum If the chewing gum has already hardened on the cloth, use a
sharp knife blade to scrape it. Wash with lukewarm water and
soap afterward. Rinse well and dry.
chocolate or coffee Wash stained spot with soap and water. Use calamansi, lemon, or
kamias extract to remove the stains.
urine Wash in a basin of water with vinegar until the stain is removed.
Ironing Clothes
Ironing is the use of a heated tool, such as a flat iron, to remove wrinkles from fabric.
The heating is done to a temperature of 180–220oC depending on the kind of fabric.
Ironing clothes is necessary to have a neat and clean appearance when wearing
clothes in all occasions.
In most households, ironing is scheduled on weekends to save time, money, and
energy. Remember the following materials and steps in ironing:
Materials:
• ironing board
• flat iron
• sprayer
• hangers
16
Procedure:
1. Prepare the ironing board, flat iron, and

sprayer.
2. Dampen clothes for hours before ironing.

Roll and place in a container. Clothes that
are slightly dampened are ironed easily and
quickly, thus making one save energy.
3. Plug the flat iron and set at required tempera-

ture according to the kind of fabric of the cloth
you are going to iron. For example, if you are
going to iron nylon cloth, set the timer to the
nylon setting. When ironing small pieces like
handkerchiefs, you may put off the heat since
the remaining heat is enough to press them.
4. For collared clothes such as polo shirts and

blouses, iron on the reverse side of the collar
first as shown in the picture. Afterward iron
on the other side of the collar. Do the same for
the shoulders, sleeves, bodice and other parts
of the cloth be slipped over the ironing board.
17
5. Turn off the flat iron as soon as you are done
ironing clothes. Make sure to unplug it also.
6. Hang the ironed clothes. Keep them in the

cabinets. Put folded and ironed small items
such as handkerchiefs in the drawer. Fold
other items such as blankets, pillow slips,
and towels before keeping them in shelves.
For step 2, nowadays, some people use the spray to dampen clothes while they are
being ironed. Some flat irons also have built-in sprayers that can be used to spray water
on the clothes as you iron.
Think and Remember
Rearrange the steps in taking care of clothes. Write numbers 1 to 5 on the lines.
Laundering
____ Rinse clothes in clean water.
____ Soak sorted clothes in clean water.
____ Sort and separate colored and soiled clothes.
____ Soap the clothes starting with white and less soiled fabrics.
____ Hang the clothes in clothes line to dry.
18
Ironing
____ Hang clothes and fold fabrics.
____ Prepare the ironing board, flat iron, and sprayer.
____ Dampen clothes and place in container.
____ Plug the flat iron and set the temperature.
____ Press and iron smoothly.
Removing blood stains from clothes

____ Rinse the clothes well in clean water.

____ Wash it in lukewarm water.
____ Soak stained spot in cold water.
____ Hang to dry.
____ Use a bar soap to clean the stained cloth.
Try This
Surf the Internet and find out how commercial laundry shops perform laundering
and ironing. Afterward make a written report regarding:

• equipment used
• steps done
Share what you learned in class. Then submit your written report to your teacher.
19
Chapter 2
Taking Care of Your Home

A house is a structure where members of a family live together. It serves as protection
from wind, rain, and heat. It is where a family stays to sleep, eat, do other individual or
family activities.
A house is called a home when it provides happiness and comfort for the family.
Therefore, it is important that members of the family take care of the home.
Everyone should have a share of responsibilities. Taking care of the home includes
cleaning it and its surroundings. The use of housekeeping tools and equipment and
having a housekeeping schedule will make taking care of the home a pleasant and
enjoyable task.
20
Lesson 1 Parts of the House
Look and Learn
A house is a structure where the family members live together. It serves

as a protection from wind, rain, and heat. A house is called a home when it
provides happiness and comfort for the family.
A house has parts where the family can do different activities such as taking a bath,
eating, sleeping, cooking, and entertaining visitors. Here are some of them:
1. The living room is probably where most of the activities at home are done. It is
where the family come together to relax or watch television programs. It is also
the space where friends, neighbors, and guests are entertained.
2. The bedroom is the part of the house where one can sleep and rest. It is also a
place where one can dress, read, and study. This room provides privacy and com-
fort for every member of the family.
3. The kitchen is an important work center in the house. It is the busiest place in
the house because many activities, such as preparing of meals, storing food, and
washing of the dishes, are done here. This part of the house should always be neat
and well ventilated. A sufficient supply of water in the kitchen is also needed for
work efficiency.
4. The dining room is a place where members of the family eat their meals. Relatives
and guests may also be gathered and entertained here especially when meals are
served. This room usually adjoins the living room and the kitchen. In some hous-
es, one room serves as living-dining room.
5. The bathroom is used not only for bathing but also for attending to personal ne-
cessities. A bathroom should have a shower, a toilet, and a lavatory. The lavatory,
a fixed bowl or basin with running water and drainpipe for washing, is usually
used for washing the face and hands, brushing the teeth, and doing small laundry
work. The first-aid kit and other medical supplies are kept in the medicine cabinet
which is placed above the lavatory. The medicine cabinet should be high enough
to keep it out of reach of children. The bathroom requires good ventilation and
lighting. It should also be kept clean all the time.
21
Parts of the House
Some houses have additional rooms or areas for the other activities of the family.
These areas are the following:
1. laundry area—the place where clothes are washed. It is usually located near the
kitchen or bathroom. A built-in wash tub at a convenient height is ideal to set up
in the laundry area so that there is no need for the one who is doing the laundry
to squat or stoop.
2. storage room—the place where things that are not in use are kept such as old fur-
niture, cleaning materials, and stocks of food supplies.
3. porch—commonly known as veranda or balcony. A porch without a roof built as an
extension of the living room is called a terrace. Usually, it is surrounded by a beau-
tiful yard or garden. Informal gathering, playing, reading, and other recreational
activities can be done here.
4. garage—the part of the house used for parking the vehicle/s of the family.
The Home Surroundings

The space that surrounds the house is called the yard. The whole yard should be
fenced to keep out stray animals or fowls. A stretch of green lawn with flowering plants
along the border would be very attractive for a wide yard especially in the front yard.
22
The backyard serves many purposes. Clotheslines may be placed there for drying
laundered clothes. It may also be used as a vegetable garden or may be planted with
fruit-bearing trees to provide shade to the house.
Similar to the parts inside a house, it is also important that the surroundings around
the house are always kept clean. Twigs and dry leaves in the yard should be swept daily,
because an attractive and clean yard adds much to the appearance of the house and it
also reflects the personality of the occupants.
Think and Remember

Determine which part of the house corresponds to where member/s of the family or
the family do the given activity. Choose from the parts of the house inside the box. Write
a. bathroom c. dining room e. living room
b. bedroom d. kitchen
________ 1. Where the family cooks breakfast

________ 2. Where the family watches television
________ 3. Where a family member cleans himself/herself
________ 4. Where the family eats meals
________ 5. Where the family entertains visitor/s
________ 6. Where the family takes a rest
________ 7. Where a family member can change his/her clothes after coming home
from school or work
________ 8. Where the mother cleans and prepares ingredients such as fish, meat,
fruits, and vegetables
________ 9. Where one brushes his/her teeth
________10. Where family members do bonding activities such as playing board games,
sharing stories, and listening to music
23
Try This
Surf the Internet for your dream living room, bathroom, kitchen, bedroom, and dining
room. Print these and put these together to form your dream house in an illustration
board. Write a 3- to 5-sentence description of your dream house. Present this to your
parents and let them write a comment on your output.
24
Lesson 2 Housekeeping Tools and Equipment
Look and Learn
Housekeeping tools and equipment serve as aid in cleaning the house

properly and faster. House cleaning tools help accomplish cleaning tasks
quickly and easily.
Here are some of the common cleaning tools specifically designed for each stage of the
cleaning process:
1. Dusting tools
Dusting Tool Use or Function

microfiber cloth removes dust from fine furniture without
scratching its finish
feather duster removes dust from delicate items such as
lamps and sculptures
25
2. Sweeping tools. Brooms are of three kinds and each kind of broom is used for a
specific purpose.
Sweeping Tool Use or Function

soft broom or tambo used for sweeping dry floors made of tiles,
cement, or wood
stiff broom made of coconut midribs; used for sweeping
wet or dry floors made of cement; can also
be used in the yard
long-handled broom used to remove cobwebs and dirt on the

walls, in the ceilings and other high areas that
cannot be reached with use of a stiff broom
The sweeping tools mentioned above are used together with other tools such as vacu-
um cleaner, dust pan, and trash can/bin and trash bags.
26
Tool Use or Function
vacuum cleaner sucks up dust and dirt from different surface
dustpan used to collect items swept by the broom
trash can and trash bags container or bag used to gather trash
3. Wet-cleaning tools. You can also use buckets, mops, and sponges to keep floors and
household surfaces clean.
Wet-cleaning Tool Use or Function

bucket container for water
mop used to clean and wipe flooring and other
surfaces
sponge used to absorb and wipe spilled liquid on the
table and other furniture
Mops can be of the old-fashioned string or yarn-type style where you squeeze the wa-
ter out by hand. On the other hand, a built-in handle in a sponge mop is used to squeeze
out excess water.
4. Toilet-cleaning tools. The toilet needs to be cleaned regularly. The following are
toilet cleaning tools.
27
Toilet-cleaning Tool Use or Function
scrub brush used for heavy cleaning and scrubbing of
soap scum from tub and lavatory, grimes
from tiled floor and wall
small brush (could be an inexpensive helps removes dirt and grime in the fixtures
toothbrush)
toilet scrub with holder keeps the toilet bowl clean
plunger removes clogs in the toilet bowl
Other cleaning supplies that go with the toilet cleaning tools include detergent soap
and cleaning powder. These should be kept in a closet for cleaning materials after use for
proper storage to avoid accidents among family members.
28
Think and Remember
Draw a connecting line to match the housekeeping tools in column A with its uses in
column B.
A B
1. mop a. This is used to wipe spilled mess on

the floor/table.
2. microfiber cloth b. This removes small toys, buttons,

coins, and other debris between
3. toilet brush carpet or rug fibers.
c. This pair is used to remove dirt,
4. smaller brush/old toothbrush debris, and crumb.
d. This is used in cleaning the yard and
5. broom and dustpan cemented floors.
e. This aids in removing dirt and scum
6. long-handled broom found on the corners and base of the
lavatory.
7. soft broom f. This is used to remove dirt and debris
on dry floors.
8. vacuum cleaner g. This is used to remove cobwebs from
the ceiling.
9. stiff broom h. This is used in cleaning furniture
without scratching its finish.
10. sponge i. This is used to wipe any type of
flooring and nowadays it comes with
a wringer.
j. This is used to clean the toilet bowl.
k. This is used to clean kitchen tools.
Try This
Do the following:
1. Have an inventory of the housekeeping tools and equipment that you have at
home. Classify and group them according to their use in the cleaning process.
Share what you have done with the class.
2. Help your parents clean the living room using the appropriate cleaning tools.
Write a short essay about your experience.
29
Lesson 3 Cleaning the House
and Its Surroundings
Look and Learn
Clean home and surroundings looks pleasant and is important to make

the home livable. Cleaning the surroundings helps create a better living envi-
ronment. There are steps to be followed to make cleaning orderly.
Cleaning the house is done by the family members or by a househelp. Cleaning

properly makes the task faster and easier. The proper way of cleaning the house is to
start from the ceiling and upper walls, then downward to the floor (top-to-bottom) so that
one would not miss anything, and would not accidentally knock dust onto cleaned areas.
To save time and energy, one should take note of the following procedures in cleaning the
house and its surroundings:
Dusting
1. Dusting starts from the ceiling and
walls using a long-handled broom to
remove the cobwebs.
2. Then dust each room including the
surfaces of the furniture, picture
frames, TV screens, and decorative
objects using a duster or a lint-free
cloth.
3. When removing dust, start from the
upper part down to the lower part of
the piece of furniture.
4. Wipe off the dust from each figurine
and picture frame before putting it
back to its proper place.
30
Cleaning the Mirrors and Windows
1. Wash the mirrors or windows
with a solution of warm water
and dish soap. Wipe with a rag,
sponge, or squegee.
2. Wipe down the surface using a
dry, lint-free cloth or paper tow-
els. One good way of using old
newspaper is to use it to wipe the
glass surface after washing.
Cleaning the Floor

leaning the floor depends on the kind floor the house has. Wood, ceramic, linoleum,
C
or carpet, all these require different methods of cleaning. Wood, ceramic, and linoleum
floors must be swept daily with a soft broom. Here are the steps in properly cleaning the
floor:
1. Start sweeping from
the corners of the
room, going to the
sides, and then to the
center. Sweep slowly
to prevent dust from
flying. Gather the
dirt and trash and
scoop with a dustpan.
Another way of dust-
ing is the use of vac-
uum. Vacuum is an
effective tool to use to
clean up all the dust
and other loose junk
that accumulates on
your floor when you
have carpet.
2. After sweeping the floor, use a wet mop. Dry the floor using a mop or a rag and
then apply floor polish. When the floor dries up, wipe it with a dry, clean rag to
polish and make the floor shiny. You can also use a coconut husk (bunot) to do this.
31
Cleaning the Bedroom
It is in the bedroom where long resting hours are spent. It should be cleaned daily.
1. Remove all the clutter on the floor like pieces of paper and wrapper thrown about
and used or unused clothes.
2. Fix the bed by changing the bed sheet and pillowcases. Make sure the bottom of
the bed sheet is tucked under the mattress. Then make the blankets straight and
fluff the pillows.
3. Folding and hanging clothes makes your closets and drawers look neat. Organiz-
ing these storages can open up more space when clothes are neatly stored.
Cleaning the Kitchen

The kitchen needs special attention since unsanitary condition in the area can lead
to sickness. Give the kitchen a thorough cleaning at least once a week or as often as
possible.
1. After each meal, cover
and put away any leftover
food.
2. Wash the dishes, pots,
and pans.
3. Keep the washed items
inside the cupboards or
shelves when they are al-
ready dry.
4. Clean the stove, sink, and
dishpans.
5. Sweep the floor.
6. Empty the garbage.
32
Cleaning the Bathroom and Toilet
I t is important to wear rubber gloves when cleaning the bathroom or toilet. This will
help keep the hands from drying out if harsh products are used. Clean each part of the
bathroom or toilet as described below.
1. Bathroom ceiling and walls. If molds have accumulated on the bathroom’s ceiling,
spray with a disinfectant or bleach solution and let it rest for a few minutes.
Repeat spraying along the tiled walls. Then scrub them with a sponge or clean
rag. Rinse with clean water. Finally, wipe dry with new, clean rag. Do the same
with the walls (if tiled). Scrub each tile surface sprayed with the solution using a
sponge or a clean rag. Rinse it carefully to avoid any stripes and wipe it with a dry,
clean rag.
2. Lavatory. Use a sponge or wet cloth to scrub the surface of the sink and counter
area. Rinse the sponge thoroughly as you go along.
3. Toilet bowl. Clean the toilet bowl starting with the exterior parts. Use a cloth
soaked in disinfectant cleaner. Afterward thoroughly wash and rinse all exterior
surfaces of the toilet bowl, including the underside and flared base, the top and
underside of the seat and lid, and the hinges and their mounting area with a cloth
and detergent or similar cleaner. Scrub the bowl with a toilet brush and with an
acidic bowl cleanser. Then flush it.
4. Bathroom floor. Mop the floor of the bathroom.
33
Cleaning the Surroundings
Keeping your surroundings clean is as essential as a neat house. Accomplishing
outdoor tasks can help create a better living environment.
1. Raking leaves in your yard controls mold growth and pest infestation. Your yard
will also look neat and clean.
2. Trimming/pruning plants, such as hedges or bushes, helps prevent dirt and wa-
terlines from the wall of your house.
Think and Remember

Read each statement carefully. Write True on the line if the statement is correct.
Write False if it is incorrect.
________ 1. When cleaning the bathroom, start with the toilet bowl.
________ 2. It is better to use crumpled sheets of old newspaper in wiping the glass
after it has been washed.
________ 3. After sweeping the floor, dusting the furniture follows.
________ 4. Start cleaning from the ceiling down to the floor.
________ 5. A sponge soaked in disinfectant is used to clean the handle of the flush,
the seat cover, the sides and the base of the toilet bowl, and the water
closet.
34
________ 6. Using a pair of rubber gloves in cleaning the bathroom protects the hand
from drying when using bleach and other cleaning detergents.
________ 7. Let the pots and pans dry before putting them in the cabinets or shelves.
________ 8. After sweeping the floor, the next thing to do is apply floor wax.
________ 9. A stick broom is used in sweeping linoleum and ceramic floors.
________10. Start sweeping the floor from the corner of the room.
Try This
Organize a house cleaning session with your family. Each member assigned will
accomplish and follow the steps stated in the discussion correctly. Take pictures of the
members of the family doing their assigned tasks. Paste the photos in your notebook and
write a short caption.
35
Lesson 4 Housekeeping Schedule
Look and Learn
Preparing a housekeeping schedule makes a task or chore organized,

faster, and easier.
Housekeeping is the care and management of the house. This includes the cleanliness
and orderliness of the house.
It is important that the home is cleaned regularly to keep it in good condition for a
long time. However, note that tasks may be done in different times. Some are to be done
on a daily or weekly basis while others are on a monthly or even seasonal basis. Refer to
the following schedules.
Daily Work Routine

Tasks classified to be daily work routine are usually the simple household tasks on
each part of the house. Remember to do these on an everyday basis to keep each area
clean.
Living Room Bedroom Dining Room Kitchen Bathroom

sweeping sweeping sweeping sweeping mopping or scrub-
bing
dusting dusting dusting dusting
mopping mopping mopping mopping cleaning the toilet
bowl and lavatory
putting books, putting back clearing the dining dishwashing and emptying the gar-
magazines, and the shoes and table storing the dishes bage can
newspapers in clothes in proper and cooking
place place utensils
making the bed cleaning the
sink and counter
surfaces
emptying the
garbage can
36
Weekly Work Routine
If you do your daily tasks regularly, then it would be easy to maintain the cleanliness
in the house. Thus, there are tasks that you can do weekly. Look at the following weekly
tasks for each part of the house.

applying floor polishing the polishing the floor cleaning cup- scrubbing and disin-
wax on the floor floor board and cabi- fecting the lavatory,
nets walls, floor, and toilet
bowl
polishing the organizing the cleaning and washing and dry- cleaning the soap
floor closet rearranging the ing the garbage dish, faucet, and
cabinets can shower
cleaning the cleaning the win- cleaning the win- cleaning the win- cleaning the toilet
window sills and dow sills dow sills dow sills bowl and lavatory
mirror
rearranging and dusting and turn- replacing bathroom
dusting books ing the mattress curtain
and magazines and changing bed
linen
dusting the cush-
ions
Occasional or Seasonal Work Routine

Large-scale cleaning activities are usually done on a seasonal basis for special
occasions, holidays, and festivals. Cleaning of this kind may take a week or longer.

repainting of the repainting of the repainting of the repainting of the repainting of the
walls walls walls walls walls
cleaning and pol- cleaning and pol- removing cobwebs removing cob- removing cobwebs
ishing furniture ishing furniture in woodwork webs in wood- in woodwork
work
sweeping off sweeping off replacing or pol-
cobwebs and cobwebs and ishing rusty silver
woodwork woodwork wares
replacing cur- replacing curtains
tains
37
Think and Remember
Classify each task if it is done daily, weekly, or occasionally. Write D on the line if the
housekeeping task is done on a daily basis. Write W if it is done on a weekly basis. Write
O if it is done occasionally.
_____ 1. changing bed linen

_____ 2. cleaning kitchen windows

_____ 3. replacing bathroom curtain
_____ 4. cleaning the lavatory and toilet bowl
_____ 5. cleaning window sills and mirror of the living room
_____ 6. disinfecting the lavatory, walls, floors, and toilet bowl
_____ 7. sweeping, dusting, and mopping the dining room
_____ 8. putting books, magazines, and newspapers in place in the living room
_____ 9. turning the mattress
_____ 10. putting shoes and clothes in proper place and making the bed
Try This
With the use of a computer, prepare a housekeeping schedule for your bedroom. Post
the schedule in your room and do the activities as stated in your schedule. Keep a record
to see whether you have done or have not done the activity. Write your reasons why you
were not able to do the activity.
38
Lesson 5 Home Furnishings
Look and Learn
Furnishings are pieces of furniture and other decorative accessories at

home such as carpets and curtains. Home furnishings make the house func-
tional as these are used at home.
Furnishings are placed in different parts of the house to be used for various activities
at home. Some, as previously mentioned, are used for decorative purposes. Each part of
the house has its own typical furnishing.
1. Living room
These are the furnishings usually found in the living room:
a. sala set—where family members and guests sit and relax.
b. display cabinet—where decora-
tions, souvenirs, and photos are
displayed.
c. room decorations—these add beau-
ty to the room.
d. appliances—family members use
these whenever they are in the liv-
ing room. Some examples are tele-
vision, electric fan, and radio.
2. Bedroom
The following furnishings are important fixtures in the bedroom:
a. bed—used for sleeping and resting.
b. night lamp—serves as a soft light
when reading in bed.
c. side table—serves as a place to put
book, phone, lamp, or other objects.
d. curtains—serve as shade from light
from the windows and decoration.
e. dresser—items used for dressing,
such as powder lotion, perfume,
make-up and jewelries, are placed.
39
3. Dining room
Furnishings to have in the dining room
are:
a. dining table and chairs—a set of
furniture in which diners sit during
meal time.
b. cabinet—used for storing and dis-
play of chinaware, glassware, and
silverware.
c. side table—used mainly for placing

dishes to be served and sometimes,
to display delicately designed dishes, vases, and candle holders.
4. Kitchen
A well-furnished kitchen have these
furnishings:
a. cooking range/stove—used to cook
food.
b. refrigerator—used to store perish-
able food items and to cool/chill/
freeze food items.
c. sink—used to wash food and dish-
es.
d. preparation table/counter—where
food preparation is done.
e. small appliances—these aid in preparation and cooking of foods.
Examples: oven toaster and blender.
f. cabinet—serves as storage for nonperishable food items.
5. Bathroom
An ideal bathroom must have these
furnishings:
a. shower—for bathing
b. toilet—for elimination of body
waste
c. lavatory—for washing the face and
hands, brushing the teeth, and
small laundry work
d. medicine cabinet—where the first-
aid and other medical supplies are
kept
40
Think and Remember
Determine to which room in column B you can find the furnishing in column A. Write
A B
____ 1. medicine cabinet a. bathroom

____ 2. lavatory
b. bedroom
____ 3. side table
____ 4. shower c. dining room
____ 5. cooking range/stove
d. kitchen
____ 6. refrigerator
____ 7. curtains e. living room
____ 8. dresser
____ 9. night lamp
____ 10. television
Try This
Surf the Internet for pictures of furnishings for modern houses or condominiums.
Print these pictures and paste in your notebook. Describe each furnishing and compare
them with your furnishings at home. How are these similar to or different from those you
have in your own house? Share about these in class.
41
Lesson 6 Making the Home Comfortable
and Pleasing
Look and Learn
The use of furnishings and decorative accessories can make the home
comfortable and pleasing. Furniture and accessories should be arranged
properly to give the rooms of the house a touch of beauty, elegance, and
comfort.
Learning to arrange the furnishings will make the house beautiful and pleasant. One
should know the rules to follow in arranging different pieces of furniture so that there
will be proper placement for each. Proper arrangement of furniture, wall decorations,
and curtains is important to make the rooms of the house functionally comfortable with
a touch of beauty and elegance. The following are some guidelines:
Furniture Arrangement
Pieces of furniture such as tables, cabinets, chairs, desks, dressers, beds, and
appliances may come in all types and sizes. The general rules for arranging them are as
follows:
1. Large pieces of furniture should be placed against the walls with a little space
between the furniture and the wall. These pieces of furniture can be large sofas in
the living room, China cabinets in the dining room, dressers and clothes cabinets
in the bedroom, and refrigerators and ranges in the kitchen.
2. Pieces of furniture should be grouped and arranged close to one another. Make
sure to group together those with similar functions. This creates an impression of
oneness or sets. Thus, for example, you have the dining set, the living room set,
the bedroom set, and the kitchen set.
3. Pieces of furniture should fit the size of the room. Big pieces are appropriate for
wide and spacious rooms. On the other hand, small rooms will look spacious if
there are only one or two smaller pieces of furniture.
4. There should be enough for freedom of movement. Never block passageways or
doors leading to other rooms with pieces of furniture. Furniture should not block
windows and doors.
42
To make the room pleasing and attractive, remember to consider the color scheme of
the room. There must be visual harmony between the furnishings and the room. This
means that there should be a pleasing and orderly arrangement of the pieces of furniture
and furnishings in each of the room in the house. Colors present in the room should
complement each other.
Curtains
It is not only the furniture that needs to be placed properly around the house.
Decorative furnishing such as curtains should also be considered. The following are some
guides on how to use such furnishing properly:
1. Always consider the purpose for putting up curtains. Remember that you put up
curtains in different parts of the house for the following reasons:
• provide privacy
• add beauty to the room
• cover walls or marks on windows and walls
• create illusion of space
The style and type of curtain you will use in a given area will depend on your purpose
for that area.
2. Use the style or type of curtains appropriate for the home. The following are the
different styles or types of curtains:
• draperies—curtains made of heavy materials that hang from the window
head down to the floor or window sill.
• glass curtains—made of light materials of straight panels which maybe
short or floor length. These are sometimes placed between draperies.
• café curtains—hang from a rod placed across the middle of a window.
• valance—a strip of cloth that runs across and covers the top part of a window.
43
3. Consider the color scheme of the room. Color scheme should match the design and
material of the curtains. There are different types of curtain designs such as nat-
uralistic (nature, flowers, and plants) geometric forms and shapes, and abstract.
Remember also that dark colors make a spacious room smaller and light colors
create an illusion of wider space.
44
Wall Decorations and Accessories
Pictures, tapestries, paintings, wall clocks, and other accessories that are hung on
the walls are called wall decorations. These are chosen carefully because they reflect
the owner’s personality or the family’s taste and feelings. They also help create an
atmosphere of a beautiful and comfortable home. Aside from these, wall decorations and
accessories should blend with the color scheme of the house. Remember the following
about putting up wall decorations:
• Tasteful arrangement of framed family pictures are appropriate in the living
room. This creates a “lived-in look.”
• Tapestries, paintings, and artworks of family members are good wall decors. Me-
mentos by family members from trips can also be included in the wall decors.
• Happy scenes such as pictures or drawings of beautiful animals, story and car-
toon characters are appropriate in the children’s room.
• Display cabinets are ideal for showing off small figurines or bric-a-brac or collec-
tions of small articles. Make sure to group accessories of similar kind.
45
Think and Remember
A. Enumerate what is being asked for each item. Write your answers on the lines.
1. Four rules in furniture arrangement

a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________
2. Different types or styles of curtains

a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________
3. Give examples of wall decors

a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________
B. Surf the Internet and do the following activities:

1. Look for a picture of a living room. Download, print, and paste it in your notebook.
Study the picture and write down at least two rules in arranging furniture that is
followed.
2. Look for at least two rooms of a house with curtains and identify the style of
curtain.
46
Try This
Do the following:
1. Take a picture of the following furnishings inside your house:
a. windows in the living room
b. display cabinet
c. your bed
2. Ask permission and help from your parents to redesign these three furnishings:
a. For the window, change the curtain.
b. For the display cabinet, rearrange or change its content.
c. For the bed, move it to a different location (You may also change sheet and
linens).
3. Examine the changes done. Adjust changes if needed.
4. Take a picture of the windows, display cabinet, and your bed after the makeover
or changes done.
5. Describe your experience in doing the simple makeover in your notebook. Explain
in a short paragraph the benefits that one will get in fixing his/her home.
47
Chapter 3
Nutritious and Adequate Food

for the Family
The family meals should be nutritious and adequate because they affect the health
and well-being of all the members of the family. Food served should contain the correct
amount of nutrients that the body needs as prescribed by the Food Nutrition Research
Institute (FNRI). It is important to plan what to serve for breakfast, lunch, and supper
by following the meal pattern. Making a budget plan before buying food will result in
nutritious but economical meals. More importantly, learning the skills in hand process
of food preparation and knowing the cooking methods to use will help you contribute as
a family member who can prepare and serve the family meals. How satisfying it will be
to enjoy a pleasant experience of dining together and bonding with the family!
48
Lesson 1 The Family Meals
Look and Learn

The family generally eats three meals a day: breakfast, lunch, and sup-
per. Food served should be nutritious and adequate which must follow the
meal pattern. A nutritious family meal should include the energy-giving food,
body-building food, and body-regulating food.
The family usually eat three meals during the day: breakfast in the morning, lunch
at noon, and supper in the evening. The meals can be light, medium, or heavy depending
on the needs of each member of the family. Brunch, a meal that is a combination of
breakfast and lunch, is usually done at ten o’clock in the morning. A light meal between
meals is called snacks. The set of food taken during the family meals is called the meal
pattern.
Breakfast
The first meal eaten during the day is called breakfast. It comes after a long period
of time after the evening meal. It is very important that one eats a good breakfast. The
body needs energy during the day to work, study, or play. Below is an example of a meal
pattern for breakfast.
A nutritious family meal should include energy-giving food, body-building food, and
body-regulating food. Do you know what these food groups are?
49
Meal Pattern for Lunch and Supper
The following is a meal pattern for lunch or supper:
Lunch and supper have the same meal pattern. The meal pattern contains food from
the three basic food groups. A dish is a particular preparation of food. When a dish or
cooked food contains meat, fish, seafood, and vegetables, it is called a one-dish meal.
Sinigang, nilaga, and tinola are examples of one-dish meals.
Food for Snacks

Shown below are sample food items for snacks.
50
A snack should be nutritious and light. It is eaten to fill the gap between meals.
Avoid eating junk foods for snacks. Junk foods have ingredients that are not good for
one’s health. Remember that a nutritious family meal must:
• include a variety of nutritious foods from the food groups;
• be adequate and satisfying;
• follow the meal pattern; and
• be easy to prepare.
Think and Remember

List down what is being asked for each item. Write your answer on the lines.
1. Types of family meals

a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________
e. ___________________________________________________________
2. Characteristics of a nutritious family meal

a. ___________________________________________________________
b. ___________________________________________________________
c. ___________________________________________________________
d. ___________________________________________________________
51
Try This
Remember what you have eaten for lunch or supper yesterday. List or draw the foods
in the empty plates. Identify the food group each belongs to. Write the name of the food
group on the line.
52
Lesson 2 Planning Nutritious Meals
for the Family
Look and Learn
Nutritious meals are important for the health and well-being of the family.
Food served should contain the correct amount of nutrients that the body
needs. The food pyramid is a good guide to be able to plan nutritious meals.
Factors in Planning Nutritious Meals

Careful thought is needed to plan nutritious meals for the family. Learning to use the
food pyramid and understanding the basic food groups as nutritional tools are equally
important as knowing the factors to be considered in meal planning. These factors are
as follows:
1. Variety of food. Use the food pyramid as a guide. Variety in color, texture, and
flavor of food are equally important.
2. Meal pattern. This serves as the outline in planning the menu or the list of food to
serve.
3. Budget. The budget for food or the available money to spend should also be consid-
ered in meal planning. One should know which food items will fit into the allotted
budget.
4. Amount of time and energy. Consider the schedule and workability in preparing
and cooking meals and in time for dining.
5. Shopping or buying skills. It is also important that you know how to choose the
appropriate stores to buy the food. For example, will you buy vegetables in wet
markets? Or are these best bought in supermarkets? You will learn more about
these in lesson 3.
6. Size; members’ likes and dislikes; and lifestyle, customs, and traditions of the fam-
ily. The family has its own food preferences or likes and dislikes. It is based on
customs and traditions of the family. Generally, Filipinos like to eat rice, fish, and
meat. The number or size of family members should be considered in planning
meals.
The Food Pyramid and the Basic Food Groups as Guides in Meal Planning
According to the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI), the food pyramid
and the basic food groups serve as a good guide to help plan a balanced diet. A diet is the
food a person eats regularly. A balanced diet is one which contains the correct amount
53
of nutrients the body needs. The basic food groups, which consist of energy-giving food,
body-building food, and body-regulating food, are placed in the food pyramid to guide in
choosing healthy and nutritious food.
The foods are to be chosen from all four levels of the food pyramid to make sure there
is a good balance of nutrients and variety in the diet.
54
Recall that the meal pattern is like an outline that lists the food that are part of the
meals. The specific list of food or dishes in the meal pattern is called the menu. Below is
a sample menu for each meal pattern.
Meal Pattern Sample Menu

Breakfast
fruit ripe papaya
main dish scrambled eggs
bread or cereal fried rice or pan de sal
beverage coffee, milk, or chocolate
Lunch or Supper
soup
main dish sinigang (pork, beef, or shrimp)
vegetable dish
cereal rice
dessert fruits in season
When menus are selected, one must also think of the recipes for preparing these food
items. Recipes are important because they give the list of ingredients needed and the
procedure in preparing a particular dish. The recipes can be found in a cookbook. Aside
from cookbooks, recipes can be sourced from chefs or professional cooks.
55
Think and Remember
For each of the food groups in the food pyramid, write down two examples of healthy
food suitable for the number of servings.
56
Try This
Plan a sample menu for lunch or supper. Follow the given meal pattern. Write your
answers on the lines.
Meal Pattern ___________________________________________

Sample Menu ___________________________________________

Soup ___________________________________________
Main Dish ___________________________________________
Vegetable Dish ___________________________________________
Cereals ___________________________________________
Dessert ___________________________________________
57
Lesson 3 Guides in Buying Food Wisely
Look and Learn

Knowledge of the market is important to be able to buy good quality food.
The budget and the shopping list are good guides to buying food wisely but
one must also know where, when, and how to shop for food.
Buying food involves decisions on where to buy the food, how much is budget allotted
for food, and what food items one has to buy.
Where to Buy
Decision-making on where to buy food items involves choosing among wet markets,
grocery stores, and supermarkets.
The Wet Market

Fresh fruits, vegetables, meat, and fish are found in the wet market. Most shoppers
prefer to go to the wet market early in the morning when food items just arrived and
vendors are just opening their stores. There are small informal wet markets called
talipapa.
58
The Grocery Store
Canned and bottled goods and other household stuff are sold in groceries at prices
lower than those sold in convenient stores or sari-sari stores (small grocery stores).
Grocery stores are located in a building or a house.
The Supermarket
The supermarket is a large store which carries food and nonfood items. It is larger than
a grocery store and usually found in malls. It offers more products such as packaged food
products and frozen foods than grocery stores, displayed and organized in refrigerated
cases. It also sells products in wholesale and retail items.
59
How Much to Buy
After knowing and deciding where to buy food items, one must be able to determine
how much to buy.
Recall that the budget for food is the available money to spend to buy specific food
items. It determines how much to buy depending on the budget. Thus, it is best that one
prepare first a shopping list based on the planned menu. Organize the shopping list by
checking the recipes of the planned menu.
One should know how much money he/she can spend before going to the market.
Spend within the budget or cash on hand. Write the cost of the food items in the shopping
list.
Here is a sample shopping list for budget money of ₱225 for a day’s meal:
60
What to Buy
hen one already knows where and how much to buy, he/she should be ready to buy
W
what he/she needs. He/She also needs to know some guidelines in buying fresh food from
the market. One should look for the following qualities in the food items that he/she will
buy.
In Wet Markets
61
62
In Grocery Stores or Supermarket
Think and Remember
Fill in the graphic organizer by writing items for each box according to group. Choose
the answer from the words in the box.
wet market fish money meat grocery

fruits supermarket market list recipes budget
vegetables canned goods menu talipapa
sari-sari store bottled goods
Guides in Buying Food Wisely
Try This
Prepare a budget and a shopping list for the following breakfast menu. Make sure
that the budget you will prepare is within the budget of the family. Let your parents
check your work afterward.
fried eggs
bread
hot chocolate
ripe papaya
63
Lesson 4 Preparation and Cooking of Meals
Look and Learn
Preparation and cooking of meals involve knowing the food preparation

process and the cooking methods. Knowledge of these tasks will enable you
to understand recipes and proceed to cook the meals.
The two important processes in the preparation and cooking of meals include:
• the hand preparation process and the kitchen tools to use
• the cooking methods and the proper equipment
Learning the correct way of food preparation and mastering the use of appropriate
kitchen tools will help make your kitchen task easier and faster to accomplish. Study the
table that follows:
64
Food Preparation Process
Remember the following guidelines in food preparation:

1. Use clean and sharp knives in paring and peeling. Remember to be careful in us-
ing them.
2. Use the chopping board in slicing, cutting, or chopping. A kitchen shear is best for
cutting leafy vegetables or trimming fats.
3. When cutting food, do the cutting away from you to avoid accidents.
4. Use different chopping boards for raw and cooked meat, poultry, or fish. Doing
this will help avoid food contamination since the same kind of food is chopped on
each chopping board.
5. Always wash the food preparation tools after use. Let them dry before storing.
65
The Cooking Methods
Learning to master the cooking methods is easier if the correct utensils or equipment
are used. The correct kitchen equipment will make cooking easy and enjoyable. You will
be able to prepare meals that the family will love. Study the table and try to be familiar
with it:
66
The following are some tips to be able to cook dishes successfully:
1. Use the appropriate tools and equipment in cooking.
2. Use the correct size of pans or pots and lids that fit to avoid having food boil over.
3. Turn handles of pots and pans away from the front of the stove or range.
4. Be careful when using electrical or gas range.
5. Use a potholder when removing pans from burners or the oven.
6. Wipe off the range or stove after cooking.
7. Keep the kitchen floor dry by wiping spilled liquids or foods to avoid slipping
Also, do not forget to wear an apron and use a headband or hairnet when cooking.
Always wash your hands before and after food preparation and cooking.
Think and Remember

Classify the food preparation activities and cooking methods written below. Draw a
hand ( ) for preparation activities and a pot ( ) for cooking.
Methods:
1. boil 6. peel
2. slice 7. bake
3. chop 8. pare
4. fry 9. cube
5. saute 10. strain
67
Try This
For more information about kitchen tools and equipment in food preparation and
cooking, research on them in this website: www.howtocookmeat.com. Gather as much
information for kitchen tools and equipment. Download them if needed. Share what you
have learned in class. You may write your findings in the space provided.
68
Lesson 5 Serving the Family Meals
Look and Learn
Serving family meals begins with setting the table and ends in clearing
it after eating. Observing proper behavior or good table manners makes the
family meals a pleasant and enjoyable time for the family.
Setting the Table

A meal is best enjoyed with the family. The dining table should be set properly to
allow each member to enjoy eating together. Individual plates and serving dishes are
used to set the table. Appropriate utensils for dining make a well set table.
Here is an illustration of a table setting called the family style of table service:
In the family style of table service, food is served directly on serving dishes at the
table. Everyone remains on the table together throughout the meal. The table is laden
with all the dishes or courses from soup to dessert.
The order of eating the courses depends on the individual preferences and one is
expected to serve himself/herself. One can also ask other family members to pass the
dishes to him/her if needed.
There is no better way to share gracious enjoyment of meals in a relaxed atmosphere
where there is conversation among family members. This type of table service best
describes a typical Filipino family service.
69
Table Manners
Table manners are the proper behavior while dining. One should always observe
proper table manners. Here are some table manners to observe:
1. Be well groomed when coming to the table.
2. Wait for others instead of rushing to the table ahead of them.
3. Be seated only after everyone is assembled at the table then sit at the same time.
4. Sit or stand quietly when saying grace before meal.
5. Hold fork and spoon correctly. Never use them to get food from the serving dishes.
Use a separate serving spoon.
6. Eat slowly and chew food quietly with the mouth closed.
7. Keep hands on the lap and the elbows close to the side so as not to interfere with
someone close.
8. Be thoughtful and considerate of others. Do not leave the table until everyone is
finished eating. If one must, say “Excuse me” when leaving the table.
Clearing the Table

Clearing the table after meals would be faster if everyone assists in doing the tasks.
Remember the following when clearing the table:
• Remove the dishes in the following order: serving dishes or bowls, plates and
glasses, and spoons and forks.
• Never stack dishes on the table; it is incorrect to do this. Carry them directly to
the kitchen.
• Use a tray to collect glasses and/or cups, spoons, and forks.
• Wipe the dining table with a clean cloth or rag. If placemats are used, collect them
and wipe separately.
Think and Remember

Fill in the blank with the correct word/s to complete each sentence. Choose from the
words given in the box.
setting family style of table service table manners well groomed

hand serving spoon kitchen clean cloth
faster place
1. Serving the family meal begins with ________________ the table.

2. A family meal is best enjoyed when all the members has a __________________ in the
table.
70
3. The __________________________________ best describes how meals are served in a
typical Filipino family.
4. Good ____________________________ make eating a pleasant experience.
5. Use the ___________________________ for getting food from the main dish.
6. Keep your _____________ on your lap and elbows close to your side.
7. Always be ____________________________ when you come to the table.
8. After the meals, remove the dishes and bring them direct to the _________________.
9. Wipe the dining table with a _____________________ or rag.
10. Clearing the table would be ____________________ if everyone helps.
Try This
Role-play having good table manners and clearing the table. Demonstrate (1) sitting
at the table, (2) using fork and spoon, serving spoon, and (3) clearing the table. Do this
by a mime act and allow your classmates to guess what you are doing.
71
Chapter 4
Learning to Sew by Machine

The sewing machine is the most important equipment you will learn to use in sewing.
It makes sewing easier and enjoyable. You can finish your work faster and properly done.
Sewing can be fun and satisfying once you learn to use the sewing machine. Better
workmanship is achieved since clothes become durable when sewn by machine because
the stitches used are fine and lasting.
72
Lesson 1 Parts of the Sewing Machine
Look and Learn
The sewing machine parts should be studied well in order to maximize

their use. To be able to operate the sewing machine you must be able to
identify the functions of each of the parts.
The three important parts of the sewing machine are the cabinet, head, and stand.
Cabinet
he cabinet holds one or more drawers, an extension leaf and a center drawer. These
T
are used for storing and keeping important sewing materials especially those that do not
fit inside the sewing box.
73
Head
The head is the upper metal part which holds the important mechanisms of the
sewing machine.
1. Arm—carries the whole part. Holds the important mechanism inside and carries
the trade mark.
2. Spool pin—a metal that holds the spool of thread found on top right of the arm.
3. Thread guide—guides the upper threading of the sewing machine.
4. Tension regulator—an adjustable disc which regulates the looseness and tightness
of the stitches.
5. Thread take-up lever—the lever through which the upper thread passes which
moves up and down as the machine is operated.
6. Needle bar—holds the needle in place.
7. Needle—a thin metal shaft attached to the needle bar with an eye and is pointed
on the other end. It is held by a clamp.
8. Needle clamp—holds the needle in place. It can be loosened and tightened when
removing and attaching the needle.
9. Presser bar—holds the presser foot.
10. Presser foot—holds the fabric in place while sewing.
11. Presser bar lifter—raises and lowers the presser foot.
12. Face plate—a metal plate which covers the left end head
13. Throat—where the needle passes and where the lower thread comes out while
sewing.
14. Throat plate—a stainless plate that covers the feed dog.
15. Feed dog—a teeth-like metal found under the presser foot that moves the fabric
while sewing.
74
16. Slide plate—a stainless plate that covers the shuttle and bobbin case.
17. Bobbin—a round metal disc that holds the thread for the lower threading.
18. Bobbin case—the container that holds the bobbin in place.
19. Shuttle—holds the bobbin and the bobbin case in place.
20. Bobbin winder—located just above the stitch regulator used to wind the thread
around the bobbin.
21. Stitch regulator—located at the right side of the arm, regulates the length of the
stitches.
22. Stop motions crew—a knob located at the center of the balance wheel which is
used to release and tighten the needle bar.

23. Balance wheel—starts the operations of the sewing machine in coordination with
the drive wheel.
Stand
The stand carries the bed and the head of the sewing machine. It consists of the
following parts:
1. Drive wheel—drives the balance wheel through the belt.

2. Belt guide—an indention in the drive wheel that keeps the belt in place.
3. Drive wheel crank—turns the drive wheel.
4. Pitman rod—a metal rod that connects the treadle and the drive wheel crank.
5. Treadle—foot operated platform used to run the machine.
6. Legs—used to support the stand.
75
Think and Remember
Complete each sentence. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. The part of the sewing machine where the thread guide is called _____________.
a. arm c. head
b. cabinet d. needle bar
2. The part of the machine used for storing and keeping important sewing materials
is the _____________.
a. arm c. head
b. cabinet d. needle bar
3. A part of the machine that holds the fabric in place while sewing is called the
_____________.
a. face plate c. presser foot
b. pressing bar d. presser bar lifter
4. A stainless plate that covers the shuttle and bobbin case is the _____________.
a. bobbin case c. bobbin winder
b. bobbin d. slide plate
5. A stainless plate that covers the feed dog is the _____________.
a. slide plate c. face plate
b. throat plate d. throat
6. A part that regulates the length of the stitches is called the _____________.
a. bobbin winder c. balance wheel
b. stitch regulator d. stop motion screw
7. A teeth-like metal found under the presser foot is the _____________.
a. face plate c. shuttle
b. feed dog d. throat plate
8. A metal that holds the thread at top right of the arm is the _____________.
a. thread guide c. thread take up lever
b. tension regulator d. spool pin
9. An adjustable disc that regulates the looseness and tightness of stitches is the
_____________.
b. tension regulator d. spool pin
10. This part guides the upper threading of the machine is called the _____________.
b. tension regulator d. pool pin
76
Try This
Do the following:
1. Download from the Internet the picture of an electric sewing machine showing its
important parts.
2. Research what a treadle machine is. Search for a picture of it in the Internet
showing its parts. You may paste the picture in the space provided.
3. Compare the parts of the sewing machine with those of the treadle machine. Discuss
with your classmates the similarities and differences of the sewing machine and
the treadle machine.
77
Lesson 2 Basic Sewing Tools and Equipment
Look and Learn

Familiarizing yourself with the specific tools and equipment in sewing will
help you sew correctly and successfully. Tools are implements for manual
use while equipment are those for special purpose.
Basic tools and equipment are classified as measuring tools, cutting tools, and sewing
tools.
Measuring Tools
ape measures, rulers, and yardsticks or meter sticks are classified as measuring
T
tools.
1. Tape measure. It is a narrow plastic or metal strip used to get objects or body
measurements. It is 60 inches long with one side measured in inches while the
other side is in centimeters.
2. Ruler. It is a measuring tool made of plastic, metal or wood. It is used for measuring
and marking straight lines.
3. Yardstick or meterstick. A yardstick is 81.28 cm long while the meterstick is 1,000
cm. Both tools are used to measure the length of cloth or fabric.
78
Cutting Tools
utting fabric requires good, sharp tools such as shears, pairs of scissors, and even
C
pinking shears.
1. Shears. Shears are six inches or 15 centimeters in length. The openings in their
handles vary, with the handle for the thumb being smaller than the handle for
the other fingers. Note that the larger opening in the handle is for leverage and
control. When using the shears, the lower blade rests on the cutting surface.
2. Pair of scissors. This tool is about four to five inches long with sharp tips. It is
excellent for snipping thread and clipping and trimming seams. Both openings in
the handles of a pair of scissors are of the same size.

3. Pinking shears. This tool has a zigzag edge. It is good for finishing seams, hems,
and facings.
Sewing Tools
1. Needles. A needle is a small slender tool made of steel and is used for sewing.
Needles come in different sizes. Note that needles used for hand sewing are
different from needles used in sewing machines, or machine needles but both are
used for sewing cloth. A sewing machine needle is attached to the needle bar and
has to be threaded correctly before it can be used.
2. Pins. A pin is a very thin pointed metal that has heads like nails on one end. It is
used for holding cloth and pattern paper in place while sewing and cutting.
79
3. Pincushion and emery bag. Pincushion is a small thick pad made of cloth that is
used to hold pins and needles for ready use. Pincushions may come in different
shapes.
An emery bag is a pad that contains fine sand or glass and is used to sharpen
needle and pin.
4. Thread. This is used with needle to make stitches. It comes in different colors and
is sold in balls, spools, cones, or skeins.
5. Thimble. It is a cap-like device or cover that protects the fingers from pricks while
sewing. It is worn on the middle finger of your left or right hand depending on
which one you use for sewing.

6. Tracing wheel. It is a toothed wheel with a handle. It is used to transfer markings
to the fabric.
7. Sewing box. It is a container that holds all small tools for sewing.
80
Think and Remember
Identify what is being described. Encircle the letter of the best answer.
1. A sewing tool used to transfer the markings to the fabric
a. pin c. thimble
b. needle d. tracing wheel
2. A measuring instrument that is 393.7 inches
a. meterstick c. tape measure

b. yardstick d. ruler
3. A cutting tool with zigzag edge and is good for finishing seams
a. pair of scissors c. pinking shears
b. shears d. seam ripper
4. It is used to hold small sewing tools
a. pincushion c. sewing box
b. thimble d. emery bag
5. A sewing tool used to sharpen the pins and needles
a. pincushion c. emery bag
b. thread d. thimble
6. A sharp cutting tool about 15 cm in length, with small handle opening for the
thumb and larger opening for the fingers to hold
a. blade c. shears
b. pair of scissors d. pinking shears
7. Worn on the middle finger when doing hand sewing to protect it while pushing the
needle
a. tracing wheel c. thread
b. thimble d. pincushion
8. The tool used for taking body measurement
a. meterstick c. tape measure
b. yardstick d. ruler
9. The tool used for cutting fabric for a dress
a. pinking shears c. pair of scissors
b. shears d. hem ripper
81
Try This
Bring to class a cardboard box or a metal biscuit can and decorate it with stickers or
gift wrapping paper. Make it your sewing box. Take a picture of your finished product
and paste it in the space provided.
82
Lesson 3 Basic Operation of
the Sewing Machine
Look and Learn

Young boys and girls who want to use the sewing machine proper-
ly should learn these basic operations: treadling, setting the needle, and
threading. These basic operations must be done correctly so that the sewing
machine can run smoothly.
There are two types of sewing machines: the treadle machine and the electric sewing
machine. Generally the treadle machine is most used because it can be run manually. In
this lesson you will learn to use the basic operations of a sewing machine using this type.
The basic operations in learning to use the sewing machine include the following:
• treadling;
• setting the needle properly; and
• threading the sewing machine.
Treadling
The following are the steps in treadling:
1. Place both feet on the treadle with
one foot lower than the other.
2. Turn the balance instead of drive
wheel toward you to start the ma-
chine.
3. Treadle continuously until the
drive wheel turns steadily in one
direction.
4. Practice treadling until you pro-
duce a smooth rhythmic motion.
83
Setting the needle properly
Setting the needle of the sewing machine properly involves the following steps.
1. Determine the position of the bar slot.
2. Thread needle from left to right in the Left bar slot.
3. Thread needle from right to left in the Right bar slot.
Threading the sewing machine

Remember the following steps involved in threading the sewing machine:
1. Threading the bobbin
a. Release the stop motion screw.
b. Place the thread in the spool
pin.
c. Wind the thread to the bobbin
a number of times.
2. Threading the bobbin case
a. Pull an extra piece of thread
from the bobbin. Place the
bobbin in the bobbin case.
b. Lead the thread into the slot
under the tension spring.
c. Leave about 3 or 4 inches of
thread.
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3. Threading the upper part or the
head of the machine
a. Place the thread in the spool
pin.
b. Raise the thread take-up lever
to the highest point.
c. Bring the thread across the
thread up and down.
d. Pull the thread between the
two pieces of metal of the ten-

sion regulator.
e. Pull it over the bar through the
tension spring.
f. Bring the thread up, pass it
through the thread take-up le-
ver.
g. Pull it down and thread the
needle.
h. Pull about 3 to 4 inches of
thread. a b
4. Taking up the lower thread
a. Hold the end of the upper
thread and take a stitch by
turning the balance wheel
once. c d
b. Pull the loop up to bring about
the end of the lower thread.
c. There are now two threads
under the presser foot. Draw
them back.
5. Regulating the length of the stitch
by using the stitch regulator
85
Think and Remember
Match the parts of the sewing machine with the basic operations by choosing the letter
of the correct answer. Write the correct answer on the line before each number.
A B
____ 1. treading a. bar slot

____ 2. treading the lower part b. spool pin
____ 3. treading the upper part c. bobbin

____ 4. taking the lower thread d. balance wheel
____ 5. regulating the length of the stitch e. treadle
____ 6. setting the needle f. stich regulator
____ 7. winding the thread g. presser foot
Try This
Do the following:
1. Work in groups of four. Take turns doing the following:
a. treadling
b. setting the needle properly
c. threading the sewing machine
2. Choose the member who did the perfect basic operation.
86
Lesson 4 Safety Rules in Sewing
Look and Learn
Safety rules in sewing involves observing good sewing practices and

safety habits. Exercise them with care so that accidents do not occur while
you are sewing. Being aware of possible accidents in sewing will help you
prevent them to occur.
Here are some safety rules in sewing:

1. Use both hands in, carefully raising the machine head out the cabinet.
2. Sit erect on the chair directly in front of the machine and use your feet when
treadling.
3. Operate the sewing machine at a safe speed within your control.
4. Make sure that the needle is properly inserted in the sewing machine.
5. When treading the bobbin, disengage the balance wheel by turning the knob
counter clockwise. This will prevent the needle bar from moving.
6. Have the machine box covered with a cloth when not being used.
7. Oil the machine parts that have holes after sewing.
8. Use the scissors for cutting the thread. Do not bite the thread.
9. Always keep the sewing machine clean and free from dirt. Dust the areas, bed,
and other parts that are exposed to dust.
10. Keep the sewing room neat and clean before and after sewing.
11. Release the belt and place a cloth under the pressure foot before closing the
machine.
12. Avoid moving the machine frequently, as this may loosen the parts.
87

Think and Remember
Match each safety rule in column A to what will happen if the rule is not observed in
column B.
A B
____ 1. operate at safe speed a. faulty wiring is dangerous

____ 2. use shears correctly b. you cannot control the treadle

____ 3. properly check electrical cords c. you may be cut
____ 4. set the needle properly d. fast speed can break needles and thread
____ 5. disengage hand when treadling e. broken needle may hit you

Try This
Do the following:
1. Bring sewing tools to class.
2. Demonstrate how to use each tool properly. Make sure to observe safety rules as
you demonstrate each one.
Examples:
a. Holding a pair of shears and cut the fabric.
b. Threading the bobbin.
88
Lesson 5 Sewing Project for the Home:
Learning to Sew a
Throw Pillowcase
Look and Learn
A throw pillowcase is a simple item for home furnishing that you can
learn to sew as long as you know the basic hand and sewing machine pro-
cesses.
A throw pillow is a useful and decorative home furnishing. An attractive throw pillow
adds color to the living room when placed on the sofa or sala set. It also gives comfort to
the family member when they sit on the floor while watching TV. Some throw pillows
come together with the sala set.
Steps in Making a Throw Pillowcase

1. Select the appropriate fabric or cloth. The appropriate fabric or cloth for a throw
pillow must have the following characteristics:
• made of cotton or rayon,
• have bold colors in plain or attractive design,
• be of naturalistic, geometric or abstract design, and
• be a drapery material if possible.
89
90
2. Create a pattern. A simple pattern is easy to make. Use the standard measures
suggested in the diagram below. A pattern paper, manila paper, or a newspaper
may be used.
3. Cut the material. The pattern must be traced and pinned to the fabric or cloth
before cutting. Tracing the pattern with the use of colored chalk or tailor’s chalk
is done prior to cutting.
4. Sew the throw pillowcase. Hand sewing is needed for basting before machine
sewing in order to have a guide in machine stitching. The hems are basted using
hand stitch and the edges of the materials are basted to be able to have a perfect
machine stitch.
91
Evaluating Your Work
Find out how well you perform by accomplishing the following rubrics honestly.
Self-check Rubric
Performance Points Your Rate
Finished all the steps in making the throw pillowcase 100
Finished 4 steps in making the throw pillowcase 95
Finished 1 step in making the throw pillowcase 75
Your total score
Think and Remember

Rearrange the steps in sewing a throw pillowcase by putting the numbers 1 to 4.
_____ Cutting the material
_____ Sewing the throw pillow case
_____ Creating a pattern
_____ Selecting appropriate cloth
Try This
Make a one page album of the following stitches using a piece of cloth:
1. Hand stitching a hem.
a. Basting using a running stitch.
2. Machine stitching.
a. Sewing the hem in the sewing machine.
Submit this to your teacher for evaluation.
92

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Unit 1 HOME ECONOMICS, 1

Lesson 1 Boys and Girls'’Physical Development, 3

Lesson 2 Understanding Changes in Oneself, 7

Lesson 3 Proper Body Care and Good Health

Lesson 4 Care of Clothes and Personal

Chapter 2 TAKING CARE OF YOUR HOME, 20

Lesson 2 Housekeeping Tools and Equipment, 25

Lesson 4 Housekeeping Schedule, 36

Lesson 5 Home Furnishings, 39

Lesson 6 Making the Home Comfortable and

Chapter 3 NUTRITIOUS AND ADEQUATE FOOD FOR

Lesson 2 Planning Nutritious Meals for

Lesson 3 Guides in Buying Food Wisely, 58

Lesson 5 Serving the Family Meals, 69

Chapter 4 LEARNING TO SEW BY MACHINE, 72

Lesson 2 Basic Sewing Tools and Equipment, 78

Lesson 3 Basic Operation of the Sewing Machine,

Lesson 4 Safety Rules in Sewing, 87

Lesson 5 Sewing Project for Home: Learning to

Lesson 2 Planning a Vegetable Garden, 98

Lesson 3 Steps in Vegetable Gardening, 100

Lesson 4 Preparing Organic Fertilizer, 106

Lesson 5 Pest Control, 110

Lesson 6 Harvesting and Marketing Vegetables, 114

Chapter 2 RAISING TWO-LEGGED AND WINGED

Lesson 3 Quail Raising, 124

Lesson 4 Raising Tilapia, 128

Unit 3 INDUSTRIAL ARTS, 131

Lesson 2 Tools Used in Woodworking,

Lesson 3 Basic Processes in Woodworking,

Lesson 2 Making Simple Electrical Gadgets, 150

Look and Learn, 150

Lesson 2 Common Spots, Defects, and Possible

Unit 4 ICT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 167

Lesson 3 Electronic Spreadsheets, 177

Try This, 183

Lesson 4 Online Forums and Chats, 184

Lesson 5 Posting a Message and Sharing a

Lesson 6 Flyers, Brochures, and Posters, 191

Chapter 2 SUCCESSFUL ENTREPRENEURSHIP, 198

Lesson 2 Products and Services, 203

Lesson 4 Business for Home and Community, 211

Try This, 214

Lesson 5 Selling Products and Services, 215

Area 1. Home Economics

1. Caring for Oneself While Growing Up

Caring for Oneself While Growing Up

Look and Learn

Physical development occurs while a boy or a girl is growing up. This

1. Deepening of voice. The tone of voice changes

more active especially on the armpit.

Think and Remember

weight among boys and girls.

Look and Learn

Some changes between the ages of 11 to 13 are brought about by one’s

Think and Remember

____ 1. reproduction a. monthly cycle of blood flow

____ 1. bullying a. strong feeling of displeasure

____ 5. affection e. feeling of displeasure

Look and Learn

will come in handy during menstruation or circumcision.