Post task - Final activity

Individual work format

Leonardo Castellanos

Group 25

Identification number

1.091.665.430

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA UNAD

Escuela de Ciencias Básicas, Tecnología e Ingeniería

Teoría Electromagnética y Ondas

2021 16-04
 Exercises development

Activity

Application exercises:

For the development of the following exercises, note that 𝐺𝐺 corresponds to

the group number and 𝐶𝐶𝐶 to the last 3 digits of the identification number.

1. An electromagnetic wave of 𝑓 = 430 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is transmitted from the bottom of a

ship to a receiver located at 𝑝 = 1 𝐾𝑚 depth. The wave is emitted with an
advance angle of 𝑎 = (5 + 25)°. Determine the time it takes for the wave to
reach the receiver.

Figure 1: wave propagation in open media.

Image recovered from https://www.ee.co.za/article/new-economics-marine-

environmental-monitoring.html

For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the tangent of losses 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜎/𝜔𝜀.

Sea weather = 4 𝜎

𝜀0 = 8.8541 × 10−12 𝐹⁄𝑚

𝜎 4 𝑆⁄𝑚

�
 b. Classify the behavior of the
Dissipative dielectric (dielectric with losses)

c. Calculate the propagation parameters of the wave 𝛾, 𝛼 and 𝛽.

𝛾 = √𝑗𝜔𝜇(𝜎 + 𝑗𝜔𝜀) 𝛾 = √𝑗 ∗ 2701.76 ∗ 1(4 𝑆⁄𝑚 + 𝑗 ∗ 2701.76 ∗ 7.083 × 10−10)

𝛾 = 84.2336 + 8061.0182𝑖

𝑁𝑝⁄
𝛼 = 84.23 𝑚 𝛽 = 8061.0182 𝑅𝑎𝑑⁄𝑚

d. Calculate the propagation speed of the 𝑉𝑝 wave. 𝑉𝑝 = 𝜔/𝛽

𝜔
𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉 = 3.351 × 107 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝛽 𝑝
e. Calculate the distance 𝑑 between the ship and the receiver. 𝑑 =

𝑃 1000𝑚
𝑑= 𝑑= 𝑑 = 1154.70 𝑚
cos (𝑎) cos (30)

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝 and 𝑑 determine the time 𝑡 of the route. 𝑑 = 𝑡 ∗ 𝑉𝑝

𝑑
Performing the clearance, we have to 𝑡=
𝑣𝑝 1154.70𝑚
𝑡 = 3.351×107𝑚⁄
𝑠

𝑡 = 3.4458 × 10−5𝑠

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific

Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the

meaning of the value obtained for 𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) and 𝑡.

Taking into account the angle at which the wave propagates, as a

consequence of the loss tangent, we can observe that although the wave
travels through a medium, its loss is not so high, which as a result shows
us that the wave travels through a medium where it is considered a
dielectric with low losses, thus allowing the wave to reach its receiver with
clarity in the information and allowing it to be returned under the same
conditions,
 doing so in a short time despite being a medium that does not it is free as
it were air, therefore it has obstacles to overcome in addition to the
distance from the depth where the receiver is located.

2. From an airplane, which is ℎ1 = 1250 𝑚 high, a communication signal 𝑓 =

430 𝑀𝐻𝑧 is emitted to a submarine that is ℎ2 = 800 𝑚 deep, the angle of
incidence of the signal on the sea surface is 𝑎 = (5 + 25 )°. Determine the
time it takes for the signal to reach the submarine. Note that 𝐶𝑜 = 3𝑥108𝑚/𝑠.

Figure 2: wave propagation in bounded open media.

Image recovered from https://byjus.com/physics/characteristics-of-sound-

wavesamplitude/

For development, follow the following steps:

a. Calculate the distance between the plane and the point of incidence at sea

𝑑1
= ℎ1 /𝑠𝑒𝑛(𝑎). 𝑑1 1250 𝑑1 = 2500 𝑚
=
𝑚
sin(30)

b. Calculate the velocity of propagation of the wave 𝑉𝑝1 in the air (𝑉𝑝1 =
𝐶𝑜/𝑛), where 𝑛 is the refractive index of air.

𝐶𝑜 3 × 108
𝑉𝑝1 = 𝑉𝑝1 = 𝑚⁄ 𝑉𝑝1 = 2.99 × 108 𝑚⁄𝑠
𝑛 𝑠
1.002926
 c. Using Snell's Law, calculate the angle of refraction of the wave in the sea.
𝑛1
𝜃 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑛(𝜃 ))
𝑑2 𝑑1
𝑛2
𝐶0 3 × 108
𝑛2 = 𝑛2 = = 8.95255
𝑣𝑝2 3.351 × 107
being 𝑣𝑝2 taken from exercise 1
1.0002926
𝜃𝑑2 = 𝑆𝑒𝑛−1 ( 𝑆𝑒𝑛(60°)) 5.55°
8.95255
d. Calculate the distance between the point of incidence in the sea and
submarine.
800 𝑚
𝑑2 = 𝑑2 = 803.7 𝑚
cos(5.55)

e. Calculate the propagation speed of the wave 𝑉𝑝2 at sea (take 𝑉𝑝 from
exercise 1).

𝑉𝑝2 = 3.351 × 107 𝑚⁄𝑠

f. Based on 𝑉𝑝1 and 𝑑1 determine the time 𝑡1 of the first path (𝑡1 = 𝑑1/𝑉𝑝1).
𝑑1 2500 𝑚
𝑡1 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 = 8.36 × 10−6𝑠
𝑉𝑝1 2.99 × 10 𝑚⁄𝑠
8
1 1

g. Based on 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑑2 determine the time 𝑡2 of the second path (𝑡2 = 𝑑2/𝑉𝑝2).
𝑑2 803.7𝑚
𝑡2 = 𝑡2 = 𝑡2 = 2.39 × 10−5𝑠
𝑉𝑝2 3.351 × 10 𝑚⁄𝑠7

h. Calculate the total time of the route 𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2.

𝑡 = 𝑡1 + 𝑡2 𝑡 = 8.36 × 10−6𝑠 + 2.39 × 10−5𝑠 𝑡 = 3.226 × 10−5𝑠

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the
of the value obtained for 𝑉𝑝1 , 𝑉𝑝2 and 𝑡.

In this particular case, when the wave is emitted from the plane, it is
transmitted by a first medium that is air, where it does not have any
obstacle, this being an almost free medium, it allows the speed at which
the wave travels to be very high. and therefore, it’s time to cross that first
medium is very fast, unlike when it enters the second medium, which is sea
water, its speed slows down and it takes longer to transmit, despite the
distance being in this half. shorter than in the first, the wave from your
receiver to your transmitter and vice versa in a fairly short time, but
between the medium of seawater and air the difference is quite noticeable,
although all the time used to go and return the wave it is very short as
explained above.

3. A lossless transmission line has a characteristic impedance of 𝑍0 = 75Ω, a

length of 𝐿 = 5𝑚 and is excited by a signal of 𝑓 = 500 𝑀𝐻𝑧. The line is
connected to an antenna with load impedance 𝑍𝐿 = (45 + 𝑗45)Ω. Taking into
account that 𝑉𝑝 = 3𝑥107𝑚/𝑠, calculate:
a. Wavelength 𝜆.
𝑣𝑝 3 × 107
𝜆=
𝜆= 𝜆 = 0.06 𝑚
𝑓 5 × 108

b. Electrical length 𝑃.

𝐿 5𝑚
𝑃= 𝑃= 𝑃 = 83.33 𝜆
𝜆 0.6𝑚
c. Input impedance
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑗𝑍0 tan 2𝜋 𝑃
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 + 𝑗𝑍𝐿 tan 2𝜋 𝑃
𝑍 0
2∗𝜋

𝑍𝑖𝑛 45 + 𝑗45Ω + 𝑗75Ω ∗ tan ( ∗ 𝐿)

20.06
∗ 𝜋
= 75Ω
75Ω + 𝑗45 + 𝑗45Ω ∗ tan ( ∗ 𝐿)
0.06

𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 34.36124 − 24.12408𝑖

d. Reflection coefficient Γ (magnitude and phase).

𝑍𝐿 − 𝑍𝑂
Γ= 45 + 𝑗45Ω −
𝑍𝐿 + 𝑍𝑂 75Ω Γ = −0.09589 + 0.41095i 𝑂ℎ𝑚
Γ=
45 + 𝑗45Ω +
75Ω

e. VSWR.

1 + |Γ|
VSWR = VSWR = 2.460
1 − |Γ|
f. Check the results c, d and e with the Smith 4.1

Figure 3: Transmission line.

Attention, for the calculations:

1. Replace your values (with units) in the equation.
2. Perform the operation on a virtual scientific calculator. *
3. Paste the calculator image into the report.
4. Write the answer with your units.
If the image is not included, the exercise rating is 0 points.
* You can use https://www.geogebra.org/scientific
 Interpretation: according to the concepts explored, explain the
of the value obtained for 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , Γ and 𝑉𝑆𝑊𝑅.

The reflection coefficient of this circuit allows us to observe that the

information contained in the wave will have a reflection that accompanied
by the result of the VSWR which was 2.4 and according to the scale a
circuit with these characteristics does not offer a very good transmission,
since in that VSWR scale, the reflected power of the wave would be
approximately 33%, which tells us that from the sent wave, that amount
would be reflected, which is not a good number, because every day it is
sought that the circuits reflect the least amount of power possible, since
this way the loss of information is avoided.

Reference
Quesada-Pérez, M., & Maroto-Centeno, J. (2014). From Maxwell's Equations to Free
and Guided Electromagnetic Waves: An Introduction for First-year Undergraduates.
New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. (pp. 46-60). Recovered
from https://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/logi
n.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN=746851&lang=es&site=eds-
live&scope=site&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Wiley, J. & Sons Ltd. (2003). Electromagnetic Wave Propagation. Fixed Broadband
Wireless. (pp. 25-70). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2048/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com
/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=14505422&lang=es&site=ehost-live

Hierauf, S. (2011). Understanding Signal Integrity. Boston: Artech House, Inc.

Chapter 6, 7, 11. Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=nlebk&AN
=345692&lang=es&site=eds-live&ebv=EB&ppid=pp_49

Impedance Matching Networks. (2001). Radio-Frequency & Microwave Communication

Circuits, (pp. 146-188). Recovered
from http://bibliotecavirtual.unad.edu.co:2051/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aci&AN=1
4528229&lang=es&site=eds-live