fh rm VAs DICTUM FACTUM Jlo 200-pisua XapKiscpxoro HauionamHoro yHinepcuTery im. B. H. Kapasina MIEPEKJIAJ| AHNTIOMOBHOI EKOHOMIMHOI JITEPATYPH EKOHOMIKA CLA: 3APAJIbHI NIPHHUAM Pexomendosano Minicmepcmeow oceimu i nayxu Vepainu ak nasvaienui nociéuux dan cmydenmie euuqux 3akAadie OcEiMU, WO HABYaloOMbCA 3a EKOHAMINHLMU cneyiarbxocmamu ma daxom “Tepexaad”™ WG 4s > Buganns Apyre, AonoBHeHeE 3a pesakuicio JI, M, Yeprosaroro ra B. I. KapaGana Binunus HOBA KHHTA 2007 (ae ; yRlerp 7m SIR RIOT ERA !YAK 811,111°25(075:8) BBK $1.432.1-7 449 SaracpipKeno Misvictepernon ocnitn i nayxit Yepaiine x nociGniek 104 Crymerrin mMNUTX WaRMAREANEX JaKmaniB OCB wet Ne 14/18,2-376 win 22.02.05 Peyensenmu; Hoxtop conionoriunnx nayx, mpoecop ALM Sucuyn Toxrop neaarorismix nays, npodecop OTT. Hempicugye Kanauaar dinonorivnux nayk, xoncer ALP. Thadyue MepHonaruii JI. M., B. 1. Kapaéan, |. O. Mencowa, 1. 1. Spomys 4149 Tepesaan antromosuol exonostiatol aireparypse. Exouostixa CUA, Hasvaapeinit nociGuine Jui crystenrin sumuux saKnazie o¢witH. — Bian, HOBA KHMDA, 2007-416 c. ISBN 978-966-382-038-5 Hociéiun upioraycrntit 201% poamrTny HaWMoK ra ysIHE yeNoro Ta MMcktsROrO-nepEkiAMAY ¥: Fadiyar ENDO ‘at 3wicr ociGwaka aaGeniewye sacKacHRS oMONiX sah Ta analioNCTHO 1 HaiiGinnan wRUMaNENO TeprGwaROSiCD. Cuetesa piasomaniniuns ompan, noGyronana 3a neniMAU pHNUITON, HaNSHiCTY, AWOMOFES TexEATINAIIN COR stwkiny scaRnonny ypout, AGenOSOo NaN KINI FociGMRAK Ta-KTin to HepehaRCKOr GLALHOCT HUAN erRapio1on, EmpitemHM yates aH edheRTMAHOTD INCBoEHtN IMiCTY HOCIGRINCA H Kaci | RUNG) ceMONNEpCG ta 4ae potion anon. Joa eryneirin simuarx mamas saxraai, ta cneitintisyworsea y raaysi exouomnx way exyacarin Nepexautinars siuainicns (janyanteria) yitiuepewrorin, cpax inn NPARHYSS RIOCKOHAMINY BowCH MaMONGT Ta lita nepekuaty CxOMOWMHOE TiTCpATYpI, a TAROM fm HEEROMA AK 810,111°25(075.8) BBKBI432.1-7 (J.-M, Yepnonaruit izea, erpyxcypa, rum ra ocaixonvicn, nnpas, peuryaai, 2007 © BL, KapaGan: penarysamv texcry nociGwika, 2007 OLn, Aponyx: OCTHTOuHE KOMMOHYBAWHR TEKCTY ociGiniva, nonepesute penarynaatiee, 2007 GLO. Mersxopa: ROMEPEAHE KOMMOHYRANHA TERCTY ieee eee ISBN 978-966-382-038-5 Bieta ee ean genINTRODUCTION poli 4 1. ECONOMIC BACKGROUND UNIT 1.1. STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY ? UNIT 1.2. ECONOMIC GROWTH CONDITIONS....... 27 UNIT 1.3. INFALATION AND COMPETITIVENESS 4 UNIT 14. INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION AND SERVICES . 60 UNIT 15. INVESTMENT 7 UNIT 1.6, EMPLOYMENT AND PRODUCTIVITY 93 UNIT 1.7. EXPORT AND IMPORT i 2. ECONOMIC STRATEGIES UNIT 2,1. STATE-OWNED AND PRIVATE-OWNED SECTORS. PRIVATIZATION is ecs0o0 132 UNIT 2.2. MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS 5 UNIT 2.3. ANTI-COMPETITIVE PRACTICES. UNIT 2.4. MONETARY POLICY UNIT 2.5. TAX RATES TO PROVIDE INCENTIVES. GLOSSARY. KEY ni " TAPESCRIPTS. eae ete 373Tlepeamopa 10 cepii Tharoroska nepeKaama4iB Na cyYacHOMy eTani BuMarae, mo-neptnc, poammperna (B PoORyMHEX Mcwax) ranysesnx OnOKiB, 3 AKMH 3HAlIOMARTLCH CTYLCHTH Ti] 4ac HaBsaH- Ha, 2 TO-ApyTe, ONTHMI3ALiT CHCTEMM BNPAB Aa NULBIMICHHs eektHBHOCTi HaBdanum 3a paxyHok loro inrencmpixanii, Xowa nepisi KpoKH Ha HBOMY ULaxy Bake apoGAeHO (AHR, Kapa6ax 2001), mpore kono npoGiem 3anumaerbes nocHTE mpoKHM. Ojsiel 3 HaiBasK- AMBHLIUX 3 HHS € 32G23Te4eHHS Mpouccy Hasiara nepeKaaaavia mociGMMKaNsf, aMicr, CTpyxtypa Ta CHCTeMa BHpaw sKOIX BisnOBiAaTH 6 CyYaCHHM BHMOraM. CrpoGa supiuenna osHaieHol npoGiewn szijicmocrsea B pamkax cmieHoro HpoeK- Ty karbeup mepexaaay Kitisckxoro nantiouambuoro yHisepentety im. T. F. Wessenxa ta Xapkipchkoro HawionanbHoro yHinepcurery im. B. H. Kapasitia, weroro axore € pospooKa, anpoballis, myOmikania Ta posnoBcopKeHHA Matepiaiin {14 HaBdaHHs NpAkTHKM MepeKsa- ly ¥ pisHHX Taaysax aOMCbKO! AigmbHOcTi. Bilalia TAKUX. Marepiams (urs. YepHosarnii ‘1. M., KapaGan B. I., Isanixo 10. [1.; Pe6piit O. B., KapaSan B. 1.) anificuwernes y.cepifDI- CTUM FACTUM (nasna yrnopena big 1arHHicLkoro NpHeain’s, AKe MorkHa tlepeKaacTH, 9K ‘Ckasano — spo6neHo", Ta ike Mota BBaxKkaTH HpHiiHATHHM racnoM 2018 nepexnaya4is), Jammmaiow 3a MexaMm OGTOROPEHHA KOMIMICKC MTAHb, TOB’a3aHHX 3 opranisaticio TUPOTORKH Tepe Lads Baran (su, Jopisyax 1983, Kapaban 2001, Konrinos 2003; Kopyneus 2000, Mipam 1999, Panyyx 1997, Yepeauiuenxo ta Kopaas 1995, Yepnoparinit 2002, [laasko 2002), 30cepenumoca Tyr sme Ha npobreMi BUpas. Komnerenuia npotbeciitnoro nepexsanaua crauopHTb coboro CHCTEMY, IO BEATIOWE ACI HeoGXii NepeayMonH: 3HAHHM ((hOHOBI, TEMH, KOHTEXCTY), Marepida (MOBHMH, 30KpeMa TepMIHONOrMHHi) Ta HepeKnaTaueKi Ail, JoBeAeHI AO PisHA aBTOMATHEMiB, BianoBiaHo, CHCTEMa BOPAB AAA HABYANES TepeRaly Mae JaGCSNCINTH HaRBHICTS y CBiOMOCTI CTY- “cha: 1) RiANOBAEX thoHOBHXx sHaHB; 2) TepMinoaOriNuNx exBinanentip 4 BignOBiNHO! TeM@THKH; 3) 31ATHICTS BHKOMYRATH TepeRTARANBKL Ji Ha pisHi aBTOMATHOMiE (ae. no0- xaagHime mpo ue y: Yepuoparni 2002), Konkpermit ara, cactemm Bnpan jig HABYaHHA CHeUiaABAMX BIB nepexiaiy MOXe BAPHORATHCA B IANCRMOCT! BIL KOHKpeTHO! cHrtyauii. Bapian, sauponoHopanntit y nociGHuKax cepii, sxmowae wicTs uKHis, Hines 1 (Jext!), Breqenna ra tperysanna iMMOMOBHOT TepMiBONOFiT 3a TeMOHO Ha PiBHi TeKeTy (2a CrBopentia Mikpo- i MakpoKoHTexeTy) 3 OAHOYACHOTO Ti CeMANTHSatticIo y npa- sit vactuni Texcry. Bupana 1 (uisicna, penentHpno-rponyxrisia, wa PiBMi TeKcTy, a8 POIBHTKY ROMTeKCTYaNbHO! AOragKH): Saxpiiire npaBy wacTHHY apkyia i mepeKnanire Bu AUICH! Chowa 3a paxyHox KoHTexcty. Bupapa 2 (winicHa, peuenrasna, Ha pigni texcry): Tportaare Texct, 3Beprawun yaary na. nepesan repMinonorii y npaniii wactneti ‘TeKcTy, Bnpana 3 (uisicua, penenraano-npoaycrrana, a PiBHi TeKcry): Saxpuiire npapy wacTH- ny Tekcry I nepeknajtins Horo yKpalticeKow® Monoio. Bupapa 4 fonepauiiina, peuentrstro- RPOAYKTHBHA, 1 IBM TepMINONOFYHNN BiLOBLLAEKIE): Saxpuitte ainy NaCTHHY TeKCTY i NEPCKAAITh YKPAINCkKi TEpPMIH AHTIICLROIO MOBOK). Bupawa 5 (uinicua, peyemmmpno- APOAYKTHBHA, Ha PIBH TEKCTY, UIA POSBMIKY KOHTeKeTyaNBHO! ZOranKU — cult span S—1 1; Aue. snpapy 1A y nociGrmy), Texcr | sBonureea y Burnani “pospisannx" bparmentin, AKI Monatorbes y Tabmmui 3 ANOX KOMOHOK. Y sisomy crosruti TAGMUL MOAIOTKER (ane HE 4y Tilt nocnigownocni, 6 aKiit wont iityTh y pexeri) (pparmentu teKery anrniliceara MonotO, 4-y npanift— yxpaincexoo, [pm imomy mocmizontict noi piswoMoninex ipparveirin ‘qakour He Citipnanae. Jagiauns crynentam: saKpuiire Mpany wacTHHy apKyma 1 NepeKia- Ai Th BILLTCHI CHOBA YKPAIHCHKOI MOROIO, KOPHCTYIOMNC KOHTEKCTOM Bupasa 6 (uisic peuenmsna, na pinii Texery): Tlepesipre nparwibiticre mautoro nepeKiany, suxopcto BYU YRPAINCEKI BLANOBIAHHKM y MpaBili 4aCTHHI TEKCTY. Bnpasa 7 (imicua, peucnrim- HO-IPOLYKTIBHA, Ha PIBH TCKCTY, AL POSBIITKY, KOHTEKCTYATBHOT goragku): 3axpicitre siBy “ACTH apKYMa i NepeKmaAiTh yKpal Chk TepMins ammificpKoro MeBoto, Bipapa & (uiticna, penemmnna, na pibti Tekery): [epenipre mpaswneiicr Ramoro TepeK arty, Bie KOPHCTOBYION ANTTIACHKI BIAMORLUNNKH ¥ nisi dacTuni TeKery, Bopasa 9 (uiicna, pe- ert HBHO-NpOAyKTHBHA, Ha pimui Texcry): Jaxpwitre npawy 4aCTHtily TERCTY | NepeKctaarre fioro yxpaiicexow MOBO. Bripaga 10 (oncpamiiina, peuenTHBMO-nporyKTHBHA, Ha PiBit ‘TepMivonorivicx Bianosizinin): Saxpuiite ainy dactumy veKcry i nepeKnaniry yxpaist- coki TOpNiN aurmiiicKoIo Monoio. Bawa 11 (1u1x posmiTKy Mexanizay avsmumiautl) Posraniyifre aurtomosni iparmerrrH Texety y Tilt riocninosnoct, w weil Bor MatoTE HTH y reser, Bapasa 12 (oncpaniiina, penemmusuo-npoxyxtna, wa pisni tepssinonorisnnn BIIMOBITHHKIB, CAOBOCHONYYCH Ta cHHTar): Tepexnaaith SHTAOMOBH! TepMIHI Ta CrOBO- cnonyucitian yipaincexo10 Monovo (aia. unpasy 1B y nociGuney). Bupana 13 (onepauil Ha, PeEMTHENO-NPOAYKTHIBNA, Ha psi TepMinonoriaX pizMORLAHMKIB, CTOMOCTTOMY*CH ‘va cmntrarm); Fepexnanize yxpaincnxi reprimt ta CNOBOCHOMYYeHHA AHETHCEKOIO MOBOIG (awn, snpany 1C y nociGunky). Bupana 14 (uinicua, peuenrimno-nporykriena, wa pies rexcry): Mpocnyxaiire Texcr, 3ammMiTe Horo MepekraAaNEKWM CKOPORHCOM 1 flepeKnanith anraijicpxor mosoro (ame. snpasy LL y nociGumy), Crymentn cnpuiimarore wa myx soz (jixonaiit (weamadoro wiporo) yxpaiucexnit wapiaur vexery 1 (nap. rect 1JL-y Jloaerey) Pinca 2-4, 3a SMictom Bimnoniqaiore enpasas 5-14 ungay 1. Hasvaneta nponomuth- 8 3 RUKOpHCTaMHaM aurnoMonsunx TeKcTib (NAN® 2-4).Jlna yeHoro mepeKany y Blipasax 2D, 3D, 4D (3a HyMepauticio y nociGunxy) mnxopucrosyioreca TexctH 2/1, 3/1, 47\*, wo sictarsea y [lomarny. Hea 5. Kounnexene tpertysanix waiinanta tepminonoril texcris 1-4 (snpanu 5-7 sa nymepanicw y nociGuuxy). Bupana 1 (supasa S 3a nyMepanicto y mociGunky onepauiiina, PeeNTHBHO-npotyKTMBHa, Wa piedi TcpMinOnoriMHHX BLATIOBLIHHKIB. cAowocnonysen» Ta cumtarm); Mepexnaaire yxpatienki repaint Ta cHOBOCTIONYYCHHR aHraiviciKow Mopow. Bmpasa 2 (snpana 6 3a ymepallicio y mociGrmcy — omepaniitia petienriaHo-npomyKTHsHa, Ha pinni TepMinonoriMnix BiArOBiAMHKiB, cAoBOCTIONY eH ra cHwtarnt): Mepextaaith aHrioMoBHl TepMiHH Ta COBOCMOAYICHAN yxpaiHcbko i MO- pow, Bupara 3 (anpasa 7 sa nyscpanicio y nociGunKy — ninicHa, pewenneHo-npo- AYKTHBHA, HA PIBHi TERCTY, WIN POIBUTKY KONTeKCTYANDRO! AOFARKH Ta MeXaHIsMy ane THunnauil): SakosHirs npornyckH Y SHMIOMOBHOMY texeri (Ne2) Ta mepeKnasith hore yepaincexor sonow, Bupasa 4 (anpasa 8 3a HyMepanicio y nociOuuxy — uuricna, pe- UerTMeHo-npoayETiAna, Ha piBHi TeKcty): Mepexsaairh aMrAOMOBM) TeKCTH $ apKy’ a (rexorm NeNe 3-4, cTYMCHTH MpaNiO1wTe B Napa), *Tenemt 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A aanucani naxomnar anexy (aGoayitiokacery) i Moxy TS GyrH AOAMLKORO SaMontewei y siaaMutMni “Howe kwara” (mee, PeKBisieTH BHLAApHNLETBA HAmpHniNl Kise)Unxn 6. Mepenecenta nasiox ta yuine, ski Gyan naGyri y nonepemHix umknax, Na HOBI TEKCTH, UO BIQHOCATEEH MO AaHO! TeMAaTHKit, Brpasa 1 (snpana 9 3a Hymepa- ulelo y MOCIORHKY — Kinicna, penentHsHo-nponyerumHa, Ha pint TeKcty): Meperranits yepaincexi TexcTu 3 apkyura (TexcTH NoNe 5-6, CTYNCHTH Mpaoioth # Mapax). Bupasa 2 (znpapa 10 3a nymepaticw y nociGumey —uisicua, PeLCNTHANO-MpOLYETHRHA, Ha PiBHi texery): Mpocayxaiire rexer 7* (anrailichxow Monow), 3amtutite Horo nepeKramanmKne CKOpOTINCOM Ta Neperiatits ypaincsKo1 MoBo1o. Brpawa 3 (nnpana 11 3a HyMepattie y nocibunxy — uiticwa, penenmsio-nponyeiana, Ha pisHi texcty): Upocayxatire texer 8* (yxpainepKo1o Moporo), 3anmmirs Horo NePeKNaNabKUM CKOPONMCOM Ta Ne¢peKManinh anruitceKxoro Mono. Bupana 4 (pripapa 12 sa Hymepanicto y nociGrmy — uitiena, penen= THBHO-NPOLYETHBHA, Ha pipni Texcty): Tepexianirs texct 9 yKpaiHchKoKO MOBOIO. Bnpa- ba 5 (snpana 13 3a nymepauicio y nociOumny — uimicna, PeNCITHBHO-NpOAyRTHMBHA, Ha pisui Texery): Nepexnanirn exer 10 anrnificexoio monoio. ‘Ctpyerypa Koxnoro nociGiHiKa cepil cTROpIOe MakcsMarbio CHpHATIMBI YMOBI ILIA POSBUTKY NEPEKAGLALLRHX HaBHTOK Ta yMinb i BKNOGaC; OCHOBHMT Kype 4 BITpaBaMH, SMICT AKHX pOSTIAaBeR BHINe; AORMTOK (4 TeKCraMn na ycHoro nepeKnaay); Karol no BcIX BNPAB, 34 BHHATKOM Bripas 1B, 1C, 2B, 2C, 3B, 3C, 4B, 4C, 5, 6, npasienicts au- NoHaiH weiIx Terk nepenipiTH Ha OcHORI Texctin I—4 (wnpanu 1A, 2A, 3A, 4A), an- THO-YKPANCh KAT Ta YKPAINCEKO-aNTHiHiChKHi AGETKOBI CAOBHUKH Mica KOXKHOTO. ypoxy ta Taki %& CROBHIMGL HO BCbOrO KYpey B LIAOMy. Jlireparypa: 3opisuax P. 11. bpasconoriuna omnis aK Hepekalognapya Kareropia, — Alovip: Bina wxona, — 1983; KapaGan B. I. Tepexag autrnificexoi nayxonoi ra texeianof stepatypu / ¥ 2-x 7, — Binmuma: Hosa kama. — 2001; Kontizos B, Teopia i npaxtnka nepekiaay. — K. : }Ottinepe, — 2003; Kopyneup LB. Teopia i npaxrinxa nepexmany. — Bin- tape: Hopa xearra. ~ 2000; Mupast T. 9. Mpodecews: nepesosunx. — Kuep: Huxa — 1999; “epeammuenxo O. 1, Konan» $1. Teopia i mpaxtaka neperaany ((bpanutyasia Mona), — K: Mnbiab.— 1995; Yepuosarnit J. M. Opium cxnaqanus span zis RaRMaHtis Tastyse- soro nepexnay // Bicuux Cymcexoro aepx. y-ty, Cepia “Dinonorisni saykur”, — Ned (36), ~ 2002. c. 101-105; Yepnonarnii JI. M., KapaSau B, I., Inauxo 10. [1 Hepexnan aurtoMostiol topitusnrot sixeparypu ~ Binsuuk: Hopa xtra 2006; Paasyx B. Iflo take iurepmperanin? // La Traduction au Scuil du XXIe Siecle: Histoire, Theorie, Methodolog- ie. ~ Strasbourg-Florence-Grenade-Kyiv: Tempus-Tacis — 1997. — c. 39-5 : PeGpiit O. B. Hepeknaxauscuit cxoponme / 3a per. Yeponatoro JI. M. va KapaGata B. L.— Binwmys: Hosa kuura 2006; Shyachko S. In search of translators’ efficiency / Biewn Cynichxoro Aepa. yu-ry. Cepis “Dinonorinni nayxu’.— Ned (37), 2002, —¢. 189-194, * Texcri 7 1a 8 sanutcay Ha womaxr-asteny (a60 ayaionaceri), axi moma Noaamooo amon Y Meant: “Howe xara” (sue pexaisuen sitaBiersa wacpuKisul Kirn), 6Mepeamona ao nociGrinka s11 Hapsanin nepeknagy 8 ranyai exonomixe TociGinn noSyzonaunit ua asrenruumomy Marepiani i OXONMOE ABAHAALUTTE powtl- nis, 1Ow SAH 3 EROMOMTHOI CHeTeMoI CLIIA (crpyxtypa cKoHOMIKH, yYMOBH CKOHO- MiNHOTO 3poctaitia, inibamitia Ta KONKypeHUia, NPOMHENOBE HPOGHIITRO Ta MOCmyTH, iithecTYBAHHA, SAMMATICTL Ta NpOAYKTHAHICT npalli, ckeNOpT Ta INMOpT, AepyARHH Ta npusaranit cexTopH | npHBarHsauis, MOHONONI Ta ANHTTA MIAMpPHEMCTH, anTH-KOHKYPCHT- 119 NpAKTHNKA, MONCTApHA ToTiTiNa, noAATIAY aK CTHMyYATOP BHPOOHUTEA). SaatanNAN fOCiGHINKA € saGeIneNeHHN (ouORNX sHaNB, HeOGxi AHN NepeKaamadeni sa poGoTH y ra- yas, nos'wsannx 3 exoHOMIKoIO (i He Tinbkit CLIIA — ope) TexcTH CrocyrorEca TaKox cxononixn: Bemixo6pirranii), sacaoemix BiLMOBiAHO! TepMinonoriy Ta posBHTOK wracite TepeRTATAUBKNX HaBNYOK Ta BM, [ae BMpieHHA NepHtX BOX TANIA Matepian no- ciGioa nonactucay 12 poaninax, aki 3a 3MicTon ¢ encreMarHms eMKTaIOM iHbopwattl uipo bynxuionyeanns ekonomini 8 CLA Flociounk MpyHTyeThes Ha OPHTiHaAbHHX TeKcTax*, MiaroToRTCHHX Ta mo6"a3Ho Haza- unx Bistiaom xisnapomtuN inipopsraniiiaax nporpam [ep-astioro Jlenapramerry CLILA sepes moconberso CLA p Vxpaini, mo saGesncuye arenrimiiticrs AK IMICTY, Tak | Tep- mixonorit, Cnerema snpan (018, AeTaAEHHit oNHe y NepenMosi M0 cepit y WhoOMy A TTO- ciGwmy) aaGesneuye ax sacvockus TepsinotOrii, TAK i POSBIITOK BilacHe MepeKnanauDKrn Hanndox i BMins. Aurno-yxpalichxi Ta ykpaiicexo-aurmificexi aOcrxopi cAOBHHIKN mcm ROANOTO YpOKY TAO KYPCy # MinoMy poGnaTe nociGuHK spysHuN y KopHcTyBAN, a ta aBHiCTS KMOMIB 10 BNPAB CTROPIOE CHPUsTTIB! yMowM AAA CaMoCTHINO! poOoTH yuria XcHepUMeHTabMa epeBipKa NOCGHMKA Ha NepeRTaTALKOMY Bin i haxymere- ‘vy inozeMmux Mos Napxischxoro HauionanpHore yHiBepeuTeTy IM B. H. Kapasina npo- aron1 2002-2005 poxin noxagata, wo fioro sacrocysanna cnpiiae cipeKTHEMOMY poawiTky nepexaaaMeKaX HABEAOK Ta Mist, OPiCHTOBHI HopMN Yacy ~ 6-8 romKH Ha Kom pos aia, 3ageKHO Bin pipHs MuyoTOBKM CTyneHTIB. 1. Sarainanais Ones exononiar CIA — Bixens: Biaain perionanans tiporpast. ~ 2000, - 126 © 2 2 Outline of US Bopnomics ~ Washington, DC: office of Intemational Infomation Programs. — 2000. ~ 126 p. saHosa ABtopH sHcnonnioioTb muGoKy Raxanicte niztiny npecu, ocnitu i KyTeTypH MocomD- crna CLA » Yepaini sa nagaHna go3B0ny BHXOpHcTanua ixHix MaTepianis (mum. BMIKC) NH iAOTOBUE LboTo nociGHMKa. Bes taxoro cripusinna sitanus uieT pobort Gyno 6 HeMOALI BEIM. Acknowledgements It would have been hard to think of preparing this textbook without the co-operation with the Department of Press, Education and Culture of the Embassy of the United States of America in Ukraine who gave their kind permission to use their books (see above) as the basis for all 12 units, providing an excellent backbone for the unprecedented effort. Need- less to say, all errors of fact and judgment are our own.UNIT 1.1 STRU URE OF ECONOMY EKCT 1. Exercise 1, Read and translate into Ukrainian (see the Introduction for details). Every economic system tries to anticipate (1) and/ 1. ncpenbasaris | then meet human needs (2) through the production|2. 3aoso.unsrn worceKI and distribution of goods and services (3). The cco-|__norpeéu nomic system is the mechanism that brings together|3.wupoGusurrao 14 posrtostia | (4) matural resources (5), the labor supply (6), tech-|_— Tonapis ra nocayr nology (7), and the necessary entrepreneurial (8)|4. 3s'ssatu y eanue So, the first ingredient (10) of an economic sys-|6 poGoya cra tem is the natural resources from which goods are|7. TexriKe produced, and which include the natural fertility of 8. nianpucsnurusxnit the soil (11), minerals (12), forests, rivers and the|9. oprantisaropebKiit | and managerial (9) talents. 5. ripwpoaui pecypert | riches of the sea (13). Unlike the other ingredients, anon the natural resources are limited in supply (14), but) 11. poatoicrs rpynty good organization of living helps cope with (15) this |12. xopucri xonamumn problem, 13. mopesxi Gararersa 14, oGmexennii 3anac 9Second, the amount of available labor (16) and its quality —how hard people are willing to work and how skilled (17) they are — helps determine the health of an economy. The strong emphasis placed on education, including technical and vocational education (18), also contributes to a country’s economic success, Third, enterprises (19) which are well organized, well managed and which use up-to-date equipment (20) will generally be more efficient (21) than those which are poorly equipped (22) and badly managed (23), This means that an enterprise should follow the world technological achievements (24) in order to perform better results. And last but not least, no economic system can do without such an ingredient as entrepreneurship (25). The existence of abundant (26) natural resources and a skillful (27) and willing (28) labor force (29) acco- unts for (30) only part of the structure of a country’s economy, If left to themselves, these ingredients will not produce anything. The resources must be brought together and directed as efficiently as possible into the areas (31) where they will be most productive (32) So, once the first entrepreneurial investment (33) of capital has been made, someone must be hired to manage the business (34), factory or other endeavor (35) —to take the decisions on what, how and where to produce, and to undertake all the responsibilities (36) and the risks, 15. noszoaern 16, npaiesaarta pobowa cusa 17. Keanicpiconanantt 18. npotbeciiine napyanis 19. minnpHemctao 20, 3acrocysarn cysacne oGnammarrua ehexTHBHITE oGnaqnannit RepoRaniit TexHonorigii AocarHeHHs TigpHeMHHigTBO HaMBHui Y BEANKIN KibKOCTI Rocaivennit ; AOOpoBinLHHi poGowa cuna HOACHIOBATH ecbepa MpOLyRTHBHHIE kalliranonkiayenns, axe spo6ire niampmemeus KepyBari cnparoio . enpoba TpuiAATH BIO BINaABHICTE 21. 22, 23. 24. 25. 26. 27 28 29. 30. 31 32) 33 Exercise 1A, Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B. A 1 The amount of available labor and its B quality — how hard people are willing to work and how skilled they are — helps deter- mine the health of an economy. 2. The existence of abundant natural reso- urces and a skillful and willing labor force accounts for only part of the structure of a country’s economy. A. [uihpnemersa is noGpor0 oprani _— ‘Ta KepiBHHMTBOM, aki aacTocoByioTS cyyac- He oOsaqnauna, saaranie Ginsu ehexrune| HEMH, HDX NUINpHeMecrsa is moran o6- TALHAHIAM Fa KCPIBHHILTROM, B. Tepmowo cknazonoro eKOHOMITHOL | CHCTCMH BHCTYNAOTS ApApoHi Gararctea ~ OCHORa Wt BHpOGHuLTEA TORApiR, — 0 er BXOAATS NPHPOAHA poLiovierD tpyxty, KOpHcHi KONAMI, Nien, piukn ra MOpChKI Gararcrna.3. Every economic system tries to anti-[C. Micnw toro, ax manpweweu apoous| cipate and then meet human. needs through | novaTxone KamitanonKranentia, iM Mae Halt | |the production and distribution of goods and |awrrm xorocs, Ha pobory aaa Kepinnittraa Services. HLATPHEMCTROM, | 4. Oncethefustentrepreneurial invesiment|D. Haxauicr, y semmmilt Kinsxocti npr- of capital has been made, someone must be)pomuHx pecypcis | Aocwivenol ta aobpo- hired to manage the business, factory or ot-| nimaot poGowoi cium moxcHIoe sure vac- her endeavor. Tiny Cipyerypm cKonontinr xpalitti | S, Enlerprises which are well organized, |E, Byth-axa exowoniaia cnctena vasara- Well managed and which use up-to-date [crue nepexGawrni i noria 341080 mate equipment will generally be more cfficient|mozetxi iorpe6u “pes mypoGuurno Ta those which are poorly equipped and) posnoaia rosapia i nocnyr: | badly managed. 6. The first ingredient of an economic sy-|F. Kitnkicrs ra axicts npauesnaruol po-| stem js the natural resources from which|Govoi cum, 4 BMaCHe MpalboBHTicth Ta goods are produced, and which include the|xsanicpixauia poGirinixis, omoMarac BH natural fertility of the soil, minerals, forests, | 3uauHTH cra aylopoB"# EKOHOMIKI rivers and the riches of the sea. | Exercise 1B, ‘Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian. |. economic system; 2. to cope with the problem; 3, to bring together; 4. to follow the world technological achievements, 5, entrepreneurial investment, 6. to undertake all the responsibilities and the risks; 7. to perform better results; 8. the natural fertility of the soil: 9. the riches of the sea; 10. technical and vocational education; 11. to use up-to-date equipment; 12. skilled; 13. to-meet human needs; 14. natural resources; 15, labor supply 16. minerals; 17_ limited in supply; 18. available labor; 19. the health of an economy, 20. to account for; 21. endeavor; 22. to take the decisions on what, how and where to produce; 23.10 direct efficiently; 24. to contribute to success; 25. poorly equipped; 26, badly ma- naged: 27. to place the strong emphasis on education. Exercise 1C. Translate the following words and word combinations into English. J niimpnemersa is ao6poio opranisanicw; 2. exovomiena cucrewa, 3. Kepyaarit cnpasow; 4. susHaumrH cram aiopon’s CKOMOMIKH; 5. HaaBiicte MpMpoaHAN pecypeis y somm«iit kimsxoeri; 6. MpaeanaTHa poooua cura; 7. supoOwicrso Ta posmo.tin ToRApIB 1 nocayr; 8. nalinam koroce; 9. nepenGauutn, 10, TiANpHeMMHuBKnit Ta opranisaropeeKHit Twista; 1]. 3agOBONLAICTH JOAcEKi NoTpebw; 12. ckepybatH pecypeN y Tt eipepi, ac BOHM BHABANTECA HAO NponyETHBHIMN, 13. qocRiNcHa Ta no6ponimHa podova cg; 14. nosciioparn; 15. rexiKxa; 16, ckaanoBd ekonominnol cuctemm; 17. KopiicHi sonamin; 18. MopebKi Gararcrsa; 19. anana oprawisauiin aHTIX, 20, exoromisntit nporpee Kpaime; 21. sacroconysarn cyyacue oGstanvanna; 22. nimpiennnmrreo; 23. sane syeny oGMexennii; 24. 2ocarncuus cuiToBoro TexItisHOre Mporpecy, 25 Keanidpixonartitil, 26. mpodpecifino-texniana ocuira; 27. edpextuanc MANpHEMCTBO, ; i ai eeExercise 1D. ‘Translate it into English, Listen to text 1A in Ukrainian, Use your shorthand to write it down. Study Vocabulary 2 below and then proceed to the exercises. private ownership ‘free enterprise system? government planning public ownership means of production regulating and guiding the U.S, economy consumers producers at the state and local levels promote the publ reasonable competition provide a range of services public services social sta tical reporting Exercise 2A. Match the phrases in column A with their eq APUBAIMNe Stachicme ‘cuemema einnoze nidnpucatuymea? depacaane naenpeanna : cninpnena anachicmy sacobu supobnuymed npouec Kepyaanun exonarixow CLA cnoorusayi eupoGnencu Na umamuoNy ma sicHeEaKty PishAX nikiysamucs npe bezneky epomadaH 4ecua Kouxypeuyia Hadaéamu neani nocnyeu nochyet, Wo éxodams do Kavnemenyit dep- orcas yemanog epomadcoxa cmamucmuuna caysicba alents in column B. A B 1. A ‘free enterprise system’, can be contrast- ed with a socialist economic system, which | depends heavily on govemment planning and [public ownership of the means of production 2. Consumers look for the best values for what they spend, while producers seck the best price and profit for what they have to sell 3. The economic system of the United States is principally one of private owner- ship. A. Cnoxusasi nparnyts xyriatit 3a CBOI Tpo- Un HaliKpalnii ToBap, a sHpoGs — orpH- MaTH Halikpany winy ra Haipunutit npnbyroK Bia Towapy, AKHii Hpovowyiors Ha rporax. B. Baacsoas'asxn Mik cnoacmavancn, Bit POCHAKAMH Ta ypazoBuinat nOCtiiiHo si ‘MIOIOTBCH, LO POGHTL CKONOMIMHY cHeTemy AMHAMIYHO IO, - Ypan samxin Gyp nesnow ‘Miporo npH- “THHM 710 mpouccy KepypaHHa cKoHoMi- koro CLA. 4. In the United States, most people are simultaneously consumers and producers; they are also voters who ‘help influence the decisions of government, D. Ypan na chexepanbHomy, uuTaTHoMy. tal MICKCBOMY PIBHAX niknyeTscn npo Geancny TPOMANAH, cHpHe ecu KoRKyperrHilt Sopors6i Ta Hagae neni mocnyrit, 5. Government, at the federal, state and local levels, seeks to Promote the public safety, assure reasonable competition, and [provide a range of services, E. Bimwicms rpomaasn Cuoay4enix| Urarip © onnowacno CHORHBAYANH, BEL poGumKann 7a, sen4aino, aMOOPIMH, 140 12 SUHSTH BIVITB Ha NoaiTHKy pany.%. The mixtureamong consumers, produc-[F. “Cucremy winkworo minmpuesmunerna ers and members of government changes |moxHa nporumocranHTyt constantly, tesulting in a dynamic rather CKOHOMIUHITE CHCTeMi, WO CHMpAeTecR Ha than a static economy. nepaaBie yBAHHA Ta yeycritHerty) BnacHicTs Ha sacO6M BApOGHNLTHA | 7. Government has:to some extent always|G. Exonomimia —cHeTenta Cno: been involved in regulating and guiding the | Ufratie tpywryerbes wa npumuni mpiwar- U.S. economy. Hof Baacnocti wianierinitit CHW Exercise 2B. Translate the following words ai nd word combinations into Ukrainian, 1. the result ofa historical experience; 2. government planning; 3. means of production, 4. public ownership; 5. social statistical reporting; 6. voters; 7, @ static economy; 8 public services; 9. a socialist economic system, 10. ‘free enterprise system’; 11. national de- fense; 12. to promote the public safety, 13 members of government, 14. to influence the decisions of government; 15. the type of economic system; 16. the result of a political decision; 17. private ownership; 18, regulating and guiding the U.S. economy; 19. te have the freedom to choose for whom to work; 20. consumers look for the best values for what they spend; 21. to assure reasonable competition; 22. private schools and training centers; 23. the road system; 24. the administration of justice; 25. the postal service; 26, to seek the best prices; 27. to provide a range of services. Exercise 2C. Translate the following words and word combinations into English. |. Simic: rpomanan € auovacio choamsayasa Ta wypoOwwKawn; GyrH BLTbIHM OOMPpATH, 110 KYMYBaTH; 2. NOCAYTH, IO BXOATH AO ROMMETENUIY Dep KaBMMX YCTAHOR: 3. ‘cucren sitsnord tianpuesnmursa’; 4. 6ytH npotunoctanaenun, 5. peayabrar noairwanora piuleuin, 6.craruua exowomixa; 7. suGopmi; 8.ua spexcpaneromy uitariomy Ta micnesomy piBkax; 9.cHcrema wiaxis cronyyenus; 10. pupoomnxn nparhyrs Orpiwarit wavimnuyiit npuGyToK Bit ToBapy, aKiKiE HponoyOTR, Ha pow, 11. seca kouKypertrHa GopotsGa, 12. Tam exoHoMistiol CHCTEMM, 13. npyuarna BnacHicTh, 14, couianicrryHa eKOMOMISHa CHCTEMa, 40 cHMpacreca Ha AepKABHe TulaHysanHa, 15. yeyeniniena practicte; 16. saco6ir pupootumrea; 17. GytH mpwuerHum ao npouccy xopysanu: 18. nikaynatiica mpo Gemexy rposmautsn; 19. nourrona cayasGa, 20, rpomastcexa crammeniema cmyaa; 21. poirrit CKOHOMIMHY CHeTEMY AHHaMINTOIO. Exercise 2D. Listen to text 2A in Ukrainian. Use your shorthand to write it down. Translate it into English. ‘Study Vocabulary 3 below and then proceed to the exercises. responding to signals from markets syo sidnosidanmb na sanumu Punky major investments SHANE KANIMAROSKAAAEHNA accumulate money makonuuyeann epowutinvest in projects buy supplies hire workers sell products likely to give a high return original investment assessment of the wants and needs consumer demand entrepreneurs decision-takers. risk-bearers make a profit obt: outputs cover their costs expectation of profits persuade accept the risks set up a business carry on a business develop one’s business goods or services of a quality and price to compete with athers driven from the market remain in business Exercise 3A. ineecmpeamu y npoexmu Kynveamu cupasiny naGupantu pobimnuxia a0 yaamu aupobu sraromy damu eucoxuil npubymox BUxiOni inéecmuyit ayinxa nompeb mode choxcuaiun nanen midnpuenyé mi, xmo npuiinac piutenna mi, xmo pusukpe sdo6ymni npuéymox ompumyaamue npodynayia hoxpusamu ixni eumparm oulKyecnna ApUbymxis cnonyxamue puouxysamu Posnarunamu Gisnec geomu Bithec Possuscmu caiit Gimec mosapu ma nocayet docnramnol axcemi me 20 KOHKY penmocnpoweoicuol yiNotO imi, aKUx “euorcuearome, is punky aumamucn y enpast Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B. A 1. Entrepreneurs accumulate money and then invest in projects — buy supplies, hire workers and sell products | B A. Osixysanna npyGyrkip cnonyKae nig- MpHEMUiB pHiinkyBarH Ta POSTOUNHaTH i BeCTH GisHee: 2. Unless they can Provide goods and ser- vices of a quality and price to compete with others, they are driven from the market. B, Uinnpuesnti HaKONMUYIOTE Pponii, a no- TIM BKaaLaLOTS 1X — KyNyIoTH CHPOBMHY, Ha- 3. Entrepreneurs are decision-takers and risk-bearers. Supatore podirmnin ra sGynarort BHpOGH. C. Yum Gineumit Gear BUKOPHCTAHHX PEcypCIB, THM 3HaHiNMMH HoRMHH Gyr kaniraaonknayerses, 4. Managers of enterprises responding to signals from markets perform the function D. AKto son He Npononyiorh toRapy Ta HOCHYTH LOCTATHbO! aKOCTI Ta 3a. ROHKYpCH= 14 of bringing together and directing the natu FOCMPOMOAHOIO NiHOT, jut BIDKHBaFOTL” resources and labor force. puny,S. The expectation of profits persuades the | E. Men entrepreneurs to accept the risks of setting HOBLATL HA JANNTH pHHIcy, BH up and carrying on a business. bymxni nocavaHs Ta HanpanacHia po- Gosoi cunn. %. Laigeblocks ofresources must be avail-|F. innpuewai able for major investments. pUSUKYIOTD. | UKEP MLINpHEMCT, MLO Bi, vinytOT IHIMGIOTE piimeHMA Ta Exercise 3B, Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian. 1. to remain in business; 2. to accept the risks; 3, managers of enterprises; 4. outputs, 's. to seem likely to give a high return on the original investment, 6. those who best serve the public; 7. to compete with others; &. consumer demand, 9. in the American economy: 10. to make a'profit; 11. to be driven from the market; 12. an assessment of the wants and needs; 13. to respond to signals from markets; 14. labor force; 15. the natural resources 16. entrepreneurs; 17. to accumulate money; 18, to invest in projects, 19. to sell products; ; 22, decision-takers; 23. to buy 20. to develop one’s business: 21. expectation of pra supplies; 24: risk-bearers; 25. to hire workers; 26. to be determined on the basts of, Exercise 3C. Translate the following words and word combinations into English. 1. weameuit o6exr pecypcin: 2. amxonysarudyHKnito: 3. We MarHxomWoFrapawnii, 4. 1o- enmyRamit Ta wanpasaaTH pecypcn; 5. HaiiedexTHBHiMn, 6. ToBApH 4H ToCAyT OCTATHBO! AxOCTi TH 38 KONKYpeNTocHpOMOAHOIO KiNo10; 7. chonyKaTH; 8. nponouynarH TOSApH Ta ocayrat; 9, MOKpITH BuETpaTH; 10. sHASHinti KariranoaKaancHts; IL. Gyre Hasan x 12. eymyearn Toxapw ta nocayrn; 13. orpumysanie rpouti wist mponamy; 14 naGuparn poGirminxin; LS. pianonixarst wa tameen pirxy; 16, aumaritce y enpasi; 17. miampresmt, 18. ovixynarmia mpuGyrxin; 19. postrowars Gissicc; 20, ontinka norped moxeit; 21 woxepu igmpuenens; 22. wiixiani inpecriuii; 23. nectu Gisnec; 24. xynysarit cHpowin 25. chomesHit MOmNT. meHe- Exercise 3D, Listen to text 3A in Ukrainian. Use your shorthand to write it down. ‘Translate it into English. Study Vocabulary 4 below and then proceed to the exercises. basic economic problem ocnosna exouamivia npaGrea limited amounts of land ofmexcena Kitexicm semenbiux pecypcls to Satisfy all the peaple’s wants sadosorHnamu nompebu cyenitemea limited resources: ofiewceni pecypcu resource allocation posnodin pecypcts industries 2anysi npomucaosocmi occupations podu dixipiacmi discover auznavumt methods of production saci supabuuymeaconsumer goods capital goods non-replaceability of some natural resources make the fullest use of achieve this objective actual outputs possible outputs Exercise 4A. cnowcussd mosape mosapu mupobhitiaza npuskavenna dexxi npupodnt peeypeu, wo ne nonaeAO- fombest noguicmio sacmocysamu docneniu yic? Memu pearbiuil sunyer MONCTUBUT BUCK Match the phrases in column A with their equivalents in column B, A Fy Decisions have to be made on the way | in which the resources are to be distributed, or allocated, to different industries and oc- tuations, | fullest use of theireconomic resources, |3. All communities have to decide how the limited resources are to be used, Econo- mists describe this.as.a problem of resource allocation. 2. All countries would like to make the|B, ¥ Gynb-aKiit exoHOMini nompi6Ho oGn- B A. Peanpuntit aunyck Tosapis Ta =e 8 TaKHX KpalHax HaOaraTo MCHMIHiT 4a XHi MOUGTHBOCT. aT Mik PIIHMMM JacoGaMH BHPOOHHIITBA. C. Kpaina nosuniia snaitm sacoou wa BHGHAYCHHS, Moro Hacnpanti norpebye iit Hapod, 106 oGparn, aKi came ToBapH Ta TO- CayrM BHpoGnsTH. 4. All economies have to make choices between different methods of production. D. Bei xpaitin Gaxaore noBmicno gacTo- COBYBRATH CBO} CKOHOMI4HI peeypen. |5. The actual outputs of goods and services in these countries are much less than the | possible outputs, fe A country must find @ way of disco vering what people really want, in order to choose which particular goods and services to produce. Exercise 4B. |. the actual outputs; 2. to solve the probl E. byan-axe cycnimetao Mae TpHaMarH pilicHH# mpo BuKOpHeTatts wun oOMexe- HEX pecypeis, ExoHoMicrH wagHBaloTs te | posnoginom pecypeis. 4 F. Torpidne npwitmara puueHHA ctocon-| Ho MWLIXiB posmnoziny pecypcis wtioK pisHH MH TANYSaMH npomucaonocri Ta ponaxn Ai HOCTI. i Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrainian, lem; 3. to make the fullest use of; 4. resource allocation; 5. limited amounts of land; 6. to satisfy all the People’s wants; 7. the production of consumer goods; 8, to find it difficult to achieve the objective; 9. to distribute; 10. to al- locate; 11 to deal with the problem; 12. to produce enough goods and services; 13, the pos- sible outputs; 14, the basic economic problem; 15. capital; 16. limited resources; 17. dif. ferent industries and occupations; 18, to discover what people Teally want; 19, to choose which particular goods to produce: 20, to decide how resources should be allocated; 21. the production of capital goods; 22. different methods of produc: some natural resources; 24. economic resources, 16 tion; 23. non-replaceability ofExercise 4C. Translate the following words and word combinations into English. 1. Gymk-mke eyeninnctuo; 2. mnyck Towapin Ta nocayr, 3. ckoHoMicrHt; 4. rpyaosi pecypen; 5. sacroconyrari oOmexeni pecypen; 6. ocwoBHa exoHomiana npobiema; 7. npoGiewa posnoniny pecypcin; 8, nonnictio sactoconynarn; 9, norpiGHo puis PiWeHHA CTeCORHO tinaxiB postoniny pecypcis, 10. aocarrH merit; 11. sagoBonbHHTH norpebu yeix alone! 12, croxueyi rosapi, 13. roKapn supoGiNoro mpisMaNcttts, 14.saco6u mupoGumrsa; 15. MoxnuBHi BHMycK MpoRyKuii;, 16. peanut winycK nponyKiii; 17. o6Mexcna Kinbxicts semempunx pecypeis; 18. ranysi MpoMicaoBoeT! Ta pone sistabHoeri; 19. exonominni pecyper, 20, suai yacoOn BH3HAYCHHA, 4OTO HacTIpanzi norpe6ye wapoa. Exercise 4D. _ Listen to text 4A in Ukrainian. Use your shorthand to write it down. Translate it into English. Exercise 5. Translate the following words and word combinations into English, L.ekonominwa cucresa; 2. aupoOumrso 1a postonin Tosapis a nocayr, 3, npanesiaria pobowa cia; 4. pect Gianec; 5. suanawrTm cTaH 3m0pon’s cKOHOMIKH, 6-xopucui xonammu; 7. mopcexi Gararcrsa; 8. sacTOCOMyRATH cyYacHe OGaaaNaNnA 9. nignpuemmuurgo; 10. noscmoxarn; 1]. noeamysarn ra uanpawaxrn pecyper; 12. muta opranisania arma; 13. mporpeciiino-rexniuna ocsira; 14. pecypcn, HasBHi y BcmMKii kimsxocti; 15. ckmaqosa cKonomiunoi cucremn; 16, ‘ciicrena BibAOTO nizmpyeMHntTaa”, 17. aepwasne naanywayna; 18. saco6u aupodsmtrna; 19. nesHow mipow; 20. rpomaicexa _ATaTucTingHa enyakba; 21. mikarysarics mpo Geanexy rposansn; 22. ypazosui; 23. npunarut yisevaneHi saxnanita yenrpu miarorosit, 24. wa enepanstonty, urrarHoMy Ta MicueHoMy eee 25, senuKuii oGcar pecypein; 26. vaKormuyearH rpousi; 27. cnoxnesuit nom; 28, 4706yrm npubyrox; 29. posnouaria Gisuec; 30. KonKypysame 3 immuno; 1. MeHemxepy nignpuemers; 32, amumaruce y cnpasi; 33. ouinKa norpeb; 34. s6ysarH ae 35. wimoninarn wa sanwrn pHuKy; 36. uporyxuin; 37, oGmexena ximpxicre senemsum pecypein; 38. 34co6u wupoGumursa; 39. cnoxnssi ToRapH; 40. moxrmBHit BITYCK NpoNyKAi; 41, AocarTH MeTH; 42. posmoain pecypcis; 43. nosiicrio sactrocysarHt, 44. BHsHaWNTH, Yor Hacnpan4i norpebye Hapor, 45. peambunii ammyck mponyxuli; 46, ocHoaHa exoHOMiaHa npoGnena; 47.posmnoginarn; 48. eupoGumurao tonapin sHpoGiariore npisnaicHia, 49. Reaki MpHpoAM! pecypcw, Wo He NOHOBMOIOTHCR Exercise 6, ‘Translate the following words and word combinations into Ukrail 1. to anticipate; 2, to meet human needs; 3. the natural fertility of the soul; 4. entrepre- neurial talent; 5. managerial talent; 6. the natural resources; 7. to undertake all the responsi- bilities; 8.10 use up-to-date equipment; 9. poorly equipped; 10. badly managed; 11. skilled; 12. to cope with the problem; 13. endeavor; 14. to follow the world technological achieve- ments; 15, a skillful and willing labor force; 16. to contribute to a country’s economic suc- cess; 17. to direct the resources as efficiently as possible; 18. the areas where the resources will be most productive; 19. technology; 20, private ownership; 21. public ownership ofthe Cymchirnh ae pa yaisepourer BISHLOTEKAmeans of production; 22. to be contrasted with; 23. the administration: of justice; 24. private enterprise; 25. consumers, 26, to assure reasonable competition, 27. to be involved in regit- lating and guiding the economy; 28. to provide a range of services; 29. national defense, 30. producers; 31. public services; 32, major investments; 33. to give a high retum on the original investment, 34. entrepreneurs; 35, decision-takers; 36. to develop one’s business; 37. expectation of profits; 38. to hire workers; 39. to carry on a business; 40. to cover the costs; 41. risk-bearers; 42. labor force; 43. to be driven from the market; 44. to invest in projects; 45. to satisfy all the people’s wants; 46. industries; 47. occupations, 48, to per suade; 49. to buy supplies; 50. to obtain money from selling products. Exercise 7. Fill in the missing words in the text below and then translate into Ukrainian, Use Vocabulary—2 and Exercise 2A. Although the type of (1) system used by a nation is the result of a political decision, it is also in even larger part the result of a historical experience that, over time, becomes a national culture. The economic system of the United States is principally one-of private___(2). This system, often referred to as a ‘free (3) system’, can be contrasted with a socialist economic (4), which depends heavily on government planning and public owner- ship ofthe means of __(5). ‘Yet government has to some extent always been involved in regulating and (6) the U.S. economy, At the same time, U.S. citizens have always had the freedom to. choose for whom they will work, and what they will buy. Asa rule, | (7) look for the best values for what they spend, while (8) seek the best price and profit for what they have to (9). Government, at the federal, ____(10) and local levels, seeks to (11) the public safety, assure reasonable (12), and provide a (13) of services believed to be better performed by public rather than (14) enterprise. Some of these (5) services include the administration of justice, education (although there are many private schools and train- ing centers), the postal (but not the telephone) service, the road system, social statistical (16) and, of course, national defense. In the United States, most people are simultaneously consumers and (17); they are also voters who help influence the decisions of government. The mixture among —(18), producers and members of (19) changes constantly, resulting ina dynamic rather than a static economy. Exercise 8. Work in pairs. Translate the following two texts into Ukrainian, Use Vocabulary 3-4 and Exercises 3A-4A in case of difficulties, TEXT 3 ' In the American economy, managers of. enterprises responding to signals from markets perform the function of bringing together and directing the natural resources and labor force. 18Large blocks of resources must be available for major investments, In America, en- trepreneurs accumulate money and then invest in projects —buy supplies, hire workers and sell products — that seem likely to h return on the original investment This is determined on the basis of an assessment of the wants and needs of those who buy goods and services — what is known as consumer demand. So, entrepreneurs are decision-takers and risk-bearers. They can have no guarantee that they will make a profit —that the money they will obtain from selling their outputs will cover their costs. But the expectation of profits persuades the entrepreneurs tc cept the risks of setting up and carrying on a business Entrepreneurs are free to develop their businesses. Unless they can provide goods and services of a quality and price to compete with others, they are driven from the mar- ket, so only the most efficient and those who best serve the public remain in business TEXT 4 All communities have to deal with the same basic economic problem —they have limi- ted amounts of land, labor and capital which cannot produce enough goods and services to satisfy all the people’s wants, and they have to decide how these limited resources are to be used. Economists describe this as a problem of resource allocation, because deci- sions have to be made on the way in which the resour¢es are to be distributed, or allocated, to different industries and occupations. ‘A country can only produce some of the goods and services its people want. It must therefore, find a way of discovering what people really want, in order to choose which particular goods and services to produce, Similarly, all economies have to make choices between different methods of produc- tion, to decide how resources should be allocated between the production of consumer goods and the production of capital goods, and to solve the problem of non-replaceability of some natural resources. All countries would like to make the fullest use of their economic resources, but many * of them have found it difficult to achieve this objective. The actual outputs of goods and services in these countries are much less than the possible outputs. e Exercise 9. Translate the following texts into English. Work in pairs. TEXTS Xoua pimenna, aki opMylOTh AMEPHKAHCEKY CKONOMIKY, IPHTIMalOTbes CHOwHBaTaMH ii BupOOHMKaMM, ypAA Mac TOTYAKENA BILIMB Ha Hei. Ais Toro, u106 Gisuee aKnaiikpame cryKitB Haporobi, ypad peryiloe TA KOUTPOWE ApHBSTHe ninpHeMMMiTEO GarareMa pisHHwn manxaxct. Tlountpera ayMKa, 10 BTpyaHHA norpiGHe Tam, Ac NpMBATHOMY MLANPHEMHMLITBY HaaHO MOHONOALIO (ckaximo, B exextpo- enepronoctayanni 9H Tene(ponii), a6o B THX TATySAX, AC BINCYTHA LIMpPOKa KONKYPCHLIA (GanisHiwHi nepenesenna), Jlepxasna NOMITHKa LOsBOIAE TAKHM KOMMAHLAM MaTH B po- } 19 rrr aaa3YMHHX MexKkax NpHOYTOR, BoAHOaC OOMexye IxHi MoxCIBO eT! mod “HecnpaReAmHROrO” (sa BISHAICHIVIM JAKOHONABIB) MBMMICHAA TapHbis Ha NOCTYTH, aDKe TPOMATCERICTE yeKae Ha Taki MOCayrH 1 3aTeKHTS Big HAX. acto AO KONTPONHAX 3axoriB BABIOTHER, WlOG 3AXHCTHTH PPOMAKCEKICTH, — HANPHKMAL, KOM YApABMNHA KOHTPOTH AKOCTE MpO- Aysris Ta MeqMkaMentis 3aG0ponRe Tol wH inmH HeGearesHMil A19 snopoR"* npenapaT aGo BHMAra€ BIT BAPOOHHKIB NpOTYKTIB MOTPUMAHHA Crannaptin Ako CTI. B iHMIHX FanyIaX NpOMMCHONOCTI YpAA BETAMORMOE NeBH MpaBiLa TpH, abu cnpusTH posropramHi decHOT ii snopoBol KoHkypentii Ges npanore Brpytantia 41.cRoro Gory. TEXT 6 Ypaxoni oprani, cepen Hx Konrpec i Taki opranisaigi, ax Dexepaspna pesepBra cHc- Testa, HaMara‘oracm yTpHAarH Kpaititi nposan exonomisnoro Gysy, inbasnii H nenpec peryaioroyn poaMip noaatia, o6¢ir rpomouol mach Ta suxopmcranna Kpemeria. Bou npoGyiors BraMBaTH Ha eKoMOMiKy uepes aMiny OOcary ypsslOBNX BILAATEIB. JENMAiHO, Bee We poGHTLea santa sbanaucysanria (bexepanHoro GiomwKeTy. Ane mOaHHAIONN BIT 1960 poxy, aespinur cbenepamnore GiomxKery He 3HHKaB 13 PoKy B pik (3a BHUATROM 1969), BHABIAION 3APATBHY TCHACHIHO 70 s6inpuTenHa. 3 cepenmun 80-x BiH AOCAr aroreto, micas “oro fioro spocranHa ynoRinEHHOER. ‘Ypan Haiae Tipamy ACMOMOry KOMMaHiam Ta OKPeMHM FpOMasAHaM, LO BHABIRETECH Y PISHEX (hOpMaX, HANpHKaN, BAIHAYEH! TapHIpH Ha NEBH TOBAPH FaXTMaIOTS 1X Bi THO- seMHoi KolKypenuii. Berawonseni ypsiom nogareu Ta KiaLKicui oOseacnua Ha imnopr CHPHMOTE TOMY, HO AHAIOTIMH] AMEPHKAHCHKI TOBAPH MOTYRAIOTECA HA PHY yHesHeHI- we, Ypa takox cyécmaye uit Ha hepwepenxy nporyruizo. Exercise 10. Listen to text 7 in English. Use your shorthand to write it down, Trans- late it into Ukrainian. Exercise 11, Listen to text 8 in Ukrainian, Use your shorthand to write it down. Translate it inte English. Exercise 12, Translate text 9 into Ukrainian, TEXT 9 Business spirit was not indigenous to the United States; rather, it grew from the soil of European capitalism, But huge industrial enterprises such as railroads, with their extensive managerial hierarchies, became more prevalent and more powerful in the United States _ than elsewhere. Unlike most other countries, in the United States industrial bureaucracies, particularly railroads, grew faster and became larger than the government's own bureaue- racy; in 1890, « dozen railroads employed over 100,000 workers, while the U.S. Civil ‘Service in Washington numbered just over 20,000. 20 .