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Toyota AD series diesel engines

Eugenio,77 EN | RU | JP
mail@toyota-club.net
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Jan 2013 - Nov 2019

AD series engines were used for C/D-class passenger cars and SUVs for the European market and emergency
markets in 2005-2018.

Specifications

Displacement, Compression
Engine Bore x Stroke, mm Output, hp Torque, Nm -
cm3 ratio
1AD-FTV 1998 86.0 x 86.0 16.8 126 / 3600 300 / 1800-2800 D-4D, -2009
1AD-FTV 1998 86.0 x 86.0 15.8 124 / 3600 310 / 1600-2400 D-4D, 2009-
2AD-FTV 2231 86.0 x 96.0 16.8 136 / 3600 310 / 2000-2800 D-4D, -2009
2AD-FTV 2231 86.0 x 96.0 16.8 149 / 3600 310 / 2000-3200 D-4D, 2009-
2AD-FHV 2231 86.0 x 96.0 15.8 149 / 3600 340 / 2000-2800 D-4D
2AD-FHV 2231 86.0 x 96.0 15.8 177 / 3600 400 / 2000-2600 D-CAT
Note. Engine weight with fluids filled - 180-200 kg.

AD series satisfied the requirements of model range, however performance is not "outstanding" - the main
competitors from Hyundai have specific output by at least 10% higher, Koreans also offers more variants with
automatic transmissions, and, oddly enough, the more proven reliability.

1AD-FTV (2.0 D-4D). Application: Auris 150..180, Avensis 250..270, Corolla 150, RAV4 40, Verso 20
2AD-FTV (2.2 D-4D). Application: Avensis 250..270, Corolla Verso 10, RAV4 30..40, Lexus IS 200d
2AD-FHV (2.0 D-CAT). Application: Auris 150, Avensis 250..270, Corolla Verso 10, RAV4 30..40, Verso 20, Lexus IS 200d

Cylinder block

AD series - the second Toyota's experience in manufacturing "disposable" diesel - with aluminium
"open deck" cylinder block.

Thin-walled iron-cast liners are fused into a alloy block and their special rough outer surface
promotes maximum connection and an improved heat dissipation. Of course, no overhaul with
reboring provided.

Alloy crankcase with fused iron bearing caps for crankshaft main journals attached (similar ZZ
series).

2AD engines have gear driven balancing mechanism.

Pistons - aluminium, full-sized, with a combustion chamber in the head. The groove for the upper
compression ring have ni-resist insert, there are cooling channel inside the piston head and
polymer coating is applied on the skirt. The pistons are connected to the rods with fully floating
pins.

Cylinder head

Cylinder head made of alloy. Each cylinder has four valves, there is the tip of vertically mounted
injector in the center of the combustion chamber and glow plug between the intake ports. EGR
channels are inside the head, the exhaust fuel injector is installed in exhaust port of cylinder 4
(with DPF).

Timing drive

Valve Mechanism - DOHC 16V: double camshafts in the head and four valves per cylinder. The
exhaust camshaft driven by roller chain (pitch 9.525 mm), inlet - by gear from the exhaust. Chain
tensioned by hydraulic tensioner with ratchet mechanism. Vacuum pump is driven by front side of
intake camshaft and fuel supply pump by exhaust camshaft rear side.

There are valve adjusters and roller rockers in the valve mechanism.

The water pump and oil pump are installed in cast timing chain cover.

Lubrication system

Trochoid oil pump in chain cover is driven directly by the crankshaft. As usual for turbo diesel,
engines are equipped with water oil coolers.

Oil nozzles that lubricate and cool the pistons are provided.

The oil filter is mounted under the engine vertically. Used the collapsible filter with replaceable
cartridges.

Cooling system

Cooling system is classic: pump drive by outer side of serpentine belt, "cold" (80-84°C) mechanical
thermostat, staged radiator fan control. In addition to the usual components, there is a water
cooling for turbocharger (-FHV) and EGR cooler.

1 - EGR cooler, 2 - turbocharger, 3 - from heater, 4 - to

heater, 5 - radiator, 6 - oil cooler, 7 - from radiator 8 -
thermostat.

Turbocharger

AD engine uses turbocharger with variable nozzle (VGT) of 1st generation (vacuum actuator).
Advantages - the maintenance of optimum boost pressure over a wide rev range, lowering back
pressure at high speed, increased output at low speeds, no need for the bypass. Turbocharger
cooling at -FTV by the motor oil only, at -FHV by water also.

- At low load and low engine speed actuator moves the control ring and turns pivotally connected
vanes to partially closed position. This increases the speed of gas entering the turbine, increases
the boost pressure and increases engine torque.

- At high load and high speed vanes are moved to the open position, allowing maintain the desired
boost pressure and reduce resistance at exhaust.

Intake and exhaust

To cool the charge air car is equipped with intercooler.

There is throttle in the intake (in earlier versions - rotary solenoid type, in the later - DC motor). It
is used during EGR operation, during DPF regeneration and to for smoother engine stop.

EGR (exhaust gas recirculation) bypass a part of exhaust gases to the intake to reduce the
maximum temperature in the cylinder and reduce the nitrogen oxides emissions. EGR valve drive -
at the early versions by solenoid with spool valve and a feedback position sensor, at the later - with
DC motor and non-contact position sensor (Hall effect).

EGR (early)

EGR (later)

To avoid excessive cooling of exhaust gases at low load, EGR cooler valve send gas flow bypass the
radiator (with DPF).

There are three variants of emission control system:

- CCO (DOC) - with oxidation catalyst, matching Euro-4. CCO function - oxidation of hydrocarbons
(HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) to water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2). - CCO + DPF - with
oxidation catalyst and a diesel particulate filter, matching Euro-4/5. DPF function - accumulation
and combustion of soot particles. Also additional exhaust fuel injector used.
- D-CAT - with the oxidation catalyst, NOx catalyst and particulate filter, matching Euro-4/5.

Fuel system / Engine control

Common Rail type fuel system - the fuel is supplied by high pressure pump in a common rail and
then is injected into the cylinders via the electronically controlled injectors. One of the main
differences from the old diesel engines - the high pressure, instead of ~20 MPa there is the
pressure of 25-167 MPa (1AD-FTV), 25-180 (2AD-FTV), 35-200 MPa (2AD-FHV). The components
made by Denso.

Fuel system 2AD-FTV (earlier versions). 1 - fuel pressure sensor, 2 - rail, 3 - pressure
limiter, 4 - injector, 5 - engine control unit, 6 - injector driver (EDU), 7 - fuel tank, 8 -
fuel cooler, 9 - fuel filter, 10 - supply pump, 11 - control valve (SCV), 12 - fuel
temperature sensor.

Fuel system 2AD-FHV. 1 - fuel pressure sensor, 2 - rail, 3 - pressure relief valve, 4 -
injector, 5 - exhaust injector, 6 - engine control unit, 7 - injector driver (EDU), 8 - fuel
tank, 9 - fuel filter, 10 - pump, 11 - control valve (SCV), 12 - fuel temperature sensor.

Injection at -FTV with solenoid injectors performs up to three times per cycle: pilot (before TDC of
the compression stroke), basic (at TDC of the compression stroke and beginning of the expansion
stroke), after (late injection on the expansion stroke); at -FHV with piezoelectric injectors - up to 4
times per cycle: pilot injection is divided in two stages.

There are fuel pressure sensor and pressure discharge valve in the fuel rail - mechanical (-FTV) or
electronically controlled (-FHV). Sensor and valve are "disposable", are not to be dismantled, and
mechanical pressure limiter adjustment is performed once at the factory (opens at a pressure of
211 MPa). Electronically controlled valve opens and closes by a signal from the injector driver,
moreover, it can function as emergency pressure relief. The small channels in the rail act as orifice
and damp the fuel pressure pulsations.

1 - fuel pressure sensor, 2 - to injectors, 3 - from supply pump, 4 - small channel, 5 -

main channel, 6 - pressure relief valve (-FHV), 7 - from supply, 8 - relief.

Fuel pressure control at -FTV carried out by injection pump control valve only (SCV - Suction
Control Valve), and at -FHV more precise control carried out by supply pump control valve and by
pressure discharge valve.

There are following sensors in the system:

- air flow sensor (MAF) / air temperature sensor
- crankshaft position and camshaft position - inductive type
- accelerator position (Hall effect, dual-channel)
- throttle position (Hall effect)
- fuel pressure - a two-channel (for -FHV), mounted in the rail

Engine with D-CAT also equipped with:

- exhaust temperature sensor - thermistor type, before and after DPNR converter
- air-fuel ratio sensor (AFS) - after DPNR converter
- differential pressure sensor - measures the pressure drop at DPNR converter, allowing to
determine the amount of soot accumulated

The function of engine oil condition monitoring provided. By default (in ideal conditions), the oil
change indicator light switch on every 30.000 km. However, the control unit calculates the
theoretical condition of the oil on the basis of driving conditions for the mileage since last
replacement and switch on the light early. It is decided that the oil gets dirty during enriched
mixture operation and strongly polluted when durable operation with late injection timing.

Note, AD lack some elements of European-brends diesel engines - for example, electrical heating of
the fuel filter and fuel pre-heating function - when after starting supply pump running at peak
performance, and warmed while pressurizing fuel through the pressure relief valve goes into the
tank. Japanese sometimes acted contrary - to cool the fuel heated at the pump, there is a special
heat exchanger in the return line (early 2AD-FTV).

Fuel system / Supply pump

High pressure supply pump - HP3 type, consists of the eccentric shaft, ring cam, a pair of plungers,
four check valves, fuel temperature sensor, lift pump and control valve (SCV).

1 - check valve (suction) 2 - check valve (injection), 3 - plunger, 4 - eccentric shaft 5 -

lift pump, 6 - cam portion, 7 - ring cam.

1 - check valve (suction), 2 - check valve (injection), 3 - piston, 4 - the eccentric shaft, 5
- to tank (drain), 6 - ring cam, 7 - SCV, 8 - fuel temperature sensor, 9 - lift pump, 11 -
from tank, 12 - to rail.

Moving by rotating eccentric shaft, the ring cam pushes one of the plungers outward and pumps
fuel into the rail, while the spring pushes the other plunger inward and fuel draws into the supply
pump chamber.

(1) A - end of supply / B - end of suction.

(2) A - beginning of suction / B - beginning of supply.
(3) A - beginning of supply / B - beginning of suction.
(4) A - end of suction / B - end of supply.

Fuel system / Injectors

AD series is equipped with two types of injectors - solenoid and piezoelectric (initially set at -FHV,
but with Euro-5 appeared on -FTV). Piezoelectric injector has much higher operation speed, thereby
increasing the accuracy of control and it is possible to carry out the injection more times per cycle.
Specific injector data (model code, the individual feed correction) printed as QR code and be sure
to be programmed in the control unit.

Solenoid injector. 1 - needle, 2 - piston, 3 - solenoid valve.

Piezoelectric injector. 1 - needle, 2 - valve, 3 - piston 2, 4 - piston 1, 5 - piezo actuator.

Solenoid injector operation:

- When closed, the valve is held by a spring, and the fuel pressure in the control chamber holds the
piston in the bottom position, which in turn locks the needle in the closed position (the fuel
pressure acting on the bottom of the needle is not enough to open it).
- When the current supply to the coil, the valve opens the channel, through which fuel flows to the
bottom of the piston. This reduces the pressure in the control chamber and the pressure increases
below the piston, whereby piston moves up. Simultaneously the needle opens and fuel injection
occurs.
- After current cut-off valve is closed by the spring. At this point, the pressure in the control
chamber increases, the piston moves down, the needle closes and injection is terminated.

1 - coil, 2 - valve, 3 - piston, 4 - control chamber, 5 - needle.

Piezoelectric injector operation:

- When voltage is applied to the piezoelectric element its linear dimension changes, pistons and
valve move downward. Overlapped by top of the valve drain channel from control chamber opens.
Pressure in the control chamber drops. The needle moves up and fuel injection occurs.
- After current cut-off the pistons and valve returns by springs. Drain channel is closed. The
pressure in the control chamber increases. The needle moves down and fuel injection stops.
- At idling control unit lowers the voltage applied and reduce injector operation speed. This helps to
reduce noise.

1 - coil, 2 - valve, 3 - piston, 4 - control chamber, 5 - needle.

DPF models are equipped with additional injector which is supplied directly from the pump in
catalyst regeneration mode.

Exhaust fuel injector. 1 - needle body, 2 - needle, 3 - valve.

D-CAT

High performance 2AD-FHV is equipped with a D-CAT (Diesel-Clean Advanced Technology) system
for the neutralization not only carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and soot particles, but nitrogen
oxides also.

1 - engine control unit, 2 - injector driver, 3 - EGR valve, 4 - EGR cooler bypass VSV, 5 - EGR cooler bypass valve, 6 -
EGR cooler, 7 - injector, 8 - exhaust fuel injector, 9 - differential pressure sensor, 10 - pressure relief valve, 11 - fuel
pressure sensor, 12 - common rail, 13 - throttle, 14 - supply pump, 15 - fuel tank, 16 - NSR + DPNR converters, 17 -
exhaust temperature sensor (B1S1), 18 - exhaust temperature sensor (B1S2), 19 - air fuel ratio sensor, 20 - oxidation
catalyst.

As is known, during fuel (HC, S) combustion in presence of air (O2, N2, H2O) exhaust gases produced, consisting on ~ 97% of the
harmless components (O2, N2, H2O, CO2) and ~ 3% of harmful (CO, CH, SO2, NOx) and soot (PM - microscopic particles with a core of
carbon and adsorbed thereon hydrocarbons, metal oxides, and sulphur).

- There are NSR converter (NOx Storage Reduction to neutralize NOx + CH + CO) and DPNR
converter (Diesel Particulate-NOx Reduction to neutralize PM + NOx + CH + CO) installed in the
exhaust system, and oxidation catalyst built in silencer.

1 - NSR, 2 - DPNR, 3 - exhaust gas, 4 - NOx accumulation layer, 5 - soot, 6 - sulfur.

D-CAT operation stages:

1) Nitrogen oxides accumulation. Under normal conditions, the engine running at some lean
mixture, that causes increased NOx emission. Nitric oxide is reacted with the exhaust gas oxygen
(O2), and reaction products are accumulated in catalyst adsorbing material as nitrates (NO2).
Evolved free oxygen (O) together with the excess oxygen in the gases are involved in the process
of passive regeneration by oxidizing the soot particles to carbon dioxide (CO2). Simultaneously with
the accumulation of nitrogen oxides, catalyst also absorbs the sulphur which takes the useful
volume of the absorbent layer.

2) Nitrogen oxides removal. The control unit calculates the theoretical accumulated volume of NOx
on the basis of fuel consumption, air flow and exhaust gas temperature, and if necessary enriched
mixture by main injectors and the exhaust fuel injector. The content of CO and CH in the exhaust
gases significantly increases, and in the DPNR converter a large amount of NO and free oxygen
escape. NO involving HC and CO in the presence of platinum is reduced to N2. Simultaneously, a
large quantity of active oxygen generated in the converter, enhances oxidation of soot to CO2.

3) Soot removal. Passive regeneration can be performed by itself under the condition of exhaust
gases high temperature (in the presence of platinum - NOx + O2 ⇒ NO2, NO2 + C ⇒ NO + CO, CO +
NO + NO2 + O2 ⇒ CO2). However, over time the amount of soot in the filter is increased and its
capacity is reduced which requires active regeneration. The control unit determines clogging of the
filter by analysis of driving conditions and the differential pressure sensor data and activates main
injectors and the exhaust fuel injector. The filter material temperature increases and soot particles
burn out (C + O2 ⇒ CO2).

4) Sulphur removal. Desulphurization of converter is much harder than removal of nitrogen oxides,
since they are more resistant to high temperatures. The control unit calculates the theoretical
sulphur content of the converter on the basis of total data volume injection and optionally enriching
the mixture by operating all injectors. The process requires a rather long time and specific traffic
conditions to increase catalyst converter and oxide sulphur to carbon dioxide (SO2).

Experience

First, once again focus on the modern diesel engines features.

The sense of the new diesel cars buying in Europe is clear:
- significantly higher price of the diesel version and increased maintenance costs at high annual
mileage overlapped by low fuel consumption,
- there are no problems with the quality of diesel fuel, and its price is even lower than the price of
gasoline,
- there are no problems with low temperatures,
- all potential technical problems within 5 years closed by warranty,
- for medium segment cars the performance of diesel versions is radically better those of gasoline
versions.

The buying of cars with modern diesel engines (especially "second hand") in the former soviet
union territories largely dictated by a false understanding of the economy:
- a substantial part of the initial safety margin of the car as a whole and in particular the engine
has already been spent by the first owner - especially in case of traditionally high-mileage diesel
cars;
- any faults are only the owner difficulties in the absence of a competent service, so perhaps the
most popular russian method of new diesel engines "repair" - the resale the car, preferably in a far
wild east region;
- despite that low fuel consumption results in significant economy for high annual mileage, the cost
of repair of modern diesel engines overlaps any such savings and is totally inadequate in
comparison with the price of used cars.
For example, the price of new original components for AD series: rail - $900, injector (each) -
$1000-1200, pump - $3000.

From an customer points of view Toyota's diesel range has major drawback - the only AD with
automatic transmission is low-performance 150 hp version, but some models in principle
unavailable with diesel and automatic transmission.

Toyota AD Series engines have become a collection of all kinds of problems that a modern diesel
engine can have...

• Serious congenital defect - high oil consumption and related problems with carbon deposits
(EGR clogging, intake manifold clogging, heavy deposits on pistons - even cylinder head gasket
can be damaged). The warranty provides for the replacement of pistons, rings and all crankshaft
bearings. In addition, Europeans obtained with extended to 7 years / 180.000 km warranty to the
engine on condition of scheduled service.
The early TSBs described mainly a replacement of pistons, but later it came to the cylinder block
(see TSB EG-00127T-TME "08AD, 11AD engine: Oil consumption"). Oil consumption of less than
300 ml / 1000 km Toyota considers normal, 300-500 ml - it is necessary to convince the owner
that he is operating the car in severe conditions, more than 500 ml - gives the right to warranty
repair. Numbers of replaced parts (for example, 13101-0R080 → 13101-0R081, 11410-09416 →
11410-09417) show that even recent revisions were far from ideal.

But heavy carbon formations due to EGR operation can be found in engines without signs of
increased oil consumption, so regular (every 20-30.000 km) cleaning of EGR channels and intake
manifold is a necessity.

• The second mass problem of early AD - the cylinder head gasket: the coolant leaks into the
cylinders or boils out from the expansion tank. At best, the replacement of the gasket is enough,
but sometime it requires a new short block due to mating surface warping. Cylinder head gaskets
constructive defect on early engines has been recognized by the manufacturer and the repair paid
off by warranty or partially compensated with "kulanz" or "goodwill".

• Against this background, the rest of faults is not impressive. In the cooling system - standard
water pump leakage. In the lubrication system - oil leak from the timing chain cover and the sump
junction. In the fuel system - injector driver (EDU) refuse, injector refuse, destruction of supply
pump internal components. Emission control - a variety of failures in DPF regeneration system
(often fixed by control unit reprogramming), the destruction of the throttle, differential pressure
sensor refuse, exhaust fuel injector replacement, EGR valve defect.

Separately would like to mention the danger (for others) of particulate filter regeneration mode
activation at urban highway traffic.

Emission control system relative "non-warranty" problem - limited life time of converters, which
under ideal conditions can be evaluated as ~200.000 km, however, depending on fuel quality and
drive conditions and regeneration conditions, reduces significantly. Since the price of a new
catalyst is 1500-3000, then any other methods are more preferable for solving the problem - from
extraction converter internal material with reprogramming of the control unit to the special
procedures of manual cleaning and burning the filter removed from the car.

The minimum list of service bulletins, which contain the numbers of the modified parts, must be
remembered by each AD-owner:
·EG-0050T-1008 "DTC P1386 Exhaust injector malfunction" (03.10.2008, exhaust fuel injector)
·EG-0018T-0809 "AD-engine: Turbocharger overboost" (28.08.2009, turbocharger)
·EG-0003L-0110 "Turbo charger overboost DTC P1251" (11.01.2010, turbocharger)
·EG-0167T-0311 "AD-08 engine: A broken diesel throttle body gear is causing an abnormal noise and DTC P0488"
(04.03.2010, venturi throttle body)
·EG-0041L-0310 "MIL light illuminated DTC P0088 or P0093" (09.03.2010, SCV valve)
·EG-0067T-0510 "AD Oil consumption" (25.05.2010, piston and ring set)
·EG-0072T-0610 "Engine overheating" (22.06.2010, cylinder head gasket)
·EG-0076T-0710 "AD-engine oil leakage from in-between the layers of the oil pan" (13.07.2010, oil level sensor)
·EG-0078T-0710 "AD-engine: A crack in the fuel supply pump cylinder elements" (20.07.2010, injection pump)
·EG-0132T-1110 "1AD-FTV and 2AD-FTV Engine - Hard to start in cold condition" (15.11.2010, SCV valve, injector)
·EG-0144T-1210 "2AD-FHV engine: Unstable idle / difficult to start,post C/M" (10.12.2010, glow plug)
·EG-0090T-1011 "Not possible to start the engine due to EDU failure - DTC P062D and/or P1604" (21.10.2011,
injector driver)
·EG-0108T-1211 "Rough idle, black smoke, difficult to start, unusual knocking noise, knocking noise during warm up"
(02.12.2011, injector)
·EG-0018T-0212 "08-AD engine: P0400 - Exhaust Gas Recirculation Flow" (13.02.2012, cylinder head cover)
·EG-0038L-0412 "05 AD: Oil consumption" (16.04.2012, piston set)
·EG-0061T-0712 "05AD Oil consumption - OPTIFIT 05AD rebuilt" (19.07.2012, rebuilt engine)
·EG-0034L-0511 "08-AD engine: Oil consumption" (19.08.2013, piston and ring set)
·EG-0041T-0412 "05AD engine: Lack of power due to EGR valve malfunction. (DTC P0400 or without DTC code)"
(15.01.2014, intake manifold, EGR valve, injector, EGR cooler)
·EG-0119T-1211 "08-AD engine: Engine coolant consumption due to excessive carbon deposits on the pistons"
(15.01.2014, piston and ring set)
·EG-0019L-0114 "Lack of power due to EGR valve malfunction in 05AD engine. (DTC P0400 or without DTC code)"
(31.01.2014, EGR cooler)
·EG-0068T-0514 "Knocking noise and DTC P0093 due to injector nozzle deformation in AD engine" (29.07.2014,
injector)
·EG-0009T-0311 "08-AD engine: Oil consumption" (09.12.2014, piston and ring set)
·EG-0130T-1215 "DTC P0201, P0202, P0203, P0204, P0205, P0206, P0207, P0208 piezo injector failure" (12.02.2016,
injector)
·EG-0024T-0212 "Loss of engine power and MIL ON due to fuel injector failure - DTC P062D MIL ON" (28.04.2016,
injector)
·EG-00127T-TME "08AD, 11AD engine: Oil consumption" (25.03.2019, piston set, cylinder block)

In 2015, Toyota removed AD series from the European market and replaced them with BMW diesel
engines received in the partnership program (Toyota designation - WW series), and a few years
later finished AD production worldwide. There will be no next generation of Toyota medium diesel -
their market is completely given to hybrid powertrains.

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