Learning Outcome 8

Summary Report

Spain could only give what she herself possessed: when the Spanish empire declined, so did
the colonies of Spain suffer. The pace of economic development of the Philippines under Spain
was generally slow because the latter lacked the entrepreneurial merchants and materialistic
drive of England, Holland and the United States. Ironically, this was a blessing in disguise to the
Filipinos. Had Spain fully exploited the country's rich natural resources, these resources would
have more rapidly beer depleted.
During the early years of the Spanish rule the Philippines enjoyed a brief interlude of free
trade. The Manila-Acapulco trade was also called the "galleon trade" because the ships used to
ferry the cargoes were the galleons. The coconut, hemp, sugar, and tobacco industries became
major industries in the Philippines. The first Spanish governors general promoted Philippine
trade with the neighboring Asian countries and with Mexico.
Governor General Basco issued circulars on better methods of producing cotton, silk, sugar,
and other commodities. He ordered the planting of 4,000,000 mulberry trees in Camarines in
order to foster the silk industry. Basco founded the Economic Society of Friends of the Country
on April 26, 1781. The Economic Society helped much in the agricultural advancement of the
Philippines. In 1784 it made the first shipment of indigo to Europe. In 1825 it granted free
scholarships to eight Filipinos to study the art of dyeing.
Tobacco monopoly lasted from 1782 to 1882. Monopolies on wine, gunpowder, cockfights,
playing cards, and playing cards also established. Big revenues obtained by the government
from these monopolies, but they in-flicted hardships on the people because of the abuses
committed by the officials. In some regions the opposition to the monopolies flared up in
violent uprisings. An example was the "Basi Revolt" (1807) in Ilocos Norte, caused by a
government prohibition of the basi, popular locano wine.
The last frigate used in the direct trade from Manila to Cadiz was the Asuncion. It brought
the first Philippine shipment of indigo to Spain. The Company furnished the Philippines the
needed capital to develop her economy. The causes of its failure were: poor management by
incompetent Spanish officials, hostility of the Manila merchants, and neglect to ship European
goods.

The company failed because of inefficient management and the competition of the
lucrative galleon trade. Basco was succeeded by another naval officer in the Spanish navy, Felix
Berenger de Marquino. During his term Manila was temporarily opened to European vessels for
three years. By 1856, there were 13 foreign commercial firms in Manila - two American, seven
British, two Swiss, one German, and one French. The earliest banking institutions in the
Philippines were the Obras Pias, charitable organizations under the supervision of the different
religious orders.
The first savings bank in the Philippines was the Monte de Piedad and Savings Bank which
was founded by Fray Felix de Huerta, Franciscan friar and historian. The first railroad - the
Manila-Dagupan Railway was established in 1891. In 1880 was laid the first telephone cable
which linked the Philippines to the outside world. Two years later the first electric light system
apppeared in Manila.
Commercial Progress. In 1810, fourteen years before theopening of Manila to world trade,
the total volume of the forcign trade reached only P11,025,000. Batangas became famous for
coffee, isabcla for tobacco, Laguna and Tayabas for coconuts. Cagayan tobacco was awarded a
gold medal for its excellent quality. It is interesting to note that during the last century of
Spanish. Rule, the Philippines exported rice to China. Beginning in 1838 various. various farms
were established by the government in Vigan (Ilocos Sur), Magalang (Pampanga), Daraga
(Albay), Ilagan (Isabela), and La Paz (Iloilo)
In 1591, twenty years after Legazpi's foundation of Manila, the total population was
estimated by the Spanish authorities to reach 567,612. This population estimate increased to
2,593,287 in 1829, five years before the opening of Manila to world trade. In 1890 a model
farm called La Granja was established by Governor Valeriano Weyler at La Carlota, Negros
Occidental. This farm conducted the first experiments in scientific agriculture in the Philippines.

Learning Outcome 9
Summary Report

Spain ruled the Philippines for three centuries (1565-1898) There was hardly any phase of
Filipino life which did not feel the impact of Spanish influence. Spain improved the diet of the
people by introducing new food plants and new foodstuffs. The Filipino people have become
uniquely the only Christian nation in the entire Asian world. The greatest legacy of Spain is
Christianity; specifically the Roman Catholic religion. The Christianization of the Filipinos was
really the most out-standing achievement of the Spanish missionaries.
The male jacket and bahag were replaced by the Western coat and trousers. The men
began to wear hats, instead of the putong, and used slippers and shoes for footwear. By the
middle of the 17th century, as Father Colin observed, the dress of the people had become
"almost Spanish"
 The position of Filipino women in society was elevated under Spanish rule. They were never
considered as mere chattel. Young women were kept in seclusion at the home or in school.
Spanish did not become a national language in the country, as it is in Mexico and other
countries in Latin America. Until 1845, the Philippine calendar was one day behind that of
European time. Many Filipino families who remained loyal to their ancestors refused to adopt
the Spanish surname.
The first Filipino press in the Philippines was established by the Dominicans in Manila in the
year 1593. The early Spanish missionaries were the first to write grammars and dictionaries of
the Filipino languages. The Filipinos are the only Spanish speaking nation in Asia.
The first college for boys was founded by the Jesuits in Manila in 1589. The Jesuits also
founded the College of San Ildefonso (1595) in Cebu. The curriculum for the boys colleges was
patterned after that of that of the colleges in Europe. The course lasted five years, after which
the graduates were conferred the degree of A.B. (Bachelor of Arts).
The first public school system in the country was established by Spain in accordance with the
Educational Decree of 1863. Boys and girls, therefore, attended separate schools. There was no
co-education in the Philippines during the Spanish regime. vocational education was also
promoted by the Spanish authorities. On March 16, 1861, a private school of arts and trades
was founded by Filipinos, Father Juan P, Zita and Felino Gil, in Bacolor, Pampanga. It is now the
Pampsanga School of Arts and Trades.

The first newspaper in the Philippines was De Superior Govierno (Of the uperior
Covernment), with Governor General Manuel Gonzales de Aguilar (1810-13) as editor, it
appeared for the first time in Manila on August 8, 1811. La Esperanza (1846) was the first daily
newspaper
Prayer books, doctrinas, novenas, biographies of saints, and other religious matters were
popularized by the missionaries to propagate Christianity. The most popular epic of Tagalog
literature was Florante at Laura, the poetical masterpiece of Balagtas. Popular literature in
Ilocos was the popular flocano epic, Lam-ang. In Pampango literature, Gonzalo de Cordova a
stirring metrical romance gained popular celebrity.
Filipino-Spanish literature flowered during the last century of Spanish rule. Talented
Filipinos, who acquired Spanish education, wrote novels, essays, poems, and plays. The first
recorded drama was staged in Cebu in 1598. Early forms of the Philippine drama were the
duplo and the karagatan. The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican
influences.
The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican influences. Popular folk
dances, such as the polka, the lanceros, the rigodon, the carilosa, and the surtido, came from
Spain. From Mexico and Europe came the violin, the flute, the piano, the harp, the guitar, and
other musical instruments.
 The first sundials in the Philippines were built in 1871 at Tagudin, Ilocos Sur, by Father Juan
Sorolla. The Observatory of Manila, still existing, is the oldest observatory in Asia. Many
Spaniards, in the course of more than three centuries of colonization, freely intermarried with
the Filipinos. The descendants of those inter-racial marriages, known as mestizos, bore no
social stigma. The Spanish-Filipino marriages improved the Filipino racial stock.
In 1578 a Franciscan lay brother named Juan Clemente, founded the first hospital in Manila.
Dr. Rizal was an avid patron of the Manila Lottery. The official holidays during the Spanish times
were January New Year, Epiphany, Holy Week, All Saints' Day, St. Andrew's Day, December 8,
Feast of the mmaculate Conception, December 25, Christmas Day, and the birthdays of the
popes.

Learning Outcome 10
Summary Report

The Filipino helped the Spaniards to remain and rule the Philippines for more than three
centuries. The Filipinos served Spain instead of serving their own countrymen because of three
reasons. They were not united. They did not think of themselves as one nation. They fought on
the side of Catholic Spain, against the Muslims and against the Protestant Dutch and British.
The Spaniards flattered and took care of chiefs. They punished and killed the Filipinos who
disobeyed or revolted. They offered rewards and honors by the Spanish rulers. They made the
decisions for us and we were not unified or enlightened enough to break away from Spanish
rule until the 19th century. The foreigners got the best homes, the best lands and the best jobs,
and they made the decision for us.
Filipinos provided food for the Spaniards. Filipinos became good buliders of ships for the
Spanish during the Spanish era. The Portuguese attacked early Spanish settlements in Cebu in
150N and 1570. The union of Spain and Portugal under one king in 1580 ended he Colonial
Wars between the two countries. If the Filipinos had not sided with the Spanish, the Portuguese
would have won and made the Philippines a colony of Portugal.
The land owned by the Religious orders and foreigners in the Philippines were small as
compared to those owned by wealthy Filipinos. The Filipinos helped put down the Chinese
revolts and to stop the invasion of Lim Ah-Hong. The Spanish did not like manual work because
they thought it was shameful to be seen working in dirty jobs like digging, farming, cleaning or
carrying heavy loads. The Spaniards would have died of starvation if the Filipines had not
provided them with food. The Filipino Muslims were small compared to the wealthy Spaniards
who owned farms owned by foreigners. The Philippines was not a Spanish colony until after the
Spanish-Portuguese Union of 1580.  
Filipinos in the expeditions to Borneo and the Moluccas helped the sultan of Brunei to
regain his throne. Dutch wanted to make us a colony by defeating the Spaniards here. Dutch
naval squadron attacked various places in the Philippines from 1600-1747. The Filipinos
remained loyal to Spain and Catholicism against the Protestant Dutch and British. The Filipino
population declined during the Dutch wars because many Filipinos were killed or ran to the
hills.
The Philippine economy stagnated. Trade with Mexico, China and other countries was
paralyzed. Filipinos left farms and industries to fight in the wars or to hide from them. The
Philippines remained a colony of Spain because the Filipinos helped the Spanish against the
Dutch invaders. The Dutch landed troops in Cavite and Abucay to try to capture these towns.
They harassed the people in coastal areas. Finally, they tried to win the friendship of the
Filipino.
The results of the Dutch Wars were as follows:
1. Victory of the Spanish colony of the Philippines.
2. The decline of the Philippine economy.
3. The loss of trade with Mexico and China.
Filipinos helped the Spaniards to make these islands a colony and a Catholic area. Many
Filipinos remained in Vietnam after these wars. The fighting skill of the Filipino soldiers was
praised by the Spanish and French commanders. Spain had a grandiose dream of carving out a
colonial empire in Asia, just as she had done in Latin America. But for Spain in the East, this
proved to be an impossible dream, a Don Quijote venture, this was because Spain lost her
"Invincible Armada" of warships at the sea battle with England in 1588. The word Moro" in
Spanish means a Muslim. Many times the Moros were defeated in battles but they won the war
in the end. The Christian Fillpino in Luzon and the Visayas fought against the FilipinoMoros.
They burned the churches, killed the Christians, and took slaves to be sold in slave markets.
Spain had a grandiose dream of carving out a colonial empire Asia, just as she had done in
Latin America. Thousands of Filipinos were forced to join the Spanish military expeditions as
soldiers and rowers. Thousands more shouldered the burden of fitting out these costly
expeditions. Millions of Philippine treasures were squandered to finance such imperialist
ventures. The Filipinos suffered most in the futile efforts of Spain in early times to carve out
acolonial empire in the Asian world.  Dr. Jose Rizal: "Accordingly, the Filipinos... were plunged
to maintain the honor of Spain and to extend the sway of her flag in Borneo, in the Moluccas,
and in Indo-China"  The Filipino youths embarked on the expeditions, saying good-bye to their
country forever.  
 Social contexts of pornography
Any discussion of pornography and its effects on children and young people needs to acknowledge that
pornography and its consumption is embedded within a broader sociocultural context. This includes:
Online technologies, platforms and practices in general, and more specifically how children and young
people interact with the online environment. Being online and connected is a fundamental part of
children and young people's everyday lives and relationships
The range of online risks children and young people experience, for example the dynamics and
prevalence of cyberbullying, sexting, exploitative relationships and connections online
Social scripts and discourses about men, women and sex, such as "once aroused, men cannot control
themselves", "women say no when they mean yes", "women often play hard to get", "it's men's role to
pursue women"
The underlying factors that enable sexual violence and violence against women, such as rigid
stereotypes of masculinity and femininity, gendered inequality regarding decision-making and resources
in private and public life, male peer relationships that condone aggression, and minimising, excusing and
rationalising violence against women
Exposure to pornography
In Australia, just under half (44%) of children aged 9-16 surveyed had encountered sexual images in the
last month. Of these, 16% had seen images of someone having sex and 17% of someone's genitals.
Younger children (those aged 9-12) are particularly likely to be distressed or upset by pornography.

Parents tend to overestimate exposure to pornography for younger children and underestimate the
extent of exposure for older children.
The extent and frequency of viewing pornography differs by gender, with males more likely to
deliberately seek out pornography and to do so frequently.
Attitudes and responses to exposure also vary by gender, with females having more negative views and
responses such as shock or distress compared to males, particularly in older teens, who are more likely
to experience pornography as amusing, arousing or exciting.
The effects of exposure
In the absence of other information, pornography can be the main source of a young person's sex
education.
The use of pornography by adolescents is associated with stronger permissive sexual attitudes (e.g.,
premarital sex, casual sex). There is some evidence that exposure to pornography can increase the
likelihood of earlier first-time sexual experience, particularly for those adolescents who consume
pornography more frequently.
Pornography can influence a young person's expectations about sex, for example what young men
expect their partners to do and vice versa. It can shape sexual practices, with studies finding that young
people may try performing common sexual acts seen in dominant hetero pornography such as:
anal intercourse;
facial ejaculation;
sex with multiple partners; and
deep fellatio.
Pornography is also associated with unsafe sexual health practices such as not using condoms and
unsafe anal and vaginal sex.

Gaps between expectations and reality can produce "sexual uncertainty" about sexual beliefs and values
and may also be related to sexual dissatisfaction, anxiety and fear. The content of pornography may
reinforce double standards of an active male sexuality and passive female receptacle.
Both male and female consumers of pornography had increased levels of self-objectification and body
surveillance.
Adolescent pornography use is associated with stronger beliefs in gender stereotypes, particularly for
males. Male adolescents who view pornography frequently are more likely to view women as sex
objects and to hold sexist attitudes such as women "leading men on".
Pornography may strengthen attitudes supportive of sexual violence and violence against women. There
is evidence of an association between consuming pornography and perpetrating sexual harassment for
boys.
Adolescents who consumed violent pornography were six times more likely to be sexually aggressive
compared to those who viewed non-violent pornography or no pornography.
Sexual preoccupation, compulsive consumption and "addiction" can be associated with the frequency of
viewing pornography and also the purposes of using pornography (e.g., as a way of relieving negative
states).While some of the effects of viewing pornography, such as more permissive attitudes and beliefs
about sex, knowledge about sexual practice and sexual practices themselves may not be inherently
problematic, the most dominant, popular and accessible pornography contains messages and
behaviours about sex, gender, power and pleasure that are deeply problematic. In particular, the
physical aggression (slapping, choking, gagging, hair pulling) and verbal aggression such as name calling,
that is predominantly done by men to their female partners.
Responding to online pornography exposure and other risks
Exposure to explicit online content may cause children and young people to develop different "sexual
literacies" to previous generations. Australian Government and non-government services have taken
steps to reduce children and young people's exposure to online risks - including pornography - and enact
harm minimisation strategies. Three key types of intervention have been identified:
legal and regulatory avenues to existing legislation regarding online pornography and online behaviour
such as sexting and the sharing of explicit images;
education for children and young people (e.g., critical media and digital literacy, respectful relationships,
sexuality and sexual health); and
education and resources for teachers and parents about how they can support safe, respectful
relationships for children and young people both online and IRL (in real life).
The following advice is useful for parents, caregivers and teachers.
Open communication
It is important for parents and caregivers to be able to initiate open conversations about their child's
online experiences. Schools too can play an important role in assisting children and young people to
make sense of their exposure to online pornography in healthy ways.
Critical thinking
Young people should be encouraged to question pornography, asking: "Seeing porn might seem normal.
But what does porn say? Who makes it and why? And what does it all mean for you?" (Reality & Risk
Project, 2016).
Young people are not just passive consumers of pornography. Critical thinking helps viewers to reflect
on the messages contained in online pornography. It fosters discussion while respecting the agency of
the young people involved.
Arming children and young people with tools to engage critically with media is important to their
understanding of the differences between online pornography and their offline sexual relationships.
Digital literacy
Parents and caregivers are encouraged to educate themselves about the internet and social media, in
order to be aware of the current online dangers and opportunities facing their children. Parents and
caregivers are less likely to be intimidated by online risks if they are informed and take an active role in
their children's digital lives.
Mediation
Parental controls are essential to harm-minimisation strategies. The Office of the e-Safety Commissioner
(2016) cautions parents and caregivers: "You can teach your child strategies about how to deal with
offensive material, but be vigilant, especially if your child is prone to taking risks or is emotionally or
psychologically vulnerable".
Support
Support for children and young people who have been exposed to online pornography is extremely
important to their ability to process their experience in healthy ways. In What can I do if my child sees
content that's offensive?, the Office of the Children's e-Safety Commissioner (2016) advises:
Encourage your child to talk if they have seen something online that has upset them.
Let them know that if they report viewing inappropriate content they won't be punished or have their
access to the internet taken away.
Educate them so that if they are sent something inappropriate online they know not to respond.
 The Filipino inherited from the Mexican and Spain.

From Mexico, the early Spanish colonizers introduced new plants in the Philippines. New
animals were likewise introduced into the country by Spain. It was under the patronage of
Spanish authorities that the coconut, hemp, sugar, and tobacco industries became major
industries. Manila was called the "Pearl of the Orient" because of the Manila- Acapulco trade.
The first Spanish governors general (Legazpi and his successors) promoted Philippine trade with
the neighboring Asian countries and with Mexico.
Trade was free, no restrictions were imposed on exports and imports. Under such
wholesome atmosphere of free trade, Manila experienced a marvelous commercial boom.
Spanish merchants of Cadiz and Seville protested because their trade with Mexico was
waning due to the flow of cheaper and better Oriental goods. They appealed to the Spanish
Crown to restrict the Manila-Acapulco trade. The galleon trade was very profitable, and Spanish
officials and residents concentrated their efforts in it and amassed big fortunes. It was
abolished in 1815, and it had lost its prosperity by the 19th century. It hindered the economic
development of the Philippines, because agriculture and other industries were neglected in
favor of overseas commerce.
Governor General Basco issued circulars on better methods of producing cotton, silk, sugar,
and other commodities. Basco ordered the planting of 4,000,000 mulberry trees in Camarines
to foster the silk industry. Monopolies on wine, gunpowder, cockfights, playing cards, and
playing cards also established. Big revenues obtained by the government from these
monopolies, but they in-flicted hardships on the people because of the abuses committed by
the officials.
The first savings bank in the Philippines was the Monte de Piedad and Savings Bank which
was founded by Fray Felix de Huerta, Franciscan friar and historian. The first railroad - the
Manila-Dagupan Railway was established in 1891. Batangas became famous for coffee, isabcla
for tobacco, Laguna and Tayabas for coconuts. In 1810, 14 years before theopening of Manila to
world trade, the total volume of the forcign trade reached only P11,025,000.
While from Spain, By the middle of the 17th century, as Father Colin observed, the dress of
the people had become "almost Spanish" The position of Filipino women in society was
elevated under Spanish rule. Spanish did not become a national language in the country, as it is
in Mexico and other countries in Latin America. Many Filipino families who remained loyal to
their ancestors refused to adopt the Spanish surname. The early Spanish missionaries were the
first to write grammars and dictionaries of the Filipino languages. The Filipino people have
become uniquely the only Christian nation in the entire Asian world.
The Jesuits founded the first college for boys in Manila in 1589. The first Filipino press in the
Philippines was established by the Dominicans in Manila in the year 1593. The Filipinos are the
only Spanish speaking nation in Asia.
The first public school system in the country was established by Spain in accordance with
the Educational Decree of 1863. Boys and girls attended separate schools; there was no co-
education in the Philippines during the Spanish regime. The most popular epic of Tagalog
literature was Florante at Laura, the poetical masterpiece of Balagtas. La Esperanza (1846) was
the first daily newspaper and De Superior Govierno (1810-13) appeared for the first time in
Manila. Popular literature in Ilocos was the popular flocano epic, Lam-ang. In Pampango
literature, Gonzalo de Cordova a stirring metrical romance gained popular celebrity.
The music of the Filipinos was enriched by Spanish and Mexican influences. Popular folk
dances, such as the polka, the lanceros, the rigodon, the carilosa, and the surtido, came from
Spain. From Mexico and Europe came the violin, the flute, the piano, the harp, the guitar, and
other musical instruments. The first sundials in the Philippines were built in 1871 at Tagudin,
Ilocos Sur, by Father Juan Sorolla. Dr. Rizal was an avid patron of the Manila Lottery.
The inherited fromm Mexico and Spain become parts of our lives we adapt and treasure it
till now. It's gives a lot of improvement in our country economy and technology. Having some
trades from other countries, Improvement of First Geodetic Survey, Rise of Banks,
Transformation and Communication, and Agriculture and Scientific Methods. Spain gives a Diet
and Dress, Spanish Language, Religion, Education especially University of Santo Tomas,
Literature Sculpture and others. We can see how Mexico and Spain make some changes in our
nation and still prevented until this days.