Vaudrey, Calvin - Wyoming Pumice Concrete

This thesis, having been approved by the
special Faculty Com mittee, is accepted by
the Graduate School o f the

University o f W yom ing,
in p artial fu lfillm e n t o f the requirements
fo r the degree o f M aste r of S c_ien c e___
___________
Dean of the Graduate School.
D ate July 18, 1950__
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
WYOMING PUMICE CONCHETE
Thesis suhnitted to the Department of Civil
Engineering and the Graduate School at the
University of Wyoming in partial fulfillment
of requirements for the degree of Master of
Science*
LI B R A R V
EF T H E
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING
LARAMIE
By
CALVIN VAU1KEY
Laramie, Wyoming
July, 195®
UMI Number: EP21827
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ii
Bebitrd Luqhj
AGKNGIfLEDQEMEHTS
The anther wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. H« S.
Sweet, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University
of Wyoming for his assistance and encouragement throughout
this investigation.
1, further, wish to express ay appreciation to my wife,
Denice, for the time she spent in typing the thesis, as well
as for her moral support.
Acknowledgement also is made to the following companies
for their helpful information:
The Garter-Waters Corporation

Kansas City, Missouri
Gage Bros. Concrete Products Co.
Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Pumice Aggregate Sales Corporation
Alherquerque, New Mexico
ill
TABLE ©F CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I. INTRODUCTION................................... 1
II. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS BATA ..... 5
Pumioe • • • • • • • • • • • . . ............... 6
Haydite • • • • • • • • • • •••••• 14
Perlite • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 21
Scoria • • • • • • . . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25
III. LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE RESOURCES OF WYOMING.......... 28
Pumice and Volcanic Ash • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • 29
Clinker and Seoria • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 29
Vermieulite 30
Tuffs and Breccias • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31
IF, DESCRIPTION ©F WYOMING PUMICE USED IN
THIS INVESTIGATION........ 33
Parabolic Gradation 4©
Skip Gradation • • • • • « • • • • • • • • • • • • • 43
Crusher Run . • • • • ............... . • • • • 49

V. CONCRETE TEST PROCEDURES AND RESULTS............... 53
VI. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS........... 69
Gradation of Wyoming Pnmice Aggregate • • • « • • • • 69

Workability • SO
Concrete Unit Weight ............... • • • • • • 82
Compressive Strength • • • • • • • • • ........ • 91

Length Change During Curing • • . . « • • • • • • • • 104
It
TABLE OF CONTESTS (Continued)
Chapter Page
VI. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS (Continued)
Absorption of the Concrete . » • • • • • • • • • • • • 107

Thermal Conductivity ................ HO
Sawability and Nailability...................... 115
Appearance ••••••••••••••••••••• 110

711. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS.................... 119
Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • » ........ • 119
Wyoming Pumioe Concrete.................. 120
Recommendations for construction with Wyoming

Pumice concrete • ...•••••• 122
Recommendations for future study of Wyoming
Pumice concrete •• ......... 123
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... ................................ 125
RECOMMENDED LIST OF REFERENCES.............. 128
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
I Previous Bata on Pumice Concrete • • • .......
II Physical Properties of Aggregates Used*Table I • • • 13
III Previous Bata on Haydite Concrete • • • • • • • • • 19
I? Physical Properties of Aggregates Used!Table III • » 20
V Previous Bata on Perlite and Scoria Concrete • • • • 23
YI Physical Properties of Aggregates UsedsTable V • • • U
VII Physical Properties of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • 52
VIII Bata from Fresh Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • •
IX Bata from Cured Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • •
vl
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1. A Typical Sampleof Pumice and its Chemical Analysis . . • ••7
2* A Typical Sampleof Haydite and Chemical Analysis • • • • • • 18
3* A Typical Sampleof Wyoming Pumice & Chemical Analysis • • ••35
4* Map Shoeing Wyoming Pumice Deposits in Leueite Hills.. 38
5* Map Shoeing Specific Location of Gomes Producing

Wyoming Pumice on Zirkel Mesa •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • 37
6* Cone No, 1 Located on Zirkel Mesa ........ • ••••••• 39
7* Cone Ho*2 Located on Zirkel Mesa .......... 39
8« Relation Between Size Ratio andHumberof Component
Sizes for Maximum Density * 45
9* Computed Possible Minimum Voids in Beds of Two to

Four Component Sizes • • • • • • • •••• 47
10* Wyoming Pumioe Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50
11* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • 50
12* The Volume Change Indicator • • • • • ••••••• 64

13* Testing Machine, 60,000 pound capacity * * • • • ....... * * 66
14* A Typical Sawing and Nailing Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • 66
15* Classification for Appearance of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate *• 68
16* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • « • 71
17* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • 72

18* GradationsUsed in Wyoming Pumice Concrete * • • • • • • • • * 73
19* Gradations Usedin Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • * • • • • • • • 74
20* Gradations Usedin Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • • . * • • • • 76

21* Relationship Between Loose and Rodded Unit Weights
for Sized Materials • • • • • • • • • • * . • • • • • • • • 77
vii
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
22. Relationship Between Loose and Redded Unit Weights

for all Gradations of Wyoming Pumice Used • • • • • • • • • 77
23. Relationship Between Absorption and Specific

Gravities of the Sized Materials . . • • ........ ••• 81
24* Relationship Between Absorption and Specific Gravities

for all Gradations of Wyoming Pumice Used ......... 81
25* Relationship Between Cement Factor and 6 months Dry

Unit Weight for Concretes with 1-in. max. Size Aggregate • 83
26. Relationship Between Cement Factor and 6 mo. Dry Unit
Weight for Concretes with 3/8-in. max.Size Aggregate . . . 84
27. Relationship Between Cement Factor and 6 mo. Dry Unit
Weight for Concretes with No. 8 max. Size Aggregate •• • . 85
28. Relationship Between Unit Weight & Curing Time for

Concretes with 1-ln. max. Size Aggregate • • • • • • • • • 88
29. Relationship Between Unit Weight & Curing Time for

Concretes with 3/8-in. max. Size Aggregate • • • • • • • • 89
30. Relationship Between Unit Weight and Curing Time for
Concretes with No. 8 max. Size Aggregate • • • • • • • • • 90
31. Relationship Between Cement Factor & 28-day Compressive

Strength for Concretes with 1-in. max. Size Aggregate . . . 93
32. Relationship Between Cement Factor & 28-day Compressive

Strength for Concretes with 3/8-in. max. Size Aggregate • • 94
33* Relationship Between Cement Factor and 28-day Compressive

Strength for Concretes with No. 8 max. Size Aggregate . . . 95
34* Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

sive Strength for Concretes with 1-in. max. Size Aggregate. 98
35. Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

sive Strength for Concretes with 3/8-in. max. Size Aggr. . 99
36. Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

sive Strength for Concretes with No. 8 max. Size Aggregate. 100
▼ill
LIST OP FIGURES (Continued)
Figure Page
37* Relationship Between Cement Factor and Strength-Weight

Ratio for Wyoming Pumice Concretes . . . . .......... .. 101
38o Relationship Between Compressive Strength and Curing

Time for Wyoming Pumice Concretes • • • • • • • • • . • • 103
39* Relationship Between Cement Factor & 6-mo. Curing

Shrinkage for Concretes with 3/8-in. & No. 8 max. Size • • 105
40. Relationship Between Curing Shrinkage & Curing Time for

Concretes with 1-in.& 3/8-in. max. Size Aggregate • • • . 108
41* Relationship Between Curing Shrinkage & Curing Time for

Concretes with No. 8max. Size Aggregate •• • • • • • • • 109
42. Relationship Between 6-mo. Unit Weight & 24-hour Absorption

for Concretes with 1-in. max. Size Aggregate * « . . • • • Ill
43. Relationship Between 6-mo. Unit Weight and 24-hour Absorption
for Concretes with 3/8-in. max. Size Aggregate • • • • • • 112
44* Relationship Between 6-mo. Unit Weight & 24-hour Absorption
for Concretes with No. 8 max. Size Aggregate • • • • • • • 113
45. Test for Insulating Properties Before Application of Heat . 114
46. Test for Insulating Properties After Application of Heat . . 114
47. General Relationship Between Thermal Conductivity (ttKN)

and Unit Weight of any Concrete Found by Price and
i Cordon • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • . . . 116
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Lightweight concrete has been employed successfully in construc
tion for more than 50 years and its use has been greatly stimulated
by the shortage of materials brought about by the late war* The
high cost of modern construction in the past war years also has
added to the need for obtaining more desirable and economical con
struction materials. Investigations have been made on many of the
lightweight aggregates known today in order to determine their
qualitative and quantitative values in concrete construction. The

tests which have been made indicate that, regardless of the type
of lightweight aggregate used, one general trend is evident for
nearly all properties of the lightweight concrete produced.
Lightweight concrete varies between approximate limits of 2®

pounds per cubic foot and 120 pounds per cubic foot as compared to
approximately 150 pounds per cubic foot for regular sand and gravel
concrete. Reduction of excessive dead load is the primary purpose
for replacing sand and gravel with a lighter material in the pro
duction of concrete. However, through experimentation and use of
lightweight concrete, other outstanding characteristics of great
advantage have been found, such as insulating qualities against
heat, cold, sound, greater resistance to damage by fire and weather

ing and the ease of nailing and sawing.
2
Lightweight concrete is produced by substitution of a lighter
Material, as a portion or as a whole, for the regular aggregate.
Some of the manufactured materials that are being used commercially
and which have been tested include exfoliated veraiculite, sintered

diatomite, fly ash, and expanded perlite, blast furnace slag, shales,
clays and slates. The natural materials which are being used are
pumice, scoria, voloamic cinders, tuff, diatomlte, and other rocks
which are light and also strong enough for lightweight concrete.
The purpose of this thesis is to describe a new local light
weight aggregate and to compare its possibilities with those of the
other similar aggregates readily available in this area. This
material should be of particular interest to home builders by virtue
of its locality and of its economic aspects. The aggregate used in
this thesis is a natural material with a volcanic origin. The
material has a pumiceous texture and is found in the Leuolte Hills
near Superior, Wyoming. The aggregate (a detailed description of
which is given in Chapter IT) has been classed as a type of pumice

by investigating geologists (1) and it is referred to as Wyoming
Pumice in this thesis in order to eliminate possible confusion with
other types of pumioe used as a basis for comparison.
Pumice itself is not a new type of construction material al

though in some areas it is comparatively new due to the additional
cost of shipping. Pumice concrete has been used in many different
forms of construction in the western coast states. Multiple story
buildings have been built in this area with great economy; a pumice
3
concrete also was used for the floor of the Sam Francisco-Oakland Bay
Bridge at a saving of more than three million dollars compared to the
cost with regular sand and gravel eonerete (2). The saving of steel
through deerease in deadweight of the slab was eredited with the
economy. Other similar economic construction with lightweight aggre
gate is possible.
This thesis is divided into seven chapters. Chapter II contains
a description of the aggregates (Pumice, Perlite, Haydite, and Scoria)
which are of general interest in this locality and a discussion of
the tests on the concrete made from these aggregates. Chapter III is
a brief discussion of possible sources of lightweight aggregates in
Wyoming. Chapter IV describes the aggregate used in this thesis as

to its location, accessibility, chemical analysis and physical pro
perties (sieve analysis, bulk specific gravity, absorption and unit

weight). The theory of the two special gradations used in this
thesis is discussed in Chapter IV.
Chapter V presents a description of the procedures for tests
on concrete made with the Wyoming Pumice aggregate and a compiling

of the data obtained from results of such tests. Chapter VI is a
discussion of the results of the tests performed cm the concrete
produced.
Chapter VII presents the conclusions drawn from this investiga
tion and recommendations for use of this material as a lightweight
aggregate.
u
Two lists of reference material are included at the end of the
thesis. The first, termed "Bibliography", was msed for reference in
writing this thesis. The second is recommended as a list of refer
ences for farther information pertinent along these lines.
CHAPTER II
REVIEW ©F PREVIOUS DATA
Ik order to fully evaluate the results of this investigatiom
and to establish a more complete understanding for conducting
research of this nature a review of known data, correlated by others
working along these lines, is given in this chapter. This review of
previous data is nade in order to give necessary information for
eonparing results of this thesis, as nearly as is practicable, and
to review some lightweight materials that are presently available
for lightweight eonerete construction.
The principal aggregates that are available to the people of

Wyoming, and whieh are considered in this discussion, include two
manufactured materials, Haydite and Perlite, and two natural
materials, pumice and scoria. These four aggregates are commercially
available in most of the Rocky Mountain region, with the possibilities

of additional deposits of pumioe and scoria being located in Wyoming
whieh nay be found suitable for lightweight aggregates.
Five papers were selected from whieh the information for compari
son is taken; however, other papers were used as references when

additional information was desired.
This chapter is divided into four parts, with each part giving
a description of one of the aggregates and a brief discussion of the
results of the concretes produced from the use of the aggregates,

Pumice, Haydite, Perlite and Scoria,
6
ttrtM
Pumice is one of the oldest of the natural materials being used
as a lightweight aggregate and it is rapidly gaining in popularity.

This material is a light vesicular rook of volcanic origin formed in
the upper part of a lava flow. It is a froth-like volcanic glass

expanded by the pressure of escaping gasses created by the extreme
heat of the molten lava. The chemical composition of typical pumioe
is similar to that of granite or of an obsidian (3)* A picture and
chemical analysis of a typical pumice sample may be seen in Figure 1*

Individual pumice samples obtained from different locations nay vary
somewhat in their ehemieal analysis. Some contain small quantities
of Titanic Acid while pumice other than that from an acid magma would
have less silica and more iron oxide (U)• Different samples of pumioe
may vary in color from white to yellow, red, brown and in some in
stances even black. Pumice is found in many varying sizes but the
fines should not be confused with pumieite which is an accumulation
of finely divided glass particles blown from volcanoes during periods

of eruption and more or less classified while transported by winds
(5).
The following are some of the commercial names for pumice:
Agite, Insulpum, Voeolite, Pyramid, Ba3alite and Ingham (6). The

distributors for pumice products are located in California, Hew
Mexico, Oregon, Idaho, ftah and Michigan (7).
The chief uses for pumice aggregates are for monolithic con
crete construction, for precast building blocks and for precast

slabs as used in tilt-up construction*
7
Siliea (dioxide) • • • • • • • • • 72 percent

Alumina (oxide) • • « • • • * • • 14 pereent
Seda (oxide) & Potasium (oxide)* • 7 pereent
Iron Oxide (ferric & ferris) , « , 1 pereent
Caleiun (oxide) & Magnesium (oxide) 2 pereent
less Ttj ignition • • • • • • • • • 3*5 pereent
Speeifie gravity • • • • • • • • • 2*50 approx*
Fusion point • • • • • • • • • • • 2400 degrees
Fahrenheit
Pig* l 4 typical sample OF P i s a and m

CHEMICAL AMALYSIS
8
A paper by J. W* Shaver (8) describes a unique process employed
for aass production of 100 family quarters at Muroe Air Force Base
in the desert country of California. The houses were poured nono-
lithieally in two unit parts at a central casting point. After

initial set had taken place the unit was then transferred to its
permanent location by a teurnalayer, a large piece of equipment used
to move the completed housing units before renewal of the eonorete
forms. Two sizes of unit forms were used, one form thirty-two feet
eight inches by twenty-four feet and one form eighteen feet eight
inches by twenty-four feet. After the units were transported to
their permanent location and the forms had been remowed, the two
units were joined together to form one dwelling, housing two fami
lies, Each living quarters had two bedrooms, a large living room,
kitchen, dining room, bathroom and service porch.
For this construction a cement factor of 6,52 bags per cubic
yard was used with six gallons of water per bag of cement. The
mixing period for each batch of concrete cowered a lapse of time of
about nine minutes during five of whieh cement was in the batch with
the drum revolving at thirteen revolutions per minute. The houses
were all steel-reinforced with all conduits and pipes being placed
before the pouring of the concrete. Pumice concrete was found to be
highly desirable for desert construction in view of its high insula
ting properties against heat and sound, its natural fireproofing
qualities and, as a result of the desert's low humidity, the houses
were nearly free from absorption (9),
9
It nay be noted that pumice concrete construction in the more
humid regions may require damp-proofing of the outside walls• It
is also highly desirable to construct a pitched roof with overhanging

eaves to carry water away from the house*
In many instances pumice concrete construction has proved to be

more economical than conventional concrete* Shaver (8) also reviewed
the economical construction of the Bell Telephone Building in Los

Angeles by use of pumice concrete* The total cost of the building
was 1*6 million dollars* A thorough study was made to determine the
possible use of pumice concrete as opposed to the use of regular
aggregate concrete* The conventional concrete cost totaled $38,920
or 2.A per cent of total cost of the building while pumice concrete
coat $59,720 or 3*7 per cent of the total cost* There was a dif
ference of $20,800 in favor of conventional conorete or 1.3 per cent
of total cost* Due to the light weight of pumice concrete, three
hundred tons of steel were saved at $130 a ton or a total of thirty-
nine thousand dollars* The choice of pumice concrete saved a net
sum of $18,200} in addition, it provided natural insulation for heat
and sound as well as less liability to earthquake damage as a result
of reduced dead load* Although there will be a slightly higher cost
of pumice aggregates and a higher cement content in pumice concretes,

it is indicated this may be more than offset by reduced cost in re
inforcing steel and insulating materials* Shaver further pointed
out that the strength-weight ratio for pumioe concrete averages

approximately 30,7 psi per pound while conventional concrete has an
10
average ratio of 21.4. This means that pumice concrete with a unit
weight of 105 pounds per cubic foot may be used as opposed to 150
pounds per cubic foot for dense aggregate concrete to obtain a

strength of 3220 psi.
Pumice probably is the most sought after aggregate and since it
is a volcanic product, it exists only in the western part of the
United States. One of the main reasons for its great popularity is
the great demand for pumice in the production of precast building
units. A satisfactory steam curing method has been found for curing
these units which is employed by & greater portion of the manufac

turers. The blocks are allowed to cure two hours before placing
them in the steam rooms. Steam is then applied at a maximum of 170
degrees Fahrenheit for a period of two to six hours. A proportion
is used of approximately one part of cement to four parts of pumioe

with a small amount of sand for better workability. Repeated com
pressive tests using this method for producing precast blocks show
an average strength of 750 psi for blocks being tested immediately

upon removal from the steam bath, the 28-day strengths being over
800 psi. A standard 8- by 8- by 16-inch block weighs 25 pounds*

Pumice concrete has also been employed for precast slab con
struction as applied to tilt-up construction. This process was used

in the mass construction of housing units for the Naval Ordnance
Test Station at Inyokern, California in the Mojave Desert (9). The
houses were nearly all the same size with a floor area of 758 square
feet. Each house required 22 slabs which were poured at a central
11
easting point and transported to their permanent location. Houses
were produced and erected at a rate of two daily by employing a
steam curing technique at a maximum temperature of 170 degrees Fahren
heit for a period of six hours. Mixing water at a temperature of 150
degrees Fahrenheit was introduced to accelerate Initial set of the
concrete.
The specifications for the concrete required a cement content of
six bags per cubic yard of concrete, minimum compressive strength of
1500 pounds per square inch, and a maximum unit weight of 75 pounds
per cubic foot.
Pumice aggregate is marketed principally in the following sizes:
Passing 1/2 inch to dust------- -— — •blended
Passing 1/2 inch retained on 1/4 inch’ — coarse

Passing l/U inch to dust— — — — — •fine
The fine aggregate weighs 1200 to 1300 pounds per cubic yard and the
coarse aggregate weighs 800 to 900 pounds per cubic yard.

Test data from investigations conducted by Price and Cordon (6),
Kluge, Sparks and Tuma (10) and Boyd (11) are shown in Table I with
the physical properties of the pumice aggregates used shown in
Table II,
A brief summary of these results indicate the following general

properties of pumice concrete: (12)
1, Pumice concrete requires about twice as much cement as
regular aggregate concrete to produce the same strengths,
2, Pumice aggregate concrete weighs slightly less than Haydite
concrete and about 1/3 to 2/3 of that of dense concrete.
tablet P r e v io u s data o n p u m ic e concrete
r-—"-- ■
Q) Pro- . Cement W ater Absorption Unit Wetghi Compressive
Maximum portion Cement Strength ibs/sa/t
Material F a c to r ratio net cent /b / c u f t
0 S / ZO -
V) ^ 'Volume bacjs/cu.tjd qat/baq dry weight fre s h D ry 7dag 26c/og
V4 3.15 26.00 9 /4 7 0,6

175 5 /5 -------
Pum 1C & 3 /4 " —

4.90 15.51 20.8 95.6 78.7 850 1700 -------
(-treated) 3 /4 " —
6:93 i 0.80 18.1 99.2 34. / 1655 2705 5.2
No,/ 3 /4 " —
7.10 9.34 14.0 94.6 82.8 1520 2140 —
3 /4 " —
9.27 3 .0 4 17,9 99,2 85,6 2/50 3 2 /0 ..
h
r 3/4 " —
3.H 20,38 —
90.9 74.0 285 —
0 3 /4 " —
5.06 12.16 20./ 95.2 82.0 825
1335 —
t) Pumice
v 3 /4 " --------- • 7.06 843 17.1 98.0 87,9 1965 2520 6,0
0 No, 2
h 3/4" 7.28 * 7.87 20,0 82.4 73N 1820 2205 —
3/4". —
8.74 6,96 14.3 100.6 90.9 2565 3175 —
M/2" —
5.06 . 13,40 17.6 86.8 72,9 610 t U85 —
Pumice
(D / ‘/ z " IN 5 9,97 20.4 90.3 78.8 1/30 ' 1805
\ No. 3
0
N/z" , —
1.00 * 9,70 22.3 88.3 66.4 I I 50 1765 —
V
a 3/8" —
5.04 15.06 9,3 92.0 68. / 255 585 —
Pumice
3/3" —
7.28 U .64 20,9 96,2 76.8 705 1485 2.14
N o ,I
3/8" — 6 .9 2 * 13.59 19,7 93,8 80.8 750 /4S5 —
|
\
/" H i,3:14 2.9 * 21.73 29.6 74 51 960 / /SO /.13

H U : 4.2 4 .7 * 15.53 2 5 .5 8i 63 /5 4 0 1765 1.89
A^/csc?<s>
/"
Pumice
1" H 0:73.0 6 .6 * 11,21 2 2 .2 65 67 20 45 2 /2 5 2.08
; T~
/" H. 0.5:2.2 6 .7 * 9 .0 3 / 9.0 68 73 2 /7 0 2330 239

M /2 " 1 :2 1 1 .1 4 ^ 6 .8 6 -- 1040 86.1 2720 —
1/2" r.3 9.17 7.12 /03 .0 ’8 5.4 -

27/0
- - _
Pumice
i/z " r.4 7.07 9 .8 / 98.8 78.4 1234 '
No. 1 5.39 * 13.04 91,0 67.4 932

1/2" /: 5 — — —
U 2" H6 4 . 6 5 * 12.75 —
86.8 63.5 39/ —
3 /6 " 1: 0. 9:21 9.72 6 .8 2 —

118.0 103.0 —
3440 —
0 2/ 55
3 /6 " Hi. 2:2.8 7.53 6 .6 5 —
U4.5 95,6 —
Pumice
3/8"' . i:i.75:3,25 6.24 U , 72 U3.0 905 1880 ;;;
No, 2
3 /8 " i:i.75:3.25\ 5 . 3 9 * 12 .24 108,0 89.8 1372
— — —
3 /8 " IH.8:4.2 5 . H * I 3 . / 8 /06.0 88.6 108/

— — —
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3* Strengths range fron $00 to 3000 psi with few nixes reaching
the 3000-pound strength*

4* Thermal conductivity is slightly better than for Haydite
concretes and is about 1/3 that of dense concretes*

5* Hailing and sawing properties are considered favorable with
seme splitting and chipping.
Haydite is the most widely distributed of all lightweight aggre

gates and is the best known* Haydite is a material manufactured by
burning clay or shale ordinarily used for producing brick* The
material is burned in a rotary kiln to a point of incipient fusion at
a temperature of some 2000 degrees Fahrenheit* The oxidation of its
carbon forms gasses and causes the material to expand into lightweight
porous clinker* The clinker is ground to the gradation desired in
order to produce concrete aggregate* Haydite is manufactured by
various companies in the United States and Canada under the patent
rights issued to S. H* Hayde of Kansas City, Missouri in 191$ (13)•
Haydite was first used as an aggregate in the production of

concrete ships shortly after World War I but since then has been
used in both monolithic and precast construction with the greatest
demand for the latter*
The main uses for Haydite concrete are structural concrete,
masonry units, refractory concrete and precast roof slabs* It has
been used for structural purposes with a saving in dead weight of 30

to 60 per cent without any appreciable loss in strength*
15
One particular example of the use of Haydite concrete in mono
lithic construction is the Von l^ffcan garage at 9th and Walnut St,
St* Louis, Missouri (H)« This building was originally a two-story

structure constructed in 1936* It was desired to add a story to this
garage with dead lead as the primary factor for consideration. Hay
dite was used as the sole aggregate producing a concrete weighing SO
pounds per eubic foot and hawing a strength of over 3000 psi* Six
bags of cement were used to the cubic yard with one-half bag of Bed
Diamond Masonry cement used as an admixture*

Xm multiple-story construction Haydite concrete was employed in
the addition of fourteen stories to the Bell Telephone Building in
Kansas City and for use in the seventeen story Equitable Building im
Dea Moines, Iowa (14) • There are many more such examples that may be
seen throughout the country*
Perhaps the most common use for Haydite concrete, at least im
most sections of the eoumtry, is precast masonry units* These are

available in several different sizes* These units have been used im
small and large construction jobs alike to a great advantage. They
may be easily stuccoed and have greater acoustieal properties and fire
protection than regular sand-gravel concrete* In larger construction
the use is principally for back-up of brick walls and partitions to

give greater acoustieal properties and fire protection along with a
decrease of dead load* Examples of use of Haydite concrete block may

be seen in the Bell Memorial Hospital, Kansas City, Kansas where it
was used for sound insulation and partition walls, and the McCann
Store Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania where it was used for all
16
brick back-up, partitions, column fireproofing and elevator shafts*
The use of Haydite concrete in refractory work has been com
paratively recent. Haydite concrete has been rather successful as a
refractory concrete since the coefficient of expansion of aggregate
is just slightly less than that of the cement or binders and con
sequently there is no disruption due to temperature change. Most of
this work has been done by combining Haydite with Lunnite cement and
still may be considered in the experimental stage.
The construction of precast Haydite concrete roof tile has opened
another market. The slabs are available in both channel and rectan
gular form. An outstanding example of their use is the 1,200,000
square feet of Haydite roof tile on the Curtiss-flright Buildings at

Lambert Field at St. Louis, Missouri and the 1,600,000 square feet
of the same type of tile used in the St. Louis Ordnance Plant (14).
This construction seems to be especially adaptable to industrial
buildings.
Haydite may be secured in several different gradings with the
following marketable sizes (14)*

Passing 1/8 inch to dust— Fine haydite sand— Grade AA
Passing 3/16 inch to dust— Regular haydite sand— Grade A
Passing 1/2 inch retained on 1/4 inch— Intermediate haydite

sand— Grade B
Passing 3/4 inch retained 1/4 inch— Coarse haydite sand— Grade 0
Passing 3/8 inch to dust— Combined haydite— Grade HI
The "A" and *6” grades of Haydite are used in combination for structural
concrete. Grades "A", "B" and "HIN are for concrete products while
Grade "AA" is for finishing purposes.
17
A picture of a typical sample of Haydite aggregate is shewn in
Figure 2. This saaple is very similar to that used by Riehart and

Jensen in their investigations (13)• The typical chemical analysis
which is shewn in Figure 2 will he nearly uniform for samples obtained
from the licensed companies producing Haydite as will most of the
other properties*
Test data from investigations on Haydite eonerete which was
conducted by Price and Cordon (6), Kluge, Sparks and Tuna (10), Boyd
(11) and Riehart and Jensen (13) are shewn in Table III with the
physical properties of the aggregates used in Table III shewn in
Table XV*
▲ brief summary of these results indicate the following general
properties of Haydite eonerete (12)i
1* The cement content for Haydite concretes was less than for
the other lightweight concretes but still had a somewhat
greater cement requirement than for the dense concretes*

2* The unit weight of Haydite concretes ranged from one-half
to two-thirds that of the dense concretes*
3* Haydite eonerete produced high compressive strengths. A.
strength of 7000 pounds per square inch was reached by one
nix with a cement content of 0*6 bags per cubic yard of

concrete* Im general compressive strengths are less for
Haydite concrete than for corresponding dense concrete nixes*
4* Thermal conductivity of Haydite concretes was the highest
for all the lightweight aggregates Investigated; however
further investigations by Kluge, Sparks and Tuna (10) (not
Siliea * • • • • • • • • . • * . • 60 pereent
Iron Oxide • • • • ........ • • 0 percent
Aluminum Qaida 16 percant
Magnesitn Oxide .......... . . 2 pereent
Line • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 pereent
Alkalies • ............. . . • A pereent
Loss on ignition • • * • .less than 1 pereent
Specific gravity , .......... *2*52 approx*
Fusion point • • • • • • * • • • *2200 degrees
Fahrenheit
Fig. 2 A TYPICAL SAMPLE OF HAYDJTg m

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21
Included in Table III) shows that one nix of Haydite con
crete produced the lowest thermal conductivity of any of
the other aggregates producing the same compressive strengths*
In general the Haydite (expanded clay and shale aggregates)

concrete has the poorest insulating qualities of any light
weight concrete*
5* Nailability and sawahility are to be classed as poor because
the aggregate is rather hard and will produce a dense eon
erete having high strengths*
Perlite
Perlite is comparatively a newcomer in the field of use as an
aggregate in lightweight eonerete and the investigations made on it

are few* Perlite consists of froth-like particles of acidic volcanic
glass varying in color from white to gray, blue gray, rarely red (11)•
Some Perlite aggregates are very friable or crumbly while others are
only slightly friable in structure* The material may have an angular
or spherical shape depending upon its source and its treatment* Per
lite ore contains particles of water which, when heated to a controlled

temperature, expands, in the form of steam causing the material to
pop similar to that of corn (3)* Perlite ore is sometimes found in
an expanded form; however most of the Perlite used commercially has

been expanded by processing* Distributors of Perlite aggregates are
located in Arizona, Utah, Oregon, Illinois, California, Colorado,
Minnesota and South Dakota (6).
22
For monolithic poured-in-place construction, Perlite concrete
nay be classed as an insulating concrete* It is very popular as an
aggregate for insulating plaster* The drying shrinkage is excessive

in the concrete produced and is not considered desirable for struc
tural eonerete; however, it has been successfully used for sose types
of construction.
Rather complete investigations were nade by Price and Gordon (6),
Kluge, Sparks and Tuna (1©) and Boyd (11) on Perlite aggregates and
the eonerete produced from these aggregates* lata taken fron their
investigations is shown in Table V with the physical properties of
the Perlite aggregates used shown in Table VI*
A brief summary of the results shown in Table V Indicate the
following general properties for Perlite eonerete (12):
1* More eenent was required for Perlite eonerete than for
pumice or Haydite concrete for a given strength* For
strengths greater than 500 pounds per square inch a eenent
faetor of five to eight bags was used* Workable concretes

with compressive strengths less than 2©0 pel were produced
by introducing an air entraining agent*
2* The unit weight varied fron 1/5 to 1/3 of that for dense
eoneretes or from 33 to 60 pounds per eubie foot*
3o Compressive strengths are low, ranging from less than 10©
to 130© psl*
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X 5f
• tb
tto i? 0 .y *
to 0 o .SN5 to to)
x
t to X .
<o
X) k k I *
X c
to ?^
Is to to o\ \
^ C\] Hj k C\
~k
X 0 -k 1 4
r
£ to > \ \ k O' to k <n

0 k .k ^ to) " 'to I to ? t o O
to I O (n
r-.
toU A
to 0
r>
1 O o
25
4* Perlite concretes hare very lcnr thermal conductivity. In
view of their low compressive strength, they may he consid
ered as insulation concretes.

5« The drying shrinkage of Perlite concretes shoes an excess of
that which would indicate good performance under normal job
conditions.
6. is would he expected due to their low unit weights, Perlite
concretes have excellent sawing and nailing properties.
§£££&
In more fluid volcanic lava flows, especially the hasalts, the
gas cavities or vesicles attain large size and, if the cavities are
highly irregular in shape and size and are so abundant that there is
at least as much empty space as solid material, the resulting rock is
seoriaceous and any loose pieces of such material are classed as
scoria (3). This material is rather predominately basic in chemical
composition. The material varies in color from red to black and
resembles industrial cinders in texture. The scoria referred to

here is of volcanic origin and should not be confused with the
material which is produced by the burning of coal fields; that, also,

is called scoria.
The development of scoria for use as a lightweight aggregate has
just begun and little is known about its properties as a suitable
aggregate for eonerete, but there are indications of many possibilities
with sources known to be used commercially in lew Mexico.
26
The only available information of an investigation on sooria eon
erete was correlated by Kluge, Sparks and Tuna (1©) and the results
of this Inrestigation are shewn in Tahle V with physical properties
of the seoria aggregate shown in Tahle VI*

A brief summary of the results found by this inrestigation
indleates that (12)*
1. The ecment eontent required for a giren strength was sone-
what greater than for pumiee eoneretes.
2. The unit weights of seoria eonerete were comparable with
that for pumiee and Haydite eoneretes, and about 2/3 of
that for dense eoneretes.

3* A maximum strength of 25©© psi was obtained for a cement
factor of mine bags per eubie yard, A cement factor of
three bags per eubie yard produeed a strength of 20© psi.
Workability was poor in the leaner mixtures.
A. Thermal conductivity of seoria eonerete rated with that
for pumiee eonerete or about 1/3 that of dense ooncretea.
5. A moderate amount of drying shrinkage indleates favorable
results in many dwelling uses.

6. Scoria-aggregate eoneretes ean be sawed and will receive
nails readily.
Further discussion of these papers referred to in this chapter
along with data and information taken fro* others will be given in
Chapter VI for the purpose of comparing the properties of the light

weight eoneretes previously Investigated with those found in this
investigation.
27
Further information concerning these aggregates discussed here
and others nay be foond by referring to the recommended reference

list at the end of this thesis#
CHAPTER III
LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE RESOURCES OF WYOMING
The resources of lightweight aggregate la Wyoming are almost
totally undeveloped. This is due to the remoteness of resources
from large manufacturers and consuming centers and to the relatively
sparse population of the State coupled with the availability of

other construction materials. Investigations of the possible sources
of lightweight eonerete aggregates have been few and more or less
preliminary. The prospect for development of these resources and
for producing local lightweight aggregates in Wyoming appear to be
very promising. Many lightweight materials available may be found
suitable for use in lightweight concrete, if sufficient considers*

tiom were given these materials through investigations. There are
materials purely the product of nature that may be used without
alteration other than the normal crushing and screening process for
producing the desired gradations suitable for concrete aggregate.
Other materials may be suitable for lightweight eonerete aggregates
by sone form of manufacturing process. There are definite possi
bilities for new openings in industry, and new loeal markets may be
brought about by the development of these resources.
The purpose of this chapter is to review briefly the possible
aggregates and their sources as to the general location and accessi
bility for marketing purposes. This review is made on materials
29
known t© be of such quantities that may warrant InTostigation in th®
future* Host of the information given here was taken fron a nap
"construction materials and non-metallie mineral resources of Wyoming"
compiled by the United States Geological Survey (l6).
Pumice and Volcanic Ash
Wyoming pumiee is discussed in Chapter IV and will he omitted
here* Deposits of pumice, pumicite,or volcanic ash, other than

Wyoming pumiee, are known to exist in sections of Wyoming* One
deposit occurs 12 miles south of Laramie* This deposit was devel

oped at one tine for use in producing scouring powders and soaps*
There have been several pits dug into the deposit but they are
said to be abandoned at the present time* This deposit has an
average thickness of A to 6 feet* Other deposits of unknown extent

occur in the Canyon Creek area of the Big Horn Mountains, but appear
to be quite extensive* Great quantities of volcanic ash and volcanie

debris are found with the lava flows of northwestern Wyoming with
out-crops for suitable sampling occurring near Moran and at the head
of Worth Fork Greek northwest of Dubois* The deposit near Laramie
is the most accessible considering the nearness of the deposit to

the railroad, but the other deposits do not occur far from roads and
may be made accessible if proved to be a satisfactory material and
if the extent of the deposit is such to warrant commercial production*
Qlfoto M l Sgorja
Clinker, also called natural slag or seoria, resulting from the
burning of coal beds on or near the surface of the ground appears to be
very abundant. At the present tine this type of scoria is being used
as road aggregate and railroad ballast in sections of the State, Re
search is being conducted by the author on a similar type of seoria

found in the coal beds of South Bakota which nay be of future interest
for the development of these beds in Wyoming,
There is a deposit in Campbell County which has been located by-
townships and sections extending from the northern border of Wyoming
between the 105 and 106 meridian to a southern border near Lightening
Creek, An abundant amount of clinker is found in the Sheridan coal

fields but it has not been napped and its exact location is not known;
however it is believed to be about 15 miles southeast of Sheridan,
Farther southeast of Sheridan lie the Buffalo coal fields in which much
more of the altered or fused rock may be found, Seoria has been mined
in Campbell County and millions of cubic yards are available in the
coal fields of northeastern Wyoming (16), Other deposits may be known
but are not recorded or mapped. All deposits seem to be quite accessible
to railroads and roads,
Ymta&ULte
This is a special type of mioa produced and used for insulation
purposes. Concretes made from either the raw vermieullte ore or the
expanded vermieullte are classed as insulating concretes and have low
strength qualities. There are many vermieullte producing areas in
Wyoming, These areas of the State are the Glenrock Bistrict in Converse
County, the Encampment Bistrict of Carbon County, the Wheatland Bistrict
31
Im Platte and Albany Counties and the Sweetwater District in Natrona
County, Occurrences of vermieullte have been reported in the Saratoga
region, the Laramie Peak District, the Antelope Hills southwest of

Lander and about 30 miles southeast of Sheridan, These have not been
mapped or exactly located and the extent of the sources is not known.
The deposits first mentioned above are accessible by either truck or
car and many of the deposits are being mined at the present time for
use as Insulation material.
Tuffs and Breccias
When magma in the conduits of a volcano nears the surface, it
either flows quietly or if it is very viscuous and charged with gassos

under great pressure, it becomes highly explosive. As a result clots
of magma are blown into the air, and fall as splotches or solid frag*
ments, depending upon the amount of cooling in the flight through the
air, ©wing to the expansion of the Internal gasses in the fragments
they are more or less vesicular. The finer fragments are called tuff
and the coarser material is identified as breccia (3),
Deposits of this material are found in sections of Wyoming, Tuff
is found in the Leucite Hills near Superior with the largest deposit
being located on Steamboat Mountain, Other deposits are known but
are not mapped or recorded.
In addition to the above aggregates there may be clay and shale
throughout the State that possess possibilities for use in the manu
facture of Haydite aggregates. It is reported that clay or shale suit
able for manufacturing brick is suitable for producing Haydite (17),
32
Volcanic rooks hare keen quarried for local use as building stone
in western Wyoming and adjoining parts of Idaho but the production was
snail and has not been recorded*
This summary of available sources of possible lightweight aggre
gates is brief but indicates what the future nay hold for lightweight
concrete construction in this area* An investigation of these materials
nay prove to be the answer to economical housing in Wyoming with the
highest quality of construction naterials*
l i b r a r y
□ r THE
UNIVERSITY OF WYOMING
LARAMIE
CHAPTER IT
DESCRIPTION OP WYOMING PUMICE USED
IN THIS INVESTIGATION
The Leuclte Hills of Wyoming are made up of a series of lava
fleers* The greater portion of these flows are fine-grained earthy
rooks containing small flakes of dark mica. Host of the aica crystals
are but two to three aillimeters in diameter. The rooks wary in color
fron dull reddish or yellowish gray to straw yellow* The more dense
rocks are darker in tone and hare a pronounced schistose appearance*
The lighter-colored varieties are usually porous in sone degree, the

cavities being minute and irregular in shape except in the pumieeous
material which is abundant in some sections of the hills* Some of
the pumiee (Wyoming Pumiee) is very light with nearly round pores and
in places the pores are drawn out in delicate tubes (1)*
An investigation conducted by H* R. Schultz (1) found that
nearly all rocks of the Leuclte Hills, porous or dense, exhibit nearly
the same surface texture varieties*

Microscopic studies (l) made of the rocks show that the more
vesicular rock contains four principal minerals* The mica is rich
reddish brown in color varying with the thickness of the flakes. The
two colorless minerals present include one made of fine well-defined
prisms, octagonal in shape, with its properties showing it to be nearly
iron-free pyroxene called diopside; the other material occurs in round

grains called Leuolte which is crowded between the mica flakes and the
34
diopside crystals. The last mineral is orthoclase, Potash feldspar,
occurring in variable amounts.
A picture of Wyoming Pumice may he seen in Figure 3* This picture

shows the pores in their true size and shape. The chemical analysis
of Wyoming Pumice is shown also in Figure 3* This analysis is typical
hut nay vary slightly from different samples of this family of aggre
gates (1).
There are several separate unattached exposures in the Leuclte
Hills and they vary from talus-covered hills,volcanic necks and

associated dikes to intruded lava sheets and flows with one or more
protruding cones. Some mesas have been built up of successive flows
on top of which rise cones made up of fragmental pumiee or of very
cellular scoria. Pumiee or scoria in the Leuclte Hill region is
known to he found on Zirkel Mesa, Orenda Mesa, Hock Mesa, Gross Mesa,
Black Rock Mesa and Steamboat Mountain. Tuff or agglonerate may he
found on Boars Tusk, Badger Teeth Hills and Steamboat Mountain. A
map showing the general location of these deposits is presented im
Figure 4*
The sample of Wyoming Pumiee used in this investigation was ob
tained on Zirkel Mesa. Zirkel Mesa is by far the largest of all the
exposures of lava in the Leuclte Hills, lying chiefly in the east

half of T. 21 H „ R. 102 W. and extends west into T. 21 W., R. 101 W.
as shown in Figure 5. It consists of a series of lava flows of nearly
vertical enscarpoents being more or less indented and dissected in
places. The entire mass of lava rests on rocks of Montana age
Silica • • • • • • • ........ 56.0 pereent
Altaian . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 pereent
Ferric Oxide • « • • • • • • • • • 7*0 pereent
Kagneeie • • • • • 5.0 pereent
Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 pereent
Soda 2.0 pereent
Potaek • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 11.0 pereent
Fit. 3 4 TYPICAL SjJPL£ OF WYOT O PM S I

Taotoal s iz in m chemical analysis
aw Boafc* r SJ2L£
tea/nbodt
Hooton'6 •cabin
23
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R O C K S P R IN G S
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toMde^
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- M 6 P S H O W I N G W Y O M I N G PUMICE DEPOSITS JJd T HE

L E U C / T E HILLS, S W E E T W A T E R C O U N T Y * W Y O M I N G
(Reproduced F r o m M a p Stj A. e. Shu Hz (II)
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
3 7
37
. 2 / rkel mesa
93
.J _ _________
o
VVt o m i n q Pumice D eposit
Fic3 *5 SHOWING specific LOCATION O f

CONES PRODUCING W Y O M I N G PUMICE
O N Z/EKEL M ESA
38
(Cretaceous) which has been cut by at least three prominent faults,

none of which affect the lava, proving the ages of the lava flow to he
later than the faulting* From the top of the Mesa rise five prominent
cones* Four of these cones contain fragments of Wyoming Pumiee and

the fifth cone with its smaller associated blisters is made up of solid
lava similar to that of which the greater portion of the Leuclte Hills
is made, called Wyomimgite and ©rendlte, which are potash-bearing
igneous rooks*
Wyoming Pumice occurs on these four cones as indicated in the
maps in Figures U and 5* Cones one and two as shown on the map are
the largest and contain great quantities of Wyoming Pumice* A picture
of Cone one may be seen in Figure 6 and Cone two in Figure 7* Zirkel
mesa is the most significant of the lightweight-aggregate-producing
mesas by virtue of the great extent of the deposit and of its accessi
bility* An existing road leads directly to the deposits of the

material* The necessary haul of the material by truck is about three
miles to Superior from which the material may be shipped by train. A
branch of the Union Pacific Railroad connects Superior with the maim
lime*
Wyoming Pumice is a material entirely a product of nature which
has been essentially unaltered since its formation* It is a frag

mental, cellular, glass material resembling a petrified sponge in
appearance* Small flakes of mica may be seen embedded in the material
giving a sparkling effect* Wyoming Pumice varies in color from brown
to yellow or a light red depending upon the location from whieh the
Fig. 6 § Q & HO. 1 LOCATED ON ZIBKEL MÂ
Fig. 7 CONg HO. g LOCATED ON Z31KBL W £ L
40
material is obtained, with most of the material from Zirkel mesa being
light and dark brown. The material shown in Figure 3 was obtained from
Gone 2. The material was obtained in rook sizes and was orushed in a
laboratory crusher at the Natural Resources Research Institute located
on the campus of the University of Wyoming.
Wyoming Puaioe aggregate used in the tests was first separated
into eleven sizes ranging from one inch to that passing the Wo. 100
sieve. (This number of sizes eould have been reduced without a great
deal of variation in mixes containing a particular aggregate series.)
The sized materials subsequently were recombined to produce the
grading desired for each mix. This method of obtaining a specific
grading was tedious and would not be recommended for commercial use}
however, it was necessary to use this method for this investigation
to eliminate variable gradations.

Three gradations for concrete aggregate were selected Jbr testing.
Included in these were parabolic gradation by weight and by volume as

derived by Fuller to form the ideal curve for maximum density (18),
skip gradation of three component sizes as derived from studies on
compaction of materials by Furnas (19), and crusher run gradation as
was produced from the crusher. These gradations are reviewed briefly
in the following paragraphs.
In 1905 William B. Fuller and Sanford E. Thompson conducted some

studies on the effect of different gradations of aggregates upon the
strength and density of the concrete (18).
u
Until this time aggregate was used as it ease from the pit or
crusher without any attempt to proportion the materials in order to
produce hotter results* Thus the material generally contained an
excessive amount of fines and the mixes were harsh and difficult to
place* The purpose of these studies made hy Fuller and Thompson was
to determine a proper gradation which would he heat for average con
ditions* An ideal sleve-analyais curve was developed from this

investigation which since has been known as Fuller's ideal curve for
proportioning concrete aggregates* This curve which was developed
from actual tests on concrete aggregates has proved very valuable*
The ideal mechanical analysis curve for proportioning resembles
a parabola, which is a combination of an ellipse for the sand portion
and a tangent straight lime for tho stone portion* The ellipse runs
to a diameter of one-tenth of the maximum size of stone and the stone
is uniformly graded to the point of beginning the ellipse*
This indicates that the best mechanical analysis curve is slightly

different for various sizes of materials* The chief variations are
between two different sized materials} for example, one with a maximum
size of l/2-imeh stone and one with a maximum size of 2-l/A-inch stone}
the larger size stone requires a slightly higher curve in the fine sand
portion*
It follows from this that from a scientific standpoint the term
"sand" is relative* With 2-lA-inch stone the best sand would range
in size from © to ©*22 inch in diameter while the best sand for 1/2-
inch stone would range in size from © to ©*©5 inch in diameter*
Since the ideal curve varies with the maximum size material, the
eurve may he described by an equation with the maximum diameter as
the only variable. The formula for plotting this ideal curve is
P a 100(jj)-i- in which F is the present by weight retained on a given
sieve having openings of diameter "d" for a material having a maximum
size of diameter "D". This proportioning was not designed for the
purpose of expecting all aggregates to be separated and regraded te

meet this curve exactly, but rather, to approaoh this curve as nearly
as is practicable by mixing sand and stone on some percentage basis
to give maximum density as determined by previous tests. It was found
that by considering a particular dense aggregate so proportioned that
the sieve analysis curve approximating the ideal curve combined with a
given percentage, by weight, of cement will produce concrete with the
highest breaking strength, the largest degree of workability and with

the greatest durability (18).
The ideal curve was developed from tests conducted on dense aggre
gates and has proved very satisfactory. The question as to its appli
cation to lightweight aggregates now arisesj as a result, Puller's
ideal eurve for grading aggregates was applied to several series of
tests eonducted in this investigation on Wyoming Pumice.
In order to insure uniformity in applying this gradation, the

aggregates were separated and regraded to fit the ideal eurve precisely.
Wine different applications of parabolic gradation were used. The

gradings were applied with parabolic by weight including material
passing the No. 100 sieve. Three gradings were applied with parabolic
43
l»y volume including material passing the No. 100 sieve. Three addi
tional gradings were applied with parabolic by volume with an adjust
ment being applied to the curve in order to eliminate all material
passing the No. 100 sieve.

Each grading was designated according to the maximum size aggregate
used and the method of proportioning as shown belows
Method jg£ Proportioning IfenrfwiMi Size Aggregate

Aggregate Designal
Parabolic by weight 1 inch 1A
(including fines 3/8 inch 2A
passing 100 sieve) Diameter of
No. 8 sieve 31
opening
Parabolic by volt 1 inch IB

(including fines 3/8 inch 2B
passing 100 sieve) Diameter of
No. 8 sieve 3B
opening
Parabolic by volume 1 inch 1C

(no fines passing 3/8 inch 2C
No. 100 sieve) Diameter of
No. 8 sieve 3G
opening
Further reference to these gradings herein will be in accordance with

their aggregate series designation.
Skin Gradation
Another method of grading aggregates for maximum density may be
obtained by gap or skip grading which is a discontinuous grading curve
with the elimination of intermediate sizes of aggregates.
Skip grading of concrete aggregates was first thoroughly investi
gated by 6. <5. Furnas (19). All equations for grading broken solids
are set up to give teds of maximum density. This grading nay be pro
duced by having two, three or more component sizes.
Furnas has shown, through his studies, that for beds of broken
solids of two component sizes the composition for maximum density is
one where the proportion of the larger size measured in absolute volume
of solid is l/(l/V), where V is the volume of voids in a bed of sized
materials expressed as a ratio; that is, the volume of voids in a unit
of total volume of bed. For all practical purposes a material nay be
considered "sized" if it passes one screen and stays on another which
differs in size by the factor (2)-§. This relation holds only if the
percentages of voids are the same for both component sizes.
Concrete usually is of three component sizes. Figure 8 shows

a relationship between size ratio and the number of component systems
of maximum density. Assuming a concrete having cement particles of
0.001 inch average diameter and a coarse aggregate of average size
1.00 inch diameter, the size ratio is 0.001. If the average value of
the voids in a sized bed of coarse aggregate is A0 per cent, from

Figure 8, the number of component sizes for maximum density is 2.86.
This brings up a question of the significance of the fractional number
of component sizes. If the ideal concrete is made up as a three com

ponent system, the proportions are given by the equation:
Coarse Aggregate Fine Aggregate Cement
Instead of using three component sizes for the case under consideration
the required number is 2.86. This is not too significant because the
N
45
i
I <0
X>
ft $
vl I s
Si
Q
5
§
5
\
a
°) 3C.
*
Si 'Vi
1 51
Si <0
CQ
Sj
N
I
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Si
cxj
A H S N 3 C w n w ix v w J O S W 3 J .S A S
2 fO J 9 3 Z / 3 ± N 3 N Q d W O D J O JO dW H N
cement content will fee varied for different specifications of strength
which will vary the total component sizes a certain amount.
Dwelling further on the investigation fey Furnas it may fee shown
fey referring to Figure 9, which is a curve giving the minimum number
of voids, computed by Farms for several different component systems,
that the three component system is the most practicable. It may fee
assumed that the best combination of strength, durability and economy
can be secured with a concrete for which the aggregates are so chosen
as to fill as much space as possible; therefore from previous dis
cussion the three-component system is the most practical. The cement
may be regarded as one of these three sizes because the voids in a
bod of material wiU increase the number of the component sizes. For
a system which has a size ratio of 0.001 the number of component

sizesmay be increased fey increasing the volume of the voids. This
nay be accomplished by having a sized material of more uniform size
and irregular in shape. The conclusion drawn by Furnas is that to
make a concrete of greatest possible density the coarse aggregate

should fee large, of uniform size and irregular in shape.
If a system is such that a three component size gives maximum
density, then the proper size of the fine aggregate is given fey the
equation d2 « (dld3)£
where d^ s average diameter of coarse aggregate
dg s average diameter of fine aggregate

dj s average diameter of cement
&
.OOOOI .000! .00I JD! oj

R ATIO O F S M A LLE S T TO LA R G E S T S I Z E
F la - 9 - C O M P U T E D P O SSIBLE M IN IM U M l/O IDS J N BEDS O F T W O TO F O U R
C O M P O N E N T S IZ E S I F IN ITIA L l/O ID S / N SIZED MATERIAL I S 4 0 PERCENT ^
4*
This equation should apply approximately even though the muster of com
ponent sizes for maximum density, as shown by Figure 8 is not exactly
3*0 for some known quantity of wolds* This type of grading may he
highly desirable for Wyoming Pumice due to the irregular shape of the
sized material obtained from crushing.
The first step la applying this grading is to determine the size
of the fine aggregate* The cement size generally is assumed to be
*001 inch in average diameter in each ease* The size of the coarse
aggregate would be selected arbitrarily depending upon the use te which
the produced concrete is to be applied* After the sizes have been
selected it is necessary to determine the amount of each size needed
to produce maximum density* This may be a simple procedure if the
volume of voids previously is determined for a known volume of eaoh
size material* It should be noted that the purpose of the fine aggre
gate is to fill all the void space left by the coarse aggregate and
likewise the cement is to fill all voids left after the fine aggregate
is introduced; however, an excessive amount of cement may be required
to fill this void space* If a desired strength concrete can be ob

tained without filling all the void space with cement, it certainly
would be impractical and uneconomical to do so*
Three applications were made with skip gradation, each being made
with a different maximum size aggregate* Each grading was designated
according to the maximum size aggregate used and the method of propor
tioning as shown below*
49
M M Si - PBttlflff AfflggMl SgrJjPg

Aggregate Designatiom
1 inch ID
3/8 inch 2D
Skip Grading Diameter of
No. 8 sieve 3D
opening
Any further reference made to these gradings herein will he in accord
ance with their aggregate series designation.
Crusher Egg
This particular proportioning was used to show results of a typical
field gradation as produced by crushing the material without any attempt

te alter the results. This grading is used for comparison with concrete
produced by using other selected gradings.
Crusher run material was used for these gradings. A standard
sieve analysis was run on the material to determine these gradations.
Each sieve analysis was performed in accordance with the procedure
outlined in A.S.T.M. Designation C 136-39, "Standard Method of Test
for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates" (2©). A sample of
Wyoming Pumice is shown in Figures 10 and 11 before and after it had
been separated by standard sieves. Gradings as used here were identi
fied by their aggregate series as listed here.
Method Proportioning M&y Iamm Sise Aggregate Series

Aggregate Designation
1 inch IB
3/8 inek 2E
Crusher Bun Diameter of
Mo. 8 sieve 3B
opening
50
Fif* XI SIEVE ANALYSIS ®g WYOMING PUMICE

AGGREGATE (1»to He. 200 Siero)
51
Any farther reference Bade to these gradings herein will he in accord
ance with their aggregate series designation*
Crusher run grading would he the most economical method of pro
portioning if it met the requirements whieh are desired in a eonerete

using sueh aggregates. Since the material had not been investigated
in any grading prior to this, the best grading for the material had
yet to he determined. For this reason it was thought desirable to
determine what results would he developed from eonerete using erusher
run material.
The tests other than the sieve analysis made on the aggregates
imelude unit weights, absorption, hulk specific gravity percent
passing the number 200 sieve. The results of all tests made on the
aggregates are listed in Table VII,
The unit weight tests were conducted in accordance with the

procedures set up in A,S,T,M, Designation 6 29-42 "Standard Method
of Test for Unit Weight of Aggregates (20), The redded and loose
methods were employed in obtaining the unit weight values.
The test for absorption and bulk specific gravity was made by
placing aggregate in a container of known volume after whieh water
was introduced to fill the container. The bulk specific gravity is
equal to the weight of the aggregate introduced divided by the volume

of water displaced. The absorption was found by measuring the amount
of water added to fill the container after an elapsed time of two hours.
Further information concerning the physical properties of Wyoming
Pumice is included in the discussion of results given in Chapter VI,
size
<*> CFv.Vo
oS CO qj O-J OS
C om ponent
INVESTIGATION
hhirc(
IN THIS
-the
Cement was usea for
USED
CF \A/CO Ml NO PUMICE
e rf
fT) m
CM
PROPERTIES
C\| CM
TABLE W -PHYSICAL
Reproduced with permission o f the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CHAPTER V
CONCRETE TEST PROCEDURES AND RESULTS
This chapter primarily consists of a brief description of the

test procedures followed in conducting the tests on Wyoming Pumice
concrete and the tabulated data obtained from the results of these
tests.
Before the actual mixing of each hatch was started, each portion
of the ingredients was weighed accurately on a beam type balance hawing
a capacity of 36 pounds with an accuracy of @.@1 lb. The gradation of
the aggregates as desired for a particular mix was obtained by weighing
each of the sized materials produced by screening. The weights of each
of these sized aggregates for the mix was in accordance with the
gradings previously shown in Table VII of Chapter IV. The aggregates
were mixed dry in order to distribute thoroughly the coarse and fines
and were allowed to soak for a period of two hours before being intro
duced into the mix. The desirability of using soaked or dry light
weight aggregate materials in the producing of lightweight concrete
has brought about considerable controversy. When dry aggregates are
used in a mix it is conceivable that the absorption qualities of the
aggregate will be such as to cause the mix to become stiff and less
workable as the mixing period progresses. The loss of cement paste
into the pore space of the aggregate will increase unit weight and will
decrease binding power of the cement between the aggregates. On the
5A
other hand -the cement that is lost in the pore space will increase the
strength of the aggregate particles. Pre-soaked aggregates used in
concrete will not cause appreciable less of cement to the inner pores
of the aggregates and a more desirable consistency may be maintained
in controlling a nix. In this investigation it was desirable to main
tain constant consistency as nearly as practicable, therefore the
aggregates were used in a soaked state.
Entrained air was introduced into all mixes in this investigation
by including an air entraining agent as an ingredient of the mix.
This was done with the belief that, in the future very little light
weight eonerete construction will be completed without aid of this
type of admixture. Generally entrained air is desired in lightweight
concrete to produce better workability, especially in the leaner mixes,
and to prevent excessive segregation of the aggregates which is
apparent in lightweight eonerete because of the wide variation in
specific gravities ef the different sizes. The air entraining agent
employed was "Darex", which is a commercial mix of trlethanolamine
salt of sulphomated hydrocarbon, manufactured by the Dewey and Almy
Chemical Company.
The amount of air actually entrained in the mixes was very diffi
cult to determine with any degree ef accuracy since the theoretical
unit weight used in the gravimeterio air determination cannot be
accurately obtained. An air entraining meter was not available during
the testing period, but it is doubtful if this method for measuring
entrained air would be any more dependable, since a meter will measure,
55
not only the entrained air, hut also the unfilled voids of aggregate
(6).
The proportions of cement and aggregate used in each mix of this
investigation were determined by a few trial computations prior to
mixing. The actual mixing was accomplished by hand with aggregate,
water and air entraining agent being mixed first for an approximate
period of three minutes. Cement was then introduced, followed by
additional water necessary to produce the desired flow or slump. The
mixing period with the cement as an ingredient was maintained between
five and six minutes. Normal portland cement, "Type 1", was used in
all mixes.
The properties of fresh eonerete are listed in Table Till.
These properties include proportion by volume, cement factor, water
cement ratio, air content, slump or flow and workability of the
concrete. The unit weight of the fresh eonerete was listed with
the properties of cured concrete for better comparison.
The proportion by volume was obtained from the dry rodded volumes
of the Ingredients. For example a ratio of 1:4 (see Table Till) indi
cates that for one bag of cement (one cubic foot, 94 pounds) four
cubic feet of dry rodded aggregate was used. The dry rodded unit
weights ef the various gradings ef Wyoming Pumice, as used in this
investigation, were given in Table TII in Chapter IT.
The cement factor as shown in Table Till is given as the number
ef bags of cement required to produce a cubic yard of concrete while
the water cement ratio is the number of gallons required per bag of
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TABLE m - C O N T IN U E D ... ... .... —.— — - —

• - — ■;.........
WATER
AGGREGATE MIX MAXIMUM PROPORT- CEMENT CAFE/ A IR SLUMP FLOW '
CEMENT
; SHE : ION '.FACTOR CONTENT WORKABILITY
SERIES number RATIO
, AGGREGATE’Btj Zyytrie Bqrs/CuYc/. Gals. /Bay Cl.fCuYd %ByTolume In ch e s P e rce nt
.... . ... ^ .. ; ....... .
1 ' r .5 .2 : s . s i I I . 1C 5 4 .4 6. 63 70 l/e r tj P o o d
3C 2 ' No. 8 i / £>. 0 ' 4 . 70 8 .1 4 5 6 .6 9 .2 4 70 Ke-rij Q o o cJ
‘ ! 3, \/:s .9 .6 .0 7 II. 95 4 6 .3 5 .2 2 ------- 75 Z e ry G o o d
I M 3.2 7 .3 6 1.2 8 24.0 3 . 92. 5 > /2 -------- M e ry C7 0 o o \
ID 2 / Inch / :4 ./ ' 6 .3 9 6 .2 1 2 5 .9 5 .9 0 '/2 -------- V e r y C rooci

-r r .4 .2 j 5 .7 7 6 . 71 cn —i.e.
t y
1 2 .5 0 !/2 -------- F a ir
j______ ....
l .113.1 | 7.60 7 .8 7 o r ~ 4 .3 3 -------- 90 Z e rij G ood
ID 2 % Inch r .4 .5 5. £ 6 9 .2 4 41.5 7. 5 4 -------- 75 Q O O d
3 4 :6 .1 4 .1 5 9 .SO 44.0 9 .5 2 -------- 60 F d l r -

.......... . • '
1 \N 3.2 i 6 .16 4 0. 6 3.11...... -------- 75 S e rif F o o d
3D 2 \ No. 8 / :4.4 6.12 10775 4-1.2 5 , 94 - - - - 70 M em G o o d
3 r.6 .9 | 4. 56 13 770 -5 . 7 1C. 5 5 -------- 70 G ood

........... .
1 / 4. * 5 . 74 C;* —
w ' f1 !4 .£ 5 .8 2 5 > /2 Poor
IE i I Inc h
2 , i : 3 .6 6 . 13 6 .0 ! 15.0 9 .5 2 !/£ -------- Z e ro P o o r
j
1
I /: 7 .17 £. 20 40.6 9 .4 0 -------- 5 € G ood
2E 2 %' Incr ■1 r .2 .4 ! 3. ec 7., 60 3 .0 .3 4.91 45 V o rcj N cco

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3 1:4. - 5 .14 /1 .70 4 0 .0 7.21 70 F a ir
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3E 2 Nc. 5 . n c . v 1O . O 3 .7 7 23.2 9.20 ------ 55 V e ry 5 o c a
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3 , /: 4. c ^ 5 .4 4 I £ . /0 £2.6 5 .2 8 45 G ooo
58
cement in the partictilar nix. All water, other than that absorbed,
was included in computing the water content*
The air content is given in Table VIII as the percent of air
contained in the yield volume of concrete* The calculation of the

air content was obtained in accordance with A.S.T.M. Designation
0-138 "Standard Method of Test for Weight For Cubic Foot, Yield and
Air ©ontent" (20), The difference between the absolute volume of
the ingredients and the yield volume of the eonerete is the amount
of air present in the mixture.
The slump or flew test was used to maintain a constant degree

of viscosity. The slump test was conducted in accordance with A.S.T.M,
Designation 6-14-3 "Standard Methods of Test for Consistency of Port-

land-Cement Concrete" (20), A slump of 1/2 inch was selected as the
desirable consistency* The flow was obtained in accordance with

A.S.T.M* Designation 6-124 "Standard Method of Test for Flow of Port
land-Gement Concrete by fse of the Flow Table". Both the 16- and 30-
inoh flow tables were used for determining the flow* It was intended
to control the flow at 70 per cent, but some variations from this
were unavoidable* The results of the tests are shown in Table VIII)
the slump was expressed in inches and the flow expressed as a percentage
based on the difference of the diameter of the concrete cone after 25

blows on the flow table and the original diameter of the cone.
Workability of the mixes as shown in Table VIII is classed poor.
fair, wood, very good depending upon the ease with which it could bo
plaeed in the forms and trowled to a smooth surface*
59
Test specimens were pooreel from each batch of eonerete; included
in these were nine cylinders, two bars and one slab* Some deviation
from this was necessary since not all the tests were conducted on the
campus and some equipment for testing was not available. 6- by 12-
inch cylinder molds were used for mixes containing maximum size aggre
gate of 1-inch while 2- by 4--inch cylinder molds were used for all
other aggregate series. Bar molds ©f 2- by 2-1/8- by 11-3/8-inch

were used for mixes containing aggregates of maximum size of 1-inch
and 3/8-ineh while 1- by 1- by 10-inch bar molds were used for mixes
containing No. 8 maximum size aggregate. The slab molds used for
1-ineh maximum size aggregate were 2- by 8- by 18-ineh and for the
3/8-ineh and No. 8 maximum size aggregate molds of 1- by 8- by 8-inch

size were used.
Immediately after being poured, the specimens were placed in a
moist cabinet for a period of 24. hours after which time the forms
were removed and the specimens were then transferred to a water tank
and were submerged for an additional six days. It was noted that some
chipping and crumbling took place during the removal of the specimens
from the forms. More satisfactory results would have been obtained
if the period of time for curing in the forms had been increased to
4.8 hours.
Tests were conducted on specimens cured for 7 days, 28 days and
six months. These tests are explained in the following paragraphs.
The results of the tests conducted on the cured concrete are

listed in Table IX whieh includes the unit weights of concrete
•- 6 o cxoss:
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62
(freak, 23 days and 6 months dry), percent of shrinkage (7-day, 23-day

and 6 months), percent of absorption (24.hours),on dry specimens,
compressive strength (7-day vet, 7-day vet-21-day dry, and 6 months dry),
strength-veight ratio (7-day wet-21-day dry), nailability, savability
and appearance of the cured concrete*
The unit weights of the concrete produced by each mix were

determined in the fresh state, at 23 days and at six months* The
values from these tests are shown in Table IX* The unit weight of
fresh eonerete was found in accordance with A*S*T*M* Designation
C-138, "Standard Method of Test for Weight per Cubic Foot, Yield and
Air Content" (20). The unit weight at 28 days and six months was
obtained by weighing the same cylinders which were used for compres
sion tests; this weight was divided by the volume of the cylinder
measured in cubic feet* The cylinders were measured te 0*01 in* by
use of a micromoter and care was taken to obtain the average diameter
and average height* The fresh unit weight is tabulated in Table IX
rather than Table Till so that a comparison may be seen in the change
in unit weights of the concrete*
The test for curing shrinkage was obtained in accordance with
A*S.T*M* Designation C-157, "Standard Method of Test for Volume Change
of Cement Mortar and Concrete" (20). The bars used for this test were
poured in special molds as described in the above designation* The
finished bars had a stainless steel plug protruding from each end for
the purpose of measuring the change in length during the curing period
by use of a volume change indicator* The indicator used in this
63
investigation had an accuracy within 0*0001 in* The use of this

instrument is shown in Figure 12* The initial reading of the har was
taken immediately after removal from the forms after curing in the
steam cabinet one day* With this reading as a basis, the difference
between this value and measurements taken at seven days (at the time
of removal from water) was the curing shrinkage while the specimens
were submerged in water* The difference in the Initial reading and
the reading taken at 28 days (7-day wet-21-day dry) was the curing
shrinkage whieh took place ever that period* The same procedure was
followed for the value found after six months curing* The plus sign
(/) preceding each reading indicates positive shrinkage (shortening)}
minus sign (-) indicates negative shrinkage (expansion or lengthening)
had taken place*
The results of absorption tests conducted on the concrete are

given in Table IX as the percent of absorption based on the dry
weight (oven dry)* The specimens were dried in an oven 24 hours and
after being cooled to room temperature were weighed* The specimens
were then submerged in water for a period of 24 hours, and weighed
in a surface dry condition* The difference in the two weights divided
by the dry weight multiplied by 100 gave the tabulated results in
percentage*
Tests for the compressive strengths were conducted on three
cylinders at 7 days (specimens removed from water), three cylinders
at 28 days (7-day wet-21-day dry) and three cylinders at 6 months

(7-day wet-6-months dry)* The results of these tests are shown in
Fig. 12 Tg| VOLUME CHAHGE IMDICATOR
65
Table IX and are the averages of the results of three cylinders

expressed in pounds per square ineh of cross-sectional area* The
average diameter measured to nearest 0*01 ineh vas used im determining

the area* This test was eondueted in accordance with A.S.T.M* Desig
nation C-39, "Standard Method of Test for Compressive Strength of

Molded Concrete Cylinders" (20)* Prior to being tested* the specimens
were capped with a plaster of paris and water mixture* The actual
compressive tests were performed with a hydraulic testing machine with
a capacity of 60,000 pounds. The rate of application of the lead was
maintained at approximately 50 to 100 pal per minute* A picture of
the testing machine used in this investigation nay be seen in Figure

13* It should be noted that the period of time elapsed in curing
Includes the period of curing in the moist cabinet while in the forms*
The strength-weight ratio was obtained merely by dividing the
28 day (7-day wet-21-day dry) compressive strength by the corresponding
unit weight at 28 days* The values shown in Table IX are expressed

in psi per pound*
The nailing and sawing properties as indicated in Table IX are
classed as or poor. These classifications were judged by
the relative ease with which the specimens could take nails and be
sawed* Three six penny nails were driven; the class of good would be
comparable to that of a good grade of Douglas fir while poor would be
classed for specimens which nails could not penetrate without splitting
and chipping* A picture of the procedures followed in conducting these
tests is shown in Figure 14-*
66
Fig. 13 TESTIHS MAGHime. 60.000 POPUP CAPACITY
Fig# 14 A TYPICAL SAWIHG M S HAILIPO PROCEDURE
67
The appearance of the concrete as given in Table IX refers to the

smoothness or harshness of the cured concrete surface. The term "very
good" is applied to a surface which was very smooth while "very poor"
is the other extreme, the surface being very coarse or honey combed*
A sample of these classifications for appearance of concrete along
with the intermediate classes is shown in Figure 15•
68
CLASSIFICATION FOR APPEARANCE OF WYOMING PUMICE CONCRETE

Pig* 15
CHAPTER VI
DISCUSSIOBT OF RESULTS
The purpose of this chapter is to clarify, expand and discuss
results previously given in Table VII of Chapter IV and Tables VIII
and IX of Chapter V through relationships of controlled variables
that were incorporated within the various sixes* Comparisons have
been made between the results obtained fros eonerete produced from
Wyoming Pumice aggregate and concrete produced from ether lightweight
aggregates*
To facilitate this discussion this chapter has been divided into

several sections, each section containing a general discussion tinder
a heading which may be classed as a major test or group of tests*
These headings include Gradation of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate, Work
ability, Unit Weight, Compressive Strength, Length Change During

Curing, Absorption of Concrete, Thermal Conductivity, Sawability
and Nailahility and Appearance*
(jtr^datlon g£ Wyoming Pumice Aggregate
Wyoming Pumice was the only aggregate used in conducting all tests*
It was necessary to process the material, by crushing, before being
used as eonerete aggregate* During this crushing process, it was
noticed that the material crushed into a series of sized particles in
which the same sizes were deficient; for example, if a 1-ineh maximum
size aggregate were desired, there was deficient material retained on
7®
the No. 8, No. 16, and No. 3® sieves and if a 3/8-inch maximum size
were desired, a deficient amount of material retained on the No. 8,
No. 16 and No. 3® sieves was still visible. This condition made it
necessary to do a considerable amount of reorushing of the larger
sizes to obtain enough material retained on the No. 8, No. 16 and
No. 3® sieves to complete the testing.

A comparison of the sieve analysis of Wyoming Pumice aggregate,
as it was obtained from the crusher, with that allowed in the A.S.T.M.
Standard Designation G 130-42, "Standard Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregates for Concrete" (20) is shewn in Figures 16 and 17. This
comparison indicates clearly that the material retained on the No. 8,
No. 16 and No. 3® sieves was deficient regardless of the desired

maximum size aggregate. Further review of these curves show that
the crusher run material used in this investigation did not conform
to the A.S.T.M. limits and in every case there was an excessive amount
of fines passing the 1©0 sieve, when expressed as a percentage by

weight.
By comparing all the gradations for 1-inch maximum aggregate,
series 11 contained the greatest excess of fine material with series
IE following very closely. In general it may be observed that series
U conformed very elesely to the parabolic gradations. The relation

ship of the grading curves for 1-inch maximum size aggregate may be
seen in Figure 18.
In viewing Figure 19 which contains curves for all gradations
with 3/8-inch maximum size aggregate, it may be seen that aggregate
7t
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73
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74
CONCRETE
^ SP O Q Ui
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WFOM/NQ
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USED
GRADATIONS
Ficj. 19
00!
8 § $*
(+U&ieA/l ^ g ) $>N!SSVd ± N 3 0 d 3 d
75
series 2E contained an excessive amount ef fines and vas deficient in
the intermediate range as indicated on a purely relative basis with
the other gradings in this group. Series 2B followed closely te a
parabolic grading as did series IE, In general the relationship of
the other grading curves did not change in relative positions as a
result ef the decrease in maximun size*
In Figure 2© which shews the grading curves for No* 8 maxinun

size aggregate, nearly the sane relative position exists as did in
the relationships for 3/8-inch maximum naterial only in this ease
the positions of the curves are more pronounced* Series 2B contained
4© per cent of all material passing the No* 100 sieve which under
normal conditions would be objectionable*
It was pointed out previously in Chapter IV that the unit weights
ef all materials were obtained by both the rodded and loose methods
of determination* A relationship between these two methods as applied
to the sized material nay be seen in Figure 21* In general the re
lationship follows a straight line with the exception of the finer
sizes. The variation in the values for finer sizes may be attributed
te the fact that the finer sizes entrap air when the loose method was
employed while the redding procedure caused most of the entrapped air
to be released, thus causing a rapid increase in the rodded unit weight

values while the loose unit weight values were more or less constant
at the higher values* On an average the values obtained by the rodded
method are about 1.16 times the values obtained by the loose method
of determination.
76
^ n U Q lq
*0 ft) ct)
(/> u) (n (n
Uj Uj Ig tg
^ Of Q| Ql
Vg k| Uj lg ly
CO (/) <0 </) </)
too
O O £> <S ft 0 O Q
On <0 K vfc V) > (T> eg
(4i(6feM b g ) *)N t9 S V d lN 303S 3d
77
9.0
U N I T W E I G H T - /S O D D E D ( lb s /C o . F t )
F/Cj Z ! g^LATtOtSLSMP B E T W E E N _ QOSE A N D BOPPED
UNIT W E I G H T S F O B SIZED MATER/ATS '
SO
e>o
50
SO 70 SO /O O
U N I T WEIGHT-/SODDED (/hs/Ca.FR
F /R, 2 2 RELATIONSHIP B E T W E E N L O O S E A N D B O P P E D
UNIT WEIGHTS F O B ALL U F A D A 77C U T S O F
/ V N O A H //U S P O M /C S U S E D
78
A relationship between the loose and rodded methods as applied

to the graded materials nay be seen in Figure 22. This relationship
follows a slightly curved line, in an average, the values obtained
by the rodded method were approximately 1.15 times the values obtained
by the loose method.
The bulk specific gravities of the sized materials varied greatly
with each size aggregate, ranging from 1.25 for material retained on a
1-inch sieve to 2.62 for material finer than the Mo. 200 sieve. This
Indicates that during the crushing process the void space in the
material was destroyed. Since the finer materials had such high speci
fic gravities they added nothing to the lightness of the concrete. It
is conceivable that additional strength may be had by Introducing sand
for this fine pumice. In addition to giving added strength to the mix
it may greatly improve workability in some mixes. It appears that the
specific gravities of the sized materials are higher for Wyoming Pumice
than for the pumices which are being sold commercially at the present
time.
Bulk specific gravities of the graded materials show that aggre
gate series ID produced a low value of 1,54 with all other gradings
varying from this up to the maximum which was obtained with aggregate
series 3E producing a value of 2.4. This high value with Series 3E

would be expected as a result of the great excess of fine material
which this grading contained.
Further comparison shows that specific gravities of all the

1-inch maximum size aggregates (excluding ID) agree closely with
79
those for Pumice No* 1 which was reported by Price and Cordon from
their investigation (6)* This comparison is shown below.
Grading Specific § £ £ & &
14 1M
11 1.73
1C 1.75
IB_____________________________ 1*^8_______
Price and Gordon
Pumice No. 1 1.70
The 3/8-inoh maximum materials (excluding 24 and 2D) compare
closely with Pumice No. 2 which was reported by Boyd during his
investigation (11). This relationship is listed below.
issstisK sprite S m & x

26 2.04
26 2.02
2B________ ____________________ 2^05_______
Boyd
Pumice No. 2 2.00
The aggregate after being proportioned was soaked for a period of
two hours before mixing the ingredients of the batch, instead of the
general procedure which is 24 hours. The original purpose for the
alteration was to save considerable time during the testing portion of

the investigation. However later Investigation indicated that approxi
mately 95per cent ofthe absorptionoftheaggregate took place during
the first two hours and very littlewould have been gained by allowing
a longer soaking period. The results of this comparison is not Included
in this thesis. It was noted that during the soaking period, only a
few aggregate particles would float.
411 the absorption values were given in percentages based on dry

weight of the aggregates. The absorption values for the sized materials
80
varied directly as the size and inversely as the specific gravity.
This comparison nay he seen in Figure 23* Other absorption values
for the graded aggregates are shown by the relationship in Figure 24-,
In general these values for absorption by the aggregates vary as a
straight line inversely proportional to the bulk specific gravity.
Workability
The workability of the nixes was classed as very good, good, fair
and poor as previously indicated in Table VIII of Chapter V, These
variable degrees of workability were determined on a purely relative
basis depending upon the ease of placing the concrete in the molds
and the ease of trowling to a smooth surface after placement. As
additional cement was added the workability became proportionately

better unless a decrease in percent of entrained air took place which
offset any increase in workability by additional cement.
The poorest workability was found for concrete containing 1-inch

maximum size aggregate and the best workability occurred with eonerete
containing Wo, 8 maximum size aggregate. Concrete mixes with 1-ineh
maximum size aggregate were very harsh in appearance and difficult to
place in the forms with a few mixes being almost unworkable even
though they contained high percentages of air and high cement content.
An exception to this rule was found in nixes containing aggregate
series U> with which the opposite was true; a very good workability
was observed. For eonerete containing 3/8-ineh maximum size aggregate,
series 2B and 2C may be classed as unsatisfactory with others producing
good workability even with lean mixtures. There was little question as
81
v
Q» 8
*
Of 6
4
§
1 2
a
1.2 1.8 2.0 2 .4 2.8
BULkL S P ECIFIC G'EAU/T'F
Fl<J 2 3 R ELA TIO N SH IP BETW EEN ABSORPTION

AMD SPECIFIC GFAF/T/ES OF T H E S /Z E D
MATERIALS
LS 2.4
BULK. S P E C IF IC < 5 £ 4 / / r r
F 1<^y24- FELAT/ONS H /P BETW EEN A B S O R P T IO N

AND SPECIFIC G R A ^/TlFS FO E ALL
<SEADATtONS OF W FOM/NQ RUNUCE USED
82
to ike workability of concrete containing maximum size aggregate of
the No. 8 sieve opening since the aggregate contained considerable
fines and the aggregate alone was quite workable after soaking. The
only undesirable effects found in mixes of this maximum size aggregate
were with series 3k and 315, especially with high cement factors which
in addition to the excessive fines that already existed in the aggre
gate produced mixes that were quite sticky and muddy.
In considering all mixes as a whole, concrete produced with
aggregate series IB, 2B and 3B (skip grading) produced the most

desirable workabilities in their respective groups. Bleeding was
evident in some of the more harsh mixes but as a whole this did not
occur in any appreciable amount even in the leaner mixes.
ffWWKfffa EfiMfe
The strength properties of concrete produced by a particular
gradation are affected by the unit weight of the eonerete produced.
The unit weight or density of the eonerete is affected primarily

by the cement content, the quantity of entrained air and the method
used in placing the fresh concrete.
Relationships between cement factor and 6-months dry unit weight
may be seen in Figures 25, 26 and 27. Figure 25 shows the relation
ship for concrete containing 1-inch maximum size aggregate. Concrete
containing aggregate series IX shows a unit weight of 78.9 pounds per
cubic foot for a cement factor of 5.94 bags per cubie yard, and a unit
weight ef 85.1 pounds per cubic foot for a cement factor of 6.78 bags
per eubie yard. Concrete with aggregate series IB shows a unit weight
33
/
<0 JL.
/
/
/
/
/
/ I'
(A
(B a g */C
/
ra r
7
FACTOR
CEMENT
T ^ m ^ f T s ^ m s s
f IA
IB
/C
£b
--------
--- — —
t D ------- —
IB ------
70 ( 75 SO 85 90
6 MONTH D R Y U N IT W E IG H T ( U a S / C u F t : )
t
c
F ig . 8 5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C£MENTFACTOR
AH D <SMONTH D R Y U N IT W E IG H T FO R CONCRETES
CONTAINING 1 IN C H M A M MUM S IZ E A G G R EG A TE
84
( S a g s /C « . H&)
FACTO#
*o
CEMENT
AGGREGATE S E R IE S
2A - ------------------
S B ----------
S C ----------
S O --------
S E ----------
70 eo 90 too HO
$ MONTH DPT U N I T W E I G H T (Lhs/CU. F+-)
FtySG RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C E M E N T F A C T O R A N D

e M O N W DRy £ £ g q p .n c m e i e s
C O N T A I N I N G £ IN C H M A X IM U M S IZ E A G G R EG A TE
85
EH C B<ac]s/co<.y'&.)
facto
A G G & E G A T E SEJS/ES
3A
cement
-----------
3B ------------
3 C --------------
3 D -----------
3E -----
too , , /o s
e> M O N T H D I S C U N I T C / E /& H T (L&s/Cc/.Ffi)
Fij.-27 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN C F M E N T FAC TO/E

•A N D 6MONTH D e f UNIT WEIGHT FOE CONCRETES
« CONTAINING N Q 8 MAXIMUM SIZE AGGREGATE
ef 83.© pounds per enbie feet for a cement factor of 5*77 bags per
cubic Tax'd, and a unit weight of 85*4 pounds per cubic foot for a
cement factor of 6.89 bags per cubic yard. By comparing these results
it is indicated that wider variations in unit weight values occur with
harsh mixes, such as eonerete containing aggregate series IX. A very
similar phenomenon may be seen by comparing eonerete containing aggre
gate series 2B and 2D shown in Figure 26 which shows relationships

between unit weights and cement factors for concretes containing
3/8-inch maximum size aggregate* For eonerete containing Mo. 8 maximum
size aggregate, another comparison of this nature may be seen for
series 3A and 3D, Figure 27. A possible explanation for this would be
that concrete which is harsh leaves many void openings in the eonerete
mix and a small addition of cement increases the fluidity of the mix
much faster than it would if the mix were workable in the first place,
thus causing the aggregate to flow into these void openings and as a
result increasing the unit weight at a much higher rate. It is a
striking feature, that for concretes containing aggregates of skip
gradations, the increase of unit weight for a given increase of cement

content is nearly the same regardless of maximum size aggregate con
tained in the mix; also the increase in unit weight for certain in
creased cement contents is less with eonerete containing aggregate of
skip grading than mixes containing other gradings of Wyoming Pumice.
It was pointed out previously that these mixes were the most workable
in their respective groups. In general the parabolic gradings produced

concrete with the greatest increase in unit weight for a given increase
in cement factor.
87
The unit weights of fresh concretes, considering all nixes of this
investigation, ranged from 96 to 119*5 pounds per eubie foot while the
dry unit weights for all eoneretes varied from 75*6 to 108,8 pounds
per enbio foot* In comparing these values of unit weights of Wyoming

Pumice concrete with the values obtained from previous investigations
of pumice concrete, it is necessary to keep the diseussion in general
terms by reason that Wyoming Pumice differs a great deal in texture
fro* pumice previously tested* However, the unit weight values do
compare relatively close with that of pumice concrete which was

previously Investigated by Price and Gordon (6) and by Boyd (11) (see
Table 1)* In addition it ranges within the same boundaries as for
the unit weights of expanded clay and shale concretes, A comparison
is made below between the unit weights of eoneretes tested during
this investigation and pumice concrete tested by Price and Gordon and
by Boyd* fresh Wait Weight Drv Unit Weight
Wyoming Pumice Concrete 96 to 114 76 to 1G9
Price and Gordon (6) & Boyd (11)

Pumice, all samples 87 to 118 67 to 103
(Table I)
Since lightweight eonerete construction is required to reduce the
dead load of a structure, it is pertinent to know just how the unit
weight varies during the curing period and what the unit weight will be
when dry* To assist in these determinations a relationship between
unit weight and curing time is shown in Figures 28, 29 and 30 for con
cretes containing 1-inch, 3/8-inch and Ho, 8 maximum size aggregates,

respectively* The greatest change in unit weight was visible during
V)
^ Q*
?
* ,,J jsss
S 1 I I J ? js 3 2
11
i l l i j l W
<J k) $ N !Q
O // 90/ 96 06 98
(■/■J'OO/Sqj) 1H&I3M M m
CONCRETES
EOR
^ V)1.
T/ME QA//T IWE/GHT AND CUR/NG

MAX'/MUM S/ZE ASS REGATE
iI
<j v <0 \S
/SELATIPNSHIR BETWEEN
# INCH
I I
COK/TA/N/NG
I
F / j. 29
5/ / on 50/ 00/ £6 06
(-/J-OO/sqrj) 1HOI3M 1//V/1
55
Siu k
I sit «) 0)
cnU > « <0
03/ ff/t on srot oo/ £6

(¥J'” 0 / $ < n ) 1 H 9 I 3 M 1IN/1
91
the first 28-day curing period; however, in sons mixes a great amount
of change was apparent between 28 days and 180 days of curing and even
further change was conceivable if the period had been extended for a
longer time*
Since unit weight affects many other variables, further relation
ships with unit weight as a variable will be considered under other
headings in this discussion*
Compressive Strength
The compressive strength of any concrete is governed largely by
two factors t the strength of the aggregate particles and the cement
content in a mix* The strength of the aggregate particles governs,
to a large degree, the maximum compressive strength that may bo
attained in a concrete mix while the cement content acts as the

governing agent of the strength up to the limit set by the strength
of the aggregate* The cement content is affected by the quantity of
water introduced in a mix* This is defined in the water-cement ratio
law for regular concrete which states, "For plastic mixtures, using
sound and clean aggregates, the strength and other desirable proper
ties of concrete under job conditions are governed by the net quantity
of mixing water used per sack of Portland cement". (21)* That is,
the ratio of the water to the cement governs the dilution of the
cement paste which in turn governs the strength of the paste*
The relationship between the water-cement ratio and the com

pressive strength of the concrete can be changed to a relationship
between the net quantity of cement introduced and compressive strength
92
If the slump or flow is held constant. For a mix of concrete with a

given amount of aggregate, the amount of mixing water to produce a
certain flow or slump is constant; that is, in non-air entrained mixes
or if the air entrained is very nearly constant. By this the slump or

flew that is required is dependent upon the net quantity of cement
added. This produces a direct relationship between the cement factor
and compressive strength. It is extremely important that a relation

ship of this nature be made since the cement is the highest cost
ingredient in a mix,
A relationship between cement factors and 28-day compressive
strength for concretes containing 1-inch, 3/8-inch and No, 8 maximum
sise aggregate, may be seen in Figures 31, 32 and 33 respectively,

Wyoming Pumice aggregates produced concrete with satisfactory strengths,
ranging from a low 28-day compressive strength of 725 psi containing
aggregate series IX with a cement factor of 5,94 bags per cubic yard
to a high 28-day eompressive strength of 3660 psi for concrete con
taining aggregate series 2A with a cement factor of 8.89 bags per

cubic yard. It should be noted that the gradations affected the
strengths to a great extent, ©me 3.30 bag mix with series 2B developed
a 28-day strength of 1080 psi while other gradings with nearly 6 bags
per cubic yard did not reach 1000 psi in 28 days. In general the mixes
of low strength were very harsh,
8y comparing, in general terms, strengths of Wyoming Pumice con
crete obtained in this investigation with those strengths obtained

from pumice concrete previously tested during investigations by Price
93
<o
J
m.f&
/C
N
fB & jS
rACTOR
CEMENT
a g o e e g at e s e r i e s
IA ---------
500 1500 2000

2 3 DA V C O M P R E S S t VE S TJSENGTU (Uas/S<j-. I n )
F ij. 3 1 R E L A T I O N S H I P S E T U V E E N C E M E N T FA C TO R .
A N D 2<9 D A K C O M P R E S S / YE S T P E H q m F O R
CONCRETES C O N T A IH IN G 1 IN C H MAXIMUM AGGREGATE
a-
AGGREGATE SERIES
a
0 Xh
<T)
10 0 0 2000 3000 4000

2 3 D A Y C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H (Lbs/S ef, In )
F i< ^ 3 2 R E LA TIO N S H IP BETWEEN C E M E N T FACTOR A N D

2B D A Y C O M P R E S S IV E STRENGTH FO R CO N C R ETES
C O N T A IN IN G £ IN C H M A X IM U M S I Z E A G G R EG A TE
95
ON
I'
£
k
I
*
o
0
k
3
5 AGGREGATE SE RI ES
3A --------
SB '-----------
SC --- :
------
3 D -----------
3 E ----------
1000 /3 0 0 2000 23500 3000 3300

2 3 D A Y C O M P E ESS I Y E S T S E N G TH ( Lbs/St ? In )
F iC f.3 3 R E L A T IO N S H IP B E T W E E N C E M E N T F A C TO R A N D
as DA Y C O N IP B E S S IY G s t r e n g t h E 2 B c Q.t t C £ Z I£ £
C O N TA IN IN G N Q .S M A X IM U M S ! Z E A S C PEG A T £
96
and Cordon (6) and Kluge, Sparks and Tuna (10), it Bay be seen that
Wyoming Pumice concrete compares very favorably with other pumices*
This relationship is listed below*

Cement Factor 28-dav Compressive Strength
Wyoming Pumice 3*30 1080

Concrete
8*89 3660
Price and Cordon (6) 3*11 350

Pumice Sample Ho* 2 8*74 3175
Kluge, Sparks & Tmma (10) 2.9© 1180
Pumice Sample 8*70 2330
This relationship shows that Wyoming Pumice concrete gave very
desirable results with both the lower and higher cement contents*
There was no indication from the tests conducted in this investigation

that the upper limit for strength, as governed by the aggregate, had
been reached* The mix containing the largest cement factor produced
the largest strength which suggests that if a higher quantity of cement
were introduced, even higher strengths may be obtained* Ho attempt
was made to determine the maximum strength for Wyoming Pumice concrete
but it appears possible to attain strengths over 4-000 pel at 28 days*
The purpose of lightweight concrete is to have a construction

material to decrease the dead load of a structure and yet to contain
strength properties comparable to those of dense concretes without
excessive increase in cost* One kind of lightweight aggregate may be
graded in a variety of ways, some gradings of which will produce
lighter concretes, but not all will produce desirable strengths* With
this it may be seen that some methods of grading aggregates are more
97
efficient than others in this respect. Up to this tine it has been
shown that unit weight and compressive strength both are primarily
a function of cement factor} therefore, the compressive strength is
a function of unit weight of the concrete*
The 28-day unit weight for Wyoming Pumice concrete was plotted
against 28-day compressive strength in Figures 34, 35 and 36 for
1-inch, 3/8-inch and No* 8 maximum size aggregate, respectively* From
these relationships it appears that the most efficient mixes were ob
tained for unit weights ranging between 95 and 105 pounds per eubie
foot* The most efficient mixes were those with the smaller maximum
size aggregates and the mixes with 1-inch maximum size aggregate
relatively were very inefficient*
A more precise determination of the efficiency of the various
mixes is given in a relationship between strength-weight ratio and
cement factor which is shown in Figure 37 for all mixes* Since the
unit weight and compressive strength are dependent upon the cement
factor, the most efficient mix was the one that produced the greatest
strength per pound of concrete for a given cement factor* In re
viewing Figure 37, it may be seen that the most efficient mix was
produced by series 3© (No* 8 maximum size, skip gradation) with
strength ratios of 18*6, 26.3 and 33*4 psi per pound of concrete with
cement factors of 4*56, 6*12 and 8*18 bags per cubic yard respectively*
It should be noticed that series 2E (3/8-inch maximum) produced very
efficient concrete with strength-weight ratios of 23*8, 26*8 and 29*5
for respective cement factors of 5*14, 7*17 and 8*60 which is extremely
% 98
(
se?7) 1H&3M
MNP
A K7 & E
AGGREGATE S E R IE S
(A - --------
IB --------
/ C --------
I P ----------- ----
IE — ----
500 /OOO fgpO 2000 2500

2 3 DAT COMPRE&Shse S T K E N 9T H ( i-b s /S ^ fn .)
F i< $ 3 4 E E LA T/ONSH/P BETWEEN E & DA K U N / T W E IG H T

A M P 2 0 O A r C O M P R E S S H /E STRENGTH FO E CONCRETES
CO NTAINING i t N O N M A X IM U M S / Z E A G G B E G A T B
39
(tt>s/Cot.FA)
8
WEIGHT
UNIT
AGGREGATE SERIES
2 3 DAY
2A ----------
o
CTn 2 B ----------
2c ----------
2D --- -----
2 £ ---------
/COO 2 000 3000 4000

2 3 D A Y C O M P R E S S I V E S T R E N G T H (L h s / S f U n )
F ij,3 5 RE L A T I O N S H I P B E T W E E N 2 3 D A Y U N I T W E I G H T
A N D 2 3 D A Y C O M P E E S S H / E S T R E N G T H FOR C O N CRETES
CONTAINING g i N C H M A X I M U M S I Z E A G G R E G A T E
100
//4-
//2
J/O
(Ltxs/CM. FA)
/OS
WEIGHT
/OG
UAJ/T
JOH-
S DAr
AGGREGATE SERIES
3 A — : ------
2<
3 B ---------------
3 C ---------------
102
3 0 -----------------------
3 E ---------------
O
IO
1000 /j5 0 0 2000 2SOO 3000 3SOO

2 0 D A T C O M P R E S S I V E S T R E N G T H (LOS / S ? . /o J
F t y 3 6 R E L A T IO N S H IP B E T W E E N 2 3 -D A Y U N /T W E IG H T
A N D 2 3 -DA T C O M P R E S S IV E S T R E N G T H F O R CONCRETES
C O N T A IN IN G A /0 '3 M A X IM U M S I Z E A G G R E G A T E S
(pj '»?/i-hvg) S01DVJ 1 N 1 H 3 2
102
important 0a basis of economy from the fact that this was erosher run
material and a minimus amount of handling would he necessary to produce
this grading for marketing purposes* The great inefficiency of the

hatches containing 1-inch maximum size aggregate as indicated in
Figure 37, may he attributed to two possible items; the first to the
harshness of the mixes and the unworkaMlity of the mixes, and second
to the structural weakness of the larger sizes of Wyoming Pumice
aggregate* This weakness is a result of the great percentage of pores

or voids within the aggregate* As the aggregate is broken into smaller
sizes the larger pores are destroyed and only the smaller remain, pro
ducing a greater cross section of solid material when placed in con
crete, consequently increasing the strength of the concrete through

greater arch action in the particles*
The strongest mix obtained during this investigation was found at
180 days curing, attaining a strength of 4170 psi for concrete con
taining aggregate series 2A with a cement factor of 8.89 bags per cubic
yard* A great amount of strength appeared to develop after 28 days
curing for concretes containing most aggregate series with the only
exceptions being those mixes which were very harsh in which the percent
of increase was much lower* The relationship between compressive
strength and curing time for all concretes is shown in Figure 38*
It should he noted that for building one or two dwelling units in
Wyoming which are sponsored by the Federal Housing Administration re
quirements are to produce a 28-day compressive strength of 1500 psi
with plain concrete and 2000 psi with reinforced concrete (22). The
Q
5
\ I!
£
V&
*
I
<0
I
8!
to
S
j»
£
&>
§
0
S
s
§
I u
K
Uj U]
QO u '•N .
a 1
Q.
I Of
0 *
£ I
£
1
<&
to
k
0 0 0 OQSP 0003 0052 0002 009/ OOO/ 009
(J V 'd) til^)N331S- 3 A ! S S 3 d d W Q 0
104
A.S.T.M, Designation 6 145-40 "Standard Specifications for Solid Load
Bearing Concrete Masonry Units" (20) require a 28-day compressive
strength of 1800 psi for grade A blocks and 1200 psi for grade B blocks.
It is apparent that the compressive strength should be affected
by the method of curing. Only one method of curing was employed in
this investigation, but other methods of curing may be found to produce
desirable results. The application of steam curing to Wyoming Pumice
concrete may produce high early strengths which are desirable for some
forms of construction. However, other than steam curing, the method
of curing which was adopted here appears to be more representative of
field conditions than most other laboratory curing procedures.
Length Chang* Boring Coring
A major item for consideration in concrete construction is the
shrinkage that may take place during the curing period of the concrete.
Shrinkage causes excessive cracking which, obviously, will seriously
impair or completely destroy the structural value of the concrete,
furthermore crooking permits penetration of water and of destructive
agents to the concrete greatly reducing durability. It follows that
reduced volume change to prevent erasing, checking and cracking of
concrete is a very desirable characteristic. The shrinkage which nay
be allowed in any particular construction depends upon the type of
construction and how dependent the structure is upon that particular
phase of construction.
The relationship between change in length of concrete beams and
cement factor is shown in Figure 39 for all concretes tested for
* i
llj to AGGREGATE SERIES .4
$ I
u >
/
•I .2 .3 A
C u s 1MG s h r / m m a g e ( P e r c e n t )
Ft:qA9 R E L A T IO N S H IP B E T W E E N C E M E N T FAC TO R
A N D & M O N T H C U R IN G - S H R J N M A G c FOR
CO NCRETES C O N T A IN IN G g ,NCHAND
N O .S M A Y !M U M S IZ E A G G R E G A T E
106
curing shrinkage. The results shown here are not completely reliable
since the tests were taken as an average of only two specimens instead
of three as should be. is shown in Figure 39, there appears to be a
tendency of shrinkage with an increase in cement factor; however,
some results are rather erratic. Inconsistent results may be attri
buted to large amounts of entrained air and large water-cement ratios*
The shrinkage values were obtained from the specimens under the same
curing conditions as all other tests. What effects other curing
conditions would have on shrinkage values for Wyoming Pumice concrete
were not ascertained; however, it is believed that regardless of the
method of curing (all ether things being equal) the resultant shrink
age values would be the same. Improper and insufficient control of
conditions cause the concrete to shrink at such a rate that the
concrete is not allowed to creep or flow, resulting in excessive
cracking which takes place so often under field conditions.
The values for curing shrinkage investigated here are based on
the original length of the concrete specimen. This original length
was that at the time of removal from the forms which was after the
1-day curing period in a moist cabinet. The beams in each ease showed
shrinkage from the first day, The curing time in water did not indi
cate expansion as is often encountered with some aggregates during
the wet curing stage.
The curing shrinkage of Wyoming Pumice concrete as compared with
normal sand and gravel concrete which was studied by Kluge, Sparks and
Tuma (10) during their investigation of lightweight aggregates indicates
107
that Wyoming Pumice concrete shrank as much as 50 times that of
normal sand and gravel concrete. The sand and gravel concrete
did not contain an air entraining agent. Further comparison of
Wyoming Pumice concrete with other pumice concretes studied by
Price and Cordon (6) indicates that Wyoming Pumice concrete pro
duced greater shrinkage values. These comparisons are as follows:
Curing Time
all values
Wyoming Pumice concrete 180 days 0*080 to 0*381 %
Kluge, Sparks & Tuma

Normal sand & gravel concrete 100 days 0.0048 to 0.0075 %
Price and Gordon

All pumice samples 80 days 0.0935 to 0.2320 %
The curing shrinkage of Wyoming Pumice concrete in all cases,
had the greatest increase in shrinkage taking place after the 28-
day curing period. The relationship of curing shrinkage versus
curing time may he seen in Figures 40 and 41 for all concretes.
Absoîaa °£ U s Sssszsis
Absorption should be given careful consideration in the
search for a suitable lightweight concrete* This is essential
information in many phases of construction, in order to determine
the amount of weatherproofing necessary for protection against
seepage and capillary action. This is an extremely important
feature in the more humid regions. Relationships between unit
CO NCRETES
4U)4V)
(5^
I ft tj
0 0Qa>
<n <0
FOR
T IM E
AGGREGATE
C U R IN G
I <A V>
O'*O'*
AND
k § \S ®
S IZ E
• k)OQ 03
S H R IN K A G E
M A Y /M U M
C U R IN G
INCH
£
BETW EEN
AND
J INCH
R E L A T IO N S H IP
C O N T A IN IN G
40
F ig .
90' /O' 900'
fJ U d O J d d ) 3& W N I 3 H S S N td H D
CONCRETES
Sj
FOE
T IM E
CUEING
a $ *<
<0 S 59
AND
AGGREGATE
S$§^$ 03
V) 0 > *0 v§
SHR/MEAGE
~T'**Ti-~‘f'-"7'~'^
SIZE
CURING
/'WAX!MUM
BETWEEN
NO. 3
RELATIONSHIP
CONTAINING
<?/
F ig .
O'/ <29' ' /O' >vO
(4U9DJdd) JSWN/dHS DNtdPO
110
weight and absorption may be seen in Figures 42, 43 and 44 for

concretes containing 1-inch, 3/8-inch and No. 8 maximum size
aggregates.
The values for absorption varied inversely as the unit
weight of the concrete. Considering all the concretes tested the
values for absorption ranged from 7 per cent up to a maximum of
approximately 17 per cent. In general the more harsh mixes pro

duced the higher absorption values.
The absorption values of Wyoming Pumice concrete were less
than for the average values found from other pumice concretes
which were studied by Price and Cordon (6). This comparison is
as follows:
^ g p r p U o a Vfrtafig.
(all specimens)
Wyoming Pumice concrete 7 to 17 per cent
Price and Cordon

Pumice (all samples) 7 to 37.6 per cent
No means for conducting this test was available but as a
matter of demonstration of the possibilities of Wyoming Pumice

concrete when compared with regular concrete, a test was performed
to indicate the resistance to heat. This relationship is shown in
Figures 45 and 46. For this test, two common type candy thermom
eters were used by inserting them into holes drilled in the end
of the cylinders. Figure 45 shows the specimens prior to the
Ill
<*>
( L b s /C u .F + .)
<0
W EIGHT
CM
<0
DRY* UNIT
Q
<0
a g g r e g a t e S E R IE S
6 MONTH
IA •
IB * ---------------------
<0
IA!
a to i2 t+ /&
2 *9 HOUR. A B S O B P T iO M ( R A x U r y w e t g h t )
Fig* 4 2 R E L A T IO N S H IP B E T W E E N B M O N T H U N / T
W E IG H T A N D 2 4 H O U R A B S O R P T IO N F O R
C O N C R E T E S C O N T A IN IN G 1 IN C H M A X IM U M
S IZ E A G G R E G A T E S
112
\
\
3 JO 12 14 IB
2 4 HOUR. ABSORPTJON O h d ry weight)
F j$> 4 3 (RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN € MONTH UNIT

WEIGHT A N D 2 4 HOUR ABSORPTION F O R
CONCRETES CONTAINING gJNCH MAXIMUM
SIZE AGGREGATE
A G G R E G A T E SERIES
I • ---------; —
3 A
Oi 3 8 ❖ -----------
3 C ^ — ---------
3 D o -----------
3 E
j ;
i 1
a to 12 te
2 4 HOUK ABSORPTION (<&, dry tvetqh!)
Ffgs44- RELATIONSHIP B E T W E E N S M O N T H UNIT

WEIGHT AND 2 4 H O U R A B S O R P T I O N F O R
CONCRETES CONTAINING AJO.S M A X I M U M
S I Z E A G O PLE G A TE
Fig. 45 m i m insuutikg properties
before application of
Pig* 46 2 m S§1 flBftilfll m M

M I M APPLICATION OF HMI
115
application of heat. Figaro 4& shows the result of heat after the
elapsed tine as indicated by the tine deck. The dense aggregate
concrete is shown to the right in each figure. The dense concrete
indicated an inside temperature of 175 degrees at the end of the

elapsed tine while the Wyoming Pumice concrete (left specimen)
indicated a temperature of 12© degrees. It appears that Wyoming
Pumice concrete will range very closely with other similar light
weight concretes in its insulating qualities. Price and Cordon

in their report (6) showed that thermal conductivity (K faetor)
varied very nearly with the unit weight. In Figure 4-7 a curve
nay he seen for relationship of unit weight and ttKN factor for
concrete previously tested (6). As a general comparison the

thermal conductivity factor for common insulation rock wool is
*
about.31. To secure this amount of insulating power from light
weight concretes it would require 7 to 12 inches of Haydite
concrete, 3 to 7 inches of Perlite concrete, 7 to 12 inches of

Pumice concrete (Wyoming Pumice very probably would fall into
this group) and for dense concrete between 23 and 5© inches de
pending upon type of aggregate and unit weight (11).
Sawabqity a M
The method of testing for the sawing and nailing properties
of Wyoming Pumice concrete was discussed previously in Chapter 7.
The results of these tests as a whole, could be considered

successful and satisfactory for sawing properties and in some cases
>1 &
is
8 Ui
Qt
O
o
o •fa
k k
o
■
53
S -vj
«s k-v V
§
8 $
( J 'B 9 0 /x h / w 4 > 9 /‘u i / -n i'Q ) ? to ±D V j „?/„
117
for nailing taut the majority of the results were poor*
The sawing of the concrete was good* The ease with which
sawing was accomplished varied as the maximum size aggregate with
the easier sawing occurring for concrete containing the larger
size aggregate* The strength of the concrete appeared to have

very little affect on the ease of sawing* The period required to
saw a piece with a strength of 3600 pai required very little extra
time than did an equal size specimen with strength of 2000 psi*
It was noticed however that hotter cutting was obtained when
using a saw with finer teeth, thus preventing a fraying of the
edges. Sawing of the specimens caused dulling of a common cross
cut saw and destroyed the set in the teeth of the saw very rapidly*
The nailability of Wyoming Pumice concrete, on the other

hand, was very limited, generally only the concretes containing
the larger maximum size aggregates or very harsh mixtures would
readily receive nails* The more dense mixtures and those containing
smaller maximum size aggregates showed excessive splitting and the
nails could not be driven without bending* Care in not forcing
the nail too rapidly improved the nailing properties in some
instances*
Several specimens of each maximum size aggregate were
tested for drilling properties with a common carpenter augar of
about 1/2 inch diameter* All concrete tested could be drilled
very readily with the only difficulty being in keeping the bit
sharp*
The appearance of the cored concrete was classed on a
relative basis among the specimens. Mo tests were made on

various surface textures that may be obtained by different
treatments of the surface. However it appears that Wyoming
Pumice concrete will produce any architectural surface which
may be obtained from other similar concretes.
CHAPTER VII
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
While the complete analysis of Wyoming Pumice aggregate and the
produced concrete was beyond the scope of this investigation, there
are certain definite conclusions concerning the merits of Wyoming
Pumice aggregate, not only for its light weight and strength, but
other desirable characteristics, which may be presented at this time*
Wyoming Pumice Aggregate

Wyoming Pumice is a natural tan or reddish brown rock. It was
ejected from volcanoes and is a very porous rock which has a striking
resemblance to that of a sponge. Much of the material floats in
water, not because the material is light, but because the pores or
openings are non-interconnecting and dead-end, preventing the water
from saturating the rock. As Wyoming Pumice was crushed the larger
pores were destroyed causing a large increase in bulk specific gravity
of the material. The amount of this increase depended upon the amount
of crushing. When all the pores were destroyed, the rook had about
the same specific gravity as granite. The crushed aggregate was very
Irregular in shape.
Some general conclusions pertaining to Wyoming Pumice aggregate
are:
1. The crushing of Wyoming Pumice produced an excessive percentage
of fines passing the No. 100 sieve.
120
2* Wyoming Pumice has definite cleavage planes along which

fraetnre took plaee when crashed.
3. The sieve analysis of crashed Wyoming Pumice aggregate
plotted in very close approximation to a parabolic carve.
4-. The pore space of Wyoming Pumice was virtually destroyed in
the crashing process. That is, the smaller the size which
was produced, the smaller the size of pores which were left.
No internal pores were visible in material passing the No.
100 sieve.
5. The specific gravities of the sized materials varied

widely, from 1.25 for 1-inch size to 2,62 for material
passing the No. 200 sieve.

6. The absorption values were directly proportional to the size
of the particles which ranged from 8.5 per cent, by weight,
for 1-inch maximum size down to 1.5 per cent, by weight, for
material passing the No, 100 sieve.

7. Wyoming Pumice absorbed about 95 per cent of all the water
it could hold during the first two hours of soaking.
8. The rodded unit weight of graded pumice aggregate averaged
1.15 times the loose unit weight.
9. There is no maximum limit to the maximum size aggregate

which can be produced from Wyoming Pumice.
Wyoming Pumice Concrete
It is apparent that the strength of Wyoming Pumice concrete is
dependent upon the strength of the aggregate particles and the
121
richness of the nix. The maximum compressive strength that can be

attained with Wyoming Pumice concrete is not known, but in general
no amount of cement will produce strengths above 1500 pai for con
cretes weighing less than 90 pounds per cubic foot or above 2500 psi
for concretes weighing less than 95 pounds per cubic foot*
Wyoming Pumice concrete produced strengths equivalent to that

obtained with other pumice concretes with a lesser quantity of cement
when the most satisfactory aggregate gradings were used* The
shrinkage values were high and appeared to range along with the
higher values of shrinkage obtained from investigations of other

pumices* The unit weight values were comparable to those of other
pumice concretes and of expanded clay and shale concretes*
Some general conclusions drawn from the investigation of Wyoming
Pumice concrete include:

1* A larger cement content was necessary with Wyoming Pumice
concrete to produce strengths which compared with strengths
of dense concretes*
2* Wyoming Pumice concrete with aggregate series 2E will produce
28-day compressive strengths of 2000 psi with a cement factor
of 5 hags and with aggregate series 31 a strength of 2200 psi
can be attained with a cement factor of 5 bags.

3* Unit weights of Wyoming Pumice concrete can be expected to
range between 70 and 110 pounds per cubic foot when dry,
depending upon the grading of the aggregate and the cement

factor used*
122
4-. Mixes containing aggregate with excessive fine material
produced concrete which was less efficient than concretes
produced with aggregates from which the fines were eliminated.
5. As a whole, skip grading produced the most satisfactory con

crete with 1-inch and Ho. 8 maximum size aggregate. Crusher
rum aggregate produced the most efficient concrete with a
3/8-inch maximum size.
6. Parabolic gradings produced poor results in most cases.
7. In general concretes containing 1-inch maximum aggregate

(lA, IB, 1G and IB) were deficient of material to fill the
voids; thus a concrete was produced which was harsh and

honeycombed.
8. Wyoming Pumice should have about the same insulating qualities

as other lightweight concretes which have the same unit weights.
9* The sawing properties of Wyoming Pumice concrete were good and

very little chipping resulted.
10. The nailing properties of Wyoming Pumice concrete were poor
with very few specimens allowing nails to be driven to their
full depth without splitting the specimen or bending the nail.
11. Air entrainment very decidedly increased workability of a mix
containing Wyoming Pumice aggregate and prevented excessive

segregation of the aggregates.
Recommendations for construction with Wyoming Pumice concrete
1. Use Wyoming Pumice aggregate of maximum size not larger than
3/8-inch unless special trial mixes are prepared to determine
123
a proper grading of aggregate containing larger maximum sizes*

2* Parabolic grading is not practical for grading Wyoming Pumice
aggregate without some variation. Skip grading is very

satisfactory and crusher run grading would he recommended
for 3/8-inch maximum size,
3, Care should be taken in curing Wyoming Pumice concrete to
prevent shrinkage from taking place too rapidly,
4, An air entraining agent should be introduced into all mixes
containing Wyoming Pumice aggregate and vibration should be
employed in placing the concrete,

5, Wyoming Pumice concrete appears adaptable for manufacture
of concrete blocks and would be recommended for other small
unit construction, or for back-up of briek, because it has
potential high acoustic, insulating and fire protective

qualities.
Recommendations for future study o£ Wyoming Pumice concrete
1, Further study of various gradings to determine a most
satisfactory proportion of materials for use in concrete,

2, A long-time study of Wyoming Pumice concrete including tests
for modulus of elasticity, tensile strengths, curing and

drying shrinkage, of durability and thermal conductivity.
3, A study of condensation coefficients and water-proofing for
Wyoming Pumice concrete,
4* A study of rapid curing conditions by use of steam curing

and high early strength cement.
124.
5* Study of Wyoming Pumice concrete to determine its practical
aspects in refractory work*
6* Further study in the use of air entrainment to determine its

limitations and recommended amounts for best results*
BIBLIOGRAPHY
126
1. Schultz, Alfred R. and Cress, Whitman, "Potash-Bearing Rocks of

the Leucite Hills, Sweetwater County, Wyoming", Balletin
United States Geological Survey*
2* Woodruff, Glean B., "Lightweight Concrete Pavement on San

Franciseo-Oakland Bay Bridge", ACI Journal. January-
February, 1938*
3* Pirsson, L. V., Revised by Knoph, A., Rocks and Rock Mineral.

2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York City,
New York, 1926.
4. Shaver, J* W., "Story of Pumice", Concrete. August, 1948*

5* Hatmaker, Paul, "Pumice and Pumicite", Information Circular.
1* £• 65oO. Bureau of Mines, 1932*
6* Price, W* H. and Cordon, W* A., "Tests of Lightweight Aggregate

Concrete Resigned for Monolithic Construction", ACI Journal.
April, 1949*
7* Conley, J* W*, Wilson, H* and Klinefelter, T. A*, "Production of
Lightweight Concrete Aggregates from Clays, Shales, Slates
and Other Materials", Report of Investigations R. £* AAJ01.
Bureau of Mines*
S* Shaver, J* W., "Pumice Concrete Houses at Muroe Air Base",

Concrete. June, 1948*
9* Roemiseh, A. V*, "Story of Pumice", Concrete. October, 1948*
10* Kluge, R* W., Sparks, M, M* and Tuma, E. C*, "Lightweight Aggregate

Concrete", ACI Journal. May, 1949.
11* Boyd, Jack W*, "laydite, Expanded Perlite and Pumice as Aggregates
in Lightweight Concrete", Thesis, University of Wyoming,
August, 1949.
12* "Lightweight Aggregate Concrete", Housing Heme Finance Agency,

U* S. Government Printing Office, Washington, B* C.,
August, 1949*
13* Riehart, Frank E* and Jensen, Vernon P., "Tests of Plain and
Reinforced Concrete Made with Haydite Aggregates", Bulletin
No. 237. University of Illinois, 1931*
14* "Haydite", Information Circular. American Aggregate Co., Kansas

City, Missouri*
127
15* Boor, Edward E., Plain Concrete. 2nd Edition. McGraw-Hill Book
Gonpany Inc*, Hew York, N. I., 1936*
16* "Construction Materials and Non-»etallic Mineral Resources of

Wyoming", Map, United States Geological Surrey*
17* "Haydite Building Units", American Aggregate Co., Kansas

City, Missouri*
IS* Fuller, W. B, and Thompson, S. S*, "The Laws of Proportioning

Concrete", ASCE Transactions. Vol. LIX, 1907*
If* Furnas, C. G., "Mathematical Relations for Beds of Broken Solids

of Maximum Density", Industrial agg Engineering Chemistry.
Vol* 23, Ho. 9, 1931*
20* ASTM Standards. American Society for Testing Materials, 1946*
21* "Design and Control of Concrete Mixes", Bulletin. Portland

Cement Association*
RECOMMENDED LIST OF REFERENCES
129
Anderegg, F. 0., "The Application of Mathematical Formulas to

Mortars", Industrial £&& Engineering Chemistry. Vol. 23,
Ho. 9, 1931.
Moyer, E. T., "Lightweight Aggregates for Concretes", Information

Circular 7195. Bureau of Mines, 1942.
Hanson Jr., E. B. and Neilands, W. T., "The Effect of Curing
Conditions on Compressive, Tensile and Flexural Strength
of Concrete Containing Haydite Aggregate", ACI Journal.
November, 1944.
The Alexiter. Alexite Bivision of Alexander Film Co., Colorado
Springs, Colorado, April 1948.
Mathews, A. L., "Prefabricated Pumice Concrete Houses", ACI

Journal. May, 194-8.
ASTM Supplement £© 19A6 Standards. American Society for Testing
Materials, 1947.
Schmidt, Sommer F., "Pumice as a Lightweight Aggregate", Pamphlet.

Institute of Civil Engineers, October, 1947.
Anderson, G. A., "Volcanoes of the Medicine Lake Highlands,
California", Geological Science. Bhiversity of California,
Vol. 25, 1941.
Allison, I. S., "Pumice Beds at Summer Lake, Oregon", Geological
Society ££ America. Vol. 56, 1945.
Benjovsky, T. D. and Clippinger, D. M., "Natural Lightweight
Building Block Materials of New Mexico", Circular No. 10.
New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Natural Resources, October,
1945.
Powers, H. A., "The Lavas of Modoc Lava-Bed Quadrangle, California",
£bS American StogrslP.ftlPfi* Vol. 17, No. 7, 1922.
Niederhoff, A. S., "Lightweight Pumice Concrete", ASCE Proceedings.
June, 1949.
Collins, H. G., "A Method of Mix Control for Lightweight Aggregates",
ACI Journal. Vol. 29, 1942.
"Lightweight Concrete Construction", Architect and Engineer. November,

1948.
130
"New Type Aggregate for Lightweight Block", Rock Products. March,

1949.
"Properties of Lightweight Aggregate Concretes", Concrete. July,

1949.
"Scoria Reclaimed for Lightweight Aggregate", Rock Products. Hay,
1949.
Washa, George V. and Wendt, Kurt F., "Properties of Lightweight
Structural Concrete Hade with Waylite Aggregate", ACI
Journal. June, 1942.
Erick, Murry, "Use of Lightweight Concrete in Los Angeles Buildings",

Engineering Hews Record. July, 1949.
Tremper, Bailey and Gooding, W. L., "Washington Method of

Determining Air in Fresh Concrete", Highway Research
Board Proceedings. 1948.
Karp, Hilton A., "Lightweight Pumice Concrete", ASCB Proceedings.

November, 1949.

Vaudrey, Calvin - Wyoming Pumice Concrete

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This thesis, having been approved by the

special Faculty Com mittee, is accepted by

the Graduate School o f the

in p artial fu lfillm e n t o f the requirements

fo r the degree o f M aste r of S c_ien c e___

D ate July 18, 1950__

Thesis suhnitted to the Department of Civil

Engineering and the Graduate School at the

University of Wyoming in partial fulfillment

of requirements for the degree of Master of

Copyright 2007 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company.

All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against

unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.

ProQuest Information and Learning Company

The anther wishes to express his gratitude to Dr. H« S.

Sweet, Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering, University

of Wyoming for his assistance and encouragement throughout

as for her moral support.

Acknowledgement also is made to the following companies

for their helpful information:

The Garter-Waters Corporation

II. REVIEW OF PREVIOUS BATA ..... 5

Pumice and Volcanic Ash • • • • • • • • • « • • • • • 29

Clinker and Seoria • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • 29

Crusher Run . • • • • ............... . • • • • 49

VI. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS........... 69

Gradation of Wyoming Pnmice Aggregate • • • « • • • • 69

Compressive Strength • • • • • • • • • ........ • 91

TABLE OF CONTESTS (Continued)

Absorption of the Concrete . » • • • • • • • • • • • • 107

Sawability and Nailability...................... 115

Appearance ••••••••••••••••••••• 110

Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • » ........ • 119

Wyoming Pumioe Concrete.................. 120

Recommendations for construction with Wyoming

I Previous Bata on Pumice Concrete • • • .......

II Physical Properties of Aggregates Used*Table I • • • 13

III Previous Bata on Haydite Concrete • • • • • • • • • 19

I? Physical Properties of Aggregates Used!Table III • » 20

V Previous Bata on Perlite and Scoria Concrete • • • • 23

YI Physical Properties of Aggregates UsedsTable V • • • U

VII Physical Properties of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • 52

VIII Bata from Fresh Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • •

IX Bata from Cured Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • •

2* A Typical Sampleof Haydite and Chemical Analysis • • • • • • 18

3* A Typical Sampleof Wyoming Pumice & Chemical Analysis • • ••35

4* Map Shoeing Wyoming Pumice Deposits in Leueite Hills.. 38

5* Map Shoeing Specific Location of Gomes Producing

9* Computed Possible Minimum Voids in Beds of Two to

10* Wyoming Pumioe Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 50

11* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • 50

12* The Volume Change Indicator • • • • • ••••••• 64

14* A Typical Sawing and Nailing Procedure • • • • • • • • • • • • 66

15* Classification for Appearance of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate *• 68

16* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • « • 71

17* Sieve Analysis of Wyoming Pumice Aggregate • • • • • • • • • • 72

19* Gradations Usedin Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • * • • • • • • • 74

20* Gradations Usedin Wyoming Pumice Concrete • • • • . * • • • • 76

LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)

22. Relationship Between Loose and Redded Unit Weights

23. Relationship Between Absorption and Specific

24* Relationship Between Absorption and Specific Gravities

25* Relationship Between Cement Factor and 6 months Dry

34* Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

35. Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

36. Relationship Between 28-day Unit Weight and 28-day Compres

Lightweight concrete has been employed successfully in construc

heat, cold, sound, greater resistance to damage by fire and weather

Pumice itself is not a new type of construction material al

economy. Other similar economic construction with lightweight aggre

writing this thesis. The second is recommended as a list of refer