Tsunami management:

• 1. Earthquakes, under the water, are monitored by sensors on the floor of the
sea.

 2. The sensors send the information of floating buoys on the surface , whenever they
detect any changes in pressure of the sea.

 3. The information is then relayed to satellites, which passes it on to the earth

stations.

 4. All member nations of the warning system are then warned of the danger
approaching.

 5. Finally, the country make the people alert through the media to take all necessary
precautions.

 On 26th December 2004 in Bay of Bengal and Indian ocean Tsunami was formed. It
was formed because of earthquake occurred under the ocean floor of Indonesian
coast.

FLOODS :

Due to heavy rains or sudden snow melt the quantity of water in streams exceeds their
capacity and water overflows the bank and causes inundation of the surrounding land .
This situation is called flood.

Effects:

• A flood generally doesn’t damage property or cause causalities to an extent

as done by other natural disasters.

 However, it causes a great economic loss and health related problems due to
widespread contamination.

 It damages standing crops and livestock.

 It causes suffering to people living in low lying area – houses and properties are
washed away.

Flood management:

• Encroachment of flood ways should be banned.

 Building walls prevent spilling out the flood water over flood plains.

 Diverting excess water through channels.

 Build check dams on small streams.

 Don’t raise buildings on flood plains – use it for wild life habitat, parks.

 River net working.

 Lives could be saved by having flood warnings, flood forecast.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 19

  Reduction of run off by increasing infiltration.

Cyclone: Cyclone is a meteorological phenomena, intense depressions forming over

the open oceans and moving towards the land. On reaching the shores , it move into the
interior of the land or along the shore lines.

 Tropical cyclones in the warm oceans - due to heat and moisture.

 Sea surface temp < 250 C

 Tropical cyclones move like a spinning top at the speed of 10 - 30 km/hr.

 India – cyclones originating from Bay of Bengal are more in number and intensity.

➢ The damage depends on the intensity of cyclone.

EFFECTS:

• The damage to Human life, Crops, Roads, Communications, Canals,

Livestock could be heavy.
• Cyclone occurrence slow down the developmental activities of the area.

CYCLONE MANAGEMENT: Satellite images are used by meteorological dept for

forecasting – strength and intensity of storm.

 Radar system to detect the cyclone.

 Periodical observation and analysis of satellite pictures.

 Effect can be minimised by planting more trees on the coastal area, wind breaks.

 Construction of dams

 Proper drainage

 Wide roads for quick evacuation.

Landslides: The movement of earthy materials like coherent rocks, mud, soil and
debris from higher region to lower region due to gravitational pull is called landslides.

Causes:

o Earthquakes, shocks, vibrations, cyclone.

o Movement of heavy vehicles on the unstable sloppy regions.

o Disturbances in resistant rock overlying rock of low resistance.

o Underground caves and underground mining activities may also lead to subsidence.

o Unconsolidated sediments exposed due to logging, construction activities.

Effects:

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 20

 o Landslides block the roads and diverts the passage.

o Soil erosion increases.

o Sudden landslides damage the houses, crop yield, live stock etc.

Landslide management:

o Steepness of the slope can be reduced by developing benches.

o Concrete support can be made at the base of the slope.

o Unloading the upper parts of the slope.

o By improving cultivation.

o Draining the surface and subsurface water from the weak sloppy regions.

o Soil stabilization – quick lime – effective in weak areas.

**********

UNIT 4.SOCIAL ISSUES AND THE ENVIRONMENT

Sustainable Development:

G.H.Brundtland, Director of WHO (former) gave the definition as “meeting the

needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generation
to meet their own needs.”

1992 – UN conference on Environment and Development – Earth summit – Rio de

Janeiro, Brazil. This states that a new and equitable global partnership through the
creation of new levels of cooperation among states” – need to care for the earth.

Measures to achieve Sustainable development:

• 1.Developing appropriate technology :

It is the one which is locally adaptable, eco-friendly, resource efficient and culturally
suitable ,methods using local labours and produces minimum waste.
• 2. 3-R approach:
it insists optimum use of natural resources, using it again and again and recycling the
material into further products. Reduces pressure on resources and minimises waste
generation and pollution.
• 3. Providing environmental education and awareness:
Attitude of people towards our earth and environment can be changed.
• 4. Consumption of Renewable resources:
Consumption should not exceed regeneration capacity.
• 5. Conservation of non – renewable resources:
Recycled and reused.
• 6. Population control:
By controlling population, sus.development
can be achieved.

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Water conservation: The process of saving water for future utilization is known as water
conservation.
Need for water conservation:

• Most important for human survival.

• Due to changes in environmental factors, the quality and reliability are not high.
• Requirement of water increases as population increase.
• Over exploitation of ground water leads to drought.
• Agricultural and industrial activities require more fresh water.
• Better lifestyles require more fresh water.

Strategies for water conservation:

• 1. Reducing evaporation losses

• 2. Reducing irrigation losses
Sprinkling irrigation, drip irrigation conserves water by 30-40%
Hybrid crops
Irrigation in early morning and evening reduces evaporation losses.
• 3. Re-use of water
• 4. Preventing wastage of water
• 5. Decreasing run off losses – allow to infiltrate into soil.
• 6. Avoid discharge of sewage

Rainwater harvesting

• Rainwater harvesting is a technique of capturing and storing rainwater for further

utilization.

Objectives:

• To meet the increasing demands of water

• To raise the water table by recharging the ground water

• To reduce ground water contamination by saltwater intrusion

• To reduce surface run off loss

• To reduce storm water runoff and soil erosion

• To increase hydrostatic pressure to stop land subsidence

• To minimise water crisis and water conflicts

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 22

 • It involves collecting water that falls on the roof of house during rain storms and
conveying though PVC pipe to a nearby storage unit. The yield varies with catchment
area.

• Soil nature, Topography, rainfall pattern and climatic conditions must be known
before adopting a RWH method.

• Low cost, effective and the most common method.

• Rain water from roof tops – diverted to surface tanks or recharge pits through a
delivery system.

• Also, it can be used to recharge underground aquifers by diverting the stored water
to dug-well or bore wells.

Advantages of Rain water harvesting:

• Reduces electricity usage for pumping water.

• Increasing water level in the well.

• Rise in ground water level.

• Minimises soil erosion and flood hazards.

• Helps in preventing drought

• Upgrading the social and environmental status

• Future generation is assured of water quantity and quality.

Watershed Management:
Watershed – “land area from which water drains under the influence of gravity into a
stream, lake, reservoir or other body of surface water”.

• Unplanned, uncontrolled and unscientific land use activities.

• Overgrazing, deforestation, mining, construction activities degrade watersheds.

• Drought and dry climates affect water sheds.

Eg: water regimes in Himalayan regions – threatening depletion of water resources.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 23

 Objectives of Watershed Management:

• To minimise the risks of flood, drought and landslides.

• To develop rural areas with plans to improve the economy of the region.

• To develop domestic water supply, irrigation, hydropower generation, etc.

• To generate huge employment opportunities.

• To promote social forestry and horticultural activity.

• To raise groundwater level.

• To protect soil from erosion by runoff.

Integrated Watershed Management:

• 1.Water harvesting

• 2. Afforestation and agroforestry

• 3. Reducing soil erosion

• 4. Scientific mining and quarrying

• 5. Public participation

• 6. Minimising livestock population

Ozone layer depletion

In stratosphere,

Formation of O3 by photochemical reaction

O2 + hƳ O. + O.

O. + O2 + M O3+ M

Dissociation of ozone O3 + hƳ O2 + O. – Net result: equilibrium conc. of O3.

Unit of ozone conc. = DU – Dobson units.

Causes:

 CFC – used as coolant in referigerators, A/C, propellents, cleaning solvents, etc.

 N2O – from supersonic aircrafts, use of Nitrogen fertilizers.

 BFC – Used in fire extinguishers.

Effects:

 More UV rays reach the earth – affect DNA, cause mutation, cancer- skin
cancer, disfigurement
 Increase in cataract- children more vulnerable.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 24

  Aquatic food chain is affected.

 Agri.production – wheat, rice, corn, cotton, soyabean – affected.

 Degradation of paints, plastics, polymeric materials.

Control measures:

 Replace CFC by other less damaging materials. ( HCFC, Ammonia, CO2, water in
vapour compression system)

 Use of CH3Br for crops – must be reduced.

 Manufacturing and using ozone layer depleting agents must be stopped.

Green house gases

 Carbon di oxide, ozone, methane, nitrous oxide, CFC’s, and water vapours.

 The average global temperature is 150 c.

 In the absence of green house gases this temp. would have been -180c.

CO2:

 Contributes 55% to global warming.

 Sources- fossil fuel burning, deforestation.

 CO2 stays in atmosphere for about 500 years.

 355 ppm in 1990, increases at the rate of 1.5 ppm every year.

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 CFC:

 Sources – leaking ac and refrigerators, evaporation of industrial solvents, production

of plastic foams, aerosols, propellants etc,.

 CFCs take 10-15 years to reach the stratosphere and trap 1500 to 7000 times more
heat per molecule than CO2.

 Stays in stratosphere for 65 -110 years and depletes ozone layer.

Methane:

 Sources - Produced when bacteria breakdown dead organic matter in moist places –
swamps, wetlands, paddy fields etc.

 Incomplete burning of organic matter.

 Stays in atmosphere for 7-10 years.

 Traps 25 times more heat as a co2 molecule.

Nitrous Oxide:

 Released from nylon products, burning of biomass and nitrogen fertilizers in soil, live
stock wastes and nitrate contaminated ground water.

 Stays in troposphere – 140 to 190 years.

 Traps 230 times of more heat as CO2

 Impacts of green house effect:

 Global temp increases

 Rise in sea level

 Effects on human health

 Effects on agriculture

Measures to check global warming:

 Use energy more efficiently

 Cut down current rate of use of CFC’s and fossil fuels

 Shift to renewable energy resources

 Shift from coal to natural gas

 Trap and use methane as fuel

 Adopt sustainable agriculture

 Stabilize population growth

 Plant more trees

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  Remove CO2 from smoke stacks

Acid rain

 Oxides of S and N from industrial effluents, fosil fuel combustion – swirl around in the
atmosphere – causing acid rain.

 pH<5.6

Effects:

 On buildings:

Taj mahal, British Parliament building, Statue of liberty.

 On humans: affects nervous, respiratory and digestive system.

On terrestrial ecosystems: reduces photosyn. Growth, resistance to diseases.

Reduces fish population – reproductive failure.

Mosquitoes, flies, worms increase.

 Damages metal and car finishes

Control measures:

 Pollution control equipments must be installed in industries.

 Liming of lakes

 Coating of inert polymer inside water pipelines.

 Replacement of coal with natural gas is desirable.

Resettlement and Rehabilitation Issues

 Resettlement: simple relocation or displacement of human population does not

focus on their future welfare.

 Rehabilitation: replacing the economic assets, safeguard employment, provide safe

land for building, restore social services, repair damaged infrastructures, etc.

Causes:

 Due to developmental activities – eg., Hirakud dam, Tehri dam.

Due to disaster – natural, man made
Due to conservation projects – national park, sanctuary, biosphere reserve

 Issues: Tribals, already poor – displacement increases their poverty due to loss of
home, land, jobs, food security, social land.

 Break up of families - important social issue, not given cash compensation.

 Laws ignore Communal ownership of property, which is an inbuilt system among

tribals.

 Tribals are not familiar with the market policies and trend.

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  Marriages, social and cultural functions, their folk songs, dances and activities vanish
with their displacement.

 Loss of identity and loss of intimate link between the people and the environment is
one of the big loss

 Rehabilitation policy: Minimum dislocation policy – choosing adjacent areas.

 The extent of damage and suffering due to the project must be ascertained before
starting the project.

 To be Affected should be rehabilitated before the commencement of the project.

 Social justice and balanced development.

 Advantages of rehabilitation should be on par with those of beneficiaries of the

proposed project.

 Sardar sarovar dam project: Rr Narmada flows through MP, Maharashtra and
Gujarat.

 Situated in the Narmada valley.

 573 villages – 10 lakh people would be homeless and hectares of forest and 2 lakh
hec of cultivable lands would be submerged in Maharashtra.

 Affected people must be given adequate compensation.

 NBA – Narmada Bachao Andolan was initiated against cons.of dam – lead by Smt.
Medha Patkar – works for the affected oustee tribals.

Tehri Dam Project:

 Dam is constructed across the rivers Bhagirathi and Bhilanganga.

 It would submerge 100 villages, 85,600 families will have to be relocated.

 Region of Tehri is vulnerable to earthquakes.

 Dam is also structurally incapable of withstanding the water, which would kill 1000s
of people.

Environmental ethics

It refers to the issues, principles and guidelines relating to human interactions with their
environment.

Functions of the envt:

 Life supporting medium for all living organisms.

 Provides food, water, air and other resources.

 Disintegrates waste generated.

 Moderates climatic conditions.

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  Healthy economy depends on healthy environment.

Ethical guidelines:

• Love and honour the earth.

 Keep each day sacred to earth and celebrate the turnings of seasons.

 You have no right to drive the living species to extinction.

 You should be grateful to plants and animals.

 Don’t waste resources on destructive weapons.

 Do not steal from future generations the right to live in a clean safe environment.

 Consume mineral goods in moderate amounts.

Environmental legislation and laws

In order to protect our valuable environment from pollution, we need a strong legal
framework.

 Important protection acts:

 Water act

 Air act

 Wildlife act

 Forest act

 Environment protection act

WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974

• Prevention and control of pollution

 Maintaining or restoring the sources of water

 Establishing central and state boards for the prevention and control of water pollution

Salient features of water act:

Aims to protect all kinds of pollution and preserve water quality.

Establishment of CPCB and SPCB.

States empowered to restrain a person from discharging effluent into any water body without
the consent of the board.

If any contravention observed – penal action – prison sentence – 3 months to 6 years.

Violation of law –this act empowers SPCB to order closure or stoppage of supply or
electricity, water or any other services to the polluting unit.

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Fine up to Rs 5000/- day if default continues.

AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, act 1981

This envisages Central and state control boards with powers to monitor air quality and
pollution control.

Objectives:

To prevent, control and abatement of air pollution.

To maintain quality of air

To establish a board for the prevention and control of air pollution.

Important features of Air Act:

Central board may lay down the standards for the quality of air.

State boards – empowered to lay down standards for emission of air pollutants from
industrial units or automobiles or other sources.

State boards – collect information – air pollution – act as inspectorates of air pollution.

State boards are to examine the manufacturing processes and control equipment.

State board can advise state govt to - Declare heavily polluted areas - can advice to avoid
the burning of waste products.

Directions of central board are mandatory of state boards.

Operating an Industrial unit in a heavily polluted area is prohibited.

Violation of law – imprisonment for a term up to 3 months or fine up to Rs 10,000 or both.

FOREST (CONSERVATION) ACT, 1980

Objectives:

To protect and conserve forest

To ensure judicious use of forest products

Important features:

Reserved forests shall not be diverted without prior permission of the central govt.

Forest land may not be used for non-forest purposes.

Any illegal non-forest activity within the forest area can be stopped immediately
under the act.

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  Amendment: Forest departments are forbidden to assign any forest land by way of
lease to any private person or non-govt body.

 Clearance of any forest land of naturally grown trees for the purpose of re-
afforestation is forbidden.

 Diversion of forest land for non-forest uses is punishable.

Wildlife (Protection) act, 1972, amended in 1983, 1986, 1991

 India – rich wild life heritage – 350 species of mammals, 1200 sp birds, 20,000 sp of
insects.

 Using wildlife products – skins, fur, feathers, ivory, etc., decimated population of
many.

 Objectives:

 To maintain essential ecological processes and life-supporting systems.

 To preserve biodiversity.

Salient features of the Act:

The act covers the rights and non-rights of forest dwellers.

 It provides restricted grazing in sanctuaries but prohibits in national parks.

 It prohibits collection of non-timber forest woods.

The rights of forest dwellers recognised by the act of 1988 are taken away by the
amended act of 1991

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT 1986

Objectives:

 To protect and improve the environment

 To prevent hazards to all living creatures and property.

 To maintain harmonious relationship between human and envt.

IMPORTANT FEATURES: The act empowers the govt to lay down procedures and
safeguards for the prevention of accidents which cause pollution and remedial measures if
an accident occurs.

 The govt has the authority to close or prohibit or regulate any industry if any violation
of law occurs.

 More stringent penalities – 5 years imprisonment or/with fine up to Rs 1 lakh.

 Additional fine may also be imposed.

 The act fixes the liability of offence – secretary/manager/ officer – unless he proves
that it was committed without his knowledge.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 31

  For inspection – orders to collect samples – soil, water or any material from any
factory for testing.

ROLE OF CPCB AND SPCB

 Functions of central board

 Advises central govt regarding the prevention of pollution.

 Plans for prevention and control of pollution.

 Lays down standards for the well water and air.

 Establishes labs for the analysis of air, water samples.

 Provides technical assistance and guidance to state boards- sponsor for research.

Identifies areas or industries causing air pollution

 Encourages industries to recycle and reuse the wastes.

 Advises the industries to treat waste water and gases with modern technology.

 Central and state boards emphasize to use clean technology to reduce pollution.

Functions of StateBoard

 It advises the state govt on any matter concerning the prevention and control of
pollution.

 It has the right to inspect at all times any pollution control equipment, industrial plant,
orders to take necessary steps.

 Encourages research and investigations regarding pollution.

 Organises educational program in collaboration with central board.

Appoints analyst to analyse sample and submit a report to the board and to the
industry.

Unit 5. Human Population and Environment

Population characteristics:

▪ 1.Exponential growth:

10,10 2 , 103

▪ 2.Doubling time:

Time needed for a population to double its size at a constant annual

rate T d = 70 / r

▪ 3.Total fertility rate TFR:

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 Average number of children born to a woman in her life time. TFR
varies from 1.9 to 4.7- developed to developing nations.1950’s TFR has been 6.1.
Govt policies, cultural and technological set up of societies TFR has come down –
welcome change

▪ 4. Infant mortality rate:

% of infants died out of those in a year.

This rate has declined in the last 50 years, but the pattern varies among
nations.

▪ 5. Replacement level:

Two parents bearing two children will be replaced by their off-spring.

Due to infant mortality this replacement level is usually changed. Varies from 2.7 –
2.1.

▪ 6. Age structure: (include diagrams as in class notes)

▪ Pre-reproductive = 0-14, Reproductive = 15-44, Post reproductive = 45 and

above

a. PYRAMID SHAPED :

Number of people in very young age is more- growing population

-India, Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Nigeria

b. BELL SHAPED:

France, USA, Canada

Birth rates in the past one or two decades declined – 0-35 age group – less.

Consequently in the next 10 years , people entering into reproductive age group is
not going to change much – stable population

c. URN SHAPED:
No. of children in the very young class is smaller than the middle reproductive age
class. In the next ten years the number in reproductive age class will be less than
before – results in a decline of population growth – declining population

Germany, Italy, Hungary, Sweden and Japan.

▪ 7. Zero Population Growth :– ZPG

Birth + immigration = Death + emigration

▪ 8. Male – female ratio :

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 33

 It should be balanced in a society to flourish. Ratio upset due to female
infanticides, gender based priorities.

China 140 : 100

▪ 9. Life expectancy :

Average age that a newborn infant is expected to attain. Globally, it raised

from 40 to 65.5 yrs.
▪ In India, life expectancy- male: female = 22.6 to 23.3 yrs. in 1900.
▪ Due to technological advancement and medical facilities , it has increased to
60.3 and 60.5 years.

▪ Japan, Sweden --- 82 for females and 77 for males, respectively.

▪ 10. Demographic transition: - changes due to urbanization.

Family welfare programs

▪ A catastrophic doomsday model warns us that the earth cannot sustain more
than 25 billions.

▪ Population stabilisation :

Ratio= Birth rate ÷ Death rate

▪ Developed nations -- this ratio is 1 around the year 2000 which indicates ZPG.

▪ Developing nations– this ratio ~ 3, which is on a decline and is expected to

lower down by 2025?

▪ Kerala: marriage for women – fixed as 21 yrs- Indian average 18 yrs.

▪ Female literacy rate 53% against the Indian average of 13%.

▪ Greater emphasis on primary education with 60% budget provision against

50% in many other states.

▪ Better public distribution system of food, better medical facilities in rural areas
are the reasons for the Success of family welfare programmes

Human health and Environment

WHO – “HEALTH is defined as the state of complete physical, mental and social
well-being and not merely the absence of disease ”

1. Infectious organisms
▪ Developing countries face more health threat than developed ones.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 34

 ▪ Unclean, unhygienic atmosphere cause diseases.
▪ High temp and moisture spreads diseases.
▪ Microbes especially bacteria can cause food poisoning by producing toxins in
the contaminated food, moulds grow on the food stuffs.
▪ Respiratory diseases like pneumonia, tuberculosis, influenza etc. and
gastrointestinal diseases like diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera etc.
▪ Parasites cause malaria, filariasis, dengue fever etc.
▪ 2. Diet

▪ Amounts of fats and salts are very much related to cardio vascular
diseases.(white food*)
▪ Adulteration of food items
▪ High levels of malnutrition – M.P
▪ Vitamins, proteins, micro and macro nutrients are essential for normal
function, growth and development.
{A,C,D,K,B1,B2,B3,B6,B12, Biotin, folic acid, pantothenic acid} (13)
3. Chemicals –
Fossil fuel combustion – cause asthma, bronchitis, other lung diseases.
Toxic industrial effluents - kill cells and cause cancer and death.
Pesticides like DDT – affect food chain.
Heavy metals like Hg, Cr, Cd, Pb – contaminate water.

4. Air pollution – breathing problems.

Industrial pollution- smoke, dust, automobile exhaust – cause head ache, allergy,
respiratory problems.

CO,CO2 - reduce oxygen carrying capacity of blood, eye defect - cataract

SO2 – Affects respiratory system

3. Noise – painful and irrepairable damage to human ear, headache, blood

pressure.
4. Radiation - affects cells, glands, and organs. Cause cancer.
5. Solid waste – dumping wastes helps in breeding mosquitoes.
6. Human settlements with proper drainage, ventilation and sunlight is essential
to avoid diseases.

WOMEN AND CHILD WELFARE

 ATROCITIES AGAINGST WOMEN: Women and children – helpless,

economically dependent, weaker sex.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 35

  Women suffer gender based discriminations, devaluation at home and in
public liufe, matrimony, in inheritance of property, in public life and power.

 High number of cases of dowry deaths, domestic violence, criminal offences,

mental torture to women - needs immediate attention.

 ORGANISATIONS IN FAVOUR OF WOMEN: Women cells, women groups

exist that work for women welfare issues, fight for women’s rights and dignity.

 1. Ministry for women and child development

--- family planning, health care, education and awareness.

 2. National network for women in mining --- work for women displaced
from industries to get compensation.

 3. Non governmental organisations --- mahila mandal, self help groups-

create awareness among women , train them, educate them, help them to
become economically dependent.

 CEDAW – Convention on elimination of all forms of discrimination against

women, 1979

--- International standard working for women’s socio-economic upliftment

All women – refugees, tribes, villagers must be educated on this.

 Children – assets of a society- 20 million in India.

 Made to work in hazardous industries, matches, fireworks, brass, pottery etc,.

 Child labour prevention is important

 Reason- poverty - long hours of work, no rest or relaxation, mini wage

requirement.

 UN General assembly 1959 – declaration- right to basic education – human

right.

 It became an international law in 1990- 54 articles- related to international

standards and measures to protect and to promote well being of children in
society.

 Every child has the right to –survival, good living stds, nutrition and health,
right to protection from exploitation, abuse, inhuman treatment, neglect, right
to education, childhood care, support, leisure, recreation, freedom of thought.

 Sept 30, 1990- world summit on children- focused on these issues.

Role of IT in environment

Numbers of soft wares have been developed for environment and health.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 36

Database- collection of inter related topics- retrieved whenever required.
Ministry of environment and forests- compiles database- wild life, conservation etc,.
NMIS- National Management information system – research and development
projects, information about scientists.
ENVIS – Environmental information system, Govt of India- head quarters -Delhi- 25
centers all over India.
National Institute of Occupational Health
- health aspects of people in hazardous and non-hazardous industries.
GIS – Geo information system – deforestation, water logging, desertification, river-
canal network, mineral, energy resources, diseased croplands, zoning atlas,
prepares maps – helps in environmental management.
Website for evsc- student friendly and teacher friendly aspects
HIV/AIDS

AIDS- ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME

Causes: caused by HIV virus.

HUMAN IMMUNO DEFICIENCY VIRUS

Modes of spread: Infected to normal person through blood transfusion, sharing

needles or syringes, unsafe sexual contact, contaminated surgical instruments.

From infected mothers to their babies during pregnancy, delivery, feeding.

 HIV doesnot spread through: Tears, sweat, urine, faeces or saliva, By

sharing utensils, towels, clothing, insect bite like mosquito or bed bug.

 70 % in Africa-1st in the world, related illness and HIV +ve - important cause of
mortality.
 India stands 2nd –25 lakh people.0.36% adult rate HIV +ve
 In 2003 about 3 million died world wide.
 Russia, china, India are also showing an increase in the number of HIV+ve.
 AIDS – discovered in 1983

Source: Definite source not known-believed that may be due African

chimpanzees (through polio vaccine preparation from monkey's kidney or through
Hepatitis B, Small pox vaccination programme in Africa)

Symptoms:

 Prolonged fever
 Diarrhoea

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  Weight loss
 Fungal and viral infections
 Night sweats
 Weakening of immune system
 Affect T-cell WBC (infection fighters in immune system)
 Cancer can easily develop in infected persons
 Nervous Damage, TB, loss of memory and intelligence
 Consumption of alcohol is found to increase the disease
Diagnosis:

Screening test
1. ELISA Test
2. Western Blot Test- more confirmatory test- specific antibody test-done by
experts
PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

•
Leading a moral life with good conduct.
•
Health education, sterilization of surgical instruments.
•
Blood donation samples should be screened.
•
Avoid sharing needles, razors, syringes.
•
Primary health care centres, counseling services.
•
Drug treatment, staying active, nutritious diet, stress free mind, early
medical care.
LOSS TO THE ENVIRONMENT DUE TO SUCH PATIENTS:
AIDS epidemic – large number of deaths, affect local environment.
Loss of professional forest workers
HIV carriers do not perform well
They lack energy, frequent fever so production of companies employing them
decreases
Must maintain hygiene in affected locality

Scenario in India:
Detected in India in the year1986
Highly infected states in India - Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, A.P,
Karnataka,Manipur,
Nagaland.
These states harbor nearly 45% of the disease.
Environment and human rights

• June 1993, Vienna world conference on human rights stressed the need for
economical and social rights.

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 • May 16th, 1994 - Geneva declaration on Human rights & envt. was made.

Principles of Draft declaration

• Part 1. Deals with human rights for an ecologically sound envt., sustainable
development and peace for all.

• Part 2. Human rights related to an environment free from pollution and

degradation – Right for enjoying a good envt.

• Part 3. It is the right of every person to be aware of environmental

information, education, public participation etc.

• Part 4. Duties to protect and preserve the environment

• Part 5. Sustainable development, stress on social justice, equity with respect

to the use of natural resources.

Value education

• Education is defined as acquiring skills.

• From the time we are born we learn. We learn how to walk, eat and talk. We
learn how to understand when people are happy or sad. A lot of what we
learn needs to be taught to us by other people. What we learn is important to
how we live our lives. Doctors can only help us when we are sick because
they have been taught what to do when people are sick.

• India was the first country to have established ‘GURUKUL’ system of

education. However with the coming up of Britishers. English has emerged to
be indispensable.
• Education is the manifestation of the perfection already in man. Education is
not the amount of information that is put into your brain and runs riot there,
undigested all your life.
• We must have life-building, man-making, character-making, assimilation of
ideas.
• If you have assimilated five ideas and made them your life and character, you
have more education than any man who has got by-heart a whole library –
Swami Vivekananda
• Education teaches us to love and to respect one another, to be
compassionate, develops helping tendency, peace loving, generous& tolerant
so that they move towards a more harmonious peaceful sustainable future.
• Todays education: A lack of good universities, and a low acceptance rate for
good universities, is evident in countries with a relatively high population
density.
• Due to globalization, increased pressure on students in curricular activities.
• Removal of a certain percentage of students for improvisation of academics.

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