P + WA Cemsl Compan, ay bi ho Wn oon ; ; a (Ale Iq, layte S77 Wouee ; ‘ hay Dacre Clb fins hats why ; oes EDASPACE SS ue fret. Cees f Meals Normed SPAcE SE PACE Let N be @ linear (Vector) Space oved the field F(iRorC) A function Il. | i ENF following Conditions: Neti txt eo iS Called norm on NY il satisfies The i Vo xeN Gd Matlso ff and only § %=Q VxEN Nat [och s telat Nat Wea Stoney Tre pais (N, (Nv is called Normed Space on Nermed Linear Space ana simply dencted by No ae Note that Il- x le hile =e By Property , Exeny normed Space N over F is a metaic defined by Ace, y= a-¥I Profi My: Clearly x-yz0o > ACaLY) wo metacc Space with VX.9EN Va,yEN Ui) Considiy = = Ge aoe > ™, ts Satrs fred. we Myr Consider d(x, yy = Nx-ail = MHC yx If el-ilg- xi) By Na =K¥-x Il ‘ = Aty.x) . Spid if Syiimetaic amd M, is satisfied by. My ox, “a Considex 1,Z26€N ya Nee antd(x, 2) 2ilx-ylltild-2ll By Ny ys ; we Alay) 2 dda.y) Fal Y7e) > Ms is sacdisfted . Hence N being Nermed Space is metaic Spaces \_ Exampler Semple Let Nbe a normed Space Then Hiwatt] £ lea v x9EN Pref Consider Nxt Ix—a tall & Wee gf) +09 3 => Ixu-isil < Ia-gll Now Consider Wan -=Na-x +x-S Id -x tel NG) 2 Weyl + en + e-y = Uda —ix-agil & ang =) Frm © and @, we have: —Ne- oN Nan- yy Sde-) slxlea fp -aexea > fixi-nan] & tev (Proved) Let N be normed Space then A (4x,44)=/2] d(z,¥), YaeF and XEN a iy AC H4E yee) = d(z,y). VM YEN Pech iy Consider d (ax, a4) =llax-oy]] = lla cx-y)il 0 = Jal Ilx- yl By Na | = lal d(,Q) Proved Em rig cat ogee) = Icere) —Cat all =llx+e-3-2il ae ons =ull = 4A(a,9) (Paved)i PON oa? ( f Oe - Continuity _in JNoamed Spaces: KE cet (Kell) ard (Yo lly) 2X7 be a function fom ky. f i { J Er and 670 such that sand + be moamed Space is Said te be Continues at x=%0 J 12) - fen], cE whenever Ix xlled 5 and Vice wehsa ond Cotinuily dees not SY In case when E chepends is called uniferm affect by The pesitton f prints such a continuity Continuity and dencted tafe expression feo ~Feollce whenever I] x- gll4 8 ya.yer Hy A function £2X—7Y is Said tobe Gnfinuens on x if fis Continums at each print of reamed Space Xs Some well known Tneqpalities:. yf HaKerem) eltithede) ae i TR” then Cauchy Sehsore Ine (Zisal) ¢ a(Z ha y( (Zier) oR Zeal & ({Err )( Ela) Minkowski’s Inequality: Ge facut (2 bat? 'e( 2 lat" for pol ee 4 ae Zelat® te bee S Pian (rn veearyTHEOREM: TE merm function WIEN R os uniformly Gobinuous \ yw Poff For 2,9 EN \p 3 ‘[uxn-tgn] e Ne~ al \ ° i S \ Fa E>o and j & ) Se ‘ Gnsicler I x~ZI1< 5 ee Y = *ip SX Noo Had - ail] & Px gH es a, Me Sa Mey, SS > fxn te \ [ xu -uan] egec ato, Kena |en-190]2e seneves Ia- ges SEN SR is unifermly Cn tinweus. ul Se Se THEOREM: Let N be @ mermed linear pace Ten 0 FE NeN defined by Fx, yy=x+% YR.YEN is unifermly Continueus i) ge NFKN—> WN defired y Gla, x)= ax is Centinueus. iti) Fea a fixed Scalar a, functin hai NON defined by Rous an VaeF, xEN is Continuens VREN. Lect iy 520 E>0 and $2 Gnsider WK- xe Grider NFer¥ )~ £6, =U 1)-(xe ah 4.0 - fea) = lx—m 9-H) IFO - FC, uy = MW-%)+ (-ait £ iYx,yen & and IN-9,N <5 IF 1 - Fle, ay & NAMM eda.) < 64 5228 |2(MH)ae = Il FO Y-F ee, wllece et WFC, £)- Fee, gy hanever Wiel 8, hp-ayer Hence PO )a x49 ts unifernly Continuous.@ it) Gnsichr (88), Ca, mye Fan where Janaj-so and [X= %f)so a6 O40, BIH, Gnsider I glarx) ~ gla0,%)|f 2) az - 0x0) |] Glee) glassra = N94 044 nagx axe tare Aone + 06% — on7el Il Glax)- glass roll =I 0-0.) x = a%40,% 4.5% 0; hy + 4%6-Ae%e] F90a8)- Glee, xo “N00 %— (as) 25 + 26 (2-2) + (0-a) Fol I] @r%)~ 9l@e,20ll = I (a-as)(n-¥.) + Qol4- 0) + (A- 2s) Kel] |] G@-2)- Glao,, 26)|] & 10—aolll xxl + le] X- voll + 1-410 |] cl ' ' eanly |] Gla.7) 940, %)|] oe aS 12% , Ado PS GAN Ylau%) at 29%, Aa = lax) =X #5 Continusus. ii) Now fer E>0 , & being fired Beater Rage an vy xEN. Hf ano then R(x) = 0 = Kale) Vex. x0€N > || Rom - Fa%d|[=o<& whenever lax-ax,||=0 <& > Fateyeax is Gotinuous. If ate tim for E20 and 6= Auch that || Race — Re (xerl] < © = |lax-axl| <é Fe 00 ~ > jacz-%) Il <& veg BOS = lal Ie-wll<® aa co > Wael < Nar=® Fala) — Ralls whenever Ila - ell <6 ve Conti rnoues wriforenly Hence => FameExample: erimedl Sp Show that Ris Space with the. Tormed dof I x= 11 YxeR. ; \ Nei Clearly lalzo \ => Izize vy xeR. \ ii) Grsicer [1x Il 50 <=> IX/=0 > xwx=o0 > N, is Satisfird Nut Consicler for x€7R and HEF Wecx ff = Ie 1 = lech) » fx/ M261) > Nz is Satisfied. N3: Consider Weed [fe lee al Slaletal = teen ¥ UBER. = Ier+dlle dxnelgtl z> Ns helds Hence TR is a normed Space. Sirnilonly pure can shesthat C = Set f oll Complex numbers i's ce mirmed Spaw with norm ified by Allele. chm le: Show that BR” is normed Space wilh thi norm ce fined by Hal = [2p where 2 (Hi, %2, Xn), Prco-f:- iy Cleaaly Ixil Be vy c=12,3, + Ne Y Cab 2,3,047 > lx]? Z SOx) 0 VY f2y2,3yn = : > Nxn= Tai]? cst > Nxilzea ' o ily Suppose —, = va ° & Vm ° Vo le12,300 <> 1x) =? Vo i2t2 3,40 a> Are vy fet,3,3, > a (% 93.93, Ha) oC o> N, is satisfied. : Fea kEF and x€R”, Grsider er = Ze ie _ [ail = aes => Ny, is Satisfied: Ny: Joa x, gemR” 3 g Consider ; S: I eeall= [Ernar 8y Using mminkoskis ineguali by ae fetal © [oye fs oial™ > Wer sys Hel + all Ny te satisfied a W20= [Fp is norm on R Le > RR” vs mermed Space and is called 7 dimensional Euclidean Space. —_—_ cronth. Show that C” is nurmed Space with Term dlefined by =e Hall= Joo) ahr Ba (rtiyey ee) Prost Nyc Clealy [Bile [Bil 70 Frail2 BH (Rao 8n) o (0.01,0) = 0 i 3 > N, is Satisfied, i Nat Fok &€F and pe C”, Gnsidey Z t Wee [Fiar [Five |) UE (al i ley Fiaip Ie) an. - PN ts batisfied. Ns? Fore, fee” Consider [fz 4 Z| = [Fase = 0 By Using Minkeskis Ineguali > fesée [Siar + [Fer > pares Wey + 1e7 Ny is satafied % Mell= [Fo )2,)* 1 norm on C” DC" is-mermed Space and tt called dinensisnal Uniton Space. Example: Shes that Lp Space of all Seyrences x#[xa} 5 mek with the rarm defined by [xl] = TF pay? sZoIay"<* is normed Space. ‘ a Bok njiy = Ind ze > E>) nj? 30> NFimirze => Ixizexiao : E ' ’ i Consider, — [Erah=e — Zo llPae > |i thee ees Inl=0 > WHO VY Coby Bert K=O > => Ni is satisfied. Nz: Fea KEF and xe tp » Crnsider eat Spex = ages = Pla Fr Te = lol rea > Nz is Satisfied: “s js Na: Ha x. ae ep of csr m+ di 2 F [Z1 vault By Minkeskis Inequadi i Consider |]x+ 9 ll= > ijxrall SE Erm? + [aera > yaeal £ xd +a => Ng helds So Hall = Fp is norm on 4 > 2, is a normed Space - Example: Show that Lo = Spee f by eda Sup II Proof = Ny: i) Cleaaly [ri] 72 => Sop [x12 ° elements of IR” or C" wilk norm defiv for £2" is normed Space. Yo cehaeyn > Ix iiy Suppose x= 0° <> Sup |e | =0 V fehayen Vo fenayeun 1) =2Ny: For x€ F and xe £” @ Gnsider Nox + Sup (aE Je a Sup(E) y > Ns is Satisfied. Ns: Let x, ye gn Consider | x4 9 = Sup [4 4] 2 Sipe + Sp La = Weta & Ix eras Ny hells te Waite S121 nom on LD” = tis 4 normed Space. Example shosthet LS poe of ol bounded Seunces wi norm defvad 22aoe ‘ Sy MSM Spm) for xe Pasa Ke [%} SL [Xn] <® Vnen 'S a normed Space. Frocfi. Ny: iy Clearly Ix) 20 => Sup Ix:1z6 Vienna. => Mxnze it) Cunsider Ix =0 <> Sep [xi] =e a Cy es = V conta, & > Ni is Satisfied. Ny: idey ia “ ~” nt Consider thx 11 = Sap lara] fr HEF and xe L = Ix! Sup 11 = ex >N, is Satisfred- Ng: Fou x, ye £° : 7 Gosider Nx ge Spl M48] & Splsl-+ Splei > Wet adSiadsigl SD Nohelde s. Wali = SEphel is nem on £ > LP ie a normed Space..& ey Erample Shao at Clorbj= Spread eal valusd Cosdnuess fanetions Aefired en [4,4] * nermed Spaa wih nem cle finad by Vfl = Suplfeet ¥ fe Clos, Oct. xefes) EE > [festze ¥ x€[o,b) = Sup [fer] 72 Ye (ab) = llr ¥ xe[e,t). i) Seppee Ilfll=0 eb Sup] finfee ¥ xe (ab) > lace Y¥ xe(a,b) <> finycco ¥ x€(e,b) iw, DNiis satisfied SP fee ¥ xe (a,b) 4 i g Nu: Fe WEF ond ge Clad} fo = o Hef ll = Sup befond = bat Sup fod Vi Sir xe (8,4) ye x oY = Ter itftt LY se 4 ON, is Sata fred Ny: let ff. ge Clb) Suppese [fr gle Supldsym} — ¥ xe (or) Wgagh = Seplims aml ¥ x4 fon Nf+alle Soplferl + Spl sod ¥ xe (2,3) Nf+gll & HEN+ bay SON, holds se EfIl= Sup lftol i norm om Clad), ~ melee) Hence Clo,b} is a nevmed Space. __ Examph: Ta Space (KR) emeish of all bounded Atal valued farctrns dafined on an arbitrary tpeleyieal Space X. Additin ame Scalar multipheation are fred a4 , 7 (f+goae fine gon 5 fed = ef for Fr ge BX) coe Girad by IIE! f The movm 16 PIF fer feA Ns Cleatly [fr] zo VXEX. se > Sup feo] wo v KXEX > Iti ze ¥XEX. ) Seppe flo ep Suplfm| =o yxex S lfl=o VxXEX > fimo Vv xéX = fze vxeX Ni is Satrsfied. Net Fea KETR and. fe BwR) Wefil = SeplePeol = Sup len = bel Splfole |x| > Na is catesfieed. Ng? let £, >9€ BAR) Svppete f+ a l= SeplFegeol = NEM. Supls + geo] lrg “Septet SET aT EK xex Mf+au < fie > Ng holds se Hene S(X,R) ts mow. tai al Space. Example: The Space Clasb] wiht rerm Ilfll = -fi [fen}dx ; is a normed Space. Ref. Nye Clotly Heo] 70 Y xe (a,b), > S Ifea]dx 20 ¥ xe (a,b), => Wtize v xé[a,b]. it) Gnsickr IEl=0e> J *tfealdx = 0 = Ifw]=. V xe (a,b) <> fmse Voexa, <=> fro Ni ts Satisfied. ~ lf Sep font is morm on BOI) 3 X€ Cab]Nyt Fer KEE ond felon. ~Wefi= _ Slot = Sif alt fll => N, is Satisfied « Ny: let f gectoel , » Suppose If +all= J! byte iol a a Weal al ® > Werle Sites ae + foe ax => teas Wenetal Nz helds se WE = f \fool dx is norm on C(A,b) Here Ca, 6) is a normed Space: Convergence 10 a normed Space: Let Ni be a ermed Space and {Xn} be a Sequence jnN-then—it 1s Said te be Gonerge nt te xEN if here exist E>0 and a natiral number, Such that IXn- XI Catchy Seqpena fx?)} Comerpes he XE RR” 1s Cmplete Newt Spa Banach § ace - a pen Pace. | @ v. fuestio-n Shas that £71 Banach | Space Y orm od bruncad Seguances 0! eof We have already prve fed Le Spas f at bow rere Dale Sup [>i] vce QP” st [aalew ynen fh is a nermed Space. | % prve if Bonech Sposa, ve have 4 pre that every Camehy Seguare in £° Grvergen in £ | Consider {27} be « cinshy Seypeme tm exist @ natshal ramber Me Such Bal | V py am LV Py rte for donnre t*s. ‘ev Ede Mere pee Vpyen ,teund Jah aV ce V pyrene, Ahn a Cauthy Soyyence ih Ree O' smplte Lo 12TT Cnntegerte % fer So fer matural rarbert M% ferns, In -x] ¥ Poti fir bo ba dene = ( [rex < Ge Vi pan, . | Fer in? [xr-nl <& Vv) Pen ‘ ” | Qs Foa i= [23-331<% Vi p> gi} | }4%<¢| ¥ prem yee where ye max frm, 7) | £ ” » Supl ain ef Yo pen & (2°) Gnarget 6 % | News vie have anly te Show frat aefrx} is bounded Sepuema [aja tat alee 2 loc >2 IR} elap aE eK » Jatladee fa Re ppg neces “Es a. > BeL RF is bounded Seyecme ee me Hence xe pr ' ga ee [oe (2°77 Grverges xe 2 nee \ ® i Grplh Numed Spau 4s Banach Space: Qiesti a es. “Shewthai fhe Space cc Consisting € all Convergent Sequences ={*} f sel numbers (Grplex numbers) with norm defined by Vxec Ix] = Sup | Xn] neN i. * Eveay Gnvergent Sequence is brunded and £” cansists f all bamded Sequences te is Subspace rf. 1” 2 . + Ls Banach Space. T show that © is Banach Space , it is enough + show that © iS Chesed as: 's Banach space. Selution:. AW Subspace ¥ of Banach space is Bonech space if oncl only . : t d £ Yi closed” Fea this let x afaJe@ (x is Limit peint ef ) Then There exist a sequence {xJ€C such that we Lim x x poo” > 5 x- as poe Se for dome E>o hehe is a natural 1, Such that We i & Vv pam > Sup | xn’ a0] <& “Y pane nen hus fer a fined EN : Jat xl < = Vpem —o Fo =M a P (nm) qj [<8 i and | m= xm] < &2 On) Pe Cand ae {xn} = fr). xi is Gmvergent Spun f feed numbers. “yy omegent sepernce its Castchy Seypterce’ Hence 2 fr} is Cauchy Sequence S fer €r0 There exist a nateral number, Auch That | wef) 6 n= Xm] <& Yo mnzn, Gnsider 11, = max{ 7m, n,} Then (ay tm my) | %n -%m| | tn- n+ Xn — Xm + Xm — Xm VY mnrn = [nim] & Xn~ in| + Ja 2) | 4 [ao xm] ymnrn, > |xn—am|& | an xe] +| a eel em] YM + 1X) a[-x1 => | xn- em] 4 [Ane » ala] Le 4] ewe] StS yma rn, Yn > > [xn}=X is Cauchy Sequence in R (ere) + IR ( C) is Complete 4+ Cauchy Seyunce Gnverges Hence 2 =f JEC > te¢eac ee but C SS - xine Sa Hence C=e gain Se Cis clesed Subspace f 4” een => C is Complete Hence cis Banach Spe: Oe 2 Question i Show that the space C, of all Serpomces of deal or Genplex numbers, Gnvergmg ft 0, wifi nerm ‘ined by | x1) = Sup [ol YXEG nen as fer is a Cae Space - 2 2 contoins ef all at sepnence is bounded : + ia a anach Space, tt is «Ls Banach Space shoaThet Co is Bane le nae te shoo that c. is clesed at °° 7 , : don é ~ A subspace y¢a Genach Seve Banach Spae fm No PY os clesed.” Fea this ht x= {%n}fé C, (a ise Limit point G) then these exist a sepunce {x JeC, suchthat Lim p> o > 24x as po” + Te Space G ansists f thote Sequences which comerges 0” Hence x 5 as pe SA segumee can Gnuerge af te most on point bo ZO => X= [xXn}= 0,0,0,---- Tis shows hal %n—>o => LEC => Gaea alge, ESS - = ae but Ga ort oo o Hence GeC & C. is cleted subspace of g > co is complete Hence G is yanach Space. ¥ Question: Show that Lp Che ff all sequences x= 4} is Banach Space wih nerm defined as If x I = TZ paph = (Spar)? Me have oltsady prved thet ty (pri) is Noamed Space. Solution:- To prove it Banach Space, we have ty shows that every Cusely Seqyuerne in 4 (pa 1) Gnveges in 4. Let [2] = 20 20 29). bea Cauchy Seqperes in 4p where ony” emmy emi Bre a, mas) Then for E70 there exist a natural number n, Lucl that om RH MYCE Yo mnyzneee a QR a ees ymnen “Fea each fived i thi v bn) ly, 2 We (Dar ae) ice ymnzn ter a > | _ £| oe vonioA, em “we Bach: fas Fis 4 Cauchy Sequence of feall or Grapher numbers * Ror € is Complete & for each i, aprox ER > [xP x] —> 0 as m>@ Hence. © Ye ez) < (S1x™ xP) Pe, as mae (m) > gee a Moe Now ge A (Mae + Ptzedparmms py according te lefination- Thus £5 xe bp : Hence Jp (Px!). is Banach Space: hig S Sf ple bs “Question . ——— The space C(X.R) is a Banach Space under fie nerm defined a2 fe fa Sup [FI vpec(ssR) zeEXx Satie Ne have olreadly pr that CGR) is Normedl Space - let [fica)= Fier fiter, hla fa te a Cauchy Seqpence, im LT exist o natural number Ny Such that %,- fall < € Yo mnzn. y mnpne > ot, | £00 -Fl sé > 4.07 fal séoR is Gmplete be for cach EX , {f,00} is Gnvov vant ~ Lt EFG0} Comverges be fers , ” be. feo —» foo as nm f,, fi X—oR Now we have ty shes that foe C(A,R), Far thin ik vould be enough to Shows that F iS continuons on K. Let €>0 and x, €X and’ frre COX,R) 5, fio is CG mAYnueus on X So een at Xe and Vue XK Se we Cau find a B>o0 Such th [tm Rates whenewer IX-ml< 5 @ VimeXn, t.O0 — fous a ns Se for 1% EX ‘ 2 ff a now ra a and Fa) —> Fon) as nse oh? . se AF TOO —s fou 4, fer a nated number n, Cae oF lhoo- Foc & ce Vonzn, “@ ale FG) Poy te for a natured number mn, Iho = FOE vom ig Let K=max{n,,".} then @ and @ Acdices to [fn Ge - foo] < & Ynzrk —_@ Ninf) Ff 1 Grtimuous-at x, s6 Continuous on K se fO2€-CXKR) Merce Cauchy Sequence { fatm} im (KR) Comerges in COKR) Hence COXTR) is Complete 4 Banach Space - a a Finite Dimensional Nioamed Spaces. ee Linear. Combination :. Let (N,U-ID be a normed Space. An element xEN is Calle Linear Gmbination of its elements X,, %2 y Xs, -+,%n ” Ks Att ee HXn An where H,,%a,-- 1m be Sealars. n ad a 2a He $ok dy sHs 50, an being Seabars. csr . Lineasly Independent Set:- Lét (NII) be: a normed Space. A Subset [ero ea) ofN is Said te be linearly independent eed eee eee) ener Ky Xp hy Xp tere Hn An =O SP Aye Ga = Mn ° fe. Ang linear Gmbinatin equate 2er implies all sealers zero HAG {Hy %, ny And is Linearly indapentent eee are linearly independent . & An infinite subset “A” f a. normed Space N is said te be linearly independent P every finite Subset HEIN iS linearly independent. ge In summation notations [142,09 Xn) 15 inealy independent ifLet (NM) be a normed Space.4 Subset Pt z0} oP 1 Said be Boney \4 ptr PF 00. een ctealar Bt Ay tone by azo i #0 for flan, fe Ser ‘implies that atleast one of Seabar In, Let (NAIM) be a ermeal Space. let 2m} be a ce uence in N then the em Sms 7 AP Het Xp ae ne 's called an infinite Series or Simply -a Benes. If Siz x) S25 4x, so Sy= 4a ex oe 4 3 oe ee 5. : wt BON Se Mine : : oe a Sn= +t ty 4. az, * anne “ Mem (Sada {58,55 J's cated sequence fe partial Sums f the Series im, A ‘ Convergence of a Series: An infinite Senes in a normed Space N is said to be cenvergent at a peint xEN f the Sequence oP patial_sums {Sq} -Convergeste x. In other words, 20 an is Said to be convergent te a ne pein ZEN if for Ero there exist a natura number ne such that sn —xI) <€ vVonzn => Lim Sn = % nso» Absalute Convergence. of a Sertes i : shen ——F ———————— o fi An infinite senes Doan ina normeel " na pace Nis Said te be absoludely Convergent if the Series o J lfxn|] = Heo tee + > ellie s 5 is convergent hee YTicoREM:- / A Novmed Linear Space N is a Banach Space fp every absoluteby convergent, cgeries in Nis convergent - Proof :- Fart Let N be ‘Banach’ Space- Suppese P> xn be absolutely Convergent Series in'N inst Sq oleids ate a &oll be ath pants gum ef the Series and © > [fff = teal etal + + anit o 7 . i tn is absolutely Gnvergent to yf] xe 's Convergent Zo Fn i asa ely Gnvergen Zul I] is Convergen’ ce in N which ts Banach Space Hence {Sn} is a Grvergent Seqpien) « Every Convergent Seypune is Gaucuy Sepune in N 4 for E7° natural rumber Ne uch that Tiere exist a VSm-Sn I] <é Yo m,nz Te vnny » Il (ot llztl esate ane + Noll) (lft lz oI kcoiea| stn a lo elalt} > | aner]] +] Xan || eo tl Xml] SE Von zene > m Zool he Vmnzr oO New Buppete. , Un 2% + ato + ne tes gl . a fren If Um — Unf al] (ane thot ener: pin) Cor tae ol» => [lum-Unfl < |lxnall +l Xnsill+- +] xml) % lun all 2 5° px Kenney By > llum-unll < E+ J Vomazn => fun} isa Cauchy Seyuence in N and N is Banach Space Se fun} Gnverges in N bet EN —sack-that Lim (uy = oe, - N= RFR pe thn xe Lim (Un = xem ) oO na > = an is Convergent inN “eg hus absolute Cmvergent tories 14 Grvergent in Banach Space N. Conversely : pec let awl absolutely Convergent Series in N Gnverges in N We fare ty shes thet N is Banach Spece-Fer This, we have t shows fhat every Cauchy Sequence ind Crue rges iaN. Let {a} be Cauchy Sequonce in N then for E70 there exist Natiral number T, tach that a Xm -x Ie Vmnznm o a let n, be lens? positive integer tach hat Fon E= 40 [2m — Zc 4 / Vv mnzn, for Ex= 4 mo, Ut my be banat Positive integer bach hat 2 ! xm -xJ< ev mazn, Gntinuing in This ay, let ry be Least 4ve integer for Exedgre Such that |] em - xc Vv mnz™ 2 ' —®2 It is obvious that : ; MeN Sng cee SME Sees Shas {Xn} isa Bubsequenc of { XnjNoo Suppase Xn th Xe th th Ver HI METMOOD Ray we dt M.Sc tats ‘het Cottage Oita BWIA ABA Ge Ane Uetdhte daw hides ‘then : Rm - Xn, 2 (vdan ot daert Ae) (de bdr des) Tm Xe Ye 8 © a oe Ke I] Xm Ray lS VMK Mya % Me = Wieii< 4S VMs Mey Mkor = > Sha < 1 meee Haxll< > 2S Wiel <@ > SS last teasalh 9 all della is Ss Convergent + Absolutely Govergent Benes is Coverical yy assumption Hence Soe HOt htc toate poet ro Gnsequently {Xn} Seyuemce of partial dume of Serves 2 Or fs Comergent in N o Ss * Coeome Hie Seat [Am Fis Labsequence of Cauchy Seguene {20} fe Sequence {xn} ta olde Comergent to N Hence N os Cormplate dé N ts Banach Space - Sanne Note: Above Meerem ie he we Separately as Necostary audas suf! 1)J a Banach Space N, every atBasis of a Naimed Spaces u A Sobel Pre le, sts Oy, On ym 1S Said debe Desc fNY Bis Lineasly Inedypendant ay BD spans oN Che, 2 cry clement x OH unique way d 44 Linear Combination f cleme LE Ch py ly d« Dimension of a Nermed Spree. Space N is called its olimension, A normect Space Nis called ¥ its basis has firite number be. firile dimens of elements, dim N <@ SY OR se finite dimensional) normed Spot as &= 40), @ = (0,1) Similar Ris Contains e, = and Rr and dim. p, Fivite climensional G 40), &= (01,0), = (40,1) a is nite climen sional) hermed e,=(1,0,0,.. Oo DAG C1,0,.,0), 635 (201, oy end dim R” n, 4st TiEoRE wee Let By xn be a linear ina Nermed Space N) (of Such that £, indepen or every ‘choice of Scakars 4a. Iii os aay Preef.. Ff Mile a) + -t}dnjeo then the tne qpality Weim dy. 4 Satisfied 4 | Now let Hdl oe ded] +, nh on Xa] Bc (Ii) elas. 4m toll % (lel pa] + Wie trumber of” elements in the basis normed Space ad its ang dimension) then there exist oh evehy value “fC amd there is rathing t prve- “FO: tien Aj +o for Some } of Normed Spon, con be expres nls of Boas fer Wé bealars sa, ee ed ing of 4 nome anal normed & ace ils bases confaing basis nd dim WR? 3 Space as ils basis Coatains 214, On= (0,6,0,+4,)) dent set f vectors a—number eyo in buchthat 4 lanl) wes inl) “AP legen., af ae) gee SUPP pelsilltalerstldn) ten Aig er’ a DL pe for Sorne Vejen ; i al [re Ma, an} is linearly tn ind me Wy independent Set and Bato forsume lejen a petitive mumber c Auch that [saeco stars a plantams ss wmf 7¢ @ |b ]lamreamrn st Sn Xn) 7S SS itt eet + hn Anil 7 clPl > Whit tt thn Moll 7 e(laielal+ + In)) hich proves the required result. | sp acxill eZ joe Pitod Treerem:- Every finite dimensional Subspace M ef a mormed Space N is Complete. In Panticulay, every finite dimensional normed Spa is Guplete Prete Let dimMan and Be ferte, en) be bass ofM ere exist a natured Let { JJ be Cauchy Sepiene tm M a for Ere th umber ‘n, Such that yr ace VY —O > Bis basis fer Md © Soa 1 soja P29 G : eZ 4 -Y J zr “me : ere nm w 4 Weary soar ev or on : > Ih Sua a) Gl) < & wVpye™= 81,0, en} are tert independent 4, atone Za x) Elgg Pl lege Page Vaweshh \ al i of” . \ > Sid ie 7 Fora fined j 1a a ea De » | } et = Ze” "ygihe Zia sl Spe al 28h eg Zaphega let Ke Sp a wee, “ein Se oa > IP ae k Eg il emo As poe Ja ajJ—ao Vv Jetson Hence — | gL yl]-s0 as poe > Gey a4 po@ ond yeM 4a Mis Gmplete. Hence M is Banach Space. : Nis ilself finite dimensienal Labspace af N 4+ N is Gmplete. Hence N's Bonoch Space. MAS Abue Theorem can ali be Statecl as: “Esery finite dimensional San finite dimensional . 13! | Sohipa of Tormed Grace BA? Lot Cote is Cleted © 0345 -6510779)= 81,01. en} are tert independent 4, g tore Za Xf are Pl ale Pag ee Vawesh \ at i of” f \ > Sid § ie 7 Fora fined j aj” of eg ” ¥| }< in oy ky wn PIG-G]< kL vpged Teh. each fred j {4°} +s RoCis Gmpkh e oy Now take isa Guchy Sequence in RorC 4 fr pow GEM buchthat - In dea > vast = il Ze” "ygihe Zia sal grea 28h legge let Ke Sp Ae Seatin MEMEO, = WPeahe Eig ee, As poe JajPh aj|—ao VW jah2dun Heme fg yllso as pom > Gey 44 p>@ ond yeM 4e Mis Gmplete. Hence M is Banach Space. Nis ilself finite dimensienal Labspace af N te Nis Gmplhe. Hence N is Banach Space. AG Absve Tieorem can alse be a, Statedl as; p “Every finite dimensional | Eebipe of normed Speen 4 . is Cleted ©Let N'be + . a @ Linear Space (Veter Space) over a fell F o Sub; Bre an tac CEN ie said to be Comer if For GE end PE COs) Such tat ep =! Pax pyet Jn ofker words Zakx +a): EtC-O¥eEC as aepel > pal-* Bama t(l-wy i . ‘S18 called Linear clase of Segment of tiv points x being initial anol d being final pest. Jn otherwerds a det CEN is Called Gnvex f if Gnlains all linear Clrsed Aegments ¢ any of tow is prints: a Empty set and Singleton gets ate always Gaver Sebs- Question: = Any subspace of a normed Space is Convex - Slutrom ie Silit'tma i Let N be a mormed Space and M be Subspace of N then fer x, yEM and a, pe F ax+pye™M In patieubar P aepe! > pe i-« fem 6x 40-¥ EM linea Sigmon ( By Subspace Criteria) > M Galains its Hence M is Comex 4 Bubspace of a normed Space. is Gaver Ques tie 2: Fea any Convex Subse na © af ree | cee} 18 Gen uve THE Men Ue THC VET LC af normed Spa Nand xeN, the Set ick ohare C),0,€LOU + may PLN S otra y O-M)Cy (O44 t~ un)e4 (G40 YG) " : = 24 (ae, + b-w)e,) ¥C Ws anvey 4, 2G 4G 260 PF Ot navn A+ly € 240 > 240K Grey 5, Mieor i Intersection f Od mumberl Gnver 4, Pee is Crrey Pr rot. Let (Nn, WD be a Termed CMectien f Gres ket cw fie, be beets of a mermed Space ond {C;| inna op be Subsets ef N the inte Nien f oll Grex Subsets fi. Consider x EC, ¥ venay Each Cy is @, rier Subset of N te a2 40. nye cy ae (et) 242,3 > ax tage fe > ox4c. “GEC iin migmooy MSc Math > Cea Ace *s Gnvex Subset of N. Con eter one bntercingn ne ee TREORE M:. —_ Let T:N—M te a linear trantfermation and C is Graves Subset EN then T(C) és alee Cren. OR Image f 2 Grvex Set under linear transformatian 1s Gavee. « OR Grvexitiy is preseavedd under linear frank foemebon. fret. : = * be-Gamen subset ef N Pen fa 19%, EC and XE [e,1) | OR + EL im.© W shew Tat TCC) ss Grves, consider UyVE Teeyaf Tn} 26.€)} Such Bet ve TE), ve Tex) ‘ Grider dstiewve &TCx) + Gea) TOG) . T (43,4 0-071) © Tes linear © Cis Grex se kaye ( name XEC a> AU+Gewve Taye Tee) => TCC) is Grvex Subsed ef M. oars TREORE M:. = Fon any Coren dahsets Koand L ef a linear Space N the Set kat efaey| 1EK, YO) is Conver Let u,ve Kel such thet os Me Betyg, and Ve Xorg, where ALOK, Byrda Grisicer fer &€ [0,1 Kut Vs A(T) + O-O(asey) Sem tay + Omar Onn, = (Hea) + [ag + c-0)9,) s Kand L ave Gres te 2 StU Mme TEK , KY tO-wyegel SS aUtlewVe wry EKAL 7 of 4 <> KL is Gaver. iF f + This_result-can-be Subsets qf Nten generalized a6 if C16, ,Cys- Cy be Conver ZG HOt e +O, 1s Gnves which can be prrved by matfematial inductirn. TEgckEM:. If © ig Conver subset f normed Space &C is Convex 4G ={«c | cel} N Bren for any Scaler,BUF OPV = Blac) Op) («en) = = APC +AC-Bde, . [Per terme, ) » Cots Gnvex so PotOme ac eC = putd-pyve nce «e Hence KC is Gnvex , Pa THEOREM:. Fon a normed Space N, open bal) Bra fxe N] Wx~ x24} is Comex. NEEDED O04) ten Wenn, Monch Ban fer ae (0,1) » Consider JJax+ (ay ~ x.) a ffax eee 9 OW e lata, Hax+U-a)y = xl] =f acx-z,) Ho R) ete x wee xl aol = He Cm) + Ooayey-m)l ex 0-609 — x.) 2 Del femal MoI My aay) Jax+ Ge) — x If SAL +I JA v Ue-mEZA , Iy-mped "Me, |-x7 048 wE [0,1] lox Gay y ~ XI] < aA +A-aA* xx t@-ady-x lca > KAU A)y € Bl%,A) > Blx.,--)—is- Grex oe Hence Open ball in normed Space N is Gn M:. : . a Fos a normed Space N, Clesedl ball : , Bene Aya fren [Ix- mea} is Crver. Bxo A) =[x€ R= genes Pech Let KGE BG, A) how WRB, wri Let Sy 2 : then fer %€ Co,!], Grirder@ a [0x4 Cx y—.%0]] =I] ax - ax, FOX 4 Gay — Cina) ay tle) tl) | st Gey rll Hama) arte + Gwyn) + ad axe Coe gl] = Hela) + Crna y-sef oer Gey 26M] EI Mx—l] + fin flamed sar mot) gre Jet tees Mena All g—%el SA Iox+ On 4- 62 th 4ah—ad 2 70, Ink 70 an delat) laxtO-ag- x ZA > AKA AY € Blt, A) TAHIR MEHMOOD => Blxe,k) is Gnvex aamscotp on Sune svoh om Hence closed ball is Gnvex in Nermed Space N. _ THEOREM: Saar ao i d.clsed ball Centred at edjgion ee nenmed-SpaueN,,unil. open and Clese en 3 ake Convex. Proof Let (N,Il-Il) be nermed Space and Blot) =f ZEN] xo Zt} be unit open ball centred at on Let x, ye Bo) such that Ha-elJ4! 5 Wa- el KX+U-WY € Blo.!) “Hence “unit open'ball -Ceatred, at ;Onigian, is Convex in~ reemed Spa K Nw Bo {zen| Wx-ollet} be unit clesed ball Gntred at origienConsicoy f* E Co, 1) lexan Y~ oll tun y (eu) yl) ll 4 many oy MIND ace) yy ' lax 4. OY oH) ta) tle] «MAN, Iyyey I aay ia Ht Jak ’ C2120 a we [0,17 Vera aay g ' ictus : face TAHIn MEHMOOD > ax + Om exyy € B(o,)) Gtcorane oy (SE Math Henee unig Clesead ba} Centred atetinin 1S Gres in a Rermed Space N. . ae Fran a "Orv sek O ing mermed inesy Soace N and for dealers SB tach that X20, Bro, *C +P C= tape Ref. 7F 20, poe ti, ac +pCes (+B) Te Ae sult boty tiviely tn this Case. New supped xo | Meme X= BIC € pe > AC+BCS MBC ee Goversely’ kt yeape a, B=@pe fr ce . joerc aC+pe atac€aC, pee pl > Ye CrP Cres ng wpe clnerpe "A ) SCHBC (A480 (Prove. * Be and Gnsider xe «C+pc Bien fer TDaoEee: Zea +pe, [Soe are) 4 = trees a ae Ap= sp Si pe “

From Oand@ zabe 69) ¢ : 7 The cl on L closure of a Gover Subset of a moraed Space N is alte Convex: | ag: Let © be Convex subset xf mermed Space N | We have te shew thet C= Closure fC it Gnex- © is The set that Grteins +l] peints and Limit priate fC Let "5 YET then there exist sepuences Len} and faaJ}in€ as n>@ and m Such That / Po ee Then for E70 there exist natural) numbers 71 | m- x <& yuz™ I de-all axel se axsraeay e © vex do Closure of a Gnvex Set 15 ‘Gnvex- Hence © is ce;and, Sand T are Convex Subsets vow Assignmenten bet N bee normed Linear Sp beadars oP Show that AS+pT is Gnvex of N then for ang 2) Let TiN eM be Trans furrtion then © Cenbinwous LinearQuotient Spacess - oe \. : : Let N bea nermed Space ancl § be’ Subspace PN ten | hn Re {xts] xe N} (the eet fal Gite ofS herinined in N) is a Linear Space with addition and Aeaday mubiplicahon 's cefined as: (%45)+(44 §) a (aay) S; aS, y4SeN ay GEN. s X(%+S)= xx 4§ 5 %+seN Ss and eFC Real or Gmpler) = ‘+ called Quotient Space of Sin N * The dimension fH 18 called the deficiency fs *A ‘Subspace Sefn having deficiency L is called a Hyperplane InN. hyperplanes. Tts Gtets are called * We can make N So ermed Space as: oe, “EMT ba norm in N. Fon an 2456 Nig thn wee Ix+ SI], = Ef ler = dea, g) oe ES where db it-called—mmretic ‘trneacent oy orm |i if on Ne “Teorem:. Tf Sis a clesea Subspace of a Mermed Space (N, ti!) fhen 4 Ws also 4 Normed Space under the norm defined by x+ Si] = Inf x+y Wns Sf, = dof Poets ny: iv Wt is norm ae Ins All 20 => Inf Ilx+4il 20 aes sae Siz => Il-ll, is Men negative ii) Let Ix+ Sil = imum there exist a ab Taf, 4 All = 05 en by he papery of Bf ° 4e $ Sequence {4n} in S tuch that WxtSell eo as n2@ a a tbe ‘at mw Nz holds. Mgt Lek 24S. gt Se for coe N hen (x4 8) 4( 448) =Grat $ en Bythe defination of Welly fees inleral HarSllg= tf yes there exist tise Sepenes fen} and {ge} in 9 Such that fiat Sil,= Lim xe %ll 5 fys8ly= Ge, Ila doll Hence fer ye °N amd by definotion of infimum jer Sore Heat Sl, — cer) + 8+ Sly z I xtgr zntgoll 4 aexnllt 1étdll Tang : Lie cc+s)eCae SI, & Lie, [xe © Lim ,, Il atdnll l+s)+@+SNl, = xe Sil, +l y+ Sy = N satupics No Hence Nis normed Space: S m ————apah . \y "Beret. : . \ bet S be a chted Subspace af’a Banach Space(N Ill) then ¥ a\ alse a Banach Space under the norm clef ined by \ Ino She Ef, Hees, \ Prof + N = J 8 monmed Space as NY "S normed Space + JE prove it Banach Space, ise have +e Show That ever raf Cucky Spire, ‘a x Crepes in &. . let fx, +3} where XEN be Cauch fer E>e ope in then | there exist a natural number 1, duch that m+ 8)— ~(* 8)] = Poem A) + SI, WAS = We bey tebe 2 WS SENS DS Sea llall Sees — Sena => I s.- Sle 4 et be, Bel] ot Wer - Sl) 1 at a th , oe Ia aeh < bin (x *smt + Ze) . ew Wee Lee tats (oft Cooma -_ Lene)ge st Lim : I e- < E K-30 Lim Khao Se hE I Lim —@ Be! Ae ke) le —0o pe >» Se- Slo0 at kk & {hed is Couch Sepience in N. ASN do 4 Complete. Henet {Sn } Gnverges in N ut bea BE § wb kre is Banach Space Hence Ine S)- + SMS I An S| 30, oh K® > mMmrS 2a Ge # +S] is SubSequence f Gucleg Sepumne {zn+S} which Gmerges in ge fenS} self Converged io N ig Gmplte & Banach Space: Hena Ss 5 Equivalent Noims:- Let N be a normed Space then ‘valent if Mere exist pe > [rn tie norms I-tt, and [If are Said te be ey ‘dive Auaf numbers sack that allel, & let, = a oud b b Hall, yxeN -[}p, then “These ore denoted 04| ass mt VA a Te Acletiy, f« devng cpivelent to ” e Lined $a linea Space N. ‘Sa 1s an Pref. Let ry» epuivalence Aelahiyn, 2 have ty pyre it Aef transitive : f : erm Ill on N Vell i=) x) > dixie Nx & Ixy On OW xi] z VEY bifxy where Q=/,h2) 3 > UI syey z Symmetry BL a SER Let te, AN, then for ars po Z late lat, sblan yy eN 4 iE Se olay & Izu, and Wall, © bil xt, Nxthe £ px 1 and +5 lea, £NEN, => = ae lz & Wat 2 L Way baa OllaM 2 Hato % Ux, ST et, Pransitivity Let Well, SH, and Well, ll - lly then Male Wil bya), feraet bok and ODM & Izlh, £ by Meal, ll & Mel, , WM, & b DD, and ay Dall, & Hah, » Woah, & b, Hall, > Inte Lau, 5 lal, Ella}, and a. Maly £ Ux, Wall, & belay > alte ize L yxy anol Mau, & Wal, & by ally ar by LL xi, & by lal =>. allel & £ az, and £ Ilxlh ls => 44, IIxlls & Id), amet Wath & bby NxM3 aa, Naty & att, & bib, iad 000 Ste Le f : e779 the norms Tat xive, yma fer 41,9, by jb, >e‘a tizly © ix & bball, 5, 200%, babby. + fe Vel, we Ils ' : Hence “7 is equivalence relation ll Equivelent nerms preserve the Convergence & Sequenas or TiLoREM” Lal Tf Well, ond ttl, are eqprvalent marms on N than {Xn}Converge de x in (NO) ff {0} Gmengert = cn (NoleMla) Pyefe Well, ey te for are bre a Nix, & Mxhe bax, yen > altel, Gaal, —@ wd Unt e bint, —® Let {26} Gnveryes te x in (Na MH) Den fer hat tre there exist natural number Ty dusk fea =), « vine Reploce x by Mer alsa, [Jane x02 Ilan- el, 4@0 yny7ne Yngne in (Nott) yoy Wa0-20, = => {xa} Gnverge ux Conversely? Let {%-] a sn [Nyll-lls) then for E7* there exist a ature number Tie Such that froeshch® Reploe x % In-x in Jan-xil, & bilan 21 > Ixe-xt, allzil, = IZM, and lixi, & bilxil, —@ Let_{2n} PSequence-in (NG Ile) then fer £0 There exist a natirra)) number Te Such that — | Xm- Xn, < a€ vomnzn, Replace % ba am-xn in a IXm-xnll, & |] %m- Xn], > WlXm-axnll, 2 E lxm=n ly => |]xXm- nll, < 1 (ae) Vv mnxyn > Iam anil, 2 € Vmnzen > fxn} is Gueby Seyence in (Ny lll, ) Conversely: Let fn} be Cosy Sequence in (NTI) Then for E70 There exist a natiuraD number Fo uch that Wm — anh < E VY mnz ty Re place x by Xm—-%An in® |] xm — Xn], & bl) xm — %nll, => Iam- xl, 26 (%) VV mare ie => |lam —xnll, CE Ymnzn : ia’ (N=Ielly) = [xnjuis Couacteg Seeprence ia’ (Neill d Hence equivalent norms presesve Cauchy propesly of Seypences. ooopple: A : . ~ sh a how that th ye 1 follow oe . wing 2urms on the n-dimensional Euclid ? ional Euclidean n gue IR” ake equivalent, loll = Sttp bac Ix ei ae KH CH, Xa, 009 ENE” Zll, = Sxl xer” xi, = (Snr eR" + Goer” Proof Vet a (May my Xm)oand D= Chiba” then 7. | 2 22168 = Qo tallied = jal rail) 41a Hel > > 7 * Dixy + pln + ip ae geplraliel ae Dye Sop |xel sole tet 2 (1, 07,0) thee Siac 2e t=" Take b= E et > aisle 7? Sup [i] cer er —o nz, = 7 ME Mo Now Consider wo Considet a sep xc) 2 Pal tel to +) xn] > Ish, 2 orl 7 => Inthe xl, —® Thom and @ : bet, 2 eve THEE Site foraelsben Consicer the inequality arse & Ot pt for 27% bv? a, we have we tan) Grenerali2 ing, are ett & (arta t ne an Seay L 2 4nae = = : @- Zia“ (Caer ) >, Bday z Spud ‘ to vz = Wal, xl, —_@ Now Using Couchy Schuarte’s inequality 21% a) se [Err [Erar (Al, gn = * BE (Uh yt) Then , Shuil=. = =n sa => ala] 4/7 Ss > Ii )® > ele xi, —-@© , ; Ef Fiom @ and @, we have ri Wa, & Well, &f7 lel, > > oe ee Wee Se Ment I Wm Te 04 Transitivity of “Te be eqpivdent” relation Hel we My Hence Ile ile, ell, , We Ul 2 oe all equivalent norms on R” THEORE :- Ans tise seapivelent nerms en @ Linear Space N define The-sarme—tepelegy en NL Profi. Let te and ll tl be equivalent norms on Nithen there exist peal numbers a>0,b>e such that allel Sixt 2 bilxn, vy xEN Tn order ty prove that Mell ~ll- Il, defines same fepoleg We have 4 shes that every basic pen set (open ball 1s epens in (N,N) ts pen in (N, I-ll)) andl vice verse. "-®. Fos ZEN... BC @® ~ Bex oA) ban open set (pen bell) ig (Ng Ma) ooo oo We have to shns it epen in (Noth, Let é€ 7 a Boy ae{ yen] Wage a} R-alewecn Crsicler B, A)= C34) = {ZEN |] Wz-yI,< A} be epen set in N CMs Wh) shee Ke rae Fon 4 BE B(s,4) > a-yll, <% Gnsicka m le- z= e-ysy-2I => We-xna “aN We-aeiy-2l xl & biexi, Replace x by 2-4 Ne-sn 4 biz- at, > We-yws b& +» Ne-¥ <& > We-ail< b (4541) => Ilz-yll< 4-4 Hence @ becomes : e-21 < GAD eA => |_e-xll Z2E Bia) > Bily hd <= Bx, A) => Bx, A) is oper set in (Noll-Il,) Conversely Let BC%A) be pen bell (apenset ) in (No MI) We heave te show that it 1s gen ‘in (NIM) Fon ye Bonar = {9en |] N24, <4} => Ux-glis42<% wy Biltbyf2en name 4} beFo BE | Consides i - ae ye : 12-21, =lle-y4 se We-xie We-yy, allel, & | Replace % by zy > Meat, 2h e-w > Tense x + Meny ed => Ie-gyek a(A-Ay) => 1-day Hence ® becomes | mao! > BE Bix) ae > B.CI%) & Bix A) a BGA ee pen set in (N, We) Hence Tepolegiss incucect by Nl and Il-ll, are same. Shas eqptvalent Norms on a linear Space cefine Same trpoleyy. aig? ~~ THEOREM On a finite dimensional Linear Space N, ony norm | i eppivaent be any offer rorm Illy Proof: Let dimN= 7 and Then each XEN can be uniquely expressed as: oe n x= P 1 iQ: for scalars ys, jo oy {er,€:,--:,€n]} be badis for NWd We d«i es] . . oF » ferre en} as Linearly tndtpendent bey basis deo fo Cro I BSave; 2 zc Zs) Ixy e Si] >- c¢ = lacy & ‘Teh > —o0 Now xi, = |] Saver), & Dllaceil), > Ix < Fictnen, hac lll => Ix, s st 3 2 bil ety > Tel, & S [xe] ke stp lleilly Z 1 I i n > = lx, 2 c Soll —® By Oand@ 2 we have ° & all & Breil Zizi > Ellzl sé z zl : 7 alk *I_g for AE? independent Similarly fr bre as {ery €r,-y en's linearly dep e 6 Sle) & 5 sell > eae 2 xl —O + erll be etl “(Qe eal ef sect Wal & 2 \xe a = > Jaci} Neel 2 ial elleill Sip HeilIS © bla a “kK < : > Sixne Smil @! By @ ond @ 7 x Wane e Dey 2tall, > Sais sien, > tang & © X ha, bixll, fer b —© 2 lala Shem O and @ allel, 2 Wall & bilal, > IM AS, (Paved) a ee ° TeEORE 1:. : Any tise norms on a Firite dimension) Linear Space are equivalent. Pref Let Wl and Bll be ang tow norms an finite chimersionad Linear Space N where dimN=n te fm. le prve their equi valen Wiese tire norms arg +) Xa} be basis for N ce, it taruld be enough & shew That equivalent & Bett rere and ten sing ay rmetag and thansitivé Y- Aeguired Aesult url be proved. For. evely KEN can be wniguely expretted as Ke Qiain: — for dealars Miya oly Firstyy ye have b shew that WM and IM, are eguivalnt ‘a ™ Consider NEM = I 3 aire If @ Slee xi), T) tr ‘n 2, NEM Zbl iy, os [aed = Nell, > Met Sup Sha pal> — st => & te, 2S 0 Prim, mah as s nearly independent fer cre Daexe | ar Dred > eS hel & « | Socal > © Dele Well Be Siem @ and © = Helle go Sail 4ilxt > S$ lel, & Met. > alxll, a ixil a) for ase >o Similaaty fr Ere, Been aan Xn} es linearly independent © Dias & Issa xl, >e = bl ett —@ fell =I aexc|] = Blas: i (xl 2 Ss bel Da ss [eke] =Metell > ix a Sip Set tat Nevo v n Hal 2% SS bil ‘k= Sup lial cea cr> Eilat lx Stans & x den Ha i > Ne" 2 baxy, for bak camber areas From 6 and B : allan, 2 AN, & Mx Ie yey, Simi (aaty Wel Heo con be prneel gy ae Shas y transitivity unten” . WWMM, and Il -1/, VIM, => Wet. I Hence any kiro Yurms on a finite climenstonal linear Space are eyeivelent, eo SS Compact Normed Space:. eee A mormed Space N is said 46 be Compact or “Seyrentially Compact if every Sequence in N has a Goniergent Bubbeguence- Compact . Subset. :- Let Mbe a Aubset ef a Finite dimensional’ normed Space N Tren M is Compact iff M is clesed and bounded * Compactacss is of tae types namely Campaciness and Sequential Compactness.In Topol teas Spaces bath concepts are different but, in metaic ond mermed Spaces bolk coincides It means that Compactnent 14° actiralliy Sequential Gompactness. a