VOLUME I! NUMBER 1 DECEMBER 2007 Sustainable and Ecotourism Development in the Philippines: Theory and Application REYNALDO G. ALCID The Marikina City Resettlement Program: A Model for Community and Government Partnership for Development VALENTINO G. BAAC AND ROSETTE C. LIBREA BID Management: How to Avoid Errors in Job Estimating and Bidding JOSE E. CABANTING Insights from Some National Centers of Excellence in the Philippines CAMARO L. HO Saving is Waste of Electricity: Going Back to a Better Future ILDEFONSO S. MAMINTA Production and Storage Studies of High Quality Methane Gas in a Biogas Digester for Energy Generation CHRISTOPHER M. SILVERIO, EMELDA A. ONGO, SUZITA S. OREDINA, BELINDA A. VILLANUEVA, OSCAR TRINIDAD, DAVID L. HERRERA, MARIO JOSEFINO V. CAPULE AND ADONIS T. MARQUEZ Risk Management (RM) ROBERTO F. VILLARROELThe GRADUATE SCHOOL RESEARCH JOURNAL, UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST, is published annually. Its contents include articles, essays, and research reports by members of the faculty and other contributions, including brief summaries and/or abstracts of master’s theses/ doctoral dissertations. These articles, essays, theses and dissertations are selected by the Editorial Board composed of faculty members of the UE Graduate School, Copyright 2007 ISSN-0117-9802 No part of any publication of the GRADUATE SCHOOL RESEARCH JOURNAL, UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST, may be reprinted, reproduced. or transmitted in any form without permission in writing from the publisher.EDITORIAL BOARD Ma. Lourdes G. Tayao, Ph.D. Marissa P. Justan, Ph.D. Gloria Azul Agas, Ph.D. Roberto F. Villarroel, D.B.A. Reynaldo G. Alcid, D.P.A. EDITOR Jose B. Cabanting, Ph.D., PE. MANAGING EDITOR: Georgina B. Palmario, Ph.D. SECRETARIAL STAFF Adelina A. De Silva, BSSA Asuncion R. Gonzales, BSSA Jocelyn G. Santos, BSBA EDITORIAL AND BUSINESS OFFICE Graduate School University of the East, Manila Tel. 735-54-71 Loc. 358/374 E-mail Address: gs@ue.edu.phACADEMIC OFFICERS PANFILO O. DOMINGO, BBA (CPA), MBA, Ph.D. (HC) Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer ESTER A. GARCIA, BS, Ph.D. President and Chief Academic Officer CARMELITA G. MATEO, BSBA (CPA) EVP and Chief Administrative Officer ANTONIETA FORTUNA-IBE, BBA (CPA) Chancellor, Manila Campus FEDESERIO C. CAMARAO, BS, MA, PhD. Chancellor, UE Caloocan Campus DANILO M. YANGA, BS, MS, Ph.D. Dean, Graduate School AMADO D. VALDEZ, AB, LIB, PhD (HC) Dean, College of Law BRENDA S. DEY, DMD, Dip. in Public Health Dentistry Dean, College of Dentistry DOMINADOR S. PAGBILAO, BS, MS Dean, College of Engineering Manila Campus ROGELIO B. ANIEZ, BSEE, MS, Doc. of hb. Dean, College of Engineering, Caloocan Campus RODANY A. MERIDA, BSCS, MBA. Dean, College of Computer Studies and Systems CARMELITA S. FLORES, BSE, MA Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Manila Campus ELEANOR R. JAVIER, AB, MA, Ed.D. Dean, College of Arts and Sciences, Caloocan Campus MA. ROCHELLE G. DIVINAGRACIA, BSAE, MS, DBA Dean, College of Business Administration Manila Campus ESTELITA D. BELLO, BSBA (CPA), MBA. Dean, College of Business Administration Caloocan Campus JUSTINA M. EVANGELISTA, BS, MS, EdD. Dean, College of Education CELINO B. SANTIAGO, BS, MID Dean, College of Fine Arts ROMEO Q. ARMADA, Ph.B University Registrar REMEDIOS V. PORIO, AB Director, Student A ffairs Office, Mla. GERARDO V. VENTURINA, AB Director, Student A ffairs Office, Cal. NORMA I. JHOCSON, BSE, MAT (LS) Director of Libraries MARCELO E. VERGARA, BS, MAT Director of Admissions ROLANDO M. PEREZ, AB, BSE, MAT Acting Director, Department of Physical Education NIEVA J. DISCIPULO, BSE, MAPS Principal, Elementary and Secondary Laboratory Schools, Manila Campus ENRICO C. PILONGO, BSE, MAED Principal, Elementary and Secondary Laboratory Schools, Caloocan Campus Ex-Officio Members GHERMAN C. JARAMILLO, BSME Director, Management Information Systems ROSALINA D. YOUNG, BS, MAT Director, Textbook Evaluation and Publishing Office OLIVIA C. CAOILI, AB, MA, Ph.D. Director, Office of Research Coordination ROGER I. ESPIRITU, AB, MAT, MPA Director, Office of Extension and Community Outreach MERCY L. CANDELARIA, AB, MAT Adviser, International Students’ OfficeTT UNIVERSITY OF THE EAST OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT AND CHIEF ACADEMIC OFFICER FOREWORD The UE-Graduate School Research Journal (UE-GSRJ) had been successfully published by the UE Graduate School over the past 10 years as Vol. 1 to 10. This publishing effort is in pursuance of the School’s objectives: to foster the search for truth and the transmission and use of knowledge through scientific and systematic methods. In that light, knowledge is the key; knowledge is vital. But knowledge is nothing without understanding. And understanding comes with time. This current issue of the UE-GSRJ does not deviate too much from the above. It has tried to give you — the academic community and readers it serves — with some new ideas for decision-making and problem-solving through the use of better tools (e.g. quantitative techniques) and information that are already at your disposal. In this Vol. 11, we had featured four management articles — from risk management to electricity waste management to bid or proposal management to managing tourism-related tasks or activities. All have been authored by senior faculty, executives and practicing, management-education professionals. We had also included three technical articles — on production of methane gas; on innovative community resettlement development program (of Marikina City) and on the results of a research conducted on established National Centers of Excellence in the country. As in the management features/article s, the authors of the technical articles are recognized specialists and academics in their own fields. The UE-Graduate School is fully aware that the usefulness and the quality of the UE-GSRJ is dependent on the contributions that are made by the different authors who contribute editorial materials that have passed strict screening process. Thus, we earnestly hope that practicing faculty-professionals, academics and others who have the best interests of the disciplines of management and education at heart would continue to support the University’s aims and objectives. We invite them to submit or send in their articles that are based on actual knowledge and experience; hence, they’re of great reference value not only to our readers but also to their colleagues. Ae ESTER A. GARCIA, Ph.D. PRESIDENTGRADUATE SCHOOL DEAN DANILO M. YANGA, B.S. (Physics), UP MS. (Physics), UP, Ph.D. (Physics), UP COLLEGE SECRETARY PALMARIO, GEORGINA B., DMD (UE) Ph.D. (Dental Science) Tokyo Medical and Dental Univ., Japan FACULTY MEMBERS MA, . MIM, MLIS, MSES, Ed.D. ABIVA, THELMA G. BSE (Health Education), UP M.Ed. (Guidance and Psych.), UP Ed.D, (Guidance), UP AGAS, GLORIA AZUL BScE (English), UP M.Ed, (Educational, Adm.) UP M.Sc. (Sociology), Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, USA Ph.D. (Sociology) Univ. of Wisconsin Madison, USA BANA, ARNE R. BSCS, UE MSIT, Univ. of Lasalette BOREBOR, MA. TERESA F. BSCS, UE MIT, TUP BORJA, VIRGILIO B. DMD, UE Dip in Dental Anesthesiology, Osaka University, Japan BUENROSTRO, JUAN C. BSE, PNU MLS, UP, Ed.D., UP CATANE, JULIET A. BS (Psychology), Siliman University MAEd (Guidance), PCU E4.D., UP CHUA, SYLVIA M. BSE (Physical Educ.), UP MA (Educational Mgt. & Planning), MLQU Ed.D. (Adm. & Superv.), MLQU CLARAVALL, NORA J. BSE (Library Science), UST MLS, UP, Ed.D., Univ. of Baguio DAVID, LOURDES T. BS (Food Technology), UP MLS (Lib. Sci.), UP DEL CALLAR, ACHILLES B. BSME (Mechanical Eng’g.) DLSU MS (Nuclear Physics) Catholic Univ. of America Ph.D. (Nuclear Engineering), New York Univ. DINO, MARIA CARMENCITA M. DMD, UE, MS (Periodontics), Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan DISCIPULO, NIEVA J. BSE (Social Science, English), PSU MA (Phil. Studies), UP DIZON, FERNAN R. BSE (Library Science), UST MLIS, UP ERESTAIN, TERESITA BSE (English), FEU MA (English), De Paul Univ., Chicago DA in Language and Literature (English), DLSUGONZALO, LEILANIL. BSE, MPE (Physical Education), UP Ph.D. (Philippine Studies), UP IGNACIO, ARIS BSCS, DLSU MIM, Asia Pacific College JAVIER, ELEANOR R. AB (English), UE MA (English), Univ. of Nueva Caceres Ed.D., UE JUSTAN, MARISSA P. BS (Math), UST MS (Math), ADMU. Ph.D. (Math), ADMU MAGAT, DAN REYNALD R. AB (Philosophy), MA, UP LIB, FEU MORALES, AUGUSTO, JR. A. BS (Physics), UP DSc (Physics), Waseda Univ., Tokyo PACQUING, ALFONSO G. AB (Political Science), LIB (General), MLQU BSEE¢ (History), MLQU M.Ed (Counseling), Harvard Univ., USA MPA (Governmental Mgt.), UP Ed.D. (Educational Adm.), UP PALMARIO, GEORGINA B. DMD (UE) Ph.D. (Dental Science) Tokyo Medical and Dental Uniy., Japan RODRIGUEZ, SOCORRO M. BSS. (Physics), M.A. T. (Physics), UP Ph.D. Science Ed.-Physics, UP SANTOS, SEGUNDINA S. BSE (Biology), UP MA.Ed. (Educational Adm.), UE Ed.D. (Educational Adm.), UE SERRANO, LEONARDO G. AB (Economics), Divine Word College MBA, Divine Word College SILVERIO, CHRISTOPHER M. BS(Pre-Med.),UE BS (Biological Science), UE MSc Biology, UST MSc (Biotechnology), Univ of New South Wales, Australia Ph.D. (Molecular Biology & Biotechnology), UP TAYAO, MA. LOURDES G. BSE (English) UP, MAT (TESL), UP Dip. in Advanced Research in Applied Linguistics, RELC, Singapore Ph.D. (Language Teaching) UP TORRES, ELIZABETH M. AB-BSE Notre Dame Marbel Univ. S. Cotabato MAEd, DLSU Ph.D. (Development Ed.), UST UY, GILDAL. BSE(Physical Education), UP MAEd (Physical Educ. & Recreation), YNU (Yokohama) ZAMORAS, LAWRENCE R. BS (Geology), UP, MS (Geology), UP Ph.D. (Science), Niigata Univ., Japan MBA, MSCM, MScD, MPA, DBA ABELLA, CYNTHIA A. BSC (Advertising), PUP MBA, UE ACERO, CLAVER, JR. O. DMD, UE Ph.D. (Dental Science), Okayama Univ., Japan ALCID, REYNALDO G. BSBA, MBA, UE DPA, UP ASPRER, FELIX A. BSMT, UST MBA, PCh.U. DBM, DLSU BAAC, VALENTINO G. AB (Philosophy), Sacted Heart Seminary LIB, UE, MA (Public Administration), UST Ph.D. (Public Administration), USTBANZON, REYNALDO D.R. BSC, DLSU, BSBA, (CPA), NCBA MBA, DLSU, MA (Eco), Lyceum DBA, PSBA, L1.B., (PLS) CABANTING, JOSE E. BSCE, BSSE, National Univ. MS (Env’l. Sanitary Engineering), NU Ph.D. (Management), Adamson Univ. DE LARA, RODOLFO T. BSC, (CPA), FEU, LIB, Lyceum of the Philippines, MBA, UP Ph.D. (Commerce and Mgt.), UST ESTOMAGUIO, GARY A. DMD, CEU Ph.D. (Orthodontics), Niigata Univ., Japan ESPINAR, CONRADO V. BSBA, PSBA, MBA (Mgt.),UE FERRIOLS, ROSARIO MARIA A. DMD, UE Periodontology, Hokkaido Univ. GARCIA, ARISTEO M. BS (Architecture), MIT MS (Architecture Ed.), MIT MCM, UE HO, CAMARO L. BSBA, MTM, UP LEE, RAMONITO R. DMD, MCU Ph.D. (Dental Science), Tokyo Medical Dental University, Japan LIM, DARWIN J. DMD, UE Ph.D. (Dental Science), Okayama Univ. Japan LONTOC, FRANCISCO L. BBA, (CPA), UE, MA (Econ,) ADMU Ph.D. (Economics), UST LUCIANO, RHODORA H. DMD, UE Ph.D. (Dental Materials), Nagasaki University, Japan MAJOR, JOHANNAH P. DMD, UE Ph.D. Oral Pathology (Molecular Biology), Hokkaido University, Japan MAMINTA, ILDEFONSO S. BAPA (Public Adm.), UP MPA (Policy & Program Adm.), UP MARIANO, CARLITO V. BSBA (CPA), PSBA, MBA, PSBA DBA, PSBA NAVARRO, CARMELO C, BSBA, UE, MBA, UE DBA, UE ONG, EDUARDO G. BSC (Mgt.), MSC (Mgt.), UST Ph.D. (Mgt.), UST LIB, PLS, DPA, Trinity Univ. of Asia PANELO, BLANDINA S. BSC (Office Administration), MLQU MAEd, UP REFRE, ANTONIO E. BS.M.Ch..Eng., St Louis U Doctor in Applied Sc., Katholieke Univ. Belgium REYES, MANUEL JULIO D. DDM, UP MScD (Prosthodontics), Indiana Univ., USA ROMERO, LORNA D. BSChe, MS (Mgt. Engineering), AU Ed.D. (Educational Mgt.), UE TIU, MARGARET C. DMD, UE MAED (Educational Mgt), NU VELUZ, MARIE ANTONIETTE R. DMD, UE Diplome Universitaire et Clinique Pour Les Odontologistes Francophones, Rennes University, France VERGARA, RONALDO G. DMD, DOMC Ph.D. (Orthodontics), Niigata Univ., JapanVILLARROEL, ROBERTO M. AB (Economics), UP MA (Economics), UP DBA, PLM VILORIA, ILUMINADA L. DMD, CEU PhD, (Endodontics and Operative Dentistry), Nagasaki University, Japan ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF ADELINA A. DE SILVA, BSSA, UE Senior Administrative Assistant ASUNCION R. GONZALES, BSSA, UE Administrative Assistant JOCELYN G. SANTOS, BSBA, UE Clerical StaffMISSION The UE Graduate School aims to produce creative, competent and morally upright graduates with a strong commitment to serve and contribute to the attainment of a just, humane, and progressive society. OBJECTIVES * To widen perspectives and deepen knowledge through scholarly and creative endeavors. * To educate and train high-level manpower for teaching, research and service in government, industry, and other sectors of society. * To develop analytical, problem- solving and decision making skills. * To foster the search for truth and the transmission and use of knowledge through scientific and systematic methods,GRADUATE SCHOOL RESEARCH JOURNAL Editor's Desk By Jose E. Cabanting, Ph.D. T’ve had a good practice in entrepreneurial management in the construction industry. If my memory serves me well, I do recall that one of the most significant things that entrepreneurial management does is to take an everyday idea, and twist it into something new — and exciting. You don’t have to be a management mentor, expert or guru to do this. More often than not, it is merely a matter of looking at an idea that is in use already in one sector of business and discovering that it can also be used to the best advantage of another business-industry sector whether within or outside of it. It is held that if enough people follow a management philosophy, it becomes the gospel truth, and the person or persons who came up with it may become rich — of course, not strictly in financial sense. Accordin gly, consultants, advisors and management theorists can spend years developing frameworks that institutions or firms can effectively use to cut overheads, build business or re-invent themselves. Now, if we consider yet the lexicon these people now use, can we say we don’t agree? Probably we may not. Indeed, some of the management “terms” they have already pushed into the language of businessmen — re-engineering, downsizing, core competency and world-best practice — are something new and exciting. MANAGEMENT ARTICLES At UE Graduate School Research Journal, we’ve always tried to give our readers new ideas for using some of the best tools or information already at their disposal. Here are a few of the ways we do and we emphasize them in this issue: In “Risk Management”, author Roberto F. Villarroel talks about two situations of availability and non-availability of historical data on ROI (a term used by entrepreneurs to mean Return on Investment). Most people think of decision-tree analysis or game theory or multiple regressions as tools only business managers’ use. In this article, Prof. Villarroel, who has taught for about two decades at the UE Graduate School, shows us how people can use them; say in profitability or sales presentation. ROI is an especially important tool for service businesses, which often have a difficult time proving tangible results when trying to present their corporate results or performance to shareholders. Ildefonso S. Maminta’s paper, “Saving is Waste of Electricity”, may change your mind about saving electricity. He discusses “why saving electricity is not correct” and proceeds to point out some unintended results it has brought forth. Interestingly, Prof. Maminta has good proposals for corrective measures that the government has to implement.In “Bid Management: How to Avoid Errors in Bidding”, author Jose E. Cabanting talks about errors in bidding and where they occur most frequently. He speaks from experience, as an owner-contractor himself, like many of his friends in the contracting business, they often viewed the bid or price-proposal as merely a “marketing” vehicle. But the bid has its own pitfall — errors that are discovered after the bid is read out by the owner. Prof. Cabanting, a builder himself who had prepared bids for over 25 years had a bad bid error once or twice for his projects. He got the jobs despite the offending error — and yes, even made some money. The article suggests ways to avoid pricing errors and to deal with the question, “What alternatives face the bidder when he finds an error in his bid?” If you’ve been postponing reading that article (lying in your file) on tourism because you think it would take too long a time to digest it, Reynaldo G. Alcid’s paper, “Sustainable and Ecotourism Development” may change your mind. The article may just spur you on to dig it up now. Prof. Alcid, with a decade and a half of teaching management at the UE Graduate School, discusses some of the concepts of “sustainable development” and “ecotourism” — as strategic inputs for tourism development planning and program implementation; describes present environment conditions, as well as problems and issues associated with managing tourism-related activities in the Philippines. VIEWS FROM THE FRONT In this issue of the Research Journal, we also take opportunity to bring three feature articles ~ (1) on production of methane gas; (2) on innovation in public governance and administration; (3) a summary of the research results conducted on established National Centers of Excellence in the Philippines. In “Production and Storage Studies of High Quality Methane Gas in a Biogas Digester for Energy Generation”, author Christopher M. Silverio and his seven co- authors, have discussed far and wide the design and fabrication of a laboratory-scale scrubber, test operation and experimental runs and performance testing of the scrubber using various packing materials for the removal of gas impurities in a biogas resulting to the production of a methane enriched biogas. Valentino G. Baac and Rosette C. Librea give a case study, “The Marikina City Resettlement Program: A Model for Community and Government Partnership for Development.” The authors claim their study showcases an innovation in public administration and governance where the Marikina City government, in a very unique and effective interaction of politics, administration and civil socicty, contributed to social and human development through its resettlement program. In a concluding statement, the authors affirmed that “The manifest balancing of good leadership and participative governance resulted in the achievement of the City government's twin goals of development and socio-economic progress.” In “Insights from Some National Centers of Excellence in the Philippines”, Camaro L. Ho provides a report that summarizes the results of research conducted on