NEOPLASIA I AND II DISCOUNT QUESTIONS (LECTURES 135 and 136)

1. Know nomenclature
2. Identify histology slides
3. Hallmarks of cancer

Emerging Hallmarks and Enabling Characteristics

An increasing body of research suggests that two additional hallmarks of cancer are involved in the
pathogenesis of some and perhaps all cancers. One involves the capability to modify, or reprogram,
cellular metabolism in order to most effectively support neoplastic proliferation. The second allows
cancer cells to evade immunological destruction, in particular by T and B lymphocytes, macrophages,
and natural killer cells. Because neither capability is yet generalized and fully validated, they are labeled
as emerging hallmarks. Additionally, two consequential characteristics of neoplasia facilitate acquisition
of both core and emerging hallmarks. Genomic instability and thus mutability endow cancer cells with
genetic alterations that drive tumor progression. Inflammation by innate immune cells designed to fight
infections and heal wounds can instead result in their inadvertent support of multiple hallmark
capabilities, thereby manifesting the now widely appreciated tumor-promoting consequences of
inflammatory responses.
4. RB Cell Cycle Control