Il present perfect simple, che corrisponde al passato prossimo italiano, viene adoperato, in inglese,

per parlare di azioni recenti o che hanno ripercussioni sul tempo presente.

Il Present Perfect Simple si costruisce nel modo seguente:

HAS/HAVE + PARTICIPIO PASSATO

I have seen a lot of interesting things

She has cooked dinner

FORMA NEGATIVA

I/you/we/ they HAVE NOT (HAVEN’T) ARRIVED

He/She/It HAS NOT (HASN’T) ARRIVED

FORMA INTERROGATIVA

HAVE I/you/we/they FINISHED?

HAS he/she/it FINISHED?

Il Present Perfect corrisponde al passato prossimo italiano, ma in inglese l’ausiliare è solo e sempre
il verbo TO HAVE

QUANDO SI USA

Il Present Perfect viene usato per:

 riferire un’azione avvenuta nel passato, ma senza specificare quando (tempo indefinito):

I have seen your brother

 parlare di azioni recenti:

Brian has had a shower

We have prepared breakfast

 riferirsi a un evento o un’esperienza verificatisi in qualche momento della nostra vita. Notare
che, in questo caso, l’azione è terminata ma i suoi effetti sono tuttora avvertiti

I have seen lions and elephants in Africa (I still remember it)

 indicare azioni svoltesi nel passato che hanno un risultato nel presente. L’azione si svolge
generalmente nel passato recente.

I’m sorry you can’t speak to him – he’s gone away on holiday
Esercizi
Present Perfect Simple

180. Answer the questions using the present perfect simple tense
Where have you been? (doctor) .............. (I have been to the doctor)
What have you had for dinner?( roast beef)
Where have you been on holiday?( Corsica)..............
Have you already been to the Tate Gallery?( No). ........... yet
Have you done your homework?( Yes)...............
Has the milkman come yet?( Yes)....................

181. Complete each answer using the present perfect simple in the negative form
Did he like the film? I don’t know, he (tell) ........ ...... me (he hasn’t told)
What’ s Africa like? I don’ t know I( be) ........... there
Are you tired? No I( do) .................... anything at all
Is Maria on holiday? No, she ( go) ................. anywhere in 5 years
Is your father a writer? yes, but he ( publish) ................. anything in 15 years
Do you have a driving license? No, I ( pass) .................. my theory test yet

182. Simple perfect tense.

I (answer) ............. that letter yet
This parcel ( arrive)......... just ............
........ you ( read) ......... that book already?
There ( be) ........... remarkable improvements in this research branch lately.
............. you ( listen) ............. to any good records recently?
I (finish) .............. to mark exam papers precisely in this moment

183. Write a question in the Present Perfect tense using the given words
Es write/ poetry. .......................... (Have you ever written poetry?)
climb/ a mountain......................
sleep/ class.........................
eat/ Yorkshire puddings.....................

184. Re-write the second part of the following sentences using the Present Perfect
simple
Es Your room was very messy. Now it’s tidy ( to tidy up) (I have tidied it up)
I had a flat in Paris. Now I haven’ t got it anymore( to sell)
My grandmother did not read. Now she can read( to learn)
I was hungry before. Now I’ m not ... ( to eat something)
The door knob was broken. Now it works.( to repair)
The silver cutlery was dull. Now it is shiny( to polish)
185. Using the Present Perfect Simple tense, turn the following sentences in the
negative, interrogative or negative-interrogative form
I have met Alex this morning (negative)
He has lost his mind( interrogative)
You have read a good book recently( interrogative)
You have already spoken to the boss( negative interrogative)
She has eaten all day( negative)
You have finished your meal.( negative interrogative)
 Intervals
8. Fill in the gaps and answer the questions
1) An interval is the difference in ……….….. between two sounds (time value,
pitch)
2) An interval is the relationship in pitch between two ………. (time values,
tones)
3) An interval formed by notes belonging to the same scale is called ........... (chromatic, diatonic)
4) An interval referring to successively sounding tones, such as two adjacent pitches in a melody,
is termed a ............ …………………. interval (melodic, harmonic)
5) An interval referring to simultaneously sounding tones, such as in a chord, is called a ………..
interval (melodic, harmonic)
6) In Western music theory, an interval is named according to its................ (number and quality; ties
and slurs)
7) Intervals are named by the number of notes with different names that can be contained
………….……. (within them, in the same bar)
8) Intervals may be qualified using the terms ….…… (major, minor, augmented, diminished;
tonic, supertonic, mediant, subdominant)
9) Perfect intervals are so-called because they were traditionally considered perfectly ………
(consonant; dissonant)
10) The distance between a given frequency and its double is called ……………
(second, octave)
11)).A simple interval is an interval smaller than or equal to ……………..(a second, an
octave)
12) A compound interval is an interval spanning more than………….. (a second, an octave)
13) The intervals in a major scale are called…………………intervals (major or perfect; minor or
diminished)
14) The intervals in a minor scale are called………………intervals (minim, crotchet or quaver;
major, minor or perfect)
15) An interval being a semitone lower than the perfect or minor interval is called ………….
16) An interval being a semitone greater than the perfect or major interval is called ………….
17) A tritone is an interval spanning three tones, and can be qualified as …….. or …………..
The Greek tragedy

Greek tragedy is a form of theatre from Ancient Greece . It reached its most significant form
in Athens in the 5th century BC.
The performances of the tragedies took place in Athens on the occasion of the Great Dionysia,
religious feasts in honor of the god Dionysus celebrated towards the end of March. Unless later
revived, tragedies were performed only once. A competition was organized by the state, which picked
three of the richest citizens to pay for the drama's expenses. A competition was organized each year
between three tragedies, and the public voted, conferring to the tragedies the first, second and third
place.
In the Athenian democracy, wealthy citizens were required to fund public services (among which the
staging of tragedies), a practice known as liturgy.
Tragedies almost exclusively dealt with stories from the mythic past: there was no "contemporary"
tragedy.

The tragedy’s structure

The basic structure of a Greek tragedy is fairly simple, but it is characterized by a set of conventions.
After a prologue spoken by one or more characters, the chorus enters, singing and dancing. Scenes
then alternate between spoken sections (dialogue between characters, and between characters and
chorus) and sung sections (during which the chorus danced). Here are the basic parts of a Greek
Tragedy:
a. Prologue: Spoken by one or two characters before the chorus appears. The prologue usually gives
the mythological background necessary for understanding the events of the play.
b. Parodos: This is the song sung by the chorus as it first enters the orchestra and dances.
c. First Episode: This is the first of many "episodes", when the characters talk.
d. First Stasimon: At the end of each episode, the other characters usually leave the stage and the
chorus dances and sings a stasimon, or choral ode. The ode usually reflects on the things said and
done in the episodes.
For the rest of the play, there is alternation between episodes and stasima, until the final scene, called
the...
e. Exodos: At the end of play, the chorus exits singing a processional song which usually offers words
of wisdom related to the actions and outcome of the play.

Meter

The spoken parts mainly use the iambic trimeter, described as the most natural by Aristotle, while
the choral parts rely on a variety of meters. Anapaests were typically used as the chorus or a character
moved on or off the stage, and lyric metres were used for the choral odes.

Staging an ancient Greek play

1
Attending a tragedy or comedy in 5th century BC Athens, was in many ways a different experience
than attending a play in the 20th century. To name a few differences, Greek plays were performed in
an outdoor theater, used masks, and were almost always performed by a chorus and three actors (no
matter how many speaking characters there were in the play, only three actors were used; the actors
would go back stage after playing one character, switch masks and costumes, and reappear as another
character).

Greek Theaters

Greek tragedies and comedies were always performed in outdoor theaters. Early Greek theaters were
probably little more than open areas in city centers or next to hillsides where the audience, standing
or sitting, could watch and listen to the chorus singing about the exploits of a god or hero. From the
late 6th century BC to the 4th and 3rd centuries BC there was a gradual evolution towards more
elaborate theater structures, but the basic layout of the Greek theater remained the same. The major
components of Greek theater are labled on the diagram above.

Orchestra: The orchestra (literally, "dancing space") was normally circular. It was a level space
where the chorus would dance, sing, and interact with the actors who were on the stage near the skene.
The earliest orchestras were simply made of hard earth, but in the Classical period some orchestras
began to be paved with marble and other materials. In the center of the orchestra there was often an
altar.

Theatron: The theatron (literally, "viewing-place") is where the spectators sat. The theatron was
usually part of hillside overlooking the orchestra, and often wrapped around a large portion of the
orchestra (see the diagram above). Spectators in the fifth century BC probably sat on cushions or
boards, but by the fourth century the theatron of many Greek theaters had marble seats.
2
Skene: The skene (literally, "tent") was the building directly behind the stage. The skene was directly
in back of the stage, and was usually decorated as a palace, temple, or other building, depending on
the needs of the play. It had at least one set of doors, and actors could make entrances and exits
through them. There was also access to the roof of the skene from behind, so that actors playing gods
and other characters could appear on the roof, if needed.

Parodos: The parodoi (literally, "passageways") are the paths by which the chorus and some actors
(such as those representing messengers or people returning from abroad) made their entrances and
exits. The audience also used them to enter and exit the theater before and after the performance.