9 x it > (1) Ad »(1) d. So ee: “a 1 3 x (14x)(1- x) a tS rai(1+ x)(1- x) eee) 1-2 -4 1+x)(1-x) 1-10 cosec x - cotx 0 x ee Given that Im@eeX—cotx. m x + cos x © =limSinx _sinx m0 x fim 1-08 x = the numerator i.e. {1=cosx) (1+ cosx) xsinx (1+ cosx) ne ite cos? *0(xsinx)(1+ sin’ x *0 xsinx(1+ cos x) mn SIDX 1 im ex *7° 1+ cosx cs sinx ‘ slim x0 X 1 —==A «>? sinbx sinax sinbx sinax 1 = lim—— > x0 1 sinbx (2) Sol: Given that lim (1) sinx Take lim—— form, 140 X (x and + by (ax) (bx) we get) sinax bx (ax) 2) = lim bailed mre sin(ax) (. sinbx)' a \ tn Se lim (iy em] oe 1a_a 1).(1)'2 2 ans (1)-(1) be (vi) timxsin*, Apply limit aye ae Sol: Given that 1 lim x sin 1X 1 =0-sin—=0Ans 0 (vil) tim 2(8inx) ao sinx Sol: Given that ti in '2nlsinx) ? sinx let y=sinx>(2) when x->zthen y>0(3) (=> lim a (4) tin Siny_ Ae ™ycosy = lim SOY gg 1 VO oseyI: Given that ‘ 1 lim sin— x40” X =sin4 0 = Sino = or undefined. (ix) tim Sol: Given that lim ae ‘sinx By rationalization, we get =lim — *° sinxv/1+ cos x let Sin sin’ x *° sinxv/1+ cos x sinx i x *9 sinx V1 + cos x 1 =~ Ans. As cos0=1 v2 (+ & x by2) Pax, () times, Sol: Given jim @ = tim + Sol: jim* mo As|x| = Ss lim—— = undefined 150 $X So limit of the given function in this case does not exist (iii) timxcos* ey s ( 1 Sol: lim xcos— = (lim x] limcosx— OS rma I ae OS 1 0x cos—=OAns o oO (iv)Etion in this10 Calculus and Analytic Geometry Part-| (Maths A Pape, 1 | lim| x2 + | x | 1 | +—=0+0=% Hence iimit| does not exist |(i) mi ae Pe a | rere: X+5 Sol: : x Sol: lim) ~* taking L.C.M, | Using the result “1x43 lim f (x) = lim f (1h) we get x 2 1—(1-h) fim| 20+ 5)— x2 (x+3) (1) => tim! : (x+3)(x+5) (1h) x ~3x Pr he + 2h 15 \ 1+h ; 15 h x h 2Ans 1+2 = fees 0 oe Hence limit of the given functor does not exist a4. Let t(x)=%-8, Find £(2+9) | x4 and (2 | £1(2-0). nc an regaet ae + (1) Sol: (i) Given that k t(y-5ag rn To find £(2+0),f(2-0) we sna § use the result tir, # (x) = ten, (2 #9) »(2) alan, ¢(8) = lin, (2) » ln, (2 h) +) Now for (2+ 0)12 Calculus and Analytic y Par To find limf(x) we find LH. Limit, RH SLHLeRHLie. f(2-0)7t(2.9 ones Limit at coo | Hence limit of f(x) does not exist at x The' PeeGEr Unk (v) Solution: Given Bs () = Jim, f(x) lim f (0 —h) =limcos(0-h) * 5 ie =limcosh =1 Odea > (i) No’ a nd 3 > (ii) if or imit oth lim. (x) = lim (0 +h) (i) Toffind (-2=0) weihave, ga nae ae LH. Limit= Jim, f(x) = lim, f(-2-h)=3 the (ii) = lim[ 1—(0+h)}=lim(4—h) 42024 es om n0-0 @ nol no i id f(-2 +0) we hi As LH. Limit = RH. Limit B=, Totnes haa). 8 ms Gi Hence limit of f(¢) exists at x = 0 lim #(x) = lim. (-2-+h) = im, —"(-2 +n) 2 (iii) Solution: Given eee 7 tr nemo 2 “ F(x)=x2 IF KSAT tin s(-2 ny r =” > (il) ifx>1 ; is For LH.L £32 ee ( slim, f(x) = lim (1h) (iii) To find (2-0) we use 2 2 ‘ =lim(1-hy' =(1-0)' =1 sli, £ (x) =lim# (2 -h) : For RH.L ‘im, f(x) =fimé (1+) ; > 2 =lim(1+h) =(1+0)' =1 As RH. Limit= LH. Limit=1 Hence limit of f(x) exists at x = 1 (iv) Given | x<2>(i) £(x)=4 9 ®) {ye - x>2— (ii) To find limf(x) we need to find LH.L. & R.HL.L atx =2 For L.H. Limit sf LC) 5 ne =lim V2—F wg = (2-0) -1=V4-4= 3 For R.H. Limit slim f (x) = lim (2+) =|im (2h) +7 foie tt sf ae A afinteee “Ba: (iv) Tofind f(2+0), we use, nt sna =3given Hence 3,-2,-2,3 are the limit points of f(x) Definition: Let f(x) be a function, then f(x) is said to be continuous at fk=alf the following conditions are satisfied. ig f(a) is defined (ii) tim #(x) exist | {qi imf (x) =f(8) =V0=3- be iThen C=z9 [LH Limit =RH. Limit f(a) ] noe OR iim #(a—h)=limF(a+h " ae ‘i a )=f(a) Taking lim on both sides @ ote: Fe enaton {(x) will be continuous ’ & if the above condition is satisfied|ie. limf(2—h)=| glee otherwise not . a eS elas Logic (1): if f(x) = Single 4 5 then use function given SOs eae, 3 (y For LHL, limt(a—n) 12 : (wy For RHL, timt (ach) y= 12 and also For RH.L limf(2+h)=12 +h)? Logic (2) If f(x) is given in break form then use (i) limf (x) = (2) =12 (i ag e HL limf(a+h) also for (ii) f(x) is defined at x =2 : i : i (iii) and lim f (x) exists (i) fimf(@+h) for both LHL and) sseice f(x) is continuous at x RAL, | But using the greater one for RH.L and|@-2- Discuss the oes “of f(x) at : Lesser one for L.H.L of the (Intervals) x= 4 where f(x)= Ro te? se = x- | LO Ree x=4 1, Prove thi is Pst y Qt Es me at f(x) is continuous at) 5). Given f(x)= ‘3 x 2 ee Where Given function is =3, x=1 ( We have to check the continuity of f(x) at joints : ; oa | To do this we will check all the three conditions. a Sol: Given eta?) |Since 1) = 8 given then 3 f nN : x 2 Now i welim = 2 + 2x52 “al if 1()- (a Be ow im (x)= lim =x x? (x-1)+2(x-1) "We have to check ue at x= 2. = Isa gy ey f(2) = 12 (given) which is defined (i) 00 is defined at x= 1 ir Target is LH Limit =R.H. Limit =f(2)=1 For LH. Limit h) ee aa exists = tim (2- ae wisn, gf (x) = tim ( % (ii) lit (x )=£(9 3 a ns 5s " = H()=tint 0) =314 Hence f(x) is continuous at x Sol: Given that f(x) =sin?x, vxeR Let ceRie. atx=c ie Then f(x) will be continuous if L.H.L = RHL={(c) For L.H. Limit: sin, (8) gt (em) = lim sin? (¢ —h) = sin*c For R.H. Limit: lim, f(x) = lim f(¢ +h) =lim sin’(¢ +h) =sin?c and f(c)=sin’o, Hence continuous at x=c for ¥xeR fx) is Ses ar Q.4. Discuss the continuity of f(x) at xza. 1 If f(x)=(x- eae (x)=( a)cos—_ixza =0 if Sol: Given that f(x) =(x~a)cos. x=a eee =0 if =a To check the Continuity of f(x) at x = a we have For L.H.L oli, f(x) = lim (a—n) 1 BO ee 1 +) =lim— eos lim— nao ii tim 0 Caloulus and Analyti Q3. Prove that sin’x is continuous for all xR ic Geometry Part-I (Maths A, Paper-8 =0>(1) For RH.L slim, (x) = im f(a +h) 1 =lim(a+h-a)cos c aeal 0 (2) ». L.H.L = R.H.L So f(x) is continuous at x=a Q.5. Let f(x)= sini x #0 =0. if xFa Discuss its continuity at x = 0 Sol: Given that 1 f(x)=sin—, x+0 (x)=sin4 =0 if x=a We have to check its continuity at x = 0 ie. : lim (x) =limsin2=sind <2 x0 x0 Xx On which means that limit for f(x) at x = 0 does not exist and not defined: Hence f(x) is discontinuous. a Q6. Discuss th continuity of f(x) = x-[x]atx=1 Sol: Given that Note this £(x)=x-[x]> [1.2]=1 We need to check [isfa1¢ continuity at x = 1 RHL [1.4]=1 ligt (1+) =m (14h) [1+] & =(1+0)-[1+0]=0 ant LHH % fim#(1-h) =tim(1—h) “[-h}=1-0- - heos ome| i t Calculus 0 16 Hence f(x) is continuous at x = Q.10.Let f(x) = xcos if x40 2S i a Sol: Given that f(x) = xoos 4; x40 =0. fia x eo Since {F(@)=9] given which is defined Now lim f(x) lim xcos + 0 => lim#(x)=#(0)=0 Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0. Q.114.Discuss the continuity of the following functions at x = 0. Sol: To check continuity at x = 0 (i) f(xy={(14 2x)" 5 x +0 ee inte Sol: Since |f(0)=e"] given which is a defined value Now lim (x) = lin (1+ 2x)+ 2 = lim (1+ 2x)2« = [im (142%) = limf(x)=#(0)=e Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0. _ sin2x (iy) (x)= itx <0 sin2x . Sol? f(x)={—, | *#9 1 ; x=0 Since [F(0)=1] given which is a defined value sin2x and Analytic Geometry Part-1 (Mat ths A, Paper-8) => limt(x) #£(0) Hence f(x) is not continuous at x = 0. (iii) (x)= ‘ function exists. = limt(x) #4(0) Thus f(x) is not continuous at x = 0. (iv) £(x)= tan’ Litx 0 x 0: txed Since [F (0) = 0] given which is defined ms Lae pttan tt 5. x Sol: reefing : ifx20 Now im (x) = tim x? tan’! = lim xo Now im (x) = lim 582% = ig‘ists, continuous at x = 0. #09 =[x]8i0 % if x40 Si of the function mf(x)-f(0)=0 Hence () {i Sol: Given that J the points of discont f(x) is defi by {jal x SF if <1 ) @ if 1x51 \ex? +46 if x>10 w) Ges \ 1) ={P18 9 0) eee check the possibility of the discont- lies Re To. crete tunetion iat x= 1 & 10 eam OS since | (0) = The value soi: Since [F(O)=O]s¥e" | of sin x is |RH-LME For LH in between | jim f(x) = Ling 4—(1+hy £(x =limt O-h [1.1] so | ro nO seat") |we. cant Saute 1 say what's 9 alimf[0-h]si9 gp 1 its exact ; Aa 0 Od eine LH. Limit c (1h) =i (PY) ~6(1-h) For RH.L 4 lint (o+h)= lima [0 + h|sing ch “gRHL «LHL. Hence £0 is not continuous. of continuity — x] for all xeR Sol: Given f(x) =%~ i) Letus check continuity at 4(1.5)=1 5-[15|=1 5-1=05 RHL lime (1.5-+h) =H" sxh)-[15+h) =tim(1-5+P) -1 1-05 vxeR x215eR 2(1.5+0 LHL lim (1 5-h)=lim(" 5-h) 2(15-0)-[18-%I -15-['5] 216-1205 a £(x) is continuous a 4aten. sin f= tent Giz.Determine the points of the function f(x) = *) > RH. init or limf (a+h)=li Hence f(x) is continuous at x = Now at x=10 . _[15-h} = lim —h? -3h 43h? —6 +6h) -0+0-68+0 5 LH Limit = f(x) =-8 £(10) =-4-(10) =-104 L img(orh)=tegsUtoh) +46 =r (100-+1" 20h) +46 = lim (600 + eh? +1200 +46) 2600 +0 +0+46 = 646 => 1(10)#RHL, No need of LHL = (x) is discontinuous at x= 10 (ii) £()axe? , Wosx RHL #LHL f(x) > f(x) is disconti- nuous at x = 1 Now At x =2, §(2)=2+5=7, which is defined For RH. limt(2+h)=2+h+5=7 For LHL lim f(2—h)=2-h=2 =RHL#LHL= f(x) is discontinuous atx=2 Q.14.For the following functions find the intervals on which they are continuous. Also find points where they are discontinuous, f(x) =tanx (i) (x)= tanx > (1) Sol: Let us check at Eq(1) > F(0) =tano+ RAL timt (O.+h) = limtan(0+h) =o LHL fim (Oh) = im tan(0-h) <9 > Higgt (+h) = tim (0h) = (0)=0 x lim f (x) = lim tanx = tan> sy lim (x) =#{ 5 f(x) is not defined at x =5 continuous Function R-(2n-1)2 2 sinx x (x)= a From Eq. (1) Let 9(x) = sinx — (2) h(x)=x (3) x=0 9(0)=sind=0 limsinx=0 if h(0)+0, then f(x) 's continuous = function is continuous at every point except when h(0)=0 = _ (x) is continuous at {R ~(0)} =. is (i) f(x)= Sol: ey TT (ily e(xy ens UP a cosx; if x>™ 4 Sol: To check at x == 4 Hence f(x) is continuous at x = 0 f(x)= 1(F)=si$a Calculus and Analytic Geometry Part-| (Maths A, Paper-g) 20 chapter = Insinx Ra are) Gq \ OR sor Insinx ) @.2. Evaluate tim 4 an 0008 -(2term) 4 SUE ) gi 4 gtr 4 toe ie oo ee ee o insinx 3s a a ce Ase?=1 Sa nur dx x anc By L-Hospital Rule lin y Now im Sosx Gi = Mien aiso_ fn 5 ; Sol: jim 18i0"2 = "xcs"; lim X.208% Thus lim . Sin einx not ign SNe i) (x, (1)x——>|-Al a £(3 20" cos0 2} =-1x0cos0=0 3 sinx " ss mae As lim SO — 4 So limit of f(x) exists. OX = ; limf(x)=f(0)=0 Thus f(x) is ke sinx so Q.4. Evaluate lim—— continuous at x = 0 Sol: We x OFOrLHLL ‘Sol: By using the sine series we have |@.6. Discuss the continuity of tanh* : at x=0 x _et-e® Sol: Let f(x) =tanh eek 2 +e" {()-2 Now at x=0=#(0)-22=4_ 1-1 1 =0 Q.5. Discuss the continuity of f(x) at e at 44 the origin with ; ha f(x) =xinsinx, x20 tng (x)= ig = io =0 =0, if x=0 2 lim f(x): ‘che Sol: Since f(0) = 0 which is definedtule - ontinuty 24 prove the dding (1) and (2) QF for all xER if eA f(x) =0, when xis irrational a+b=3 oe | when x is rational 2p = 4 = [b=2| putin Ea. (1) -at+b=-1 vol: bet {U,} and {V,} be the + pics’ sequences of irrational and rational] -a+2=-1>-a=-3 a=3) SS eee numbers andthat U,>r, U,zr |@.9. Discuss The continuity of f(x) at jh and Von Mt x= where 7 jn t(u,) =O f(x) ifO (2) (x) is continuous at x=0Calculus and Analytic. Geometry Part-| (Maths A. Paper. 2 nae ing | - SF Q.11. Draw the graphs of the follow! 1S L = lim x[x] S equations. Now for RIFLE © n-9 R s 4+h)[1+h (i) Given |x|=|¥/ imal +n] This equation can be written as As[1+ h y=x and y=-x S0 its graph is given below y =190=1 y=x Since L.H.L #R.H.L -. Limit does not exg @.13.Find ‘C’ such that the function x x f(x) 2 Is continuous for Vx <[0,4] a (ii) Given y =|x|+x This equation can be written as ol: Given that (1) =C +x=2x if x20 Since given that f(x) is continuous and x+x=Oifx<0 x=1 So its graph is given below. = limf (x)= f(1) Sol: lim. = ox + ee S Sie ase (x= 1)(14+ 1)(1+ vx) (ii) tim x[x] i Ans Sol: We shall find Q.14.Find f(4+0 LHL and R-H.L (4+0) and (4-0) if =a aet el For LHL lim, x[x]=lim(1—h)[1 -h}] ~Leg(t-h)0 As 1m] <0 aes