India's Beot Institute for ES, GATE & PSUs MADE EASY offers high quality courses for ESE and GATE Ces “silisveatches for SENG Civil Engineering Not Irrigation Engineering Comprehensive Theory with Solved Examples and Practice Questions=) MADE EASY Publcatlons era Ot: A, at Sa er Hai iv ain New Oa 001 mak iomeperederan Inigation Engineering © Copyrig,by MADE EASY Pubicatins ‘Ange are rosrvad No arto rs pubioaton ray bs reproduced, txedinor nosed roa otis, or tanita any form o by ny maa (lecveni, mechani, Phot copying recording or cw), wheat the pr wen parmsbn the above Inendone push fh book served by WADE EASY PUBLICATIONS. No part this book may be reproduces! Contents ~~ Irrigation Engineering Se Chapter 1 Chapter 3 Inigation Principles Practicesand Project.1. Water Requirements of CropScwnn24 3 0 nt 1 Ose et en oping Seton 12. Min cance gton 14 Discamager ong. Fala betwen ay Oe nen Import efnten inked wth 15. Syomeotigition. 6 Sacer Sb Sue igaton aa 25 17 Metis ition Inston ences 2 1 nlion Prec Suey ngaton agement f Cops. 0 19 portant rgiton ees inna Consumo se ur frpsriton 132 opie Ba as. ipsa be oes = avenona racee Cuts Create ee Chapter 4 cere ‘Water Logging and Lining of Canalau 47 Soll, Water, Plant RelationshiPoeewnnm 12 43 War Loagn. 42 Cae te L9G ee. ec ate og. 1344 Remedl Mens Apter Conaling 22 ater lng apy ofthe Si. 23 ip Foam Po We nee 24 Casino Sonia 25. Settee Treo HT 26 Sone Suess NS) 48 ning nal 28 FormulsorOepthaf isto eer eee 15430 Designed Cnn 4.1 eons rani. bases — emendone race at Inthe Rest Zonet. 20 Sanda rgaton bjt i Te ——Chapter s Canal rigation, Sediment Transport and (Cana D3 ganna 63 51 Caalegton 3 57 sheldsenranment meta designe ‘onscuing sable channel. 8 Malhotra 58 asin of tw Chain. 510 Nem Teo. 510 Ley Regine Te ‘512 Compationet ae anderen 73. ComponensParselaDoeron Hea. 1A. Seeppe Theos Obpetebai rei Comentone Pcie tins - Chapter 8 Chapters Canal Regulation Wotk wniennsnmnenn 84 ctor colt Ce onde a cosas, Yipesefcesapes eeeertere Obits a aerate, —— 6 Chapter 7 (Canal Headworks and Seepage Theory. 96 w, Chapter Dams Spillways, Energy Dissipation and Splllway Gates nn 91 aman sls 93. a O20 ann 94 Fees eng on Gy Bam 96 Sub Ars Kent meee 20 maa 82 Gentry Poteet ety 2 SE 99 tregyDastr 210 Tp ate pinay Cres, Set a 2 oo Comenina Pct eras, CHAPTER 2 Irrigation Principles, Practices and Project Nat 1.1 Definitiolforirigation wegaton maybe deinadas tho procee of afi aplication of aterto th olan forthe growth ot agrcatra crops nother words tis a siance planning and cesgning a water supply system forthe agricul land oct the cops tom adverse elects of weshe. 1.2 Main Concerns in Irrigation Nein concemsin tigation ar fons What shouldbe the methods of iigaton? (0) How mach moisture could be retained by he soln the pores? (@) What souls be ne adequate ete irigat the sole, optimum taquency tigation? Inher wore, str how much plan f moisture evel e should sop the net wate? 1.3 Advantages of Irrigation (0) nerease in oop vil ncreas ncrp yl cceur on seco good ington sytem leading ‘oncresseinfooeproducten (i) Protection against amines: Food producton of county canbe increased by avaling rigation ‘aoltes,Thishelp preventing amine stuatons (i) Revenue Generation: Assure supply oirigaton watered to growing of superior cops bythe farmers. Famers become prosperusty sling he cops while goverment revenue le generates ‘byimpesing tes on rigaton wale (Avoidance of mixed cropping: Nos cpring ans coving v9 ermere cops ogee inthe same fold en yesherconsts ara ntavrabe fer apariculrtype ct rep. The need of eed cropping eirinated i we nave goodrigaton acy (0) Navigation: rigaton canais may be wed or inland navigation nand navigation 6 use! or commericaon and aneporaton, rienceMADE EAsy 2 | Civil Engineering Postal Study Package ELIE] (Wi) Hydroslecric Power Generation: Mojo river vatey projects are planned to provide hydroelectric ‘ower ogoer with irgaion. Thus, al he same tine dua purposes served (i) Generation of employment oppertunites: Dung constuction of iigation works ike canal eadwerks, weirbarrago, overhead irigton works, enploymanteppotunie are gente. 1.4. Disadvantages of Irrigation (0 Wastageofinigation water: Abundant sop rigaten wat ons ecules toe 18 thant equed amount of ater (0) Fomatton of marshy and: Excessive esoage ol water mgen canals may lato fomation ‘faery ands lng ie course he canal. (@) Dampness in weather: Terrase o! he commanded ate of rigaton project gis vere corserably athe res nay become damp. Danpness nie atealeadtocecurence sears eatng om compress (Loss in vauable lands n varios cases, valuable ands ge submerged hen storage esc axotomedonaccouof constuction) were barrages oars 1.5. Systems of Irrigation 1 Teen oT = Fnzasen rane] [Pomme oat mnie | [raga 1.6 Surface and Sub Surface Irrigation pe “U1 Surfacetrigation bes ‘+ this moto rigation wari stout tothe agrcutua ind trough sa chars which od the area upto aroquied pth ‘+ Waters applied and distributed ether by ory or pumping ‘+ This method is good er sis with ow 1o moderate inflation cepacte and lands wth urifomn ution + [Ey theory with Scie Brampies mADE EASY P2079) Inigation Engineering | 3 (0) Flow irigation + Wt avalabe higher ves upptedto a ower ove by heaton ot avy. (0) Ueigaton + Wet avalal sterile tiger ively mechanical eran mean ndtien supped rigato.(e pups et.) + Nosty bows reused ris purpose. om nigaton canbe futher subcvided io (@) Peeiaigaion + 1.62. Subsurface trigation + inbésmao, water Sows underground andrarises pant ots cpary + Waters ppl tothe ootzone of rps by underground natworko pe ‘+ Te neta cons ol pipe, sub maha pipe nd ata pert ies. + Tismanod suber de wich righ) emibi Inyo ded orn Wo HP. (9) Natu! Sub-gaion + Lesage walt iom hanes ong passoge tough ssl gles cops som onloner tends, ‘ (i) Atel sub rigaton + Inthematiog, a eystam of pened dan artical lat below eso + Thsis oa process, so recommended in aces here cop provid igh retuns (©) Foodirigaton 1.7 Methods of Irrigation lrigation water canbe applled to crop lands using ane of he olowing gation methods (Surtaceirigation (6) Uncontoles{or wid otras) ooding method, (o} order stmetnod, (©). Chockmetod, (Basin method, and (©) Furonmetnod (i) Subsurce inigation (Gi Sprinkler iigation| (W) Toko (Op) igation achofthe above msthods have some advantages and disadvantages and the choce of he method dependscnthe flowing tecters: (@ S20, shape, and slope ofthe fl, (i) Soicharseeisics, (Nature and avaiabiliy ofthe wate cupoly subsystem, (@) Types of copsbeing grown, (0) na development costs and avalabity of uns, end (0) Prelerences and past experience ofthe farmer oH pict _—_ SADE ERS See4 | ce opening MpoE Eps Ane ERSY Ingoton necting | 5 1.7 Uncontrolled Flooding ij + Ditches we excavatedin heft. 1172.2 Maximum area tha canbe iigated with supply itch Irwe have supply deh of discharge Gand sci having infirain capac f, then + Water tomtnese thes a alowed ow actos he @ fetdwnns ary eso yop te degre fou 7 + incate of conte ng. sup wat vs a _ : ‘trough be wat war cane! ds dacharged Detomine th tire rqured to Wg ip and f 6 hata themerovcranage area rom atubawel tn Q = 0.02 cumecs f= Sem anya 106m + nbs mat, cotta reparation swan cost ‘here, C= decharge trough he supply ch * lavoro Yogstvrage depth of wae foving ove he sip 1 iteation rate of the ci ‘igo, determine te maximum area that can be tigated fram the tubewal ‘+The main dlsadvantage is thatthe water application _eficlncys tow especialy when cing recone). + Inttiscase, wehave series cid crarnol cnnectedto ‘homain supply channel, Solution: Gilh A « 008 ha = 004 x 10" a? = 400m? ome ' Not 172. Border Flooding ‘+ _Initis method, tandis dvgedinio a series of long. unifoely grace now sips separated by lowleves (.e- eal bund) + Horo, toes guide te tow water own th ol. ‘+ Usual engthol sti sin the range 10010 400m whereas ish ct sips isin the range 120m 1 owe + _Themetnedis stable when the ara levled n ection perpendicultohe flowin cd 0 28 ae 5 0] — Cre 5/3008" ag, bree om concen on ete cl a acer = + Waris lowedt tow tom sup teh a ch tp andi tava ge vated = 16581 6 0-14 « 234848 5 = 93.06 min | Maximum aeathatcan be iigate, Ino the so +s s00n as the water reachoshe lower od fhe stip, water supoly to that sips tuned of, ‘+ Thsis te most popular metnodo oding. 'NOTE:Htheland'srot propaty graded and ares ose Sone, eigen waler il al apresdoveniy 173 Check Flooding over tet, + Inthismsthoe, agricutural reais divided eo oa plots (tromascheds)bysuraundngheseawnioverdtal <== sagas —— 1721 Time taken by rigstion water tint an area oven Tretelovees cote chuck nce. pa Dt Tie requtedbyinigaion vate wirigatesnarencanbeghen P= SAVERS + Checkbunds ae geeraly cersbuctedalengeconous ston eae Wa ee {aris susa ee chee sre teh wets | [oa channel wich ae conncted wih supoy chanel eae f=22Fen(=25) cs | as «Wate otras toe check ater somaire © | | pg Stop a ) | ‘low er afitration int the soi Gi : s jeondtess where, Q= Discharge taught sup atch | ‘+ Tsraoa stab bates perme ares 6,= Fi came! - y= avrage cept catertonngavernesro LL | pemeabiesdis “pcan {= ale oletratn le sot tae Soe + Chase growing cis such a ovr or pay ore most ‘As aeaoftslanciigaes {ito prefer, 5 Feta : Poa + Some et ot evade aren duo ves: Theory with Saved Examples REDE TEAS ry madceasypubiaionsorg vworwsmadeeaspublcations.org onlinEn 6 | Gl Engineering 7A. BasinFlooding ‘+ Thamahod email employed watering xchards. ‘In this method, one or more wees are generally nclgod by cicular channel tough wtih water ‘hws. + Tiscreular channel actsas a bass, ‘+ Exch basin fe coonacod othe eld channel hile td channels comectedo the suply charne ‘This method is most suitable for crops that are untlectecbystancng wale pesertoveriong prod ote 175. Furrow Method 1+ inthis method, wate s supp tothe land by aS 5 ég9ing nvow chanel togulreterva ‘+ Thovenarrow channels are Caled furrow. io ‘Water inftrates through the wetted perimater ofthe iS tetra he sot + Un cope re grumente gos between the ar Sooper + Depth of th sows vr om 8 20 om wile length of furrows are around 400m. Figs «Thema is etal fon cop te suetcne grand, ot, theo et. *Prtonedon tatarenor gone pes. 176 Subautcnigation Sistine selec argv lec Marcon et ahaa Te coer aban ee 1) meen ua ght 2c ; (i) Avery permeable subsoil, wy Uh Apertura asic es 1 Unomesconec coxa (0 decane pe (artigo werent ng0sio0 Smee dado Se sistance Tor Scher pnd tober apt Soman wen favorabiofar the production of cash cops high pied crops) on ema ares, a ppe dst syst is Placed nthe si wall oow the surface. This method of applying waters known sail ub-iigston Ss ‘nhich par ee lata movement wat rapt capary mover thot 20 and ery sow Sours ‘roverenof warn the subel ar very aut fr rica ubngaten Thecosglsucn metiogs ver high However the water consumplion ac kw a8 ane fo the suace erigaon matheds. The yield ao improves. vrs Ingatontinceesreciesentrace | 7 Sprinkler irrigation Method “+ inte metho, irigaton water is appiedto the landin he form of a spray. {+ Watris sprayed ty employing he network fain pipe, sub man pipes and itera pipes “+ Lateral pipes may be perforated ate top and sides ort may contain setes of aazies though ‘hich water comes eutasa fountain + Inpresnt scenario, we are using rainy oan sprnies, Leys Fig. 17 ota snes Advantages of Sprinkerirgation method + Cen be ecient used or wide range ottopagraphy, eos and cops. 4+ Erosionofsoilcanbe contoed ‘+ Wateris unter appied + e0% of wate appcaionofcionoy achieved ‘+ Labour cattle educed as and preparation required. “+ Nolandteveingierequked Dieadvantages of Sprinkler ligation method + System's abit cost instal, operate and maintain + Cominuous supply ot powers required8 | crt Egneing + Comers remain unirigatod ‘+ _Undertigh wind conction and hightemperature, anleatoneciency becomes poor ‘+ High sane watorathighertomporatura causes le bring 1.7 _Dripleigation Method (Tickle irigation) + iste test mad ot igation *_Inthismethod, wate and fertizo are somly and dec applied othe oot zone ofthe plat in ‘xdetominize he evaporation and seepage eats Specialy designed emits and cipoers ara used ois purpose, * This method is best suted for row crops and orchards (eg, tomatoes. grapes, com, cauowers, cabbageste) IBA Advantages of dip irigaton + Wir exiementi mini + Evaporation ses ave clo to nepigible hee ‘+ Highestrato of vogtatve rom is achieve inthis method. ‘+ Solsutaceis least watied andhence occurence of eases du to dampness decease + Noland evetingisrequtes ‘+ Noga exsion takes place + Less love ierequired 782. Disadvantages of dip inigaton ‘+ Paste pipes or dippers may got stacked by the rods + Doss ator fostpotecton + Noode equa fusing and supervision ‘+ High sli requied in tbe desig, instalaton operation and maintenance 18 19 ‘y hn oink ceintenngatnts Inigation Project Survey Deering rian oem ig own 6 Rata oto’ (Saeco wage (2 actus oat ea dee, nasmn deca adm ace dloe norco ys) (0 ergot gon carded wena we, (Maton cae oa 60 Prey ey (i Podey (@) Fnlccaionofbarage or dam ete (6) Route Suvey (6) Lengiuchal veling (6) Cros sectonsteveting (0) Datatorcres crainage werk (© Sosuney (@) Wet obsoratien (stn Propavationotcevings (©) Oftco werks (6) Justication ofthe selection Final Alignment (09, Fatlocation survey Important Irrigation Projects in India 1. BhaleaNanga|Proect 2. Damodar Vay Project 3. FarrakaBaragePreect 4 Gandak Project 5. Godawe Barage eject 6. Hralad Project 7. Mahanadi Deka Project 8. Mayutah Project 2 Kosi Project 10. Tungabhasra Project10 | Civil Engineering mane Ensy So) ‘Summary + Iigaton maybe defined as the process canal appicaton ct wateriote sal andor © ‘th growth of agrcutural ope + Mainly tore are topes of irigation (@)Fewirigaion ()Utisigation + Maxed cropping isthe sowing together of vo of more cops inh same tl the weather condition not ube for one of he crept may i sta forthe ator Contrled Recding may be accomplished tom ald ches ry uee ct borders, checker + Basin loosing methods check Hoang adopts archer, + Furowirigatonis wie used orrow cons, + Smal rsa calld comugations. + Animporart adveriage.furow method i thal only0.2100.5 0 race areas wet ae compared toed mstod, Hence, evapoiaton lasas are coesponengy reduce + Spiker nigaon ors some means of trigating areas which are so nequl that hey Preventte use of any sutaceiigaton methods. This methods main suiabe wien ane ‘racers step and sol easy eroiie. + locke rigaton, because of wstor used sl salty problems are rec + Inareas which are sutabeto sub-irgatin, war aw Howrale i delveresio thes in ttc spaced at seme datance aris allawedto sep ito the gfouna to sinin water ‘ble at height such hat weer rom cally nge aval tothe ert. + Fw along the borer, boeder fleecing method, ea case of epaiy varia, unstacy or 1. Deep percolation ancunot ar elinated 2 Water apalicalon eficency very igh 3. Evapotransovaton comple eimieated 44 Feruizercan be applied econaicly aang with water hich ote above statront are conect? (@) 12nd (©) 2,3and4 (@.2ene4 — (@) 1,2and3 cent the corect statements: 11 In contour border irigaton method, te dainage chemo uns along tha cori 2, Border med of nigatons wal suite to ses nav ntvation ates that re either hignnoclow 3. In borer method of igo, the How is ‘based on spatial vated, unsteady open chansttow Eee 2015) Inigaton Eginecing | 11 4. In check basin method of irigation considerable nd is wasted by ridges ant laterals (@ 1.2end4 — ) 2.3end4 (© 2anda (@ tad 28 Inanirigsionsystom.he land was dvdedinio large nurbor of emt e unt eres, having fay vol sure, by bunds and cross ridges. ‘The basins hus sated woriled wih wat to ‘the dested dopthand ne water was retained ior some tine ‘This metrodofiigstons known as (@) bordermetted fo) chock bain ethos (0) exbstigaten —(d) conturiigation 1 @) 20) 8) 7.) 3) 4.0) 5.00) nat are the various method of igen? Whalave the mes and demerit eat? (6) Finch tins required to cover an 788 of 0.1 ha when @ tube walls scharging st th at of 0.03 umes fr inigatng Rab crop. Average depth flow is expected tobe 7.5 em. Average (ns. 88 minutes} (0) Fire tnamasirumsreathat canbe iigated by he valle echarge of 108m cumecs, (Ans. 0.216 ha} plain the furrow matod an he sine method oigaion, What aretha advantages as compared ‘pen chrval ow wih detoaingdecrges os + Inebeckbasn mained ial, conscereblland waa byes andl 2 Conpaesutace pte wiht, @ Objective Brain Teasers as j-Qtloctie BeaiaiTedsées a ile samba as my pct coret atm (9 oecigaton igontepsinasoong medcopsing —_() Nera ban ‘reed cropping sowing ct acHET 4 nw Fld under furtow inigation, YurcH ere Sopaterapotcuerepresbem gown 0 1.2 allan tr : (¢) crtgatn ay eaoenieg iets yah 19 migakerapenarsdngriadenpore 1, Namolnoops wegon os 1) arn als ch cyst, corn eaateaen 02 ‘odhigain mebodaiicaingtedenok ‘(6 bomen broesedon {8 ater) (2) matr gt ring ain 5 Aspe tigate yt ssl wn {© seecyoieg ran 6) te nd gai sop ac so {6 samiaerat) espace (3 Neneatn above (0) te olishveg ow peso et (8) owas ow 09. Themenadelgowngcopsenriges ning — ‘on the sides of water ditches, is known as. (2) wre crops wo be grown have deep rocks to tooaigeon 28 ety ett {9 keontigton Ine op gain met Gy Bie win Sesame ee ‘enadoipubierioore- CHATTER 3 Soil, Water, Plant Relationship 2.1. Brief Understanding . ‘+ Sotwot(or comets to waaradodto the solmats ding igen Pat gets he pores oft so Sal provides the nacessarymedum tothe water rough which he water ges ued ye porte (treoghts oo) + Fectorresponsiefr he growth 6) to at wtih water ents es (9. wat eerionn be si (0) aveiaity of wat pleats crops Troma sa ig. 221 Salmo 2.2. Water Holding Capacity of the Soil “+ tis one of he major factorintuercng gator, - “+ Wit tleng capacty of cot mainly depgnds on ls pros Volume of poresin so Poresty(7) = “Teal volume a si - Porosity denoted by Co 2.3 Capillary Pores and Non-Capillary Pores * trigation Engineering | 13 api Pores Non Cepiry Pores © Sat poe, 1) Lage roe, (@ Hola amount of water against rei | i) Do not hd water hy. Lage amount ot | ‘tr fine ap ray (clayey si possesses copay poros, | i) Sanyal possess nn oily pre. reraion._| (Reo ito bata enhage and aration ‘NOTE: Aol cl for Wiggs Ras pov paces equal dod i Caplan capil pores 2.4 Classification of Soil Water sofas as var vat clan wares water © Groviesdnal Water + Gralatonlweteri that water which nethel by be ols he water dane cutealyundor theacton of gray. + Wien wo adda large amount water oa candy el at high ischsrge, in qc tine the pores ofthe ei becomes completely saturated wih water. Ata sometime, water gots rained bi a8 his wetr was very ocoey held bythe sandy sol, This water which gots cainod is ‘collect by seme expesmenal method and called es gravitational water. (6) Capitary water Caplan water istat wate which eained inthe soll ater tw gravistonal wate getcained oft “+ Wateris alsin tn soiby fore of urlaceenson again! the foro o ray. + Capilry wateris hemos beneficial fo pant rom + Capitary waterie ao called as avaiable wat (iy Mygroscople Water ‘+ Hygrosconie water i that water which is adsorbed by We pariles of dry soll anais held as avery hin fim onthe surace of sollpricas duo to aosion ‘+ Hygroseonle water cannot be removed say Hom the so pticlns aa tie hat by a sol moar ersion of arcund 32 mosphere + Hyqresc9picwateris net avaabe fer plat uso 4+ Hygroscapic ister canberemnaved ery alviryhigh temperate imam ter ty ig. 2.2ceseation + sails Tes canbe cts Force per untae tat rst nee Nate conte choose ‘be exerted by part ots in ord to extract water ortho si THROES14 | Civil Engineering 2015) EEO igen Enginesing | 15 *+ plants o exert mere ferce hen tmeans si has more tency. eaters : Feld Copaiy is expessein percentage : ar Tersions usual expressedin tee of amoephres. cr eount of moze ogni ‘Wight otmnsrum annul molt ety saat ‘+ tis also called by other names such as Field Capacity of Soil = ‘Unit weight of the dry salt = (Copy Peter © soiPut + tnmedum texted ol, eld capcty be S0% of pre vokime (W) Fecoot Suction (9 capa Yersion yenenbannanins + SolMotsue estan lad capac anges between cnelenh screed ericephare TOTE We vay prio ro he apoa TT es Sao SS SST ts oiferet arent of pleat wat Tio ran capac al ana ease Wane IO TOR CAT. 2.6 Soil Moisture Stresses (SMS) (i Permanent ving Pott PP) ‘+ Wier content at whic plants noonger abet extract water rom the slr ts growth, + SotMoksure Sess he sum of sci moisture tension and crete pressure of st sliion no ‘+ Atpetmanent wing pon sof war re eld very bghiyandhence plant rots arent able 26:1 Osmotic Pressure ‘Beret utr water for rouh +t wosatcoluorseitasngn concortaton are sepesteby aseripermeate mena (eg ca rp » Weight ol mois hety he si when plans gets parenenty wed rambrae plant ot) wear moves rom th eoldon a ewer concen that thigh Wolht of dy sa Src Th ce th ih nt eve Aes uh amare cd ete + Sol moistr tension os et prmenetvitingPoitinin th range fo 2 am. + Pant growths tinction of somite ses. (0) Avaltabe moisture (AMY * Omnozprenee cla llcabe canicaywdvSadbycenwema onting. + eth tence in wate const fhe sol bemoan fd capscty and pemanent wing 262 Leaching ee ; (0) Rendy ave moire (AN) Lugawaletaphrono tances ingen tener wot RM nar eaae AS case teen bana ema se abe mciature = 75% fhe avalablemeit.re + Ingenera ready 27S Moisture Constants (i) Moisture equivalent ‘+ iis the percentage of moisture retained na 10m thick sample of saturated sl ater bing (© Saturation Capacty subjected toa contitugal fro fora perodof 30 minutos + tmay be defined asthe total water contont of eo hen 100% of the pores of sl ar fled + Its an appresimate raasur of fot capacty and obtained by the measurements done in vitae That it isthe ama nme te ravi at hotng caps + Geta esto tox nate ders — — __ + isa eae of fld capac trted a mates NOTE: At saturation capacity, sol maisture tension in a sandy sol is almogt equal to zero as in sandy sal, Po cpeeny seam San 2.8 Formula for Depth of Water Stored inthe "= cyan andratctdomwarémovenenthas decreased Woknow tat % + Physical itean be defined ashe buk water contentrelainedin the sia particular hycraulc c= Mig ol Wate retained ina certain vue cf so8 reas. Wag of ys oi sa ve + Fetdcapactys characte by measuring wate contr ater wetinga sai rf, coving ‘consi, ntareact soi 8,8) ‘to prevent evaporation) ad irontoring the changing sol moisture i the profile, la Depth of oot zone « afin mee) * + nen terate of ange sll mois very sal he alr conan a tia pon sido Ory neigh of si = ye) i bef eapacty, Tealvohme otsoh V= dt Germans16 | ch Ennerng mRDE enss Wyayy eax) eatin hor, y= ey unit weight oi Now, Feld Capaciy (EC) fo. = Mea tele ted ~ sl) » Tw z Equation) greotme lmatrtnainant aca cat = WELEO) = YES) w , Now : “Total water storage capacity of ol = Depth of walr retained nut area of soi The tal apa ae peranenwtng atfegn 08 ote ‘ot 2% an 10% opacity Aa etn, sl mean esl 0 en a | iat a wn 20m ptt ater ann bulked gravy tbesoten Ye catrns | nou of wat wate tom conto of geon, | | | Solution: Assume the plan arcao th sal inthe oot za fo be a? ‘Then, Depth of era sil meietura = [-S)*(% Anette wasted = 0250-0182 0058 m= 58m Percentage otter wasted = 22 x100 « 23.2% | | Weas be romin eid hvn Tald oapacy ZH ane pom | iting points 13% Fin the storage capacity in 80cm depth sl ihe dy Unt weigh ona sl 1.8000 the nigaton water ito be supled when the average sol mote flo 16%. fin the water cept reqitedtobe supplied tl. | ‘Solution: | (eMatrem sage cpecy » Aatbie mse 1 JFC-PHP) _15x80(027-019) 1. w ~7ntéfon { {(b) Depth ofrigation water required to be supplied to the field | = ao Range 182027019) 9 5.9 | Toe Sey aaanmniaiea) mace pss SEMEN (05m permet depth of sol and 0.2m per mat ‘Depth of warn root zane al eld capacity and permanent witing pot a depth of sol Find the fld capacty and permanent iting point Take, = 1.79 KN Dept of warn reat zane aC por meter depo osm Deon of waterin cot ona at PAP per mater cept ci am O74 Irigaton Engineering | 17 __ Wight of water retained inthe root ene corespending oC | Want of dy sof wx(dq xt) 981%(05%) = Yoxtdx * 37th) Solon: Given, 4, = dy = Depth of a a= ay sya pve ‘ternal, 02672 = 25.72% {Considering unit oa of oi) _ eight water esined inthe root zone corresponding to WP Weight of dry sail Yel) 981 (0204 ToGxH 1373" (hed 01420 = 14.20% ‘Se depth of waterin oot zane at FC i825 bas hat t PP "600 m# of water is applied to rice field of are (0. hectares. When moisture | content ne sl falls to 40% of he avaliaole water between the fd capacity and permanent wilting Point of ho solerop combination Field Capeciy = 36% PetmanentWiting point =15% Determine the fild application eficloncy Foot zone depth of Prost, n= 0.4 = 40% ‘oem Soltlon: Given, Ares, A= 06 Ha Porosity, n =D4 = 40% (= e00nP Water supped, Perot, age EAS = a ~The wt Seved ales RE18 | Chil Engineering "NOTE: Assume tat sols saturated nis problon and hanbe, MADE Ensy Velie alipores ao edwin water Atsauatedconcten, Fi Capacty = SstvatonCapasy . Me We He + te arc Wi, = Me weight ot ysl Femara) ' ox = Ste te = mein ie Peay Avalabo water = 60% ol avatablowatr 6x (ec -PwP) = 06(035-015) > oxe ‘tn of aterm hero! ane eonespencng orca avaible war = Halt “te (oxD (wx lO 0106 840m co = oc84m etme eter shud ace is Sayville aed ot oe cto a 20.088 (08 19. (RAM) = ut soem? bo mach rare han hat 2.9 Standard of irigation Water a ‘Various ypes of mpurios a presntin water, @ 6) shoud be some ims tothe puri presensinthe water goal crop snothampeed Sediment Concentration In water + ery fre setimont (fr @ est when deposed on sandy eo increases the otto 3 Exoetsve suspended seciment may cea touboin cana and reserva ‘Secimen derive rom ered areas may reduce the frit fel Concentration of Soluble Salt Sats of Ca, hg, Na" and K* may be injuous to crops it exceeds the parm. i Excessive quai of sis educes the camatic sctvies of he plans and may prevent aaecudle eran causing iris plat gro RE ERE” “Sapa epaleong ) @ @ @ ‘elaive proportions of Na* lone ancheace causes cod hazards. a COMET2079] nrigation Engineering | 19 «+ Saiity concentration may be measured elcticalyoritmaybe computed by laboratory et 1) casi concentration ote eal alan ate cersumptve water has been extracte rom the sos oben by steal (oust anal) = Sateonoenratonininigatin water CO = Toa sa anped os wth Qacunt of rigation water + Salinity concentration is general expressedin ppm orm! {salinity concerraton in rigaion water > 2000 poms harflto almost al crops. + Salinity concentration « Etcial conductivity + Beciticl conducts expressed nmicr-mhos per center, + £0260 micrombaslem at 25°C + Low sainy water 250 EC <750 mlrosmhosfom at 25°C Medium sly water 750 EC <280mierompos(em st 25*C High salinity water EC 2280 micromheslem at 25°C» Very high sai water Proportion of Sadium lons to other Cations + Proportion of sium ons present into als is garally measured by a tector called Sodium ‘Adserption Palo (SAR) + represents he sodium hazards f wale, SAR = here conceirton lhe lone is expressed equivalents per ilion (apm) or mi esuiant (meq) 0. 26-» Veryighsodium water (5) concentration of Potentially Toxic elements + Elmont ke boron selenium ec. may be tose plants ‘+ Boxer concantaton# 4 pom + Selenium evenintow concentrations tox Bicarbonate Concentration High concentration ol bicarbonate may resut npreciniaton ofa?” and Mg fons, ths ncresing he Bacterial Concentration Iie not a vry seus problem.20 | Civil Engineering TT) igation Engineering | 24 Ea Nat] = 345 mat, [Ca**] = 60 mg/l, [Mg] = 18 mgit ~ Find SAR of tho water sample Solution Wl hang capaci of 6a mein depends ns port | + nlraion eect ot saul be i enughto aed encase sy erat. | Hygroscopic moat cane encvedonl/ by hetng. ! + Caplan ars ae sat pes whe oon capilary pees ve lrge pve. | + Cepiay watt is the most beac! pant growth while ygroscope waters aot | valor pierce i + Solmoieure ios s mete pcan ‘bexiact wate om tha so + Onioss ss tron of uid, ua water, 19 pass rough» seripemeabio ‘mamane ita a sien where the sant corceraton i igh: epgerttaten of matriion hers othe memes. + Reoisure ares is he sur of sl motte tion ana oamato pressure of ‘renee | «NS tennant — 1 capeny ce aon conor.he al certs ages rene exe ina clos wen sills pooay Wo BX and FO W a Fora Frege cit aria Pricer tap, oot zone depths 1.0m, the PMP Is 10% and Cle 1Smmiday. Ihe gation efiiency | paket hes ‘+ Feel capaci is aporosnateyequaltomolstre reine at ateion o 1m, 's 60%. What should be the frequency of Iigation auoh thatthe moisture content does nt al De eae ‘+ Pomanen iting pantie mess contatat which plana longer erac clot 50% of Mawr Pemenenvitng orto rtatbionplnt 1 ator tom tego er tet rave, ‘Wiking pons cles incicatod by tha moisture retaine agains! aonson a 5 am, + Thoorotcaly, the meat afcientrigaten is achieved if, when he moisture conet of he 0 approaches he witing point, gation water ia supped in an amo. sufcient io al must be exerted pert ois norder Solution: Given, n= 45%, FC. 98%, = 1m, PWP = 1%, C,=1S:miiéay Moisture content can flo 60% of MAM, ‘Somoisture content which pla can use is 18 eevee) | tetas eta lana itn cao wt = x(030-010)« + Fedral te eomarenownetetendhabse seta niu = 2 (099-070)-014 Foe ahes Assume tat ality saturates ‘+ Sats of ceca, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in exces reduces tha oaratio ‘Saluetoncspaciy = Field capacity activy of plans, oreventing te absorpton of rues em be ol + SARincicates eat actiy of ocksm ion in exchange reaction wih te si ‘An eigaton water with a high SAR wil cause te sl tigen up. Degieectsauraton, — S=1 Volo ratio, e: 0818 ry % ete tin eases . ‘betwasn the soil gains and weter drops, scaled {d) None of the above fa) fektcapacity water 1) nygroeconie water | (©) capitary wats 4 | fe) water of 2chasion 22 Avaiabla meine fora croais equal o (2) fs eaaactymasire cortart— ing part ‘mois corient 2.2 Permanent wing pin mista constant fora Hygrocaniemaitge content . croprepzesenisine (©) batn(@lanaio) . {@)hyororcope water (0) None of ne above ‘vewrumadeeasypublications.orgMADE EASY 22 | Chil Engineering 09) (© lowealniy water (©) modi salinity water 24 Aso has a fled capaci o 25%, permanent wing pint of 15%, and speciicweightof 147 in? te rot zone dept fe grown cop (6) igh salniy water | 90cm, then ts avaiable moisture holing a eigen capactyis eed a toes (1 1950n 19. The teal rgaton depth of water, required by (© Weren —(@) dom contain rp i its ene growing pred (50 iys)s 25.20m. The cuatrabla commande fora dstbtary channel 100,000 hectares. ‘The distur chanel shall designed fora 5 After how many days wil you recommend upphingirigsionwaterioacephaving 02m "00 zone dept, and grown Sl having ks ‘capociyo30%, peanertwiling 15%.and —— taatge donsiy of sol = 15 gmice. The coraurote _‘(@ lessthan cures weoterbe cmp Sry anseny aDwt (8m avaiable moisture is pemitedbe availed (9) 84a (0) 15days ©) 2hcays (@ days G8 auoct Sodium acpi Rat frhigh secu ‘sores bebween (@) morotnan20cumecs (0.10 Assertion A} Sodium adsorption ao (S88 used in the classifeatio of rigation waters, Feason (R): SAR Incscates the ala att @ oW10 ) 101018 ‘fie sodium ens in exchange rections wth (9 1825 (@) 281038 the soli ee ee (@) Bath Aand Aare and Rie the srect and Nig'* as 20.8 and 1 milioquivalent pe ive, Retest a eee rospectvely ibe cassied 2s fand Rte bu Ris not coract au explanation ofA (@) few sain (©) meciumsodium water ()Pighsedumwater (9) veryhighsodium water (©) Als rue bus faee (@) Ais tase but Ris we answers 1 2@ 340 Ke ) 28M slecbica:soncisty of water 250 1 750 meio mhotiem a classed as 6 7) 8m) 9 W) 10 Conventional Practice Questi¢ntg’” 2.1. Weies is tleasod athoraisol 10cmacs atthe headsice. uy atthe fils 125 hctaefcunecs and lose of watarin vant 30%, fel 20a lad ht ean be rigated. (Ane. 675 hal 2 Te gros aes of a nigation projects $0,000 ha, Cut of hi, abut 6.000 ha have bs lized or constucten of evellogs road, bridges, ec, The areata be culated ding rate. winter season) 25000 and during Khai eure seasons 2000, The cay of cana ater ro\crops is 500 pet ‘umacs snd obi crops is 000 per curnocs. Fd the design ccharge forth canal afer cng 10% Alowanceler pao dischage aces of water wars What wouldbe the annuals irigaton? (Gl ier sr seed Bcges RO SH nt Pmiz075] Inigation Engineering | 23 (03 Calculate the design discharge of canal 0, 1, 2and3kr tomeadworks. Tho gross commanded area tthe hes ol the canal is 6,000 hectares ard ter each kn itis reduced by 10,000 hectare. Of hese Command, tha cuturabie area cy 75%, The ions ot rigaon errant oason 35% and 18% recpectvly Assi fla losses Oetow 3 km = OS cumecs, channel oss par km = 3% of iocharge atbapheing ofeach ke, Ker perodrabi (va! anaknartico) 4 and25 weeks respectively Kor depth fora and Kans 14 anc 20 em especialy (24 Determine reser capacty fr ‘Cemmand dra of 40,000 ha, canlioass = 10% and reservoir losses = 10% Sass bev, uefa anos oon eas ner: [a [Rego [orice | min | oom mrss | tiene [roi [eee Petar | etter | any ‘er | Gatmec) | tony 3) [eoeep oe | wm |» pm | » | = | wo_| wo |» | vonnse| wo | mo 5 Find flo capacity ofa ol rot zone dep = 25 m, exiting walor content» 75%, cry dnsity ot ‘ols 15 gic, watereppied othe ea = 600, wale sses due o evaporation = 15% and aoa of pot = 1000 eam. ane. 21.1%), 26 The fle capacity and permanent wing point fora gven sol are & and 15 percent, respectively ‘termine he storage capri of eo win the oc ane of he sol which maybe taken as 0 em. Ala ‘len tine the oot moisture nthe fii 20 pr cert and a frm apps 25.0 cr of wale Wha part of hie waler woud be wasted? Assume posto si as 40 per cen and relavedensiy as 2.65. 47-Olsouss in bre the anton finigaton wats Wht ae the standards of igation water? 18. Wite notes on he flowing (0. Satratoncapacty (@) Ftd capacty (@)Wbog Pins (09 Optimurnwater0 Cuarren| Water Requirements of Crops 34 32 32a 323 Introduction : + Theterm wate requirments of roo means the total quant of water requiedty@ crop rom the tits sow tothe ime tis harvested “+ Waterrequicement ave wt both ye of crn a8 wel as place, ‘+ Foreuccesstul growth of cop, roper wamin, proper moire, ope aeraten reper method of eativation and proper agricuturl sola the main equrements Cropping Seasons in India ‘+ Thar aremainy wo cep eeseonsin india (Rabi (Wie: crops) Fem October March (@ hart (ensoon Crops) = From Apt September ‘+ Buttnereis also a crop season called Zain action to Rl and Kart + Scmoties in btween Rab nd Kha. termediate crops are alzo grown. abi + Rabi cops need relatively col cimate sing the pede of growth but was ‘germination oftheir seed and maturation ‘+ Important crops are whoa, bare. gram, psa, mustard, Khasit te dng the *+ Crops ave sown atthe begining ofthe souh west monsoon andharveted athe end ofthe sou + mporanterope are Rice, Jw, Bal, Groundnut Ju aid . ‘+ Therear cola crops besides ab anak which are belngraied roughout tha year wih he hop of rica irigaton 1+ Zaid Cops are divided inio<—~ 224 Kast Crops Zaid Rabi Cops CT 2075] mane EASY Inigation Engineering | 25 OTE! Gaon Crops ot Ra onaoTs re Tost) cope WN ae 3.3 Dutyand Delta 331 Duty + Duis detned asthe aoa othe land niga by aunt tne curatonathebase period ofthe crop. ‘+s donoad by. + Duty feety measured in hectare + Dutyisessental for signing the physical suc of water storage ané conveyance syst Tae: By Sonn Gy ofan wigan System wih hat efancinrWigaton aston onecanhaveaniea soothe protege ste 211. Factrs lfeting Duty of Wator 99 of water owing contin. lor 0 Ypecterp (i) Chae conasions (i) Memogotiigaton Type oto (9) Cana eonestens (0) Time otigaton and requency ot cutvaton 2212 Typesof duty Duty ie aly of wo ype: (i) Flow Duty of water 1+ low dy of ateris the cay of waterin case of dlc ow irigaton “+ nis usualy expressed in hactares per cumecs. (0) Storage (or Quanity) duty of water + Sterage dy of water ho duly of water case of tank irigation (ores irigton) + tisusualyexprestedin hectarlone millon cubic mete of water 332, eta + Dota iste total depn of water in contimetre required by erop to cometo matty 1+ is denoted by symbol 3 Example 5 cumece of waters vequied ior cop sownin an area o! 000 hectares. vein ZO sono 2. Crop Period nd Base Period oo | Cropperodis te total te penad ram ts intantf sowing othe cop to te nstagtt harvesting elite crop. Teen i i aMADE ERSy 26 | civil Engineering Postal Study Package ELIE] 3A2 Base Pesiod + Base Parodie te oa tne pevioattam he rt watering done forthe preparation otro th last ataing done oloits haneting. NOTE”) Gp pviod is prose hanbase pero {Coop petiod and besoperccareoxpressadindays 3.5. Relation between Duty and Delta asixa a Duty of waar onthe file halcumacs) toa! dep of ate supped cron growing anthe fold during ent bse period (mete) = Base pert ot rp cays) Day, 35.1 Derivation Lotinee be a cop of base period days. This cop, 1 cumc of ware apple fore days Tren, Volume ot wae, Ve 1 (Bx24 x60%60) = 86400 Beubie meters Lot Veubic meters of water mstue D Hao ind Dbaotisnd = Dx 10¢equare meters ¥ ,s6f008 8648, 2648 Bo peat = SF mees) » 2°48 rconieetes) 3.6 Important Definition Linked with Water Requirements of Crops (Command araa (CA) + tis thatare which canbe irigatedby a canal system. (i) Gross Command Area (GCA) ‘+ tisthettaarca which canbe frigate by a cana 0 that uneted quant of teri avaiable 1 Acanaisusuallyalgnedsiong the water ‘ed between te danage valleys 1 In ther wos, GCA ie the toa ates vig betwoan the drainage boundavies hich canbe gata acanalsyetem (Gi) Cutrable commane area (CCA) + Iie tatpotion of GCA tat i exaurable or cutee + COA=GCA-uncunwable eas — 29) Inigaton Engineering | + Cutie commanded area canbe cided (@) Cutrable Cutvaled area (©) Cutwabie unetiated are {criobe cutivatd) () Intensity of tigation + Inensy 2 irgation is the prcentage af CCA propesad to be inigated annually + By ating intensities of niga forall he crop seasons we obtain the yer intensity of iigators. + Noiigation systemis caignedto agate alti, sutwable ara evry you (0) Paleo tigation ‘+ Wetring done prio tothe sowing of ropes cle paleo iigation. + Paeoiigton is required ete inal growth ofthe cop (ui) Kor Watering “+ Fistwatring done atthe plans have grown afew centmetersigh iron asker wating + Kordith andi paradare the errs uted for depthof waar appiand tim pesos cing ‘he watering. ‘vi Capacity Factor . Average sunely cischarge o a canal fora oetan chr Capacity Factor = Taira dscrarge capanty fa carat "BOTE: Canalis ways Goaignad ora Gavan anima discharge. Bul uBualy Wis does notheppen. (wp Tie Factor tmotanor « HTbE of doy canal has actualy run ching a wating pid Naber of dys of wating period ‘NOTE: Canal usualy dows rot tn oa ho Gaye Gung each watering pariod due wo some unevedebis croumtances {() Crop Ratio + Crop ai inher of the aea cf and rigs sing the two man crop seasons (ie Fab snd Kant. + fle 0 cated Rabi Kart ati (0) Outlet Factors + Datyet water athe owt 1+ nshor words. the ety of water lho had of afd chan ‘NOTE. gation wate supointa taland or llas 6 Nod chara (or wal’ Cou'so@), Wate Suppl ‘rom the caras through canaloutettothe field channels (00) Crop! Calondar ‘Crop calendar oo that provides timely infomation about seeds o promote lca! crop product, _ er toa28 | Civil Engineering MADE ERsY “+ _tcartains information on pening, sowing and harvesting periods allealy adopted cops in specie agr-scoiogeal zone. ‘+ tprovides asl bese for emergency planning of te rehabilitation ofthe amnng eyteme ‘her datos. “+ _Inlorato contained the calendars very uta tha planners, arcu nner, at reeds, anfarmesinfomeating poly matorsregarcing plertbreedng, cop ac, upolementalirigation, maximising he yd ee Wit ete or use Inigaten eR) « Tr apphed ang gai 37.1 Various Types of rigstionEficences : (Water Conveyance Eten (,) Quantity of water vere othe eld) "e* Qari water avec ino te canal ayer om te i eines losses which occurs In cormayance tam pont of version into canal syst to he ios (0) Water Application Efetney (ny) Quantity of water stored in th root za of the ants (i) Ne= ~~ Quanty of water verted the ids (W7) Iinetudes losses suchas uno om tefl and dep peralaton (a) Water Use eteiency (n,) Quanity of water used beneficial (H,) "0 Aany of water detvered tothe elas (7) Iineudes wate quid orlachng, (0) Wate Dirbston Eon ing nu (1-2) 100 ore, = eveage num cevitonin dp of wat sres 1 = average depth of water store ih he reat zone during ign. *getustes the degree to utc waters untormly cstributedtoughout the ot zane cing tigate, + Hence, tis also cafes Unifernty coat 1+ Higeris the vale on, beter the oop response Giieremaatiaos mane ERs’ roatenEngineing | 29 (4) Water Storage Eticency(n,) Quantity of wate sored in tha oot ze caring igen (MA) "A" Gary of war neecedo bang te moisture content ote oi the tei Sapaciy (WZ) 1, =F. —Avalale moisture nthe col por rigaton, includes water equi erescing | A cischarge of 150 ire/second was dolvered from @ canal and 110 ite second reached the fied, In eight hous, 2.2 Ha of area was ligated Following were the other dates | {@) Run off oss inthe fold = 445 m? | (©) Depth a water penetration varies inearty from 1.5m at he head end of the field to 1.1 mat | the tail end” | () ftoth of root zone = 1.6m (4) Available moisture holding cxpciy ofthe sols 200 mm per meter depth of sol. Find (i) Water conveyance effclency (n,) i) Water application efciency (n.) (Ga) Water storage efficiency (n,) (Gv) Water distribution efficiency (,) [Note that irrigation was stated at a moisture extraction level of 80% Solutions 10, U2 100 Viater delivered the fils (10 109 (3600) = 3168? er stredin ths rect one ofthe part by suppl water 168445 = 272378 Wate storage tiseney Meistesheiding cpactyosolinret zone) 200 x1 5= 300mm ‘ 50 (300 2 oan" vas" {i000 *?? Water stbtion een, S200? J | | sie eqied 278 | | ‘worwimadeeasypublications.org30 | Civil Engineering ‘erage nurs din, s-raepts1 | =02 3.8 Irrigation Requirements of Crops + igaonreirement of css the quanti of wate, eicuye of aif rq by a copin a ‘ven te prod thei soma gravth under ek onion + Iincudes evapotanspr ‘+ Ratoinckutos suraceruni and petcltn lees thet loeses are unavoil niga requirement crops can be categoria under he falowing categories 381 Consumptive irigation Requirement (CR) + CIA sth amount origin water hats aque to meet the evapotranspitaton (consuptne se) needs ota crop dregs lara R= C,-A, War, G,= Consurotve use of ater i= Blecveranla cura gram paodo cop 382 Netlrigation Requirement NIR) ‘+ NRIs ne amount ofrigatin wate required io be deliver at the eldtameettneevancvaneetion reeds of ropa walla oter needs tke leaching, presowing requiements et. N= CIR+ LR » PSR 383. Fleld Wrigation Requirement(FIR) + FRisthe amount of water equredto mectine MIF ps the amount of waterless surface unt and deep percolation, jon notmel by hea Fin = NB fe y= Weter appeationffclancy 20 ening none . Sarre eee water course hes a cuturabie commanded area of 2600 Hs out ct which | inxenites for perennial sugarcane and rice crope are 20% and 40% respectively. The duy ofthese crops atthe hoa othe watercourse are 750 Haleumece and 1200 Halcurece seepectivay. Find th cischargo requitad i he peak demand is 120% of he avera culvert. Solution: ‘Nea unde sugarcane MADE EASY | mnDE ERS Inigaton Engineering | 31 0 savnder tice = 48 «2600 = 1040Ha | 0 xx sola . : Waterequredtoreugarcane « ZapPepenes = OeaBouTeEs 010s j Water requiedor oe = FER Fajr “ OSTSOUMES | Sugarcane isa petenil rap So, wirequite wate troughout the yar | ata decharge care by wale course = 0.603 + O.S78= 1.271 cumacs 1 rnsaoape- 2 atarte St5omes “Kare “Writ coesionwerave oesiaise pook charge fortwo cope, sowehave aadeatho wal MOTE Gechaig as ban cope aeirigaied i same season. But for particular season in which crop Kb [sgrown, wo wil take maximum fhe two as iferentcrop are gown in ferent saason ~The ltt branch canal ofa main eanal running fora very long distance, canying @ Sisoharge of 29 cumecs hes cultureble commanded area of 20000 He. Th intensity of irigation of Rabi crop is 80% and base petod Is 120 days. The right ranch ofthe same main canal, caring discharge of 8 cumecs hes curable commanded rea of 12000 Hs. “The Intensity of irigation of Rabi crop ls SO% and base period is 120 days. Compare the eficancies ofthe two canal systems Solution: Let Canal wo aicey» 2,200» 60044 Ouch ees ‘09 1208 xo Hamas ous BE mortcanat os, rennin aco » ett 00H | 700 Decharge = Beumecs uty = 2.760 Haleumacs i Lot cangliemore ecient as its higher duty Example ‘Avwaier course commande an inigated ares of 1000 Ha. Intensity of rigation cof tie int aea s 70% Transplantation alice crop takes 16 days. Toal depth of water required by 1 is 500 mm. Uselul nal aling onthe eld during this pei i 120 mm, ‘Theory ith sheet ED ‘tne crap during tis pero ‘wsadecesypublcatonsory32 | Chel Enginering 39 391 392 mane easy | PRE] Fins (0) Dutyotiigation waar onthe field during wansplanation ofthe crop at the head ofthe fle (0) Duty atthe head of ho water course. (Assuming loess tobe 20% inthe water course) (Wi) Discharge require in te wator course. Solution CCA= T0008 Given, Teal depth of water requiedforranalentaton ol ce = 00 mm Losses he watercourse = 20% sett ainalon tt Transplantation period» 15 days Hence, Depthof water suppiedby irigatonwater Duty of water athe heed of the fd » 341.05 Hafoumac uty atthe hed othe water couse: Fle rea (unde cutvain) = 2» 1000 = 700 Ha 0mm ‘= 500~ 120 = 380 mm = 0:38 8568, 64x15 pn 2848, a7 O38 181.05 Hafeurece | Consumptive Use (C,) or Evapotranspiration (ET) Belorekrawing consumptive use o Evapotranepiaten we shou have an ‘Evaporator and Transpiration maar of what eters ‘Transpiration Its the process in which war tring the plant oes i¢ ued in ulsng of pantssue This waier fealty passes othe anosphere in the arm of vapeur om the lsves ofthe lon Evaporation 5 isthe process in which water flom sal aciacptto the plant passes note amoepher inthe fxn ‘ol vapour Te cving oe to move water vapou tom evaporating srtace i the diterence between the ‘ater vara evaporating surtace and hal te sureundng usc mame esY — RENERNENA 393 sropoanspaon cen) «+ Evepcaton na transpiration ase cobinod process scaled Evapotanspiraton ‘ Bvapctensiaton cant dined as the sumo evaporation end tansiatio em he Earth and ‘and oven ssiae othe amosphore “+ When the crop is sal, water i predominant lst by so evaporation but once the crop is wel {veloped and compete cover the sol transpiration the mein process. + £TorG,jsexprecsad as aquivaiont dogh ct water over anareain a given me ped 4+ €Tie usualy expressed in may + Vain fC, varies ram cept ropa asa for the same crop vars wih meas wells place. Imigoton Engineering | 33 7) 394. Factors Affecting Consumptive Use () Westher parameter “+ Weather parameter esa raiaon, ab wmpertur and wed speed + Evaporation pow ofthe smoepher ie expressed by the reference cop evaooanpiation Ai) Crop factors + Cropfactorinciuds peat con, round cover encrop rooting characterises (i) Management and Envonmental condition + These cludes ool ean, poor land fey, peor so management, pant deny, sl wet 395. Potential vapotranspiration (PET) and Actual Evapotranspiration (AET) asst per + PeTisthe amdinto evaporation that will occu lan united amount of waters avaiable + isthe hypothetical ate of use of moisture 4+ Hero itis assed nat cop completley covers the ground eutace under irigaton angET takes ‘plac ety rough te plas. Reine34 | Civil Engineering EI) 3952 Aer ‘+ AETisthe actual amour of evapration that occu when water ited. + AETisafuncteno!bothmeterlesical aces (Cima acters) and factor related wt las an 13953 Important points inked with both PET and AT + tater supply < PET, sol stars eying ' ET Heres, Act + Forclayey sats ner Hence Taso + Won si eit reachos uma iting oi AE =0 ‘+ tt svpply of water tothe pants ne lied, sl moisture wa be at ad capacity Meco, ART = PET 3.9 Somelmportant Definitions Linked with £T (9. Saturation vapourpressure Vapour pressures hich ligudvanour sytem sina tle ot equim 4+ ttncrase exponential with temperature (6) Actual vapour pressure + Amount pressize the water vapeurin the a exers onthe eutace fo whichis in core (8) Vopou pressure doh + ierence between sausion and aca vapeur pressures + tis expresved as percentage (9) elatweruricity + Ratoafareuntofwaterprecetintha aioe mou equi or seuatonof hei athe + Rioresed as pace. why 397 Methods of etemining the Consumptive Use ofWater The artic wo catgres under ich nen seas: 6) Dreineosronet owt {)Useotompia ort dtrinaionct Cl wat 3873 Deere Under eae dre neenrone vehave te oloving nett: 0) Steir suse on pt iene (2) low an Oto stes GG Teor with Solved Examptes MADE EASY | mabe EASY Irigation Engineering | 35 13972 Empirical Formule Comin usa methods for dtermning PETE®C, (@ Blney Griddle mettod (i Hargreaves pan evapeationmetiod (iy Modes Penman method 13872 important Methods 1. Soll Moisture Studies on Plots {+ Thismsthod is appscable wher sol is nearly unr and te depth of wate is such that oes nt eect he eo aise tluehatons vin te rot zone ‘+ Large numer of ol samples are taken al ferent depths inthe oot ne | Bylaborstry methods, moisture content te sll samples ae determined ands expressed ‘2 the percentage othe oven cry weight of 0 2 tysimeter method + Lsineters ae cyndical containers which are open atone endand are etn the round their fushed with he ground srace. ‘+ Lysimoto nave a perius tom, + Apart ofthe wat apple o pant allowed to dain through the pervious bttom which is colected na pan kept beat ‘+ Themed is cai atin an area wich sisted tom the ret fhe “+ Thecons.rnplve we of wari cblainebycalculting diference between water appled and the tar (raring trough the pervous bat) cllectedin the pan 2 Inflow and Outow studies + Genealy large era esetcied acter thaliarge arse consumptive use ol waters deerined ‘pymeasxing low arcouton + Ino is considered tora corpeto your tom apartous are, +11 Uistaken tobe coneumptve use ct wate fora crt ees thn, 6, = Ground water eorage fhe are sha stato hey G.= Ground weter storage of he area atte end ofthe year (OT oufow ror he aa forthe whole yee 4. Slay Gide Method + sims sasone! C, + Blaney Cridledeveleped sinpiiod method tocaluiate + TheycevlatedC, with mean monn temperature and dy te hours or sunshine hur). + Meap monthiy a emperature al anual day tim routs can be used asa subst fr sla Rear tr ED36 | Civil Engineering tion Engineering | 37 mane easy! maoe EASH Formula: Monty concumpthe use + Penman equation Ath Ey i y= Bhar] a | ve, G, = Nery congo ute) vee A> Sopot naar wpa pee tonputz ane Be nena | 1 5 Cops Storey emetenhens ee ~ t= Mean monthly terperature (in °C) (Net incoming solar radiation or energy = Merten canes (eco molecyo eo fs fore nih eevanyrouen ft nom) io Btvorese) "2 Peyconotic content= 0mm olHghe re yreaves Claws A pan evaporation method is generally used in india * Seta consume uss consumpve wet vat he ete rn sasonan iis NOTENEHERESC Ars oe i = en smal monty conse sve, TEREIIEEG ti otow gives to sets ora cartain cop | (Seasonal consumptive use, . ntha | Average monthly| Monthly % of day | Useful rainfall] | Gat [ee eae ea] | ‘5 Hargreaves Pon Evaporation Method Lo | a |e aod '* Pan Evaporation isthe oldest and tha simplest method of measurrig evaporations, ‘ia we sed | o 1 '* Generally, water depths in a pan is being measured | Dec 169 78 | 2 | ‘+ _ The best known pan s the standard class A pan of US weather bureau iin 128 130 os ‘+ Hargreaves equitionis used to estimate pan evaporation Fo 130 108 } | "* Important points regarding US weether buréau standard Ciass A pan, . nie —_ © is acyindical container made galvanized set (@)—Cylindsical container ha a cate 120.7 om ane depth 250m Using Blaney Cre equation and a crop factork = 076, determine the following () Consurative use (9) Panis placedon inch) woden plata {@).Consumptive irigaion equtement (1 Water ve 20cm nto pan (@) Feld igaton reqorement (oc) = KE, ‘Water appeaton efilency = 70% | we, Consurpive use coeticient ‘Lattude of tia place = 30° N | 5, = Paneraporsten a | E = Baporaepraton > + Late evaporation = 70%ctpancraprain Flee] | + Kisclitorttr ote cops ana lent orth same cepa ret paca. + Kalo varie wt cop growth aire a cere: ro tage rca op. wea | wotiyone | “ames” | Penman Method ce) i) + Tismetowasinvodsedty Poman lx detaining consumphve ut often arasct 1 |_@ je 7 asin depending yen ype vega cove each ub basin wef 799 9 . + Themed inmoesion complex ematonewthmeny variables it ome | te ms *+ Then eustonshas ben dahedy combining egy blanc andmass tart pgroaches |e | ws 10 | ‘olthe computations of ranepraton and evaporation respectively 703 | +” Tsiequte arecen mad ands bearing creasing popir I ! Hey RDP2005) y= Hf =075x 4246 31.845 em ma, =12+08 I her, A= usual GR = ¢,~R,=31815-20- 298450 INR = CIR( Since nowateris uso doen percolation) ‘oom (Mia _ 29.5 = 42696 em = 42.64 em 38 | Civil Engineering NOTE Fe Sonstaiin hie waalon, ‘The consumptive requirements of a crop are 0.2 em per day for days 4 fo 15, 0.3 cm per day for days 16 to 40; 0.5 cr/day lor days 4 o 50 and 0.1 em per day for days Sto 55, flectve rainfall off 3. cm, diebuted uniformly during the 36" and 45" day (both Incluavs) | predicted. Compute the total quantiy of wator(n cum) to be dlivere to 60 hectares pat forthe hole crop season with @presowing raquirement of § cm of water. Solution: 0) Water quirement perhecar of raptor 1 aye 18X02, 6¢ — apm? 20 2cmiday = 18%92.. ot = 300 (@) Walerrequioment perhectars fa eop for 25 days 25x03 00 803 omiday » 28X23 ot (i) Waterroqacement perhactare ata cop or 10 cays 0x05, ays 1008 504 «500m? (0), Waterrequicement per hectare ta cop for 5 days x0. wah 2108 = 50m : (805 emi 20.1 emia 8 so! 2500? (1 Presowingeauremant= © 10! = 500 co 2 xo “brat waterequrement «300 +750 + 600+ 50 + 500. stv aintalectare cing 96 and sGP clay. "Net quant of water to bs detvered parhecare = 2100 Henoe, quay of waar ob delveretir SO hacia 21750 = 87500 09 “ane Ease mADE ERsy Postal dy Package EXIE] igen Egg | 38 rep | seston | Base Period | outettector | imtnsty | crop ratio (Gays) | Glaleumecs) | 68) ‘Soparane | Parnnat | 380 0 @ 7 patey | raat tao 00 © 2 coton | rat | + 210 1200 o 2 inet | abi 0 100 15 3 Vogeatie | summer | 100 190 o ‘ {GCA = 30000 Ha (00% of which ie cuturabie) Ctner datas ar: (i) Extra water forthe period of peak water uso = 20% (@) Time factor = 1920 = 0.65, (i) Conveyance ossos = 20% Determine he folowing: 10) Capgotty factor forthe main canal (i) The design sischarge athe head of the main canal Solutions hen, ca = sooo 0 = 22 so900 = 24000 cca» x s000: ceopratio = (0 Sugarcane ecatorsupargane rea actly inigated (i Peay ‘ea torpady = = Area chal tigate 2200 200 wnoe Rass PEREIEEIN to sina pater wonder avoomor———*|40 | Civil Engineering as MADE EASY Postal Study Package ELIE] Inigation Engineering | 4% | Ltrs en rt} cE | (eo ‘Compute the average discharge requirements and peak demand for the | | ata gwen below ine table. | - | los PE 7 | i eanent ae | ‘crop | Arenunder | Total dunm | Bese Peri) Average ety | | Scoay” | “em | faewm | concn | | - Tan [are wos (9 Wrest | | 250 | to | aot ‘roa er Wheat. | vioat Fics Kor dopin» 135 6m Kor dapth = 19 0m ‘es ecualy ited aan Kor riod = ick Kor patiod = 2.5 weeks Sahai: ‘veradhtitherge ecurement (0 Vegetable ‘ | (0 Averadu gtitharge roy as ‘erage dichargereqiredior wheat = 220 21.5 comes Arata Vee « “24000-2004 | sto Bo 20, jeumecs tcc « ©0000 | ‘Average discharge requeesterce« 52 «209 | | ‘Average scare reqteent = 269 cumecs(maxirumat shove aes) ' Oe Be te cumies i (8) Peek Berane | 730 Ae 1950 | Capac fact for he main cane! | (4x7) Kart Season 1O= 64442 12cunecs: Duyiorwheat = 2588 BEARIANT) 700 Hateumacs | feoisencon 2026025-83emmce | ae SunmerSeason«E=64 16 = 78 cureca | Averagecischarge, @ = 4(12+85+7.6) «937 emacs | a Opa = eumoce | ema whoa Ccapactytectr(CF) = ~2 = 232-979 Ona Peak Damandtarice« Design cacharg at th head of te main cara ae Peak Demand = 5.14 cunees (navn oftwo values) Design charge athe eld tt lowing or peak sea ine fc — —— FESDEEE Th ces oi pencvaton song ns eog ol bade supa porta ine 31267218 ees | _speriwere probed Ther obsered value wre 20,19, 18, 1.8 and Stes. Compu the wat | Setrbtoneicincy | NOTE Tribe o dye ad atc Sen Seca Solution . ocrasos (a. we haveto design freer vale) Lelie cbse ts at points 0 ate apart be repressed yy 30355 A Desig cschageattieheed of hema cara aowing conveyance ese) S0.nj= 20may= 18m.4g= LOma,= LOmsy= 1Smrespectely 7 = 28 Sea oy eancopin= thet htt 88, Oee= Seg = EE» 260 cunecs = 28 cumecs doh a 8 7ometes BROKER Ton wih done anos ED2 | Civil Engineering ET) Values of magnitudes of deviation om the mer l2o-176ll19-1 76l 118-1761 115-1.76),|20-176 Average of he magritides of devon om hemean 24.0.14,004,0.16, 028 02849 1440064096402 =1-0008'=0.905, “Tha tl water equi of aps Canis ofthe water needed by the £66 assis wih te delvery ara application wa: “hare are mainly Wo crop ceatonsin rciaRabi and Khan Normal, Rabi star's on 1 October srs ends on 31" March woe Kha sts on To ‘Aptland ends on 3" Soptemosr ‘+ Sugarane, he mostimparan cash crop, coversbothRabiana Khar seas, ‘+ Dutyisthertaionbatweon he stenirigated andthe quanty ef walerrquiecto rosie Wher applies toa chorne is heaven ingatec dug a base period divided by msn supply utile in cures. ‘+ Base periods thotcsal tire oat tem thee watering done fx the preparation! ad tothe ast watering cone before ishawestng, 1+ tn dect dterrnation ffl! ater equereris possi, an ests may made by is estimating corsurrtve use and aging hs value for ore ase + Consunptive use dependscn ne ron, cle avalablemasiu cate a rete, ‘Losses inthe le cing nigation inca dapp seepage snd sur + Inadton to feta losse, some water wi best n vagy tho fee convey « camrcataecinanadewpantontomtmcna a natnby opt tne canal bank, seapagetomtha csnsland westage dng Operation ofczra!(inciuees oes rom ovr, kage past gates et) + Evepotstin and vanepitation ns re usualy ral and ote ually eagle + Seenagetossis he sjor continue in conveyance es love that ou ae moire or plant gonna al nes. “bene origin wate thal seeded be obtains a sources ot syn a9 old ‘rss rigaton requirements hie nat ees be dolvoredta the ols are cases inigatonequemen, ifthe colconsinod sce Eh Bey abcde BOR Sat ancnadeapbtontang mane EASY mane EASY @ Objective Brain Teasers _ (@) consumpivesse 01 ovina nein tee ert ) wereases continously (6) netiigaton ou {9} Neneot he above decreases cortnucisly {increase up to certain tnt, and then O15 Thevatoclthewetersoedin tne root zone os Iigotion Engineering | 2 becomes constant crop ote water actualy deverea othe crop (0) increases up 0 @ conan i, 2nd hen inthe tl, is kro 95 cecreatos (@) water conveyance ficiency (0) ater epeaonalicieney (©) water vee ettoienoy hy of rigation water fea given cop 6 ee (0) Nonsctte aoove teh on thet (0) at te heacol the ain cana 9 Frequency of higaion Is cepancont upon (©) athe head he watercourse {@ Nonsatiter (@) sotand cinste (6) s0¥,cropandcimate (6) 808, top clit snd terize: 8. Theduyathe snd pointof a canainina, whee the Gon, cool usualy eoaces, cakes {a duyontola—() outer iy {©} fomduty (storage oy 10 Ihe eigatonafconcy ata hectare fo is {50% andthe conveyancelossesra ihe cana 6. The et imponent watering of eops is wy ut I 0%, heme vl of water requ cated st he canal oule, or supphing IC em (e) paowsteing (0) kor watering ‘opthinthe fed. wl be ease > 2) cop wring (@) Abt ne above (@) rO300K ——(O) TAOKL (@ a0 io 13BHOH 08 Thosletontipbetweonth day Dihalomscs, ‘ne water apm ainem, and pace pared BM Q.14 The elionicy of water eee a, given by epencupen ees nat 608 {@) cinetoconetion a on ©) pedtttaoot eons (6) mehodotepptoten oe (@) geamery ofthe comeyarce system 08 cermurowveusectwatsorecrenacreens 12 The afiency of vatercayanc does mo te) Tevansprotoneess ctv crop pena vpon (6) eveporaion needs tte cco ae (@) cimatic conditions (p) evepotranepration needs UF the cropped (@) gory of tre conveyance syst ‘Seapsthernnotquanityequrecinpian (©) are of the boundary of he conveyance olin syelem (@) rathado appicatonct vetsr te None ete neve 27 The amaunt of rigaton water requies ‘hs evapatansprationand mine rata pant needs per untot copped sea scat 2.18 hina cei nigation ‘erahodvrsigtd nat an aor “Tory wih Sted emis FSD ownimadecasypublictions.org tate tens4A | Gull Engineering respective hen the irtansty of tigation or ‘at your and for hat project, woud be (@) 90% (0) 68% © 7% (125% (0.14 Thooptinumbor war dopthfora kairo is ‘8cmvhanalowedor water psiodcf3 weeks, the out cscharge factor fr Bis xp wie (@ 985hateumec (0) 782naleunec (©) Ge0hafumee (6) Nonedlttem 0.15 thedechargerequtodte aterotcops groan Inge 04cunocs, and thecapacty factor ‘and time factor are 0.6 and 05, he design lechargo for he dsrouty wi be (@) 80cumecs —&) 0:18cunecs (9 tounecs © (@) 1 2kcumocs 2.16 An irigation canals tobe designed to deve 6.2 curecs to meet peak Rabi demand of 2 foal of S100 hata of crapped area, The ‘stated canal losses aro 25% of the head dscnarge. Te duty on capacty cis caral wiles (@) ei6haeanec fo) 1920hacumeS (6) €53haleumec (@) 6t2hacurec 0.17 Theduy fa cropieas2hectarseumac whan base patio of the crop is 100 days. Dea for te crepwilbe @ 1320m (6) 200mm (9 464mm (@) 884mm 0.18 It whoatrequces total dap of 34.58 cm in 160 days then cute factor wi be (@) 2000hatn‘s0c (6) 4000 hance (© en0onaimsec (@ scoohains| (0.10 if average nuratical ovation ne depth of ator sterodis Bom ae sverage dept war, ‘Stored in rect zone is 24 em, then water etibuten otioency (@ e398 ra (@ Te (9 eer 20 A tube wed naving @ cacy of 4 nour operates for 20 hours each day ding the ET ensy TEETH] inigavon season. How mach area can be ‘commanded he tigation ial is 20 daye | and dept ot irigatonis 7 on? (1TH t0tmt LMAO (229% 108m (229% 104 mt 0.21 Afelawas suid woot tom an irigatontane ‘at arate of 120 soe to ings an aroact 25 hectares The duratenoirigatn is 8 hours. ‘was found thatthe actual dlvory a the fs, ‘hich ie abo 4k fa lark, as Ose Tho rol tss inthe His was stated as 800m. The application eficiency inthis stustonie @ ge 12% © Tex (oe 0122 The mesure contort of sli he rot 200 of an soreutural crop st cana saga ita to 'be 0.05. The feld capacity of he ool is 0.15. ‘ha oot zere depths 1.1m. Me consume seat erp ats eiagess 2 Sri and here |snoprecpation axing tis peo. tigation conc is 65%, Ii ended to cass the ‘moisture content othe ad capscsy in days ‘trough iigaton, The necessary depth of Inigatonis (@) 118m 0) 169m (20mm (6) 286mm (0.23 The cuftustlecommendearea or adstibtary is 2x 108m? Theintonsy of kgaton'oracrop is 40%. The water dopth and kor period forthe coop ae 14cm and 4 weeks, respecvely, ne peakdemand.cechargele f@) 2ean% ——() A00mis (9 B88nm% (6) T18B0s £2.24 Which he fotowing are properly metched? 4. Dutyof water athe cset—outet factor | 2 Ratioofmesn supply cscharge a a canal inacerainduratentots design ccharge capacty—Capacty acer 2. Fraction of te he canalhasactusy rune watering saacon Load act 44 Wetring done pri to soning of crop— Korwaterng az as DE ERS tinoton nein | 45 ee per |p ialame feleorearea eS tsemest a scsome (6) 2.8 ana are coroot (6) 1.2and are conect 025 Te giss command areator acietouay ie 1, @) 2 (@) 3) 4.) 5000 hectares, 60% of which fs curable 10000 egutte The rina of tigation for bis © ©) 7) BCR) Se) 10.(0) 50% andforkhatlisa0%. Teaverage dust 11. (@) 12. (6) 13. (6) 14. (@) 18. (0) the head! of he vibutary ie 2000 hectares! i CunactorRablsensonand X0hectereatumec 16 (H) 17. (B) 18 (&) 19. (4) 20.(2) ferknantseasen edschargerequredstthe 21. (b) 22. (@) 28. (b) 24. (@) 25. (0) head ofthe dsibuary fom average demand considerations #5 5° Np Cofiventional Practice Questions _Aditibutr iso be designed to rigate 3000 hain Rabi and 1400 hain Khar Kor depth cial stage ‘tating soph) and Kor pred (oiteal stage wating ped) fox Rabl and Kani anc 135 om and “weeks 1900 om and 2 5 week, respecvey. Design th dtibutary by Lacey theory. wah si factr es. ‘ne, 2.01 cumocs) Describe the chemical conettuent which afc he sabi o water fr wg. Deterrine he velure of water reqirado be dveietrom th heed works torigate sea of 8000 sing thedata genie able below, Assume EO asthe efecivaprecpatontotake cae ofthe consumptive lovee cop, Also assure 50% eticiency ol war appicaton nthe and 75% es he cerveyance ticiency of canal [em] sigs cf] ea | Coneumge sot! | Ta Psa) Sam!) reenter | o | ol] o o o | Ss fete [el | wt fe | oom | ow os | Srme | re | ew | ot | roa | oe a om (ans, 105.88 Mn)