"Tourists enjoy shopping at the British Museum There are lots of postcards and books for sale 11 Types of noun Nouns are the words we use for people, things and places: «tourist, a postcard, a museum 3 dctivities, ideas and feelings: shopping, information, lave When nouns are names of people, places, dates, evens, languages, religions and books, plays or films, they begin with a capital letter: Professor Grey, the British Museum, Glasgow, Affica, Monday, April, May Day, Rucoian, Spanish, Islam, “The Lord ofthe Rings’, ‘War and Peace’, ‘Avatar’ Compound nouns, e.g. bookshop, washing machine > Unit 98.1 2. Singular and plural nouns Most nouns have a singular and plural form. To make plural forms @ add-s to most nouns: books, postcards, days, houses ‘e add -es to nouns ending in -s, -, -sh, -ch, 0, -* and -2 buses, dishes, watches, potatoes, boxes (BUT videos, pianos) «¢ for nouns ending in consonant + -y: country ~ countries © for most nouns ending in -for -fe: life lives thief — thieves Spelling rules > page 350 ‘A few plural forms are irregular, and some nouns do not change: SINGULAR ‘man woman child person foot tooth Pua ‘men women children people feet teeth SINGULAR AND PLURAL aircraft series fish sheep (B) Pronunciation > 1.02 3 Noun+verb Some nouns end in -s but are singular, so we use a singular verb: ‘athletics economics gymnastics politics maths physics news “Athletics is an Olympic sport. Today's news isn’t very exciting ‘Some nouns describe things with two parts, so they are plural: jeans pants pyjamas shorts tights trousers glasses scissors ‘These jeans are too tight. My glasses are broken ‘To talk about one or more of these things we can use pair(s) of: I need a pair of trousers and three pairs of shorts.Some nouns (e.g. company, family, government, team) describe groups of people. ‘We use a singular OR plural verb when we are talking about the people in the group: The Spanish team is/are playing brilliantly. (all the Spanish players) But we only use the singular verb when we are talking about the group as one thing: XA footbal-team-have-eleven-players. A football team has eleven players. British and American English > page 352 A. The group noun police is ALWAYS plural: X Fhe police has-arrested-the-thieves / The police have arrested the thieves. * food and drink: bread, butter, meat, tea, coffee, milk, oil, pasta, salt, rice ‘© materials: water, oil, ai, oxygen, metal, cotton, wood, plastic, paper ‘© school subjects and languages: geography, art, music, English, Spanish « ideas and feelings: education, work, advice, beauty, ove, knowlege, fun «# activities: shopping, cycling, swimming © groups of similar things: furniture, luggage, money 5 Nouns that can be countable or uncountable 6 Ways of counting uncountable nouns We use different expressions to ‘count’ some uncountable nouns. ‘© units: a bar of soap, a bit of information/fun, an item of news, a loaf of bread, «a piece of furniture/luggage/paper, a sheet of paper, a slice of bread/cake/meat ‘* containers: a bottle of water, a can/tin of soup, a carton of milk, a cup of coffee, a glass of ‘orange juice, a jar of jam, a packet of sugar, a tub of butter/margarine, a tube of toothpaste © measurements: half a kilo of meat, a litre of petrol, two metres of silk1 nouns Practice 1) EMG Find twelve more capital letters missing from the invitation. 2. Write the plural form of the nouns. car child cowatey family house life loaf person potato series sheep watch +s es les ves no change _| irregular Yow ae tba afl oP eh ae CS Sat ‘There willbe a talk by professor ernest brand, author of ‘tribal Are, to introduce our new exhibition of art from new guinea. ‘Drinks will be served, ie ‘Please reply to Ms fielena summers on 02243 77689 before 28% march. countries 3 choose the correct word: 0 u 0 italics. (ERE Listen and check. Tean’'t read his writing, I think I need new glass How often do you brush your tooth / teeth ? I think physis is/are the most difficult subject at college. How many aircrafts | aircraft does British Alrways own? Was / Wer the news interesting yesterday? ‘The police is are trying to find the missing gel ‘There are three women | womans and two men in the new medical team. like your new jeans. Was it / Were they expensive? Do you have a pair of a scssors in your kitchen? Some farms in New Zealand have a milion sheep /shees. Our neighbours have six childs / children. Match sentences 1 and 2 with A and B in each pair. 1 Tae soma ten =a ce A. An eld av to cen, pense? 2 Vd like a tea, B Could I have two packets of sugar, too? 1 Can you get me some paper? A. I want to write a letter. 2 Can you get me a paper? B Iwant something to read. 1 Do you have any chicken? A There isn’t any on the menu. 2. Do you have any chickens? B Ordo you have only cows on your farm? 1 You should try a skiing holi A It will give you lots of experience. 2. You should take that job. B You will have a great experience. 1 I need to do some exercise. A Iwant to improve my grammar. 2 I need to do some exercises. B Iwant to get fit 1 don't have a lot of work today. A I'm not busy. 2 [don’t have many of his works. B_I’m not very keen on his books.il \Choose the correct answer, A, B or C below. (JERE Listen and check. Sac [Hee ton ex abit cheap, its all made of (3)... but the room is clean. You know I love history and (4)........ Well, yesterday | went to the British Museum —it was ‘amazing! | loved the Egyptian stone statues. They are huge and the stone (5)... @ beautiful red colour. The museum is fantastic! There's no charge to get in, so you don't need to spend a lot of (6) There's a nice café there and | had some coffee and two (7) Now I need (8)... ffom you about my camera Flight B Some flight (C)The flight luggages weren’t B luggage wasn’t C luggage weren’t is Bare C were plastic B aplastic C the plastic an archaeology B archaeology C the archaeology are B were C is money B moneys C the money sandwichs B sandwichies C sandwiches an advice B some advice C advices PoE e re eee 6 Complete the descriptions with the words from the box. abar abottle acan eearton ajar apacket apiece aslice a tub = & ci E eS = I a Naas 0 a.cartan,... of milk 1 of soup 2 of water 3 of soap 4 of jam 5 of furniture 6 of meat 7 of butter 8 of ricePNT y-uy meatal 1 aoran? the fal or the fis? A, an and the are articles. We use a before consonant sounds (b, d, k, ts, etc.) a café, a tourist, a museum ‘® AND before u or eu when they sound like /j/ (as in you): a uniform, a European city We use an before vowel sounds (a, ¢, i, 0, u): am interesting book, an unusual job ‘® AND before words that begin with a silent J: amt hour /on aval ‘We pronounce the with /a/ before consonant sounds: the book, the tourist Before vowel sounds we pronounce the with (it: the art gallery, the English teacher (BD Pronunciation > 1.03 2. General or particular meaning? We use a/an or no article when we are talking about things in general: | afan + SINGULAR NOUN no artide +PLURALNOUN no article + UNCOUNTABLE NOUN Istherea café hore? Sandwiches aren‘t expensive. ‘don’t like music. {any kind of café) (andwiches in general all sandwiches) (music in general, all musi) We use the to talk about something particular: "the SIGUIARNOUN the PLURAL NOUN the UNCOUNTABLE NOUN ‘Yes, the café’s on the Did! you get the sandwiches? 1 don’t like the music on that CD. ‘ground floor (there is (we know which sandwiches) {only the music on the CD, not Syowaieten) ane 4. We don’t use the when we are talking about things in general: xs there the cash-machine near here? Is there a cash machine near here? X I proferthe-filmsto-the-books. I prefer films to books, 3 New information or known information? We use a/an or no article when we mention something for the first time. We use the when we mention it again: ve just bought a new suit. It’s the grey suit we saw in the shop window last week. “Carla asked her teacher for advice.’ ‘Really? Was the advice useful?’ “Have they filled in entry forms?’ ‘Yes, I've got the forms here.” We use the when the listener knows which particular person or thing the speaker is talking about: It was a great holiday. Have you seen the photos yet? (the photos of the holiday)Practice 1. Complete the sentences with a or an. EEN Listen and check. 0 My teacher went to av... American university. It’s quite ..... famous one, I think, 1 Excuse me, Dr Taylor. There's urgent message for you. It’s from patient. 2-There’s bus stop on the corner. But you'll have to wait hour for the next bus. 3 She's got young son. He has ‘unusual name, 4 My parents have... elderly friend who owns... small cottage by the sea 5 Detectives don’t wear uniform. But they always carry badge 6 We can find you European holiday at... excellent price. 2 Complete the notices with a, an, the or - (no article). oO we REGRET THAT Please do not smoke inthe. room, We do not OFFICE Is CLOSED, UNTIL 2.00 RM, ‘accept credit cards for items under £10, & Please note Visitors may park I CF park at the back of the ‘the cupboard. = TOMETINEES Find nine more mistakes in the conversation and correct them. [H Listen and check. sss Hello, Kal, How ate the things? Have you found f job yet? kart. Hi, Jenny. Yes, I have. snow Great! Isa job near here? kan Yes, It’s at a hotel in a city centre. soo That's very convenient. Which hotel is it? xan I’s hotel opposite bus station: The Regent. snow Oh, yes. | know it, By the way, how is Maria? xan, She's OK now, but she's been quite sick. She had operation last month, snowy Oh dear. Was an operation serious? rant, No, don't worry ~ nothing serious. She's better now. sey I'm glad to hear it- the health is so important, isnt it? xan, Yes. It was shock when she became il sow I can imagine, Has she got the good doctor? rant Yes. The doctor’ very helpful 7Special uses of a/an and the Michelle’ a student at art school. She’ in the museum copying a beautiful pai Jobs and descriptions ‘We use a/an with the names of jobs: Michelle’ a student. want to be an engineer. We also use alan to describe a person ot thing, usually with an adjective: She's copying a beautiful painting. He's a nice person That was an interesting exhibition. Institutions: purpose or building? institution schoo! college university prison hospital When we think of the purpose of these institutions we don’t use the. But when we think of the building, we use the or a/an. Michelle fsa student at art school. The art schoo! is in North Street. My brother's sick in hospital. Excuse me, where's the hospital? The murderer was sent to prison. The prison has stone walls. The media ‘We use the with the names of most newspapers, but most magazines have no article newspapers the Daily News the Sun the New York Times ‘most magazines Vogue Newsweek Time Hello ‘Didd you see her photo in Vogue?’ ‘No, it was in the Sun.’ We say the cinema, the theatre and the radio. We don’t normally use the with television ot TV ‘when we are talking about the programmes: In the mornings I like listening to the radio but in the evenings I prefer watching TV. But we use a or the if we are talking about the machine: ‘There's something wrong with the television in my bedroom. the + adjective for groups and nationalities the young the old the elderly the ich the poor the sick the homeless the disabled the unemployed. the blind the deaf the injured the dead Some adjectives can be used as nouns If they describe a particular group, eg. all the people who are rich = the rich. We use a plural verb: The rich are getting richer and the poor are getting poorer. We can use nationality adjectives that end in -ch/-sh/-ese in the same way, e.g. French, Spanish, Dutch, Japanese (> Unit 95. The French have elected a new president. (al the French people) The Irish are voting on the new European Union tomorrow. (all the Irish people) We can’t use other nationality words in this way: X Phe Brazilian-areused-te-hot-weather, Brazilians are used to hot weather.Practice (EQMITEMI There are ten more places in the letter where a or an is missing. the correct places. {] isten and check. T come from felose Family. I've got Lixo siskers and a brokher. Emily's the eldest sister. She's denkist ond she’s lovely person. Covoline is skudent. She's skudjing French ak. university, She isn’t good student she prefers Lo spend her Lime enjoying herself! My brokher has got interesting job, he’s architec. He designed beautiful nets house For ey uncle. T live wikh ey parents in old house in small vilage. Tk’s quel place so I’m glad I've got los of Friends on Lhe Inbemet! Match the sentences 1-7 with the questions A-H. 0 Derek's at university A Ishe on holiday? 1) Me Rogers is guing ta (ie eiGel, 3B Is he studying to bea doce? 2. My brother is in hospital. C Ishe the famous murderer? 2 All visited the university D Did he see the new physics building? 4 James isnt at school today. E. Ishe going to see the school play? 5. He's working at the hospital F Ishe visiting a prisoner? 6 Derek Sutcliffe is in prison. G Ishea doctor? 7 Karl's going to the prison today. H_Ishe having an operation? ETUMETIITES complete the information with the or - (no article). ‘The most widely read English language newspaper in the world is USA Today. ‘The most popular magazine is (0) ...~..... AARP Magazine. It is an American magazine for (1)... €lderly. re) _, Japanese are the world’s most enthusiastic newspaper readers. | Yomiuri Shimbun sells more than 14 million copies every day. * The most popular daily newspaper in Britain is (3) Sun, which sells over 3 million copies. © One of the most unusual magazines is The Big Issue, which is sold by (4)... homeless on the streets of London and other towns in the UK. “8 Variety is an international magazine that specialises in news about (6) cinema. © In many countries magazines that give information about (7) television are very popular. Americans buy several million copies of (8) TV Guide each week.4 Article or no article? 1 2 10 No article We don’t usually use a/an or the with: people's names and titles named shops and companies Cities, towns, states and regions ‘most countries and continents ‘mountains, hills and lakes most roads, streets, squares and parks named airports and stations schools, universities, etc. times, days and months languages, school subjects and sports ‘means of transport and ‘communication meals nouns + numbers David Mr Brown Professor Smith Uncle Johin Harrods Tesco Microsoft United Airlines London Sydney Madrid Florida Tuscany Russia Japan Turkey Australia Asia Europe Africa ‘Mount Vesuvius Box Hill Lake Placid Park Lane Oxford Street Trafalgar Square Times Square ‘Central Park (BUT the M25. the high street) ‘Miami Airport Birmingham Bus Station Victoria Station Bradford Grammar Schoo! Yale University at three o’dock at midday on Monday in December English Polish history basketball tennis football by train by bus by email by phone (BUT on foot and in person) What time is dinner? Ler's meet after lunch. (BUT a snack) Go to checkin 3A. 'm in Room 334. Look at page 98. We don’t use an article for: at home, at work, in bed, at school the We usually use the with: names of oceans, seas, rivers, ‘mountain ranges ‘countries with plural names, Republic, Kingdom, etc. organisations ‘names of museums, cinemas, theatres, hotels places in a town, ‘types of shops locations parts of a building times of the day historical periods ‘musical instruments (British English) noun + of alan ‘We use a/an to mean, the Atlantic Ocean the Black Sé8" the Seine the Nile the Himalayas. the Alps the United States the Netherlands the Republic of ireland the United Kingdom The Intemational Monetary Fund. the World Bank the Getty Museum the Odeon Cinema the National Theatre. the Ritz Hotel the bank the hospital the post office the station the supermarket. the chemists ‘on the lefuright in the middle on the coastiborder in the eastnorthisouthiwest the ground floor the fifth floor the exit_the entrance in the momning_n the afternoon in the evening (BUT at night) the nineteenth century the 19505. the Middle Ages Does she play the guitar? Can you play the vilin? the House of Commons. the University of London The Isle of Man, ‘¢ one with fractions and large numbers: half a kilometre, one and a half, a thousand ‘* each for frequency (how often) and measurements: once a day, twice a month (BUT every hour), six euros a kilo, 100 kilometres an hourPractice 1 Match the two parts of the sentences. ©. Iwon't be able to see you in A ayear. 1 It can be quite cold here at ness! the left. 2 The heat of a healthy adult beats 70 times SC. the afternoon, 3 We go on holiday three times D aminute 4. The speed of light is 300 million mettes E night. 5. Our house is the one on F asecond 2 Read the conversation and choose the correct words in italics. Listen and check. NaNaceR What's my diary like for next week? ssssrnt Pretty busy. You'te travelling to (0) the Manchester /fanchestenon (1) the Monday / Monday. MaNaceR From (2) the Euston / Euston Station? asistant Yes. The train leaves at 8.15 in (3) the moming / moming. You have an appointment with (4) the Mr/ Mr Grey at 11.30. He's our manager for (5) the United / United Kingdom. Manacer Where am I meeting him? assistant At (6) the Carlton / Carlton Hotel, in (7) the centre / centre of Manchester. It's in (8) the St Peter's / St Peter's Square. He said he would wait for you near (9) the entrance / entrance of the hotel. He wants to talk to you about the contract. axacin The one that begins in (10) the December / December ? assistant Yes, and I've made an appointment for you in (11) the afternoon / afternoon at (12) the bank / bank. 3 ‘Complete the information with a, an, the or - (no article). BI Listen and check. IN AU eee COLES Lisbon Highlights Day 1 * When you get to (0).....=... Stansted Airport check in at (0) 8.45 a.m. and go to @) Gate 56 for (3) flight EZ1221. Our tour guide, Katrina, will be there to greet you. * Arrive at our hotel all our rooms are on @ third loor with great views of | o River Tagus. + n© afternoon we will visit (7) Gulbenkian Museum. The museum has an amazing | collection of art from all periods, especially ® eighteenth century. We will take you back to your hotel at 6.00 p.m. and you will have (6) hour and (10) halfto relax before (13) dinner. + Later in (a2) ‘evening you will be free to explore (13) centre of (14) Lisbon on (15) foot. [o coometrnoenee